BOTANY EXCEL 5 - TAXONOMY AND SYSTEMATICS

1.
The term Taxonomy was introduced by De Candolle.
2.
Classical Taxonomy
It is based on the species concept.
3.
Chemotaxonomy
Estimates primary metabolites.
4.
Cytotaxonomy
Classification based on the number and type of
chromosomes.
5.
Neo ( New ) systematics Introduced by Julian Huxley.
6.
Holotype
A specimen and the nomenclature type used by the author.
7.
Lectotype
Specimen selected from original material for nomenclatural
type
when there is no Holotype.
8.
Dynamic concept of species was proposed by Lamark.
9.
Artificial classification Proposed by Pliny.
10.
ICBN
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
Taxon
A group of similar and genetically related organisms.
11.
12.
Monophyletic taxon
A group from which all other organisms descend.
13.
Bentham and Hooker Made first natural classification of plants.
14.
John Ray
Introduced the term species.
15.
Engler and Prantl
Made first phylogenic classification of plants.
16.
Father of bacteriology Robert Koch.
17.
Monocarpic plants
Plants flowering only once In their life.
18.
Largest family
Compositae.
19.
Phylogenetic classification
Introduced by Hutchinson.
20.
Theophrastus
First person made classification.

21.

FAMILIES
Plant

Family

1. Gram
2. Cereals
3. Pulses
4. Potato
5. Mustard
6. Datura
7. Onion, Garlic
8. Capsicum
9. Butter cup family
10. Cotton

Leguminosae
Graminae
Papilonaceae
Solanaceae
Cruciferae
Solanaceae
Liliaceae
Solanaceae
Ranunculaceae
Malvaceae

22.

Economically important plant families / plant products

Plant / product
Morphology

Botanical name

Family

1. Hemp
Cannabis sativa
Scitaminae
Bast fibre
2. Jute
Crochorus capsularis
Tiliaceae
Bast fibres
3. Sunn hemp Crotalaria juncea
Papilonaceae
Bast fibres
4. Bamboo
Bambusa
Graminae
Stem
5. Sandal wood
Santalam album
Santalaceae
Stem
6. Henna
Lawsonia inermis
Lythraceae
Leaves
7. Turmeric
Curcuma longa
Zingiberaceae
Rhizome
8. Saffron
Crocus sativus
Iridaceae
Dried
stigmas
9. Litmus
Rocella tinctoria
Lichen
Thallus
10. Para rubber
Hevea brasiliensis
Euphorbiaceae
Latex
11. Chewing gum
Achras sapota
Sapotaceae
Latex
12. Asafoetida
Ferula assafoetida
Umbilliferae
Resin from
roots
13. Amber
Pinus succinifera
Gymnospermae
Fossil resin
14. Turpentine
Pinus palustris
Gymnosprmae
Stem resin
15. Canada balsam
Abies balsamea
Gymnosprmae
Stem resin
16. Lemon grass oil
Cymbopogon citrates
Graminae
Leaves
17. Lavender
Lavandula officianalis
Labiatae
Flowers
18. Camphor
Cinnamomum camphora Lauraceae
Wood
distilled
19. Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus globules
Myrtaceae
All parts
20. Linseed oil
Linum usitatissimum
Linaceae
Seed
21. Olive oil
Olea europaea
Oleaceae
Fruits
22. Sugarcane
Saccharum officinarum
Graminae
Stem
23. Sugar beet
Beta vulgaris
Chenopodiaceae
Root
24. Tapioca
Manihot utilissima
Euphorbiceae
Tuber
25. Quinine
Cinchona calisaya
Rubiaceae
Bark
26. Belladona
Atropa belladonna
Solanaceae
Roots
27. Opium
Papaver somniferum
Papaveraceae
Latex from
unripe
capsules
28. Ergot
Claviceps purpurea
Ascomycetes
Fruiting
body
29. Tobacco
Nicotiana tabacum
Solanaceae
Leaves

30. Betel
31. Ganga and Bhang
female

Piper betel
Cannabis sativa

Piperaceae
Utricaceae

Leaves
Ganja
flower tops
Bhang

leaves
32. Wheat
33. Maize
34. Rice
35. Barley
36. Rye
37. Oats
38. Cashewnut
39. Almond
40. Carrot
41. Raddish
42.Sweet potato
43. Potato
44. Onion
45. Garlic
46. Cauliflower
Undeveloped
inflorescence
47. Bottle guard
48. Snake guard
49. Boitter guard
50. Water melon
51. Tomato
52. Sweet orange
Hesperidium
53. Sour orange
Hesperidium
54. Lemon
Hesperidium
55. Banana
56. Custard apple
berry
57. Date
58. Guava

Triticum vulgare
Zea mays
Oryza sativa
Hordeum vulgare
Secale cereale
Avena sativa
Anacardium occidentale

Graminae
Graminae
Graminae
Graminae
Graminae
Graminae
Anacardiaceae

Seed
Seed
Seed
Seed
Seed
Seed
Pedicel and
Cotyledons
Seed
Root
Root
Root
Stem tuber
Bulb
Bulb

Prunus amygdalus
Dacus carota
Rhaphanus sativus
Ipomaea batatas
Solanum tuberosum
Allium cepa
Allium sativum
Brassica oleraceae botrytis

Rosaceae
Umbilliferae
Cruciferae
Convolvulaceae
Solanaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Cruciferae

Lagenaria vulgaris
Trichosanthes anguina
Momordica charantia
Citrullus vulgaris
Lycopersicum esculentus
Citrus sinensis

Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Solanaceae
Rutaceae

Citrus aurantium

Rutaceae

Citrus limonia

Rutaceae

Musa sapientum
Annona squamosa

Musaceae
Annonaceae

Berry
Aggregate

Phoenix dactylifera
Psidium guajava

Palmae
Myrtaceae

Berry
Berry

Pepo
Pepo
Pepo
Pepo
Berry

59. Mango
60. Papaya
61. Pineapple
62. Cinnamon
63. Clove
flower buds
64. Coriander
65. Cardamom
66. Fenugreek
67. Coffee
68. Tea
69. Cocoa
70. Ground nut

Mangifera indica
Anacardiaceae
Carica papaya
Caricaceae
Ananas grantum
Bromeliaceae
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Lauraceae
Egenia caryophyllata
Myrtaceae

Drupe
Drupe
Sorosis
Bark
Dried

Coriadrum sativum
Umbilliferae
Elettaria cardamomum
Zingiberaceae
Trigonella foenum graceum Papilionaceae
Coffea arabica,C. robusta Rubiaceae
Camellia sinensis
Theaceae
Theobroma cacao
Sterculiaceae
Arachis hypogea
Papilionaceae

Cremocarps
Seeds
Seeds
Berry
Leaves
Seeds
Seed