4A-203 SECTION 4A FRONT WHEEL ALIGNMENT GENERAL DESCRIPTION 4A —203 Camber 4A —203 Caster 44 —204 Toe-in 44 —204 King Pin Inclination 4A —205 ® King Pin Offset 4A —205 MEASUREMENT 44 —205 Camber : 44 —205 Caster + 4h —206 King Pin Inclination 44 —206 Toe-in 4A —206 Side Slip Test 4k —207 ADJUSTMENT 44 —207 GENERAL DESCRIPTION ront wheels are installed on front axle at an angle considering drivabilty, stabilty and steering ability. Namely Foeometrica| angular relation of front whee! position is called as front wheel alignment. CAMBER, * Purposes of camber 1. It prevents front wh when itis loaded. 2. It prevents escape of wheal during driving 3. It helps operating of steering whee! 4. It prevents bending or deformation of spindle or knuckle FIG. 4A—1 POSITIVE CAMBER4A-204 CASTER inclined degree o steering axis forward or backward to vortical ino whon viowed frombetween vertical line and steering axis. * Purposes of caster 1. Steering wheel retumabilty 2. Trend o going siraight TOE-IN A state that front wheels front is shrunken than back, viewed from above in iorward direction. * Purposes of tae-in 1. prevents toe-out due to camber, 2. It prevents toe-out from rolling resistance and reaction of traction force. * Too-out of 20° steering It means oversteering of outer wheel to inner wheal during steering andtoe -outof 20” steeringis necessary to check fault in steering trapezoid mechanism. 4e— FORWARD. FIG. 44—4 TOE-OUT OF 20° STEERING i48-205 KING PIN INCLINATION(OR STEERING AXIS INCLINATION) Inclined degree of king pin center lina(steering axis centerline) to vertical line view from front. * Purposes of king pin inclination 1. Itreduces shock during diving and breking 2. Itincreases retumability of steering wheel, 3. It prevents shimmy of whee's KING PIN OFFSET(SCRUB RADIUS) This is distance from the contact point of whee! center line and road surface to king pin center line and road surface and is determined by king pin inclination and camber, King Bi off etter rach FIG. 4A —5 KING PIN INCLINATION AND OFF SET MEASUREMENT Camber, caster and king pin inclination are measured together. CAMBER Locate front wheel to straight fontard direction Remove front wheel cap and hub cap. 3. Wipe out grease on hub cap installed syrace and check if there is any dent or damage. 4. When instaing gauge(camber. caster, king pin gauge), sot conier rad to center hole of gpl 5. Afiornstaling gauge, so the indicatorot tum table tozero 8. Adjust gauge leveler horizontally and read camber vale on camber levelor. “Leveler FIG. 44—6 CAMBER, CASTOR, KING PIN INCLINATION4A-206 ee CASTER Set the indicators of left and right turntables to zero and rotate front wheel 20°(turn table reading) outward Leval gauge leveler(set tho bubble to zero). ‘Set the bubble of casier leveler to zero reading by rotating adjusting screw. Rotate front wheel 20 inward, Level gauge leveler. Read caster reading from caster leveler. KING PIN INCLINATION 4. Set the bubble of traverse direction to 2er0 by moving gauge. Rotate wheel 20° outward, Set to zero reading by rotating the adjusting screw on the back of king pin inctination scale, in case of leit wheel take left reading as reference and in case of right whee! take right reading as reference. 4. Rotate wheel to forward direction(20” steering) and read king pin inclination scale. TOE-IN 1. Prior to measuring, check looseness of steering i= os a link and wheel bearing and tire pressure. 2, Check the leval of measuring place. 3. Lift frant wheols using jack and draw line on the oe ‘center of tire tread. (A 4, Sot front wheels to forvard direction §. Gel the height ioe-in gauge inalcetor to center ot é tiespindle). \ 6. Reset micrometer to zero. sa 7. Aiter locating gauge in the front of front wheels e fs and altar salting the indicator tip of gauge to left and right tire center line by releasing center Tenge sleeve, tighten the sleeve. & Aker coleasing locking screw of fine movement mechanism and adusting the indicator tp of gauge FIG. 4A —7 TOEAN GAUGE tottre centerline, tghten the locking screw. Locate the gauge in the back of wheels and adjust micrometer and indicator tip of opposite gauge with tire center line. { 10. After setting indicator tip of micrometer side gauge to tre center line by rotating micrameter, read the micromelel_ reading42-207 OS SIDE SLIP TEST Sige slip test is a test checking if tront wheel alignment is precisely adjusted, and carried out by measurng side stip amount when the car passes over the plate of tester slowly. Standard value is less than 5m of side slip on drving of ‘kin. Testers ave divided into cylinder indicating type and remote indicating type. 4. Setthe car to drive forward along the center line of tester. 2. Pass through tester slowly and during test do not steer or brake, Apply no load beside driver. 3. Read the value during passing through tester and decide if tis positive or negative 4, Alter testing, hold the plate with locking pin ADJUSTMENT + When the side slip amountis above standard, te = > — in or front wheel alignments not correc! Side sip amount(mm) INOS £15 + Toe -in is adjusted by changing the length oftie rod Firstly releasolett and righttio rod ends and rovate lott and right te rods tostandard. Alteradjusting, tighten lock nuts to specified torque. 500-800 kg +m + In case of changing tio rod or tio rod end, check maximum steering angle by rotating radius gauge. FIG. 4A—€ ADJUSTING TOE.IN Max. steerng angie(:) |_mme_| 40 Outer | 38 Se SS eee * Whencambor or castoris out of standard, check the Cause, In case of damaged, loosened, deformed or Worn suspension parts, replace or ropair them. To = — i Measure camber and caster correcly, check alter |_—‘Toe-infmm) zal ‘Moving upward and downward several times. Camber’) Caster() King ping) |