SEMBODAI RUKMANI VARATHARAJAN

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Repair & Rehabilitation of structures

BY
KARTHIVELU
Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

 Concrete

made with OPC shrinks while

setting due to loss of free water.
Concrete also shrinks continuously for long
time. This is known as dry shrinkage.
The Expansive cement which will expand
while hardening.
It

has been developed by using an expanding

agent & a stabiliser very carefully.

8-20

part of the sulpho-aluminate clinker are

mixed with 100 parts of the Portland cement
and 15part of Prepared
thebystabiliser
S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL
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 The

expansive cement used for grouting

anchor bolts or grouting machine
foundation.
The expansive cement used in grouting the
pre-stressed concrete duck
Expansion takes place only so long as
concrete is moist, curing must be
controlled.
The use of expanding cement requires
skilled and experiences.
One type of expanding cement is known as
shrinkage compensating cement.
Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

 Sulphur

is heated to bring it into molten

condition to which coarse and fine aggregate are
poured and mixed together.

Sulphur

of purity 99.9% are used.

A large number of trial mix are mode to determine
the best mix proportion.
The water cement ration of 0.7 or over as been
adopted in all the trial.
After 24 hours of moist curing the specimen is dried
in heating cabinate for 24 hours in 1210c.
Then the dried specimen are placed in a container
0c AP
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S.Karthivelu
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of molten sulphur
atby121
for
3 hours
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 Sulphur

having strength impregnation as

shown great improvement in strength.
Physical properties improve by several
100% and large improvement in water impermeability.
Improved Resistance to corrosion
Sulphur can also be used as a binding
material instead of cement.
Better acid and chemical resistance.
It is costlier than ordinary cement concrete.
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 The

quantity of sulphur used is also

comparatively less and the process is made
economical.
Its compressive strength of about 100mpa
could be achieved in about 2 days.
It is used in precast industries (Not in cast in
situ) to produce roofing element, fencing
post, sewer pipes and railway sleeper.
Sulphur infiltrated precast concrete unit is
cheaper than commercial concrete.
The techniques are simple effective and in
expansive Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

 The

plain concrete possesses a very low

tensile strength limited ductility and little
resistance to cracking. It is because of micro
cracks (few microns width) & its
propagation.
In plain concrete structural cracks develop
even before loading (due to self weight).
Tensile property of concrete members is
improved by using reinforced steel bar.
This method provide tensile strength to the
Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL
concrete member.

 It

has been recognised that the addition of

small, discontinuous, closely spaced and
uniformly dispersed fibres to mortar or
concrete would act as crack arrestee and
would substantially improve its static and
dynamics properties

The

mixture of cement, aggregate, water

and small, discontinuous, closely spaced
and uniformly dispersed fibres is called
Preparedconcrete.
by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL
fibre reinforced

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 Continuous

research by concrete
technologist to understand, improve and
develop the properties of the concrete.
It is concaved by many research workers
that reduction of porosity results in increase
of strength of concrete.
The porosity is due to air voids, water voids
due to porosity of gel structure itself.
The process like vibration, pressure
application spinning etc., has been
Prepared by S.Karthivelu
AP CIVIL
practiced mainly
to reduce
porosity.
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 Polymerisation

is the latest technique

adopts to reduce the porosity of the
concrete & to improve the strength and
other properties of the concrete.

Which

is done by combining the ancient

technology of cement with the Morden
technology of polymer chemistry

Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

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 Polymer

impregnated concrete(PIC)

Polymer

cement concrete (PCC)

Polymer

concrete (PC)

Partially

impregnated and surface coated

polymer concrete
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 PIC

is one of the widely used polymer

composite.

types

of monomer used
Methyl-metha-cry late
Styrene, acrylo nitrate, T-butyl styrene
Other thermo plastic monomer

Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

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 The

amount of monomer into a concrete

specimen is limited by total(water & air)
voids space.

The

vacuum or thermal drying is used for

rapid removal of water.

The

specimen prior to soaking in

monomer the application of the pressure is
another technique to reduce monomer
loading time.Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

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 PCC

is made by mixing cement,

aggregate, water and monomer such
plastic mixture is cast in mould, cured,
dried and polymerised.
Monomer used (polyester styrene, epoxy
styrene, furnus, vinylidene chloride)
It
have
shown
relatively
modest
improvement of strength and durability.
Pcc+furly alcohol and aniline hydro
chloride in the wet mix to have high
Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL
corrosion resistance.

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 PC

is an aggregate bond with a polymer

binder instead of Portland cement.
The main technique is producing PC is to
minimum voids volume in aggregate.
Proper grading and mixing the
aggregate attain the maximum density
and min voids volume and hence reduce
the quantity of polymer needed for
binding the aggregate.
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silence coupling agent is added to the

monomer to improve the bond strength
between polymer and aggregate.
PC tends to the brittle and it is reported
that dispersion of fibre reinforcement
would improve the toughness and tensile
strength of the material.
PC has high resistance to chemical attack.
The strength obtained PC can be as high
140Mpa with a short curing period.
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 The

specimen is applied by liquid monomer

like methyl cry late minimise loss due to
evaporation.

The

depth of monomer penetration is

dependent upon
I. Pore structure of harden and dried
concrete
II. The duration of soaking
III. The viscosity of the monomer.
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 The

potential application of polymer

impregnated concrete surface treatment
is in improving the durability of concrete
bridge deck.

It

gives increases in the tensile &

compressive strength, modulus of
elasticity and resistance to acid attack
have been achieved
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 Cement

mortar matrix is reinforced with

many layers of continuous and relatively
small diameter wire mesh.
The Ferro cement composite is arch cement
water matrix of 10-60mm thick.
The

wire mesh imparts tensile strength and

ductility to the material & also the
engineering properties such as toughness,
fatigue resistance, Impermeable etc., are
by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL
considerablyPrepared
improved.
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 Portland

cement and fine aggregate matrix is

used in Ferro cement.
The choice of cement depends on the service
condition to maintain the quality of cement, in
should be fresh of uniform consistency and
free lumps.
Cement should be stored under dry condition
and used as for as short duration as possible.
Plasticizer and other admixture may also be
added for achieving increase in strength,
reduction in permeability, water proofing,
increasing durability prevent galvanic
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CIVIL
corrosion of galvanised
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 The

reinforcement used in Ferro cement

is of two types skeleton steel and wire
mesh.
Welded wire fabric of 3 to 4mm dia wire
welded 80 100m c/c.
The reinforcement should be free from
dust loose rust coating of paint oil or
similar undesirable substance.
Reinforcing bars may be used in
combination with wire messes for
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S.Karthivelu AP
CIVIL
relatively thick
Ferro
cement
element.

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 Ferro

cement structures are thin and light.

Considerable reduction in the self-weight of
structure.
Precast unit which can be easily transported.
Does not require skilled labour.
Partially or complete elimination of form
work in possible.
Ferro cement construction is easily
amenable to repair in case of local damage
due to abnormal load.
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