FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULIC MACHINES LABORATORY MANUAL a ; | . = S Sl = = A x a a r ws | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE Vignan Hills, Near Ramoji Film City, Deshmukhi, Hyderabad ~ 508 284 leeFLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULIC MACHINES LAB LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 1. Verification of BERNOULLI’S THEOREM. 2. Determination of FRICTION FACTOR of flow through various pipes. 3. To determine the coefficient of discharge of VENTURIMETER. 4. To determine the coefficient of discharge of ORIFICE METER. 5. To determine the coefficient of discharge of Flow over NOTCHES 6. To determine the coefficient of Spill way of Flow over WEIR 7. To study experimentally the Impact of water jet on different vanes. 8. To draw the characteristic curves of FRANCIS TURBINE. 9. To draw the characteristic curves of KAPLAN TURBINE. 10. To draw the characteristic curves of RECIPROCATING PUMP. 11. To draw the-characteristic curves of SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 12. To draw the characteristic curves of PELTON TURBINE 13. To determine MINOR LOSSES in a pipe flow 14. To determine the coefficient of discharge of ORIFICE AND MOUTH PIECESMECHANICAL ENGG, DEPARTMENT. VITS VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLI’S THEOREM INI: To verification of Bernoulli’s Theorem APPARATUS 1. Convergent or convergent —divergent pipe . 2. Water input source 3. Measuring tank . Stop watch 4. 5. Piezometers 6. . Steel Rule Ebb bs bo ,L a ,LL 1,Connect the water pipe to the inlet value. rp 2.Reduce flow by inlet gate valve, so that there is only a small rise of water in the last pressure tapping. » 3.Allow the levels to stabilizes and note down the heads. * 4.Close outlet valve of the measuring tank, put the collector in the measuring tank and measure the time to rise water level by 10 liters. 2 5.Now repeat the procedure by changing the discharge and note the drop of head towards outlets for each observation. tHead in ems (h hy [h; [bs [hy [hs [he [hy [hy | hy tye [hn [ha [iis [bw ICALCULATION AND FORMULA’S# Discharge Q=0.01 / Time taken for measuring 10 liters Q=0.01 /t, m*/sec Velocity of water , V=Q/A, m/sec A=Area in m? Velocity head = V7/2g Pressure head, h=P/w,in meters P=pressure ,w=specific weight Or Pressure head H,= h+ X h= Water rise from top channel (observed on the piezometers) x= Distance from top of channel to its center (observed on the chart)MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT, VITS According to Bernoulli’s equation, Find out the value of C for each section Now datum line is same at inlet and outlet Hence, Z\= Z.= Energy’s at points 1,2--~14). Draw the following plots. nL grnnnnnnm- Potential 1. TOTAL ENERGY LINE 2.HYDRAULIC GRADIENT LINE iCONCLUSIONS# 1.As velocity of flow increases, pressure head drops 2.Bernoulli’s equation, i.e., % =C is thus verified. iPRECAUTIONSA 1.Note down the head readings after the level has been stabilized 2.After noting the discharge, drain the measuring tank.ef ee BE 1 Lp DE i et esa L{CHANICAL ENGG, DEPARTMENT. VITS Tapping X Area Sr. No. m m? 1 0.03000 7.2 x10" 2 0.02925 ire 3 0.02825 6.60 x 107 ao 0.02700 6.30 x 10 5 0.02600 | 6.00 x 10" 6 0.2525 5.70 x 107 7 0.02450 5.40x 107 8 0.02325 | 5.10 x 10% 9 0.02220 | 4.80 x107 10 0.02150 4.50 x 10 11 0.02050 [eae 7 20n10n 12 0.01950 3.90 x 107 13 0.01800 3.60 x 10" J 0.01750 3.30 x 107 LE esuee ess tds 6.6.6:6664€6066046 009 9.0 8 9 0%'MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT, VITS LOSSES IN PIPE FRICTION INI: To determine the friction factor in various pipe flow. ENAPUVWUOSE Various types of Pipes, water input source, Measuring tank, Stop watch, Piezo meters, Steel Rule. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 1.Fill up water in the sump tank. (This water should be free from any oil content). 2.Open all the outlet valves and start and start the pump. 3.Check for leakage’s by closing three of outlet valves, for each pipe, ad correct the leaks, if any 4.Open the outlet valves of the pipe to be tested. 5.Remove all the air bubbles from manometer and connecting pipes. 6.Reduce the flow, Adjust outlet valves, so that heads in manometer are to the readable height. 7.Note down the heads and flow rate. / 8.Now, increase the flow’and accordingly adjust the outlet valve, so that water will not overflow. Note down heads and flow. 9.Repeat the procedure for other pipes. (Note — During measuring the heads, slight variation may occur due to voltage changes, valves etc. in such cases, average readings may be taken.) 7|Page EEE EbE bbb ss bsbLglsebbs ssl ld bib ebeee tb ubEEE EE bbb Ebb bbb bbb se L bE bbs bb i I MECHANICAL ENGG, DEPARTMENT. VITS Pipe type | Head drop* In meters? (Manometric Difference) Discharge time for 10 liters of water flow(t) (Time for 10 lit in sec.) Area fo pipe, A: mi D:Diameter of pipe Discharge, Q=0.01/t m3/s Velocity of water, V=Q/A — m/s Let ‘f be the coefficient of friction. Test length of pipe is | meter. For 1 meter length, pressure drop is, he. he = Manometer difference. According to Darch’s‘Weish batch equation Where, f= coefficient of friction L= Length of pipe = 1 m V= Velocity of water m/sec. 8|Page= MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS g= Gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s? d= Inside diameter of pipe, m Then, f= 2.g.d.hy / LV? The value of coefficient of friction is not constant and depends upon roughness of pipe inside surface and Reynold’s number. Any oil content in water also effects value of ‘f. [Repeat the same procedure for other pipes.] ICONCLUSIO 1.Loss of head due to friction is proportional to length of pipe and square of velocity. 2.Loss of head is inversely proportional to inside diameter of pipe. Average value of ‘f” for — a).23 mm Diameter. G.I pipe. b)16.5 mm. Diameter G.I. Pipe. -: DOO EEE LEGEEEEEESSELELEEEEDS c)14 mm. Diameter Copper Pipe -: 7 d)13 mm Diameter Aluminum Pipe-: 7 7 91Page ELLE =NLvavddy NOLO Sadiq OO ® NYE ans SAV ONES VaA— PHRPIPHOHMAONNNHN NNN 299777 2D OEE eee ee a en aan hn ma tt tential tu tu ena hs 17 TLETLETLELLLLLEAELELeELEitiuEnEenuaueMECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS VENTURIMETER APPARATUS IN: To determine the coefficient of discharge for Venturimeter. PN@eWNOS: Venturimeter setup, Water input source, Measuring tank, stop watch, Manometer with scale. IDESCRIPTION# In this experimental setup Venturimeter and Orifice meter are connected in parallel with individual valves for flow control. One U tube manometer filled with mercury is connected to the system for observing pressure drop which is considered for calculating theoretical discharge. One measuring tank is provided for finding actual discharge. 1.Check all the clamps for tightness 2.Open the gate valve and start the flow. 3.Open the outlet valve of the Venturimeter and close the valve of| orifice meter . 4.First open air cocks then open the Venturimeter cocks, remove all the air bubbles and close the air cocks slowly and simultaneously so that mercury does not run away into water. 5.Close the gate valve of measuring tank and measure the time for 10} liters water discharge and also the manometer difference. 6.Repeat the procedure by changing the discharge. 10| PageMECHANICAL ENGG, DEPARTMENT. VITS. OBSERVATION TABLE S.No ‘Manometer diff. Hn) Discharge time for 10 liters | of water flow(t) (Time for 10 tit sec.) | Actual discharge, Qa = %2 Let ‘HT’ be the water head across manometer in, m. :, H=Manometer difference (Sp. Gravity of Mercury/ Sp. Gravity of water or H= Manometer difference x (13.6-1) Cross - sectional area at inlet to Venturimeter ‘ross - sectional area at throat to Venturimeter -. Theoretical discharge, » 3.63 x 10% m? 1.76 x 104 m? Plot the following curves (at least 10 readings) L.Log Q vs logh and 2.Cavs Re (Re =PVDIu) R-Dencity of water, V=velocity, Diameter of pipe,i= Viscosity im CONS L.Operate Manometer valve gently while removal of air bubble so that mereury in manometer does not run away with water. 2.Do not close the outlet valve completely. 11|PageWala WONW\ MALAWSOIIYO (aie MALAWIALNSA CITI TTI TS ELEELELEULEE ET bike ke ke PREETI TOT TTTTTT TWN LELPEELELELELVLVLLLELL Ip LE 7 6)MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS ORIFICE METER APPARATUS, Ni: To determine the coefficient of discharge of Orifice meter. IAPPRATUSH Orifice meter apparatus, Water input source, Measuring tank, stop watch, Manometer with scale. DESCRIPTIONS In this experimental setup Orifice meter and Venturimeter are connected in parallel with individual valves for flow control. One U tube manometer filled with mercury is connected to the system for observing pressure drop which is considered for calculating theoretical discharge. One measuring tank is provided for finding actual discharge. 1.Check all the clamps for tightness 2.Open the gate valve and start the flow. 3.Open the outlet valve of the orifice meter and close the valve of Venturimeter. 4.First open air cocks then-open the orifice meter cocks, remove all the air bubbles and close the air cocks slowly and simultaneously so ]} that mercury does not run away into water. 5.Close the gate valve of measuring tank and measure the time for 10 liters water discharge and also the manometer difference. 6.Repeat the procedure by changing the discharge . | Page” art wah wh MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS. ‘ATION TABLE > rb b ‘S.No Manometer diff. H(m) | Discharge time for 10 liters of water flow(t) ___ (Time for 10 lit in sec.) Tt = T~ | | mn T T~ P a a Let ‘H’ be the water head across manometer in, m. ’. H=Manometer difference (Sp. Gravity of Mercury/ Sp. Gravity of water - 1 or H= Manometer difference x (13.6-1) A=cross sectional area at inlet to Orifice meter = 3.14 x 10 m? a= Cross-sectional area to Orifice meter = 1.54 x 10% m? ~. Theoretical discharge, 2 DULL Plot the following-curves or each device (at least 10 readings) 1.Log Qvs log b and 2.Cyvs Re (Re =pVD/1) P=Dencity of water, V=velocity,D=Diameter of pipe, u= Viscosity t 1.Operate Manometer valve gently while removal of air bubble so that mercury in manometer does not run away with water. 2.Do not close the outlet valve completely.MECHANICAL ENGG, DEPARTMENT.,VITS FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE & MOUTHPIECE INI: To determine the coefficient of discharge for mouthpiece & ! coefficient of discharge, coefficient of velocity and coefficient of contraction for orifice. In the available recycling experimental setup one vertical supplying tank is provided neat to the lower of tank one circular hole is provided to which the tested orifice or mouthpiece is to be fitted. One lengthy tray is provided below to the hole to carry the discharged | water into measuring tank. One pump is arranged for supply water continuously. wwe we we vw 1.Orifice . Fill up sufficient water in sump tank & supply tank, up to the level of orifice fixture 2. Fit the required orifice to the tank. 3, Start the pump. Adjust the supply valve. Wait for some time for water level in supply tank’to become steady. / . When water level becomes steady, note down time required for 10 liters level rise in measuring tank.. 5. 5.Measure X and Y co-ordinates of two points in jet, one of which should be closer to orifice & the other away form the orifice. . Repeat the procedure for different heads and for the other orifice. ~ CeeoeweoeoeeoqeuvwvuvWvuvVvvy, 7 a e F rs — eee eb dbbbLbbibets bh Ue MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS 2. Mouthpiece- aus | 1. Fit the required mouthpiece and start the pump. . 2. When water level in supply tank becomes steady, not down the time required for 10 liters level rise in measuring tank. 3. Repeat the procedure for different heads and different mouthpieces & complete the observation table. WERTZ 3 1. Orifice dia.- SNo | Head | Timeforl0] Yi X Yer m | liters rise in Cm cm cm cm measuring | tank, t (sec) | nN . Mouthpiece- used m _in measuring tank, t (sec) 1. Orifice 1. Dia. Of orifice, d=mm, = m «Area of orifice, Head over orifice, [/4) d’=m? m Theoretical discharge, Qi, = A [2gh]°* m>*** | S.No] Mouthpiece | Head | Time for 10 liters level rise 15|Page| MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS Coefficient of velocity- Let X=X-X, m, & Y: Then, Yim, 5. Coefficient of contraction- | 6. “.C=CyCy 3 2. Mouthpiece 1. Dia of mouthpiece, m. Area of mouthpiece, A=([1/4) .d? mm 2. Head over mouthpiece, h= —m 3. Theoretical discharge- + Qu =A [2gh]"* m*"* es 4. Actual discharge- rr ‘ aes = #8 Pe 1 5. Coefficient of discharge- ~; Qa Determine co-efficient of discharge for different mouthpieces. ~ >: ee > 1. Plot log Q vs log H (for both devices) a ‘ONCLUSIONSH >! : efficient of discharge for orifice, C,JMO 8 VATA LNSA NaINSYNSVAN MOA OINVL dine XNWL ONTENSVSA ee es eS YALAINAOISIYO YALSWONVN I fale yo (Sea | D LAWIEAINGA Ll ? TORaooannn PDOEOPPRP PP PRR LAM o > oy LE_LELELaILerTce_eseae FP Deh Msc Bsc Dessel Dasc desc Dascof Roses! Bosc. Doce. Bose! Le '1.a. dul »pLELEELUUEGN® APPARATU: PERIMENTAL PROCEDURE MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS FLOW OVER WEIR APPARATUS : Determination of co-efficient ‘c’ for different weirs. 1. Test rig 2. Weirs 3. Stop watch 1. Fil the required water in the flow channel. 2. Fill up the water in the sump tank. 3. Close the gate valve below the channel and fill up the water in the | channel up to sill level. 4. See that water does not leak from the weir. 5. Check the leakage of hose pipes also and keep the collector diverted in the sump tank. 6. Take down the initial reading of crest level (sill level) by the sliding depth gauge. 7. Now start the pump and open the gate valve slowly so that water starts flowing over the weir. 8. Let the water level become stable and note down the height of water surface at the upstream side by the sliding depth gauge. 9. Close the drain valve of measuring tank, direct the collector into the measuring tank and measure the discharge. 10. Take the readings for different flow rates. ll. Repeat the same procedure for other weirs also.C4EKG4EEEELEELELELELBELELELELELEEELLEGGEELSISG Weir type-sharp crested / Broad crested / Ogee MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS S.No_ Sill level reading | ‘S’ meters Water height | Discharge jon | upstream side ‘h’ | meters time for 10 liters ‘t’ sec, UU =U =U UU UU UW p=u=U= ICALCULATIONSH 1.OGEE WEIR — ..Q=C.L.H? GRAPHS: CONCLUSION 18|P 01 Plot log Q vs. log H Find C from graph 1. Head over weir, H=[h-s]_ m 2. Actual discharge, 9, = Crest length of Ogee weir = 0.248 m Where, C= coefficient of spillway. 1. Average C of Ogee weir is.....OWNWEaNNS ——___ DINYL ONTENSVAW Te TENNVHO MOTs 29979999999999999799999990999-9 FTE TAAL TTT PLL LLL RUB LUREUE Eu? BfMECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS FLOW OVER NOTCH APPARATUS AVY: To determine the coefficient of discharge of V-Notch. |APPARATUSS 1. Test rig 2. V-Notch 3. Stop watch 1. Fit the required notch in the flow channel. Fill up the water in the sump tank. | Close the water supply gate valve to the channel and fill up the | water in the channel up to sill level. See that water does not leak from the notch. Check the leakage of hose pipes also and keep the collector diverted in the sump tank. . Take down the initial reading of crest level (sill level) by the sliding depth gauge or steel rule. wn a LEGG EEEELEEELELLEG EGY DEED TT x . Now start the pump and open the gate valve slowly so that water starts flowing over the notch. . Let the water level become stable and note down the height of water surface at the’upstream side by the sliding depth gauge or steel rule. oo 9. Close the drain valve of measuring tank, direct the collector into the measuring tank and measure the discharge. 10. Take the readings for different flow rates. 11. Repeat the same procedure for other notches also. pj me jm jr jp fm a a la al i i ls a 19|PageLLG GLUE EGE GEE bE EOE VOGUE EYUGEE © OS® MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS Ub oy é For V-NOTCHE | [S.No T Sill level reading Water height on | Dischargetime | [ | ‘S’ meters upstream side for 10 liters | Lo ‘h? meters stusecr | I 1 | Triangular (V) notch: 1.Head over the notch ,H=h-—s meters 2.Actual Discharge,Q, = 0.01/t m°/s 3.Now theoretical discharge, Qu = (8/15) (2.g)"5 tan (60/2 ).ce)*” al VVa Vm Vans 4.Coeffiecient of discharge,Cy =Q,/ Qu e® USION. | j pl pal aad Jal Pa Pa) 1. Average Ca of Triangular notch is 20|Pageln TPFFFP99F9FODDDND9NDIDDDDDODOOD DIE —IEFVVOOPEPERPPPERPVIVG DITTTETTVIELIVLDMECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS IMPACT OF JET APPARATUS, IM: To study the impact of water jet on different vanes. \ Ny stop watch. RIPTION# The apparatus consists of a chamber provided with Perspex sheets. A floating vane fixing rod is provided over the chamber to which the vane is fixed. An initial balance weight is provided for balancing the vane. Another sliding weight is provided to balance the vane fixing rod while the jet is striking the vane. A nozzle is fixed below the vane through which a vertical jet issues. A control valve provided controls the pressure at the jet and hence the flow rate and velocity of the jet. Curved vane, flat vane, balancing weights, test r Flat and hemispherical vanes are provided. The vanes can be inter changeably fixed to the rod. By adjusting the sliding weight, rod is balanced when the jet is striking the vane. By taking the moment about the fulcrum, impact force can be calculated. A nozzle of diameter 6mm and 8mm is provided. ERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 1. Fix the required vane to the fixing rod. Adjust the balancing weight so that vane fixing rod is in horizontal position. 2. Fill up sufficient water in the sump tank. 3. Open the control valve fully and start the pump. The jet strikes the vane. 4. Put the sliding weight over the rod and adjust it’s distance such that the vane fixing rod is balanced. | 2i|Page ro i5. Note down the discharge and distance of the sliding weight 6. Repeat the procedure by changing the control valve position 7. Repeat the procedure for another vane. OBSERVATION TABLE FOR CURVED VANE Nozzle | diameter Type of | vane Curved Curvi Be Curved _| Curved [Curved | (OBSERVATION TABLE FOR FLAT VANE¥ even neee Nozzle diameter ‘Type of vane [FLAT [- FLAT FLAT |FLAT FLAT ape aaa a Sl 2 ee eoietet ee ee SY Oe eed Oe 6 Ut ene A A 1. Diameter of jet = p =8mm=8x1 0° meter 2. Area of jet, a =p? MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS discharge, t (see) |MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS 3. Discharge, Q: 4, Velocity of jet, : 5. Force exerted by vane- a «) For flat vane:- all Force exerted theoretically, Fynco’ Where W = Specific weight of water = 9810 Kg./m? b) For curved vane:- Force exerted theoretically, Freo= 6. Experimentally taking moments about the fulcrum:- (pm dal ji ad a a a a al Distance of vane from the fulcrum (along the beam) = 0.135 meters. Fexp X 0.135 =m x Lxg Fexp = m x Lxg/0.135 Where m ='mass of sliding weight, Kg. L = Distance of sliding weight from fulcrum, m Fexp = Force exerted experimentally bbe’ 7. Reynolds Number Re =Prve/n orce Vs. Reynolds number (for both theoretical and actual (REM: Experimental Force is observed to be slightly less than the theoretical Force because of pivot friction and fluid friction. 23|Page CLG LEE Ebb bbb eb bbe sboussbbddlbuugubael a a a a a a AHuet CL abd VCLPLL a SS z TM ONIGIS ow TTTTTILALY ert: TIZZON “INVA A LTT ONTONVTVE TOT ERLE L4 it» EE LELithbs Lbs tivee tess > U D wu bLbLELLE MECHANICAL ENGG, DEPARTMENT. VITS FRANCIS TURBINE INI: To draw the characteristic curves of Francis turbine IAPPARATUS;] Francis turbine setup, Tachometer IGENERAL DESCRIPTION The unit essentially consists of a spiral casing, an outer bearing pedestal and rotor assembly with runner, shaft and brake drum, all mounted on a suitable sturdy cast iron base plate. A straight conical draft tube is provided for the purpose of regaining the KE form the exit water and also facilitating easy accessibility of the turbine due to its location at a higher level than the tail race. A transparent hollow Perspex cylinder is provided in between the draft bend and the casing for the purpose of observation of flow.at exit of runner. A rope brake arrangement is provided to load the turbine. The output of the turbine,can be controlled by adjusting the guide vanes for which a hand wheel and a suitable line, mechanism by a pressure and vacuum gauge, and.for the measurement of speed, use hand tachometer. PROCEDURE a) To start up (Commissioning): 1.Prime the pump and staff if with closed gate value. The guide vanes in the turbine should also be in the closed position while starting the pump. 2.Slowly open the gate value situated above the turbine and open the cock fitted to the pressure gauge. 3.Observe the pressure gauge reading 36|PageMECHANICAL ENGG, DEPARTMENT. VITS 4. If the pump develops the required head, slowly open the turbine guide vanes by rotating the hand wheel (which operates the guide vanes through suitable link mechanism) until turbine attains the normal rated speed, 5. Run the turbine at this speed for about ten minutes and carefully observe al the parts for normal operation. 6. If the observation of the above parts are normal, load the turbine / slowly and take readings. 7. Open the water inlet valve and allow some cooling water through brake drum for cooling. 8. Open the guide vanes to maintain the same speed. Starting and Running the turbine at normal speed for sometime, load the || turbine and take the following. 1. Net supply head (Pressure vacuum gauge readings) plus height of pressure gauge over vacuum gauge) 2. Discharge (Manometer readings) 3. Turbine shaft speed 4, Brake weight (Dead weights plus hanger and rope weight) 5. Spring balance reading. For any particular setting of the guide first run the turbine at light load and go then gradually load it by adding dead weights on the hanger . The net supply head on the turbine shall be maintained constant as the stated value, and this can be done by adjusting the gate valve filled just above the turbine. 37| Page —— —_ S| SUBSE ELAEAGGEELELUHELEEGELGEEGLLLEEELLEEEEEESGE SGae a a ae a a a oy SdbbdEeEELEbLEtebLbesewerebEEbbiebbbsisne MECHANICAL ENGG, DEPARTMENT. VITS Guide vane opening position: Input total head ‘H’ in m.of water = pressure gauge reading in Kg/em” x 10 Orifice meter Head ‘h’ in m of water (hy-hy) x 10m Input Power I/P =W QH/1000 kw, W = Sp. Weight of water = 9810 N/m? Discharge Q = Q = xvi m’/sec (h in meters) Turbine Output O/P=2 JIN T/60000 KW T=Torque=(wg)xR Effective radius of break drum R=(D/2 +t) Rope Diameter t=0.015m Break drum dia D= 0.3m W=(wrt ws)— we w;=weight on hanger w2=spring balance reading veight of rope & hanger (w3=1Kg) Gate opening =0.5 K=Meter constant for orifice meter (1.5644 x 10-”) Efficiency (n) = OP/Ip x 100% B)To shut down: Remove all the dead weights on the hanger. Close the cooling inlet water gate valve. Slowly close the guide vanes to its full closed position Then close the gate valve just above the turbine. . Manometer cocks orifice meter cocks should also be closed in order to isolate the manometer Then switch off the supply pump set. 38|PageMECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS ind iPRECAUTIONS# Make sure before starting that the pipelines are free from foreign matter Check whether all the joints are water tight and leak proof before starting the turbine setup. Condition of operation should be normal Do not suddenly load the turbine Never switch off the supply pump set when the turbine is working under load. Se ow WY = —— athbbbbssbds21em jour 2 ANISRUOL SIONVUA SLIALNAWLYd30 “99N3 TWOINVHOAIN egy Se an tae ae Te eer arrMECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS KAPLAN TURBINE To draw the characteristic curves of Kaplan Turbine Nae : Kaplan Turbine test setup with Tachometer The turbine consists of a spiral casing, a rotor assembly, shaft and brake drum all mounted on a sturdy pedestal. A straight conical draft tube is provide vertically after the runner. A transparent hollow Perspex cylinder is provided in between the casing and the draft tube. Rope brake arrangements with suitable pulleys are provided for loading the turbine. The input into the turbine is controlled by a set of guide vanes. The net supply head is measured by means of a differential manometer. For the measurement of speed, tachometer is to be used. iPROCEDURE To start up (Commissioning): 1.Prime the pump and staff if with closed gate value. The guide vanes in the turbine should also be in the closed position while starting the pump. 2.Slowly open the gate value situated above the turbine and open the cock fitted to the pressure gauge. 3.Observe the pressure gauge reading 4.If the punip develops the required head, slowly open the turbine guide vanes by rotating the hand wheel (which operates the guide vanes through suitable link mechanism) until turbine attains the normal rated speed. 5.Run the turbine at this speed for about ten minutes and carefully observe al the parts for normal operation. 6.1f the observation of the above parts are normal, load the turbine slowly and take readings. 7.Open the water inlet valve and allow some cooling water through brake drum for cooling. 8.Open the guide vanes to maintain the same speed. a1|PagePHOELELELELECEEELSEELEbEEEEEEELEGbEEEE! MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS OBSERVATIONS Starting and Running the turbine at normal speed for sometime, load the turbine and take the following. . Net supply head (Pressure vacuum gauge readings) plus height of pressure gauge over vacuum gauge) . Discharge (Manometer readings) . Turbine shaft speed . Brake weight (Dead weights plus hanger and rope weight) 5. Spring balance reading. For any particular setting of the guide first run the turbine at light load and go then gradually load it by adding dead weights on the hanger . The net supply head on the’ turbine shall be maintained constant as the stated value, and this can be done by adjusting the gate valve filled just above the turbine, LCULATION: Guide vane opening position: Rep Input total head ‘H’ in m of water = pressure gauge reading in Kg/em” x 10 Orifice meter Head ‘h’ in m of water (hy-hy) x 10 m Input Power I/P =W QH/1000 kw, W=Sp. Weight of water = 9810 Nim? Discharge Q = Q = KV m’/sec (h in meters) Turbine Output O/P=2JINT/60000 KW T=Torque=(wg)xR Effective radius of break drum R=(D/2 +t) Rope Diameter t=0.015m Break drum dia D= 0.3m. 42|Pagebh ail EEE E EEE EEELGE LEBEL EEEOG - ChB st » MECHANICAL ENGG, DEPARTMENT, ViTS W=(witws) — Wo w,=weight on hanger w2=spring balance reading eight of rope & hanger (w=IKg) Gate opening =0,5 K=Meter constant for orifice meter (2.3655 x 10-7) Efficiency (n) = OP/Ip x 100% To shut down: Remove all the dead weights on the hanger. Close the cooling inlet water gate valve. . Slowly close the guide vanes to its full closed position 10, Then close the gate valve just above the turbine. 11, Manometer cocks orifice meter cocks should also be closed in order to isolate the manometer 12. Then switch off the supply pump set. I PRECAUTIONS - Make sure before starting that the-pipelines are free from foreign matter. - Check whether all the joints are water tight and leak proof before starting the-turbine setup. . Condition of operation should be normal . Do not suddenly load the turbine . Never switch off the supply pump set when the turbine is working under load 43|PageBy jo pu wut | op xy BAH =H Supeoy Suipeay afned minnoe,, Joy9u 291419 a AY nd 12) ANIPHOL NV TAY SLIALN3WLYVd30 “D9DN3 TYDINVHD3IN the ° t ; 7 = - INDIO THEEK Co COC Y 7 7) Ba a 2 2 2 2 ed ee ee iMECHANICAL ENG. DEPARTMENT. VITS RECIPROCATING PUMP TEST RIG NIV: To draw the characteristic curves of reciprocating pump APPARATISH 1. Reciprocating pump test rig 2. Tachometer 3. Stop watch IDESCRIRTIONS Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement’ plunger pump. } It is often used where relatively small quantity of water is to be handled and delivery pressure is quite large. Reciprocating pump are widely } used as automobile service stations, chemical Industries, or as metering | and dosing pumps. The apparatus consists of a single cylinder, double acting reciprocating pump mounted over the sump tank. The pump is driven by } a variable speed d.c.;motor. An energy meter dimmer measures | electrical input to motor. Measuring tank is provided to measure discharge of the.pump. The pressure and vacuum gauges provided to measure the delivery pressure and suction vacuum respectively. PERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 5 1. Fill up sufficient water in sump tank t 2. Fill up the air vessel for about 2/3" capacity. (It is already filed) 3. Open the gate valve in the discharge pipe of the pump fully. 4. Keep the speed control (Dimmer) knob at minimum position and switch on the supply. 27 Page b ta We GOL OU ee ee olMECHANICAL ENGG, DEPARTMENT. VITS 5. Check nut bolts & the driving belt for proper tightening 6. Divert funnel into the measuring tank and slowly increase the pump speed, slightly close the discharge valve. Note down the observations table. Repeat the procedure for different gate valve openings. Take care that discharge pressure does not rise above 4 Kg/em?. 7.Change the speed and take readings for different gate valve openings. Repeat the procedure for different speeds and complete the observation table. Sasa ass OBSERVATION: [S.No | Pump | Discharge Suction [Time for 10| Time for 10 Speed In | Pressure Vacuum | liters rise in | revolutions. RPM KgJem’, mm of Hg | measuring | Of — Energy Np | Hp hy tank, tysec | meter t. see. mt pm prt tt feat ft fn fl ed pa ff fl a el fa Jal Jn, I} bee ebb bb bb bebe ese Lebbad I 2ob © OO 8 Or necenianncneetiet, MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT.,VITS ICALCULATIONS# 1. Volume per stroke =JI/4 x D? x L x2 - (piston rod volume) = JV4(3.81)°(4.53)x2-( JW/4x0.1°x4.53) =103.26 ce/stroke =0.103x10° m’/stroke 2. Theoretical discharge, ‘Q=Volume per stroke x Np/60 m°/sec 3. Suction head Hs=Suction vacuum in terms of mercury Where Ps=Sp. gravity of mercury =13.6 p. gravity of water =1 «Hs=hs (Ppg/Pw -1) 4. Delivery head:- Hp = Discharge pressure, Kg. cm* x 10 (as 10 m of water = 1 kg. /em?) 5. Total head Hr = Hs + Hp + 3 meters. Where,Loss of head in pipes and fittings is assumed to be 3 } meters. 6. Actual discharge .. Actual discharge, 2. 7. Output power of pump W.Qatr Be =“ To00 Where, W= Specific weight of water = 9810 N/m3 Qa= Discharge m3/sec. Hy= Total head, in meters 29|Page| a SEE eo a il > r r 8. Input power to pump- MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS rr Let time required for 10 rev. of energy meter be te sec. Then, = 2) 10 3600 : I EI Pee xe hw JI Where, energy meter constant is 450 rev / Kwh. > 3 Taking motor efficiency 75% we have input shaft power | 3 *S.P = LP x 0.75 > 5S 9. Overall efficiency of pump — Overall efficiency = (Py /S.P) X100 10. Coefficient of discharge of pump,Cd = Q,/Q, ll. Slip— Slip = x 100% @ PRECAUTIONS 1. Operate all the controls gently 2. Never allow to rise the discharge pressure above 4Kg.Cm2 3. Always use clean water for experiment 4. Before starting the pump ensure that discharge valve is opened fully and speed control knob is at zero position. SONS: 1. Head Vs discharge (at constant speed) 2. Head Vs input power (at constant speed) 3. Head Vs efficiency of pump _(at constant speed) 4, Speed Vs discharge (at constant head 30] Page if Hcl fa pe ae Cs re a i a a i a i a a a a a =? eh bbb bbb EeoeseseevuUsvvuvvvwy(Ad A.L TOULNQOD UAAWIG YOLOWO' ) ORL LSA dd DNILVOOUNd LOM Cm Gi: Eo TASSAA UV i ONIddVI. U_sanssaad LELUTIP PE PT EPL LLELLELLLLLLLLLLULLLLL?®ei bb LLEEELLLE u 4 GEG tuuusee seis : ; MECHANICAL ENGG, DEPARTMENT. VITS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TEST RIG Ny: To draw the characteristic curves of centrifugal pump OWES: 1. Centrifugal pump test rig 2.Teachometer 3. Stop Watch Centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic machine which develops dynamic pressure of liquid by virtue of rotation for pumping of liquid to a higher height. In centrifugal pump, liquid in the impeller of a pump is made to rotate by external force, so that it is thrown away from the center of rotation. As constant supply of liquid is made available at |} the center, liquid can be pumped to higher level. The unit consist of a centrifugal pump driven by a D.C. motor. Input to motor is measured on energy meter. A measuring tank is provided to measure the discharge. Suction vacuum and discharge pressure is measured by gauges. A gate valve on discharge pipe varies the head. Thus, performancé of pump can be estimated at various speed and heads. : 1. Fill up sufficient water in the sump tank. 2. Open the priming nipple plug (At the top of pump) and fill up water up to the nipple. Replace the plug. 24|Pageevwroc 2” * oF i Se - x . Shut off the discharge valve. . Start the pump. As discharge valve is closed, no discharge will be observed, but discharge pressure will be indicated This is called “Shut off head’ of the pump. 5. Slowly open discharge valve, so that small discharge is observed. 6. Note down discharge head, suction vacuum and time required for 10|tres. Of water level rise in measuring tank and 10 revolutions of energy meter disc. . Note down the observations at different valve openings. MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS . Suction Head- Where, sp. gre (nat 2 . Total [lead 25|Page ood esbbbededbdbebLiesseue?d I Suction vacuum , Ps= .. Suction head, hs=P,/1000 X13.6/1 For water, 10m height corresponds to 1 kg /em? -.Discharge head, hg= pa x 10 m of water mm of Hg. ity of mercury =13.6 sp.gravity of water =1 hg +h, + br Where, hy-2meters. Is the head loss due to friction, > | >| 8. Repeat the procedure 5 to 7 for different speeds. Fe ! RVATION: 3 [4 [-SNo [Pump] Discharge Suction Time for 10 | Time for 10 rev. | if speed Pressure Vacuum liters water | of Energy meter >| (RPM) | (Kg/om’yPy | (mmofHg)Ps | level rise (Sec) t. | (Sec) ty. _ ry | [ - ehh WW I i‘ \ CALCULATIONS] [ 1. Discharge Pressure, py Kg/om? 2eet bed dsEsuysbssesLuesbsEwEbbBLbLbebcs reve MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS. . Discharge- Let time for 10 liters. Level rise be t,, sec. oot m3 / sec. Then, discharge, @ = . Output power (or water power) WP = nw 7000 Where, * W=Specific weight of water=98 10N/m* Q=Discharge m*/see ht-Total head in meters. 6. Electrical Input- Let time required for 10 rev. of energy meter disc be t. sec. Electrical input power, fp = Where, Energy Meter constant = 450 rev / kw/hr. Taking motor efficiency as 75% we have input shaft power SP=Elect. LP x 0.75 7. Over all efficiency of the pump = WP/SP X100 8. CS. i) Main Characteristics- Plot the graphs of discharge vs. total head, input power and overall efficiency at different speeds. ii) Operating characteristics- Plot the graph of discharge vs. total head, overall efficiency, input power and water power, at rated speed. 1. Priming is must before starting the pump. Pump should never be run empty. 2. Use clean water in the sump tank. 26|PageBed DEbEGEEYVLEHEHGANIGEWHEEEHEEEEGBEBS MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS. PELTON WHEEL TURBINE RIG To draw performance curves of Pelton wheel turbine ENSUE LORS 1, Pelton Wheel Test rig. 2. Tachometer Hydro-power is one of major cheap source of power available on earth, and hence it is widely used for generation of electric power world wide. Water stored in the dam contains potential energy. The water flows through the turbine, so that power is generated by impact of water or electrical power. Thus, turbines are of great importance, Turbines are basically of two types, viz. impulse turbines and reaction turbines. In impulse turbines, water coming from high head acquires high velocity. The high velocity water jet strikes the buckets of the turbine runner and cause it to rotate by impact. In reaction turbine, total head of water is partly converted into velocity head as it approaches turbine runner and it fills the runner and pressure of water gradually changes as it flows through runner. In impulse turbine, the only turbine used now-a-days is Pelton Wheel Turbine. In reaction turbines, Francis Turbine and Kaplan Turbine are the examples. The pelton Wheel turbine consists of runner mounted over the main shaft. Runner consists of buckets fitted to the disc. The buckets have a shape of double ellipsoidal cups. The runner is encases in a casing provided with a Perspex window for visualization. A nozzle fitted in the side of casing directs the water jet over the ‘Splitter’ or center ridge of the buckets. A spear operates inside the nozzle to control the water flow. On the other side of the shaft, a belt type dynamometer is mounted for loading the turbine. 31| Pagels ls > x GEALEVDALUGGL ES bbbad MECHANICAL ENGG, DEPARTMENT.,VITS. 1) Fill up sufficient water in the sump tank. 2) Keep the Venturimeter valves closed. 3) Close nozzle by operating the spear. Press ‘Green’ button of starter, so that pump starts running. 4) Observe direction of pump rotation during starting. It should be clockwise, as seen from fan end. If it is reverse, interchange any two phases in supply line. If direction pump is correct, pressure || gauge will read the pressure about 4-4.5 Kgs./cm2 If it is reverse pressure gauge will read 1-2 Kgs./em? 5) First open air valves then open the Venturimeter valves, remove all the air bubbles and close the air valves slowly and simultaneously so that mercury does not run away into water. Slowly open the nozzle. Turbine will start rotating. Adjust the spear so that turbine is rotating at 1000 rpm. 6) Put the load using loading stud. Open the nozzle, so that turbine is again rotating at 1000 rpm. 7) Note down the readings in observation table. 8) Repeat the procedure for different speeds, say 800 rpm., 600rpm., | 500rpm, 9) Release all the load. Keep at % opening. Load the rope brake with 0.5 Kgs load. Note dowi the speed. 10) Go on adding the load, with out disturbing spear position. Note down head, speed, discharge and load each time. 11)Repeat the procedure forl/2,3/4and full spear opening. This is constant head test. 32|Pagei . > > > > = > 5+ > > | 2 =e 5 55 9! ~ ~ > = ~2 és oS Bp d4,-ly.ls MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT, VITS 1) Constant Speed Test :- Turbine speed, N = in RPM Spring balance | Manometer difference (Kg) | Pressure gauge difference(Meters) reading (Kg/ cm’) Use similar table for different speeds. 1) Constant head test:- Spear opening — 1/4 ,1/2 ,3/4, full. Manometer difference Pressure gauge,reading | S.No| m Kg./em? Spring balance Turbine Speed difference (Kg) In (rpm)MECHANICAL ENGG, DEPARTMENT. VITS ‘ALCULATIONS | 1, Head over the Turbine Since 10 mtr. Of water head corresponds to 1 kg./em2 .. H= Pressure gauge reading Kg./cm’ x 10 meter. 2. Water flow rat Where, a;=Inlet area of Venturimeter at dia. = 0.05m=1.963 s 10-3 m* a,= throat area of Venturimeter at dia. = 0.038m=1.13 x 10-3 m* Cd= co-efficient of discharge = 0.98 Hy, = Water head across venturimeter =Manometer difference (h) x 12.6 Meter. Of water. 3. Power supplied to turbine. Pin = WQH x 9.81 watts Where We specific weight of water = 1000 Kg./em? Brake Power - T=(Spring balance diff. Kgs) x 9.81 x (0.135 + 0.006) N.m Brake Power(BP)= 2JINT/60 watts Note : i) Tubine speed is to be noted from laboratory tachometer, which is not the part of equipment. ii) Rope diameter is ‘1.2 cms., (ie.0.012 Mtr) 5. Specific speed: | + ae ee we apa be BI UU RU UU, 2P 6. Overall efficiency of turbine:- n= ap mmm mal 34|Page a a a yy A yy my a SBeeteovuos uvekf > EECLELEL Ebene eeu eee ebb ebb bbb bbb bb MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT. VITS 1. Constant speed Test: Plot the graph of load (B.P) Vs efficiency and discharge Vs. B.P & efficiency. 2. Constant head Test: Plot the graph of speed N Vs. B.P and N Vs. overall efficiency for various spear openings 1. While putting ‘ON’ the pump see that, the nozzle is closed by the spear and load on the brake drum is released. . 2. Use clean water in the tank. 3. Operate all the controls and switches gently. 4, Lubricate the bearings, before experiment 5. Drain the water after completion of experiment. abana a ald de ae aaa alias ? 35|Page» x! WB ce Me Pee Sa Se Soe Sp Da i Du, it ak i at a a ei OR LOSSES I FLOW THROUGH PIPES AIM: To determine minor losses in flow through pipe. THEOR’ The ininor losses or local losses are those, which are caused by a change in pipe cross section, presence of bends, valves and fittings of all kinds, although in long pipe lines, the losses due to local turbulence caused by these fittings are of miner importance and they can often be neglected. They may however outweigh the friction loss in a short pipe line. The e losses invariably arise from sudden change in velocity, either in magnitude or in direction. The ‘magnitude of these losses is proportional to the abruptness of velocity change. The non-uniform in flow thus created generates large-scale turbulence in which energy is dissipated as heat. ‘The loss of energy incurred when the flow encounters a sudden enlargement can be given by hk (Wi-v2)/2g SPECIFICATION: Electrical service 230 volts, AC 1 phase with earth connection. Motor eo: Yhp, 1440 rpm, Make kirloskar. Measuring tank 300mm X 300mm X 600 mm PROCEDURE: 1. Select a particular pipeline. 2. Connect the pressure tapings between the pipes fittings in which minor losses are to be determined. 3. Gradually vary the discharge through the pipeline 4, Note down the corresponding deflection in mercury column and the actual discharge by using a collecting tank. EFFICIENT ENGINEERINS BANGALORE Page 1t ov u MINOR LOSSES IN FLOW THROUGH PIPES 5, Find out the loss coefficient for each pipe line. OBSERVATION: Diameter of the pipe = D= Area ofthe pipe = Ap= A, = Area of the measuring tank = TABULATION: [SLNo. Type of fitting 1 = 25.4mm — 12.7mm dia 02 Expansion 12,7mm dia, D= 254mm dia 3 90° short Elbow 25.4mm dia o 90° shor Elbow with weld 25.4mm dia CGSEEECCEEBLEUHHKEELUBEEEYS , 05 [90° long Elbow with weld 25.4mm do Go d+>u 5 my poe Dd BEUGEELGEG & s Head difference inm | Time taken for cm rise of water— =a eves PEDO EDBDH EEL EEA GEG EEG EDL CUGGELGUGEBECUHUELDSUECHKEKHEBLULEHHHEHHEOYE NOR LOSSES IN FLOW THROUGH PIP SPECIMAN CALCULATION: ‘Actual Discharge Q,= A *R* 1 t A= Area of the measuring tank in m* R= Rise of water level in the tank for time t in em 2. Velocity of Water in pipe, V = Qaa in misec Area of pipe 3. Loss Co efficient, K= 2gHe/ (V)? 5 Ht= bol Se 1 J head loss in m of water. {$s Where hy = Head difference of mercury in m Sm= Specific gravity of the mercury S = Specific gravity of the standard fluid (water) CIENT ENGINEERINS BANGALOREEee ee > > ad = PEGUGEOUOOUOLKEOS SUEY .—— > > > MINOR LOSSES IN FLOW THROUGH PIPES 2 2 ° > > ‘TABLE OF RESULTS: - a [SL No. Type of fitting Discharge m’/sec. | Loss Coefficient K ] 3 / 1 | Contraction= 25.4mm — 12.7mm dia = 3 2 “2_| Expansion 12.7mm dia, D= 25.4mm ~ | 5 | dia 3 90° short Elbow 321mm dia ° | * lal! 3 — | = [4 of 90° short Elbow with weld 25 fam | ; dia =a : ‘90° long Elbow acitiewetd 25.4mm | 5 dia | ] Union : s —— I ‘The loss co-efficient for different fittings are calculated, NOTE: Specimen calculations are same friction in Pipes. —— ——— CIENT ENGINEERINS BANGALORE