Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Organizator:
Parteneri:
2012
CUPRINS
Introducere
I. Flora gastrointestinal normal
II. Ecosistemul intestinal
III. Dezvoltarea florei intestinale la nou-nscut
IV. Afectiunile gastrointestinale tratate cu probiotice
IV.1 Boala diareic indus de antibioterapie
IV.2 Colita cu Clostridium difficile
IV.3 Diareea infectioas
IV.4 Gastroenterita cu helicobacter pylori
IV.5 Encefalopatia hepatoportal
IV.6 Diareea din SIDA
IV.7 Deficitul de sucraz isomaltaz
IV.8 Alte afeciuni n care probioticele ar avea efect favorabil
si paruzieni au nceput s prescrie diete bogate n lapte acru pentru pacienii lor(7). Unul dintre
acetia, Henry Tissier, a reuit izolarea la sugari a unei bacterii pe care a denumit-o Bacillus biffidus
communi, devenit ulterior Bifidobacterium, observnd totodat efecte clinice favorabile ale
acesteia n tratarea diareei la nou-nscui(8). La nceputul anilor 20, n Indochina, un microbiolog
francez,
Henri
Boulard,
izolat
nou tulpin
de
levur
pe
care
denumit-o
Saccharomyces boulardii. n 1935 au fost izolate tulpini de Lactobacillus acidophilus cu care s-au
obinut rezultte ncurajatoare n tratamentul constipaiei cronice(9). Denumirea de probiotice a fost
introdus abia n 1953, de Werner Kollath, n antitez cu cel de antibiotice, definind factori
microbieni derivai capabili s stimuleze creterea i dezvoltarea altor microorganisme. Definiia
acceptat actual a fost formulat de Roy Fuller n 1989: suplimente nutritive pe baz de elemente
microbiene viabile cu efecte benefice prin mbuntirea balanei florei bacteriene intestinale(10).
Premise. Tulburrile microflorei normale pot fi cauzate de: administrarea de ageni antimicrobieni(11),
infecii ale tractului gastrointestinal(12), diverse inflamaii cum sunt cele din boala inflamatorie cronic
a intestinului - boala Crohn i rectocolita ulcerohemoragic(13, 14, 15, 16). Microorganismele probiotice
pot contracara aceste tulburri, reducnd astfel riscul colonizrii cu bacterii patogene(17).
Jejun
Ileon
Colon
0-104
0-105
104-108
1010-1012
Streprococcus
1-103
0-104
102-104
103-105
Enterococcus
rar
0-102
102-104
105-1010
Staphylococcus
0-102
0-103
102-105
104-106
Enterobacteria
0-102
0-103
102-107
104-1010
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
0-102
0-102
102-104
102-105
Peptostreptococcus
1-103
0-103
102-106
1010-1012
Bifidobacterium
0-102
0-104
103-109
108-1011
Lactobacillus
0-103
0-104
102-105
106-108
Numr total
Bacterii aerobe
Bacterii anaerobe
Clostridium
rar
rar
102-104
106-109
Eubacterium
rar
rar
rar
109-1012
Veillonella
0-102
0-103
102-104
103-106
Fusobacterium
0-102
0-103
103-104
106-108
Bacteroides Fragilis
rar
0-103
103-107
1010-1012
Prevotella
0-102
102-104
103-104
104-105
boala diareic indus de antibioterapie probioticele au fost folosite n special profilactic. Cum doar o
cincime dintre pacieni dezvolt simptomatologia, iar acetia nu pot fi identificai preliminar, a
rezultat un raport beneficiu/pre de cost discutabil. Mai multe probiotice au fost ncercate (inclusiv
Saccharomyces i Bifidobacterium), ns doar trei s-au dovedit eficiente: Streptococcus boulardii(26, 27,
28)
Clostridium difficile (Figura 3) este un exemplu de bacterie patogen oportunist care prolifereaz la
nivelul mucoasei intestinale dup administrarea de antibiotice, fiind responsabil de 20-40% din
cazurile de diaree asociat antibioterapiei(31, 32, 33). Prin intermediul a dou exotoxine proteice - toxina
A i toxina B - determin colita membranoas care se poate complica cu megacolon toxic sau
perforaie. Tratamentul standard, incluznd vancomicina i metronidazolul, este dificil i costisitor
dar i grevat de o rat a recderilor de circa 25%(34, 35, 36, 37) care pot fi mai severe dect boala iniial.
Mecanismul acestor recderi nu este cunoscut, fiind probabil cauzat de supravieuirea sporilor de
Clostridium difficile n tractul intestinal(37), care germineaz i produc toxine. innd cont de faptul c
prelungirea tratamentului antibiotic ar mpiedica refacerea florei intestinale normale, practic nu
exist mijloace terapeutice care s previn apariia recurenelor.
studii au implicat diverse grupuri de cltori: finlandezi n Turcia, americani n Mexic, soldai britanici
insulele Belize, turiti europeni n Egipt. Rezultatele au fost extrem de variabile: n primul studiu,
cltorii finlandezi au avut dou destinaii diferite(40); n cazul uneia dintre ele Lactobacillus a fost
eficient ca efect protector mpotriva diareei, dar nu i n cealalt; este posibil ca agentul microbian s
fi fost diferit, dar acest lucru nu a fost cercetat.
Figura 5. Rotavirus
IV.4. Gastroenterita cu Helicobacter pylori
Este cunoscut faptul c Helicobacter pylori este un factor etiologic important pentru gastrite i ulcer,
putnd avea i rol carcinogen. Lactobacillus s-a artat a avea comportament antagonist, doar unele
studii indicnd un rol protector(47, 48, 49).
carcinogeni
activi):
glicozidaza,
betaglucuronidaza,
azoreductaza
nitroreductaza(77, 78, 79, 80, 81). Exist date care arat c anumite microorganisme ar putea exercita un
efect protector fa de aceast activitate carcinogenetic prin urmtoarele mecanisme: 1) inhibarea
bacteriilor care sunt responsabile de convertirea precarcinogenilor n carcinogeni; 2) inhibarea
direct a apariiei celulelor canceroase; 3) inhibarea carcinogenilor(82,
83)
. Sunt necesare ns n
Figura 7. Lactobacillus
VIII.2. Bifidobacterium
Este o bacterie gram-pozitiv imobil, neformatoare de spori, cu geometrie variabil. Majoritatea
tulpinilor sunt strict anaerobe i produc cu precdere acid lactic. Metabolizeaz acidul glutamic i
amoniacul pentru a forma glutamina. Colonizeaz predominant intestinul gros. Nu este posibil
creterea numrului de bacterii colonice prin administrarea oral a acestora. Cea mai rspndit
specie este Bifidobacrium longum, gsindu-se att n fecalele adultului, ct i n cele ale copilului.
Figura 8. Bifidobacterium
VIII.3. Saccharomyces boulardii
Face parte din categoria levurilor. Este nepatogen i tranziteaz intestinul fr a-l coloniza. Are
capacitatea de a dizloca microorganismele patogene fr a afecta flora intestinal normal,
exercitnd un efect benefic asupra delicatei balane a ecoflorei. Prin producerea de acid lactic i acid
acetic, scade pH-ul intestinal, inhibnd astfel bacteriile patogene, dar i crend totodat un mediu
prielnic pentru colonizarea mucoasei de ctre Lactobacillus i Bifidobacterium.
X. PREBIOTICELE
Aa cum am artat mai sus, probioticele reprezint principalul mijloc de a crete numrul
microorganismelor benefice intestinale prin administrare oral. Un alt mijloc, cu important rol
adjuvant, este reprezentat de prebiotice. Descrise de Marcel Roberfroid n 1995(5, 6), acestea sunt
ingrediente alimentare non-digestive care permit anumite modificri ale compoziiei sau activitii
microflorei gastrointestinale n beneficiul gazdei (vezi capitolul Definiie).
Prebioticele nu sunt hidrolizate i nici absorbite din intestinul subire, rmnnd disponibile
bacteriilor indigene din intestinul gros(85). Pentru a fi eficiente, ele trebuie s supravieuiasc aciunii
digestive la nivelul tractului digestiv superior i intestinului subire, devenind utilizabile selectiv de
anumite grupuri de microorganisme la nivelul colonului - susin proliferarea la acest nivel a
Bifidobacterium, dar pot ajuta i proliferarea Lactobacillus n intestinul subire. Iniial, aceste
suplimente includeau: lactoz, lactilol, diverse oligozaharide (n special fructo-oligozaharide), inulin.
Pentru a fi eficiente, erau ns necesare cantiti mari care provocau frecvent flatulen, distensie
abdominal, crampe, fcndu-le inutilizabile.
De aceea, un interes deosebit a fost manifestat pentru gsirea unor soluii echivalente care s nu
aib efectele adverse menionate - aa-zisele prebiotice funcionale. Au fost identificate trei tipuri de
bacterii vii care acioneaz ca prebiotice:
1) Streptococcus faecalis T-110 (coci vii aerobi gram-pozitivi nesporulai);
2) Clostridium butyricum TO-A (bacili vii anaerobi gram-pozitivi sporulai);
3) Bacillius mesentericus TO-A (bacili vii aerobi gram-pozitivi sporulai).
Calitile dobndite prin selecia celor trei microorganisme sunt:
- lipsa de patogenitate la om;
- nu dezvolt rezisten la medicamente;
- rezisten la aciunea acidului clorhidric i acizilor biliari;
- capacitate pstrat de simbioz i multiplicare n tractul digestiv.
Combinaia dintre un probiotic i un prebiotic poart denumirea de sinbiotic(5,
86)
. Acest concept
necesit studii extensive i teste riguroase care s introduc n uz combinaii variate de tulpini
bacteriene, apelnd i la tehnicile de inginerie genetic(87, 88) pentru a reui asocierea abilitii de a
supravieui n tractul digestiv cu aceea de a produce metabolii cu efect probiotic cert.
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