Stars & Galaxies

Pembekalan OSN Astronomi
Tingkat Propinsi Kalimantan Barat

Pontianak, 11 Juni 2014
Oleh: Devilim, S.Si.
Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014
Bintang : Jarak
Jarak ke bintang paralaks bintang sudut

paralaks
Bintang : Jarak
Bintang : Pengukuran
Paralaks:
Bintang : Jarak
Bulan purnama 0,5o

1 parsek = 3.26 tahun cahaya
Contoh soal:
Sudut paralaks Sirius adalah 0,38. Berapa jarak Sirius
dalam: parsek? Tahun cahaya?
Bintang : Terang
Terang bintang (brightness) dinyatakan dalam

satuan magnitudo
Hipparchos : 6 kelompok terang bintang
magnitudo semu
Bintang : Terang
Bintang : Terang
Introduced by Hipparchus (160-127 B.C.)
Vega (0), Venus (-4), Sun (-26.8), Moon (-12.6),

Faintest objects observed with HST (+30)
What does it measure?
measures ratios of actual amount of light energy

received
receive 2.5x more energy from a mag. 1 star than
a mag. 2 star
difference of 5 magnitudes is 100x difference in
received energy
How does it work?

2.5X2.5 = 6.25
15.6
39.1
100
X
X
X
X
7.8
6.8
5.8
4.8
3.8
2.8
2.5 X
2.5 X
2.5 X
2.5 X
2.5 X
Difference of 5
Bintang : Terang
Bintang : Terang
Bintang : Terang
Bintang : Terang
Practice
Rigil Kentaurus (-0.01)

Spica (+1.0)
Which looks brighter?
How much more light do we receive from it?
One level of magnitude means 2.5 times more
light received!!
But...
Spica is actually more than 1000x more

luminous than Rigil Kentaurus!!
If Spica is putting out more light, why might it
appear dimmer in the sky?
Brightness and Luminosity

Brightness: How bright a star appears.
Apparent
Magnitude
Luminosity: How much light the star is actually

giving off.
Absolute
Magnitude
Apparent brightness
apparent brightness diminishes with distance

inverse-square law (brightness diminishes as 1/D2)
Apparent magnitude = magnitudo semu
Absolute magnitude = magnitudo mutlak
Luminosity
the actual amount of light a star shines into

space each second
The farther away (d) a star of luminosity (L) is,
the less bright (B) it appears
Practice
Both stars have apparent magnitude +4
4 ly
12 ly
What can you conclude

about their luminosities?
Luminosity & Brightness
Magnitudo Mutlak
Magnitudo Mutlak
Contoh soal:
Magnitudo mutlak sebuah bintang adalah M

= 5 dan magnitudo semunya adalah m = 10.
Jika absorpsi oleh materi antar bintang
diabaikan, berapakah jarak bintang tersebut ?
Contoh soal:
Bintang : Spektrum
Bintang meradiasikan gelombang

elektromagnetik (cahaya) mengikuti hukum
radiasi
Cahaya terdiri dari berbagai panjang
gelombang spektrum
Analisis spektrum spektroskopi
informasi tentang bintang
3 jenis spektrum : continuous, absorption,
emission
Spektrum Cahaya
Spektrum dapat dijelaskan dengan

menggunakan konsep atom
Spektrum emisi
Spektrum Absorpsi
Spektrum Kontinu, Warna, Suhu
Warna & Suhu
Hukum Wien:
Blackbody curves
Temperature and brightness

As T increases,
the wavelength
for peak
brightness
decreases.
As T increases,
the brightness
increases.
Spektrum Kontinu
Hukum Radiasi
Hukum Radiasi
luminositytemperature-radius
relationship
Spektrum Bintang
Spektrum kontinu ada panjang gelombang diserap

di atmosfer
Komposisi Kimia Bintang
Garis absorpsi (Fraunhofer line)
Spektrum Berbagai Bintang
Kelas Bintang
Kelas Bintang
Sebagian besar materi bintang =

Hydrogen & Helium
Spektrum Berbagai Bintang
Kelas Luminositas
Redshift
Bintang bergerak dengan kecepatan tertentu

terhadap matahari radial & proper motion
Redshift
Star radial motion determined by spectrum

analysis Doppler shift
star spectral lines (ex: iron) compared
with a reference spectrum
Star: moving away redshift
moving toward blueshift
Equation for Doppler

effect:
Few Question:
1. In what wavelength region would you look for a star

being born (T = 1.000K)?
2. Your body is about 300K. What is your peak
wavelength?
3. Suppose molecules at rest emit with a wavelength

of 18 cm. You observe them at a wavelength of
18.001 cm. How fast is the object moving and in
which direction, towards or away from you?
4. About 1,470 watts (W) of solar energy hits each
square meter of the Earths surface. Use this and
our distance to the Sun to calculate its luminosity.
Few Question: (Cont.)
4. Proxima Centauri, the star nearest to Earth

other than the Sun, has a parallax of 0.772
arcsec. How long does it take light to reach
us from Proxima Centauri?
4. Bintang A mempunyai magnitudo semu
3,26, dan bintang B magnitudo semunya
13,26. Bintang manakah yang lebih terang?
Bagaimanakah perbandingan energi yang
kita terima dari kedua bintang tersebut?
From properties
calculated, plot diagram:
Hertzsprung-Russell (HR)
Diagram
HR Diagram
For stars of similar chemical composition, the mass

of a main-sequence star alone determines all of its
other characteristics.
Knowing the mass (and chemical composition) of
a main-sequence star tells us how large it is, what its
surface temperature is, how bright it is, what its
internal structure is, how long it will live, how it will
evolve, and what its nal fate will be!
RED GIANTS
Cool but VERY BRIGHT!

Betelgeuse: 3500 K (10% as bright/unit
area as Sun) but 100,000 times as
luminous--must have 1 million times the
area
radius must be 1000x that of Sun!
Globular Cluster in Scorpius
Life Cycle of Stars
Life Cycle of Stars
Birthplace: Interstellar clouds & dust

Orion nebula
Orion image at
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/01/image/a/results/50/
Devilim,
S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014
from Small Magellanic Cloud

Image at
Star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud:

Interstellar eggs
Movie at http://www.stsci.edu/EPA/PR/95/44/M16.mpg
Birth Baby: Protostar
Large & Luminous
Growing Up: Star
Growing Up: Star
Fusion begin
Protostar (min. 0.08 Msun) become Star
< 0.08 Msun failed brown dwarf
Lifetime of Star
mass & chemical composition Fate of Star

Higher mass shorter lifetime
Increase T & P speed up nuclear burning
Fuel used structure change
Low-Mass Elder: Red Giant
Dying: nebulae
Ring nebulae
White Dwarf
High-Mass Elder
High Mass Elder : Go Bang!
Our Galaxy
Earth
= 100 nm = virus
Sun
= 10 m = cell
Earth orbit = cm
= pin head
Solar system = 20 cm
= saucer
Nearest star = 250 m
= lawn
Jewel Box
Cluster
Naked eye
stars
Eagle
Nebula
Galaxy Center
Crab
Nebula
Solar system
Galaxies
come in different sizes (dwarf, large, giant)

come in different shapes and classifications
Spirals
Ellipticals
Lenticulars
Irregulars
are fairly close together, relative to their sizes
Spiral Galaxies
have flat disk, spiral arms, central bulge, and a

surrounding halo
some have a barred bulge
are fairly large (no dwarf spirals)
have lots of gas and dust and younger stars in their
arms, but older stars and little gas or dust in their
halos and central bulges
Galaxies
Image at
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/spiral/2005/01/results/50/
Spiral galaxy--Andromeda
NOAO/AURA/NSF Images at
http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0606.html and
http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0685.html
Image at
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/spiral/2006/24/image/a/resul
ts/50/
Image at
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/spiral/
2007/41/results/50/
Elliptical galaxies
range from spherical to football shaped

range from very small to giant
have very little gas or dust
mostly old stars
similar to the central bulge of a spiral
galaxy
Elliptical Galaxies
Images at
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/elliptical/2007/08/image/a/form
at/large_web/results/50/ and
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/elliptical/1995/07/results/50/
Lenticular
have a disk but no arms

have little or no excess gas and dust
Image at
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/elliptical/2002/0
7/results/50/
Irregular Galaxies
any galaxy that isnt a Spiral, Elliptical, or

Lenticular
usually have lots of gas and dust and young
stars
may have a distorted shape from interaction
with another galaxy
Irregular Galaxies
NASA and NOAO/AURA/NSF Images at

http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/irregular/2005/09/res
Devilim,
S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014
Collisions!
We now think that galaxies in groups and

clusters often collide
The Milky Way is moving at 300,000 mph
toward the Andromeda Galaxy
They may collide in about 5 billion years
Stars dont usually collide
New orbits, gas piles up to form new stars
Interacting
Image from
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/interacting
/2000/34/results/50/
the Antennae or Mice
Devilim,
S.Si.,
Information
at Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014
The occasional results of two

galaxies colliding: ringed
galaxies
Images from
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/spiral/2002/21/image/a/r
Supermassive black holes
almost every medium to large galaxy weve check

has a supermassive black hole at the center
the larger the galaxy, the more massive the black
hole
we dont know which comes first, the galaxy or the
black hole
we think that these black holes are responsible for
some of the galaxies with jets and lobes which give
off radio waves, x-rays, etc.
Active
galaxy
Image at
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/spiral/2000/37/resu
lts/50/
at the center of a large galaxy
Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/exotic/blackhole/1998/22/results/20/ and
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/exotic/black%20hole/2000/21/i
mage/a/format/web_print/results/20/
Galaxy Clusters
the Local Group
includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda, and

over 30 other smaller galaxies
the Virgo Cluster
hundreds to thousands of galaxies, 60 million

light-years away
giant elliptical at center, formed by galactic
cannibalism
the Local Group is falling toward the Virgo
Cluster at 60 to 250 miles per second!
Coma Cluster
Image at
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/cluster/2008/24/im
age/a/results/20/
Superclusters!
clusters are bound together in larger structures, called

superclusters
these superclusters have been mapped, and are
grouped into long strings
300 million to a billion light-years long
100 to 300 million light-years wide
and only 10 to 30 million light-years thick
in between these strings are huge voids of galaxies,

although some astronomers may have detected hot
gas
Evolution of Galaxies
Image at http://www.galex.caltech.edu/media/glx2007-05f_img01.html
How big is Our Universe?

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Pembekalan OSN Astronomi

Tingkat Propinsi Kalimantan Barat

Oleh: Devilim, S.Si.

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Jarak ke bintang paralaks bintang sudut

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Bulan purnama 0,5o

Terang bintang (brightness) dinyatakan dalam

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Introduced by Hipparchus (160-127 B.C.)

Vega (0), Venus (-4), Sun (-26.8), Moon (-12.6),

What does it measure?

measures ratios of actual amount of light energy

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

How does it work?

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Rigil Kentaurus (-0.01)

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Spica is actually more than 1000x more

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Brightness and Luminosity

Luminosity: How much light the star is actually

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

apparent brightness diminishes with distance

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

the actual amount of light a star shines into

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

What can you conclude

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Luminosity & Brightness

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Magnitudo mutlak sebuah bintang adalah M

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Bintang meradiasikan gelombang

Spektrum dapat dijelaskan dengan

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Spektrum Kontinu, Warna, Suhu

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Warna & Suhu

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Temperature and brightness

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Spektrum kontinu ada panjang gelombang diserap

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Devilim, S.Si., Immanuel Christian School, OSN Astro 2014

Stars & Galaxies

Stars & Galaxies