Sabp A 036

Best Practice
SABP-A-036
Corrosion Monitoring Best Practice
4 December 2011
Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Table of Contents
1
2
3
4
5
Scope and Purpose....................................... 2

Conflicts and Deviations................................ 2
References.................................................... 2
Definitions and Abbreviations........................ 2
Corrosion Monitoring Techniques.................. 3
5.1 Microcor System. 3
5.2 ClampOn System.. 9
5.3 High Temperature UT Sensors
11
5.4 GUL Permanently Installed
Monitoring Sensors (GPIMS). 14
5.5 High Precision Corrosion
Monitoring (HPCM) Sensors.. 19
5.6 Corrosion Coupon 21
5.7 Chemical Analysis 30
Appendix
Appendix A DA-950035-001.. 38
Appendix B Corrosion Coupon Report.... 39
Best Practice Team
Mohammed F. Al-Barout, Team leader

Mohammed F. Al-Subaie
Mansour A. Al-Zamil
Bander F. Al-Daajani
Nayef M. Al-Anazi
Ali X. Minachi
CSD / CTU
CSD / CTU
CSD / CTU
R&DC/AMG
R&DC/AMG
ID/ITU
Previous Issue: New Next Planned Update: TBD

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Primary contact: Barout, Mohammed Fahad on 966-3-8809578
CopyrightSaudi Aramco 2011. All rights reserved.

SABP-A-036
Issue Date: 4 December 2011
Next Planned Update: TBD
Scope and Purpose

This Saudi Aramco Corrosion Monitoring Best Practice (SACMBP) describes approved
Corrosion Monitoring techniques implemented in Saudi Aramco that will improve the
integrity and control corrosion in the upstream and downstream facilities. Each corrosion
monitoring technique has advantages and disadvantages and Subject Matter Expert
(SME) must be consulted for specific use.
It is based on current industry experiences and recent corrosion monitoring techniques
validated by an inter-departmental and multidisciplinary team of Engineering Services.
Conflicts and Deviations

If there is a conflict between this Best Practice and other standards and specifications,
please contact the Coordinator of ME&CCD/CSD.
References
3.1
Saudi Aramco Documents

Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedures and Standards
Saudi Aramco Engineering Encyclopedia
Saudi Aramco Materials System Specification
01-SAMSS-023
Intrusive Online Corrosion Monitoring
R&DC MICROCOR Assessment Report

Evaluation of MICROCOR Probes for On-Line Corrosion Monitoring;
(Final Report: A220-03/97)
3.2
Industry Codes and Standards

CHEVRON
Guidelines for Internal Corrosion Monitoring of Oil

and Gas
NACE STD RP0775-2005 Preparation, Installation, Analysis, and Interpretation

of Corrosion Coupons in Oilfield Operations
NACE RP0173
4
Collection and Identification of Corrosion Products
Definitions and Abbreviations

NACE
CO2
The National Association of Corrosion Engineers

Carbon Dioxide
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CS
H2 S
MPY
OSI
SCC
SS
TML
UT
MST
LPR
EIS
ER
HTUT
Carbon Steel
Hydrogen Sulfide
Mils per Year
On Stream Inspection
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Stainless Steel
Thickness Measurement Location
Ultrasonic Testing
Multi sensors technology
Linear Polarization Resistance
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Electrical Resistance
High Temperature UT Monitoring Sensors
Corrosion Monitoring End Device: The component of a corrosion monitoring system

that actually monitors the corrosion while exposed to the process environment.
Corrosion probes and corrosion coupons are examples of end devices. For this
specification only probes will be considered.
Electrical Resistance (ER): a measure of the degree to which an object opposes an
electric current through it. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm
5
Corrosion Monitoring Techniques

Corrosion monitoring techniques classified as intrusive and non- intrusive. Intrusive
probe is one that penetrates the pressure boundary of the pipework, vessel, or process
such as Microcor system in paragraphs 5.1 and 5.6. For non- intrusive, it will measure the
wall thickness externally. (see paragraphs 5.2 - 5.5)
5.1
Microcor System
Background
Improvements in corrosion monitoring methods have kept pace with the
rapid advances in engineering and science. The MICROCOR corrosion
monitoring technology was developed in 1995. It has undergone significant
improvement over the last 10 years to address serious shortcomings of
conventional techniques such as Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
(EIS), Electrical Resistance (ER), and Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR)
measurements. The MICROCOR system is designed to measure
corrosion rate or metal loss in all corrosive fluids, including discontinuous
electrolytes and intermittent insulators such as oil/water emulsions and wet
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gases. Having a measurement resolution of 0.00005%, it can establish a

quantitative corrosion rates trend within a few hours, even at corrosion rates
of less than 2-mpy. Consequently, it matches the speed of the LPR method,
while providing absolute rather than relative data, without restriction on the
nature of the corrosive environment. It also matches the environmental
versatility of the electrical resistance technique, but generates data 100-200
times faster than the ER method.
The principle of the MICROCOR measurement is based fundamentally on
measurement of inductive resistance. It measures the changes in inductive
resistance of a coil embedded within the metal/alloy sensing element or
probe as the mass of the sensing element decreases due to corrosion.
The sensing element, having a high magnetic permeability, greatly
intensifies the magnetic field surrounding the coil, which in turn causes
considerable magnification of the inductive resistance of the coil. Inductive
resistance equivalent to 1-5 ohms can be developed in such a sensor, as
opposed to 0.002-0.060 ohms for ER sensors of similar geometry.
MICROCOR yields improvements in both resolution and response time of
about 100-2500 times that obtained using ER techniques. This resolution
and response time is not decreased by temperature noise, since the thermal
coefficients of magnetic permeability are several orders of magnitude lower
than the equivalent parameters for electrical resistivity. Although
temperature compensation is required, the same principle can be applied the
same as with electrical resistance sensors and this is sufficient to almost
eliminate spurious effects of temperature.
Applications
The MICROCOR system is used in oil and gas industry to monitor
corrosion rate internally in many applications such as oil and gas
transmission pipelines, water injection plants, Wasia water supply wells,
GOSPs, refinery plants, etc. Extensive evaluation of the MICROCOR
system was conducted in Saudi Aramco R&DC under an aggressive wet
sour gas and Shaybah brine at higher pressures. The results of the study
indicate that it is feasible to use the MICROCOR for on-line corrosion
monitoring. In addition, the MICROCOR system was subjected to field
trials in Saudi Aramco facilities, such as Shaybah, Hawiyah, Barry, and
Abqaiq Plant 462. Figures 1 and 2 show MICROCOR transmitters were
installed in Aramco fields. Off-line MICROCOR system was installed in
downstream of Barry Wasia water well to study the effectiveness of squeeze
corrosion inhibition program as shown in Figure 1. On-line single channel
of MICROCOR system was installed in water downstream of WSOP to
study the water corrosivity at Abqaiq GOSP-3 as shown in Figure 2.
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Figure 1 Off-line Microcor system was installed

in Barry Wasia water well for corrosion monitoring
before and after squeeze inhibition program
Figure 2 - On-line Microcor system

was installed in water downstream of
WOSP to study water corrosivity at
Abqaiq GOSP-3
System Description
Several MICROCOR systems are available; on-line and off-line
monitoring techniques. Common elements to all systems are a probe,
transmitter, and data collection system. The MICROCOR systems can be
configured as:
o Single channel data logger.
o Single channel computer interface.
o Multi-channel computer interface.
The off-line single channel system is shown in Figure 3. The system
consists of the following:
o
o
o
o
o
Probe/plug assembly
Probe adapter
Transmitter
Data logger
Set/record/retrieve software
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Figure 3 Photos of the Off-Line MICROCOR System Components
The on-line single channel computer interface system is shown in Figure 4.

The system consists of the following:
o
o
o
o
o
o
Probe
Probe adapter
Transmitter
Power supply
Converter
Record/retrieve software
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Figure 4 Schematic Representation of the Single Channel MICROCOR System
The multi-channel computer interface is similar to the single-channel system

described previously. The only difference is that this system is designed to
monitor corrosion at many locations using a channel for every location.
MICROCOR Advantages
The advantages of the MICROCOR are;
o MICROCOR has high resolution and is sensitive for on-line
monitoring.
o MICROCOR is not affected by temperature variation.
o MICROCOR works in all environments.
o MICROCOR is not affected by FeS films.
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o Rapidly detects small corrosion upsets in systems with little or no

corrosion allowance.
o Cost effective compare to traditional corrosion monitoring technique
(Weight Loss).
o Has a fast response time.
o It does not require any user input.
o It is easy to use.
o On-line and off-line Corrosion Monitoring System.
o Corrosion can be monitored in many locations using Multi channels
system.
o Amulet Software. (It runs as corrosion database, online & offline data,
data plotting, transmitters diagnostics, reports, and easy configuration).
o Optimizing Corrosion Inhibitor Injections.
MICROCOR Disadvantages
The disadvantages of the MICROCOR are;
o Short life cycle of MICROCOR probe, so the probe is consumed so
rapidly in corrosive environments.
o MICROCOR system is intrusive monitoring technique.
o MICROCOR probe requires maintenance frequently.
Safety
It is very safe to install and handle the system. There are precautions need to
be considered during MICROCOR probe installation. MICROCOR
probe connectors must be kept clean for proper operation. To ensure this on
Model 4000 series probe, an Overshot Adaptor should be fitted to the hollow
plug during probe installation and retrieval. This seals the area of the probe
connector from the process fluid during installation and retrieval.
Contact Information
For more technical information about the system such as ordering parts,
installation and operation, please contact supervisor at Corrosion
Technology Unit/Material Engineering & Corrosion Control Division in
Consultant Service Department.
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5.2
ClampOn System
Background
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) uses high frequency sound energy to conduct
examinations and make measurements. A typical UT system consists of
several functional units, such as the pulser/receiver, transducer, and display
devices. A pulser/receiver is an electronic device that can produce high
voltage electrical pulse driven by the pulser, the transducer which generates
high frequency ultrasonic energy. The sound energy is introduced and
propagates through the materials in the form of waves.
The multi sensor technology (MST) consists of master unit with its sensors
configuration. The system is based on Acoustic Guided Lamb Waves
(AGLW) which is also known as plate waves. Propagation of Lamb waves
depends on density, elastic, and material properties of the monitored system.
They are influenced by frequency and material thickness. The two most
common modes of particle vibration of lamb waves are symmetrical and
asymmetrical as shown in Figure 5.
One of the most important properties of AGLW is the dependence of the
velocity and the frequency on the thickness of the structure through which
they propagate. AGLWs also follow the contours of the structure in which
they propagate, which enables them to travel relatively long distances with
little attenuation. These two characteristics make AGLW an excellent
candidate for continuously monitoring loss of wall thickness in pipes.
Knowing the dispersion curves of various materials enables MST to
calculate the wall thickness and observe the growth of pitting along the
signal path.
Figure 5 Modes of Particle Vibration of Lamp Waves
Applications
CEM or MST systems have been installed for field trials in two operating
facilities: Shedgum Gas Plant and Yanbu Refinery. The CEM unit at
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Shedgum was installed on a reducer with an outer diameter ranging from

16 inches to 24 inches at gas treat area # 3, making the standard mounting
procedure not applicable at this location. The CEM system was installed on
8 pipeline downstream of the heat exchanger V14-E-0103B going to
debutanizer in Area II at Yanbu Refinery, Figure 7. This location was
selected because it has had a proven corrosion rate lately. Also, it can be
installed on Pipelines, Pipe components, Storage tanks, Plate sections, etc.
System Description
The principle of operation of MST is illustrated in Figure 6. A pair of slaves
or sensors is used to excite and detect the Lamb wave in the material being
monitored. The wave velocity is determined from a time-of-flight
measurement. Any change in plate thickness either as general wall thinning
or localized pitting can be detected by the change in the Lamb wave velocity
due to the dispersive nature of the modes.
The proposed system consists of a master unit and up to eight slave
sensors that generates, records, and analyzes ultrasonic signals to measure
loss of wall thickness non-intrusively. The velocity of the ultrasound signals
is affected by changes in wall thickness caused by such factors as corrosion,
erosion and pitting. The instrument detects these changes and determines
corrosion rate as a function of time. The manufacturer claims that the
system can be used up to 180C on pipe ranging in diameter from 2 inches to
56 inches and can detect changes of 1% of wall thickness. The instrument
can be used to monitor sections of pipe between 0.15 to 1 meter long
including elbows and tees.
The system or sensor configuration and lay out is based on the sensors
arrangements. All sensors transmit and receive ultrasonic signals which are
controlled and processed by the master sensor. This creates a pattern of
information for the measured section. The result of the measurement is a
reading of the average wall thickness over this measured area.
Figure 6 Schematic of MST Operating Principle

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Figure 7 Downstream of the Heat Exchanger V14-E-0103B

Going to Debutanizer in Area II at Yanbu refinery
Advantages and Disadvantages

Identifying a non-intrusive and an on-line system for monitoring will lead to
increase the operational efficiency as well as safety through eliminating
installation and retrieving process. Among the advantages of the new system,
it has a very wide application ranges. It can be permanently installed for online monitoring at up to 180C. The manufacturer of the system claimed
sensitivity is 1% of the monitored wall thickness. This technology will
enhance plant safety and reliability by identifying and monitoring losses in
pipe wall thickness.
Safety
Involvements of non-intrusive corrosion monitoring systems such as MST
beside the current intrusive one such as coupons, ER probes, LPR probes
and MICROCOR probes will lead to increase the operational efficiency,
safety, and flexibility in accessing and monitoring difficult locations.
The proposed system has a wide application with a broad range of benefits
and breakthrough savings. Installation of MST (CEM) systems will provide
an early warning before catastrophic failure can take place resulting in a
timely remedial action to be taken.
Contact Information
CSD/ME&CCD/CTU, ID and R&DC
5.3
High Temperature UT Monitoring Sensors (HTUT)
Background
High Temperature UT Monitoring Sensors (HTUT) are designed to
accurately monitor metal losses in pipes which are operated at a high
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temperature regime (up to 350C). The sensors use ultrasound waves to

measure the wall thickness very accurately at one selected location.
The metal loss due to corrosion is an important issue for maintenance
practices where the condition of the pipe has to be established in order to
determine life expectancy and plan repairs and shutdowns. Such monitoring
of metal loss would obviously diminish the risk of breakdowns that can lead
to leakage or even sudden release of high pressure hydrocarbons affecting
equipment reliability, safety and plant performance.
(HTUT) are permanently installed on pipes where accurate remaining wall
thickness or corrosion rate information is required. They can only monitor a
small area, and they are not a search or screening tool to find defect
locations. These sensors are installed mainly at locations where corrosion
has already been detected or a likelihood of corrosion exists. They are ideal
for On-Stream Inspection (OSI) program for inaccessible locations.
Applications
(HTUT) use flexible chain type clamps that can be installed on 2-inch to
30-inch pipes. For larger diameter pipes, customized clamps can be ordered.
Currently, the maximum temperature that the sensors can tolerate is 350C.
System Description
This technology, provided by General Electric (GE), consists of a device
based on conventional ultrasound where a normal transducer is attached to a
304 Stainless steel wedge delay line. The transducer and the delay line are
mounted by means of an adaptable clamping system and a metal foil serves
as couplant between the delay line and the surface of the pipe.
High Temperature UT sensors are devices meant to be a fixed monitoring
location to survey remaining thickness in pipes operating at temperatures up
to 350C (662F).
It works with conventional ultrasound (UT) by means of compressional or
longitudinal waves generated by 5 Mhz piezoelectric transducers which
allows it to achieve a good resolution and sensitivity in thicknesses from
3 mm up to 16 mm in mild steel.
The adaptable clamping system holding the transducer and its delay line can
be observed in Figure 8 along with the probe used.
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Adaptable Clamping
System
Figure 8 Mounting of the High Temperature UT Sensor

and Core Element HT-350x Sensor
The system can be connected to a device named CMX-HT sensor node

which determines the actual thickness by observing and analyzing the
change in the signal coming from the 304 Stainless steel delay line.
This arrangement was shown in Figure 9 for both safe and hazardous areas.
Figure 9 High Temperature UT Sensor Performance Enhanced

by Adding Data Processing Devices
Advantages
o Applicability: these sensors could be used by all the operating facilities
at Saudi Aramco
o High temperature operation
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o Convenience: these sensors allow for constant monitoring of pipe wall

thickness
o Assist in corrosion monitoring and On-Stream Inspection (OSI) program
for inaccessible locations; these sensors eliminate the need for
scaffolding or shutdown during OSI program, as well as inspection
scheduling
Disadvantages
o Sensors can only monitor a small area
o Not a search or screening tool to find defect locations; mainly installed
on locations where corrosion has already been detected or there exists a
high likelihood of corrosion
o Limited applicability as these sensors are mainly suited for monitoring
general corrosion
Safety
It is very safe to install and handle. Typical sensor installation & retrieval
safety precautions & considerations should be employed, in addition to
additional safety concerns arising from the potential for operation in hightemperature environments.
Contact Information
installation and operation, please contact specialists at Inspection
Technology Unit of Inspection Department.
5.4
GUL Permanently Installed Monitoring Sensors (GPIMS)
Background
GUL Permanently Installed Monitoring Sensors (GPIMS) are generally
designed for inspection and monitoring of road crossings and buried pipes.
This technology involves a permanent installation of monitoring sensor that
generates guided waves using Wavemaker G3 System. The generated
guided wave travels along the pipe wall and reflections from defects and
welds are detected by the sensor. The GPIMS can be easily installed on
critical locations that are more vulnerable to corrosion and usually hard to
reach. Guided Wave Testing (GWT) is one of the methods for piping and
road crossing inspection. The mechanical waves which are guided by the
walls of the pipe, can travel over long distances and provide rapid and near
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100% inspection coverage within the test range. Over the last decade the
conventional role for GWT was to screen pipes for defects above a specific
severity (normally >5% of the pipe cross sectional area). However, repeated
guided wave measurements enable a direct comparison with the previously
taken baseline data. Using GWT monitoring technique (GPIMS) allow
identifying smaller changes (corrosion) that were undetectable by the
conventional GWT.
Applications
The GPIMS System uses low frequency guided ultrasonic waves that
propagate along the pipe wall and is designed for rapid screening &
monitoring of long lengths of pipe to detect external or internal corrosion as
well as circumferential cracking. Generally, GWT can detect and provide
the locations of corrosions, but it cannot produce accurate remaining wall
thickness measurement. Therefore, GPIMS are mostly used as a long range
screening tools for pipe inspection. Furthermore, the range of inspection
depends heavily on the condition of the pipe. Table 1 shows the working
envelop of guided wave testing for road crossings inspection.
Table 1 - Guided Wave Testing Working Envelop for Inspection of Road Crossings
Road Crossing Type
Inspection Range (m)
Sensitivity Level
Confidence Level
Sleeved (FBE)
50+
High
High
Buried, FBE
5-10
Mid
Low
Buried (Tape wrapped)
2-5
Low
Low
Field trials of GPIMS system were conducted in two major Saudi Aramco
operating facilities (South Ghawar Producing and Hawiyah Gas Plant) to
inspect ten road crossings with different configurations. The conditions of
these road crossings are being monitored by the facilities.
System Description
The GPIMS System is composed of three primary components:
1)
The GPIM Sensor: GPIMS sensor is produced as a low profile flexible

transducer array which is clamped and bonded in place on the pipe
surface. The whole transducer is then sealed in a polyurethane jacket to
provide complete environmental protection from water and hydrocarbon
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damage. The unit height is about 3/8 (away from the cable exit
position) giving a wide range of possible install location.
Figure 10 Respectively from left to right:

GPIM Sensor, Polyurethane Jacket, Weather Proof Box
GPIMS can be installed on almost any pipe, with transducers currently

installed on most sizes between 2 and 42 diameter. Currently GPIMS
are restricted to pipes operating at no more than 120C. The GPIMS
connector is in a sealed weatherproof box. This stores the test
parameters such as pipe size, orientation and the identification of the
reference.
2)
The Wavemaker G3 Instrument: GPIMS instrument provides electronic

connectivity to the sensors and data storage of the results. It is a
compact, lightweight and battery operated instrument designed for field
usage. It has enhanced processing techniques such as dynamic
frequency and bandwidth sweeping of the post processed data and
focusing capability. This instrument can be used at temperature range
of -30C to +50C.
Figure 11 the G3 Instrument
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3)
The Data Acquisition and Analysis Control Unit: This is a controlling

computer which analyzes the Guided Wave data and provides the final
report. Guided Waves are generally very complex and every aspect of
the wave excitation, reception and analysis need to be carefully
controlled in order to optimize range and sensitivity.
Figure 12 Data Acquisition and Analysis Control Unit
Advantages
o GPIMS system can be used for monitoring and inspecting large distances
of overhead piping and FBE coated sleeved road crossing piping.
o The range of inspection of bare piping can be more than 100 m with a
good sensitivity and high confidence level.
o The range of inspection of FBE coated sleeved road crossing piping can
be more than 50 m with a good sensitivity and high confidence level.
o Sensitivity to detect pipe cross sectional changes of 1% or less (this also
depends on pipe conditions and configuration).
o Circumferential location and angular extent of defects (C-Scan and
focusing)
o Long connection cables to allow for the selection of the best GPIMS
location.
o Permanently installed on inaccessible pipe without needing to access the
pipe again.
Disadvantages
o GPIMS system is not an effective tool for inspecting large distances of
buried piping at the road crossing. If monitoring is desired, several
sensors may have to be used within 5-10 m intervals.
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o The range of inspection of FBE coated buried road crossing piping can
be 5-10 m with moderate sensitivity and low confidence level.
o The range of inspection of tape wrapped buried road crossing piping can
be 2-5 m with low sensitivity and low confidence level.
o The system cannot measure the remaining wall thickness accurately and
it is mostly used for screening purposes.
Safety
These sensors are very safe to install and handle. Precaution should be
taken, as required by the safety manual, when installing the GPIMS in high
places or near a road crossing.
Contact Information
For more technical information about the system such as requesting the
service from a vendor, ordering, installation and operation, please contact
specialists at Inspection Technology Unit of Inspection Department.
5.5
High Precision Corrosion Monitoring (HPCM) Sensors
Background
The High Precision Corrosion Monitoring (HPCM) sensors are designed to
monitor the metal losses in pipes and vessels very accurately. The sensor
uses ultrasound to measure the wall thickness at one location. The metal lost
due to corrosion is an important issue for maintenance practices where the
condition of the pipe or vessel has to be established in order to determine life
expectancy, program repairs and shutdowns. Such monitoring of metal loss
would obviously reduce the risk of breakdowns that can lead to leakage or
even sudden release of high pressure hydrocarbons affecting equipment
reliability, safety and plant performance.
HPCM sensors are permanently installed on pipes or vessels where accurate
remaining wall thickness or corrosion rate information is required.
These sensors are meant to be permanently installed in inaccessible locations
and the lead wire to be extended to a suitable location for data collection.
The lead wire can be extended 50 meter from the sensor. HPCM sensors can
only monitor the remaining wall thickness directly under the sensor, and it is
not a search tool to find defect locations. These sensors are installed mainly
at locations that corrosion has been detected or a likelihood of corrosion
exists. Although these sensors are suited for monitoring general corrosion
and erosion, nevertheless they can be installed on previously detected single
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corrosion pits that require monitoring. For example, HPCMS is ideal for
On-Stream Inspection (OSI) program for inaccessible locations.
Applications
HPCM sensors have very strong magnets that can be installed on any carbon
steel vessels and pipes greater than 2-inch diameter. HPCM sensors can
measure the wall thickness as low as 2 mm. Many of these sensors have been
installed at several facilities throughout Saudi Aramco. All the installed
sensors have been operating normally and by second quarter of 2011, some of
these sensors have been in service for more than 2 years and providing
thickness data to operators. The field trials of HPCMS were performed at two
facilities. The first trial was at Abqaiq GOSP 3 on an elevated 20-inch pipe
with 10 mm wall thickness. The sensor was installed on a pitting which had
about 5 mm remaining thickness. This pipe had an operating temperature of
80C. The HPCM performed perfectly on this trial and the remaining wall
thickness from the corrosion pit is being constantly monitored by inspector at
Abqaiq GOSP 3.
A second trial was performed in two buried trunk lines located in Shaybah
Producing Department (SPD). Two sensors were installed on two trunk
lines and baseline readings were successfully taken from both sensors.
The technician who is responsible for corrosion monitoring was adequately
trained to continuously monitor the remaining wall thickness of the
corrosion pits. SPD can now monitor the corrosion rate while adjusting the
amount of corrosion inhibitor added to crude oil. This will result in cost
saving for their operation.
System Description
HPCM sensor is a device meant to be a fixed monitoring location to survey
remaining thickness in pipelines, piping and vessels. It works with
conventional ultrasound (UT) by means of compressional or longitudinal
waves generated by 5 and 10 MHz piezoelectric transducers which allow it
to achieve a good resolution and sensitivity in thickness up to 30 mm.
The transducer is held by a plastic housing which is put and maintained on
the inspection surface by means of two strong permanent magnets. This can
be observed in Figure 1 below. This transducer uses the same design as the
normal incidence single element transducer, but includes a column of
material that separates the transducer front surface from the surface of the
pipe. The lead wire from the HPCM sensor can be extended 50 meter to a
convenient location for inspectors to take the reading. The thickness reading
can be taken by any ultrasonic thickness gauging device.
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Advantages
o Permanent installation to monitor corrosion
o Can be used to monitor corrosion of inaccessible locations and eliminate
use of scaffolding or excavation
o Provide very accurate thickness reading
o Provide corrosion rate
o Can measure thickness as low as 2 mm
o Can be used on surfaces with temperature of 80C
Figure 13 Design of the Transducer Fixture

The fixture is designed to hold single element transducers, or single element
transducers with an attached delay line. The transducer is also spring-loaded
against the pipe surface to maintain uniform contact over time. The design
still requires the use of an epoxy film between the transducer face and the pipe
surface.
Disadvantages
o Provide thickness reading for only one location (thickness under the UT
transducer)
o Cannot be used in surfaces with temperature more than 100C
o Cant be installed on vessels and pipes less than 2-inch diameter.
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Safety
These sensors are very safe to install and handle. Typical sensor installation
& retrieval safety precautions & considerations should be employed. These
sensors require the same considerations as for any UT thickness gauging
measurement.
Contact information
installation and operation, please contact specialists at Inspection
Technology Unit of Inspection Department.
5.6
Corrosion Coupons
Background
Corrosion coupon testing consists of the exposure of a small specimen of
metal (the coupon) to an environment of interest for a period of time to
determine the reaction of the metal to the environment. Corrosion coupons
are used to evaluate corrosiveness of various systems, to monitor the
effectiveness of corrosion mitigation programs, and to evaluate the
suitability of different metals for specific systems and environments.
The coupons may be installed in the system itself or in a special test loop or
apparatus. Corrosion rates shown by coupons and most other corrosionmonitoring devices seldom duplicate the actual rate of corrosion on the
system piping and vessels. Accurate system corrosion rates can be
determined by nondestructive measurement methods or failure frequency
curves. Data furnished by corrosion coupons and other types of monitors
must be related to system requirements.
High corrosion rates on coupons may be used to verify the need for
corrective action. If a corrosion-mitigation program is initiated and
subsequent coupon data indicate that corrosion has been reduced, the
information can be used to approximate the effectiveness of the mitigation
program. This section does not contain information on monitoring for
intergranular corrosion, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), or sulfide stress
cracking (SSC).
Coupon size, metal composition, surface condition, and coupon holders may
vary according to the test system design or the users requirements.
Coupons are often installed in pairs for simultaneous removal and average
mass-loss determination. Coupons may be used alone but they should be
used in conjunction with other monitoring methods such as test nipples,
hydrogen probes, galvanic probes, polarization instruments, resistance-type
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SABP-A-036
corrosion monitors, chemical analysis of process streams and nondestructive

metal thickness measurements, caliper surveys, and corrosion failure
records.
Application
Corrosion coupons measure the total metal loss during the exposure period.
They show corrosion that has already occurred. A single coupon cannot be
used to determine whether the rate of metal loss was uniform or varying
during the exposure period. Information on the change in corrosion rate can
be obtained by installing several coupons at one time or utilizing other
monitoring techniques such as on-line corrosion probes.
In addition to mass loss, important factors to consider in the analysis and
interpretation of coupon data include location, time onstream, measured pit
depth, surface profile (blistering, erosion), corrosion product and/or scale
composition, and operating factors (e.g., downtime, system flow velocities,
upsets, or inhibition).
Additional information can be obtained within a system by varying one
exposure parameter at a time (e.g., location or duration of exposure).
For example, corrosion rates can be affected by changes in fluid velocity
within a system. Corrosion rates can vary dramatically upstream and
downstream from the point of entry of a corrodent, such as oxygen.
o System Description
Types of Corrosion Coupons

Corrosion coupons are available in many different sizes and
configurations. The size and configuration selected depend on the
type of holder being used, line size, and entry orientation. Corrosion
coupons can take a number of shapes, Figure 14, Basic shapes of
corrosion coupons are as follows:
a)
b)
c)
Strip
Rod
Disc
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SABP-A-036
Figure 14 Basic Types of Corrosion Coupons
Different types access fittings devices that allow installation and

retrieval under pressure may require a specific type of coupon.
In addition, Coupon holders are available in many sizes and shapes to
hold one or more flat or round type coupons. Coupon holders to
secure a disk-type coupon flush with the pipe wall are available.
Coupons flush with the pipe wall are subject to less turbulence than
coupons that protrude into the flowing stream. Therefore, the flushmounted coupons should provide information that is more
representative of corrosion on the pipe wall. Some common coupon
holders are shown in Figure 15.
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SABP-A-036
Figure 15 Common Coupon Holders with Different Access Fittings
When a coupon is installed, the following must be accomplished.

Depending on the system, corrosion coupons may be mounted in a
variety of ways. Mounting must accomplish the following:
a)
Adequate support of the coupons in the system.
b)
Electrical isolation of the coupon from other coupons, from the

coupon holder, and from the pipe or vessel wall, to prevent
galvanic corrosion.
c)
Provision for easy and rapid changing of coupons in the field.
d)
Coupon holders should be marked so the coupon orientation can

be determined when it is in service.
Location in the System

To obtain the most reliable information from corrosion coupons, the
coupons should be located where corrosion is occurring or is most
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SABP-A-036
likely to occur. Corrosion and design engineers should collaborate to

ensure that sufficient access fittings for corrosion monitoring are
included in the design of new facilities. In existing operating plants,
inspection records can identify corrosive areas. Replacement
coupons should have the same orientation as previous coupons.
Records should indicate the exact location of the coupon in a line or
vessel (i.e., top, middle, or bottom). The following locations for
coupons should be considered:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Stagnant fluid areas

High-velocity fluid streams and impingement points
Downstream from points of possible oxygen entry
Locations where water is likely to collect, Figure 16
Amine streams that contain sour gas
Areas where a liquid/vapor interface occurs
Figure 16 Areas of Possible Water Accumulation in Hydrocarbon Lines

(NACE RP0775-2005)
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SABP-A-036
Exposure Time
Exposure time must be considered when interpreting corrosion
coupon data. Short-term exposure (15 to 45 days) provides quick
answers but may give different corrosion rates than long-term
exposures. Aggravating conditions, such as bacterial fouling, may
take time to develop on the coupon.
Short exposure times may be advantageous when evaluating inhibitor
effectiveness. When coupons are used to evaluate and monitor
corrosion-inhibitor treatment, new coupons should be installed just
prior to treatment. This is particularly important when there is a long
period between treatments (as in inhibitor squeeze, tubing
displacement, and infrequent batch treatment of gas wells).
Longer exposures (60 to 90 days) are often required to detect and
define pitting attack. Multiple coupon holders can be used so that both
the short- and long-term effects can be evaluated. Because exposure
time affects test results, exposure periods should be as consistent as
practical. A tolerance of 7% allows a variation of 2 days on a
30-day exposure. This is satisfactory for most applications.
Handling and Corrosion Rate Calculation

o Field Handling Before and After Exposure
Prior to coupon installation, record the following information: coupon
serial number, installation date, name of system, location of the coupon in
the system (including fluid or vapor phase), and orientation of the coupon
and holder. A typical corrosion coupon report is shown in Appendix-A.
Prior to coupon installation and after the coupons have been cleaned,
handle them by suitable means to prevent contamination of the surface
with oils, body salts, and other foreign materials. Clean, lint-free cotton
gloves or cloths, disposable plastic gloves, coated tongs, or coated
tweezers should normally be used.
When the coupon is removed, record the coupon serial number, removal
date, observations of any erosion or mechanical damage, and appearance
of scale or corrosion product. Any other pertinent data such as shut-in
time and changes in velocity and inhibitor treatment should also be
recorded. The coupon should be photographed immediately after removal,
particularly if appearance of the corrosion product or scale is important.
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SABP-A-036
Protect the coupon from contamination by oxidation and handling.

Place the coupon in a moisture-proof or special envelope containing
volatile corrosion inhibitor and send immediately for analysis. Do not
coat the coupon with grease or otherwise alter it. Gentle blotting with
tissue paper or a clean soft cloth may be desirable to remove moisture
prior to shipment. Corrosion products or scale deposits should not be
removed in the field.
o Laboratory Procedures for Cleaning and Weighting Coupons after
Exposure
The following steps are a guideline for cleaning the corrosion coupons
prior to weighting. Adequate safety precautions (e.g., ventilation and
PPE) should be followed in every step. Observations should be recorded
at every step of the cleaning process:
a)
Record the coupon serial number and weigh the coupon to within
0.1 mg.
b)
Visually examine the coupon and record observations. Qualitative

analysis of adherent scale or foreign material may be performed.
c)
Immerse the coupon in a suitable hydrocarbon solvent to remove the

oily materials. Rinse with isopropyl alcohol or acetone and dry in a
gentle dry air stream.
d)
Immerse steel coupons in 15% inhibited hydrochloric acid to remove

mineral scale and corrosion products. Numerous commercial
inhibitors are available to protect the steel during acid cleaning.
e)
After cleaning, immerse the coupon in a saturated solution of

sodium bicarbonate for one minute to neutralize the acid. Rinse
with distilled water to remove the neutralizer.
f)
Rinse the coupon immediately in isopropyl alcohol or acetone and

dry in a stream of dry air.
g)
A pre-weighed blank that was not exposed to the corrodent is

recommended to be subjected to the cleaning process to ensure that
mass loss from cleaning is not significant.
o Corrosion Rate Calculation

A calculation of average corrosion rate, expressed as uniform rate of
thickness loss per unit time in mils per year (mpy), is shown in below.
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SABP-A-036
Where:
CR = average corrosion rate, mils per year (mpy)
W = mass loss, grams (g)
A = initial exposed surface area of coupon, square inches (in.2)
T = exposure time, days (d)
D = density of coupon metal, grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3),
Table 1.
To calculate the Maximum Pitting Rate (PR). Determine the depth of
the deepest pit and divide by the exposure time. The following Equation
may be used to determine the maximum pitting rate:
In case a change in the corrosion rate unit is desires, the following

conversion factors can be used:
1 mm/y = 39.4 mpy
1 m/y = 0.0394 mpy (m = micrometer)
1 mpy = 0.0254 mm/y
1 mpy = 0.001 in./y (inches per year)
1 mil = 0.001 in.
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SABP-A-036
Table2 Density of Selected Metals
Advantages
a)
The technique is applicable to all environments - gases, liquids,

solids/particulate flow.
b)
Visual inspection can be undertaken.
c)
Corrosion deposits can be observed and analyzed.
d)
Weight loss can be readily determined and corrosion rate easily

calculated.
e)
Localized corrosion can be identified and measured.
Disadvantages
Data from corrosion coupons seldom correlate exactly with the rate of
corrosion observed in the system. They offer an estimate of the corrosivity of
the fluid, rather than a true measurement of the metal lost from the pipe itself.
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SABP-A-036
In addition, corrosion coupons only provide cumulative retrospective

information only. If a corrosion upset occurs during the period of exposure,
the coupon alone will not be able to identify the time or duration of upset
occurrence.
Safety
One main factor to highlight is safety during coupon retrieval.
Equipment, especially in sour hydrocarbon lines should be adequately
purged and cleaned before retrieving the coupon. In addition, during
laboratory cleaning, proper safety precautions should be made when
handling chemicals. The use of ventilated hoods and proper PPE is
mandatory when dealing with solvents and acids.
5.7
Chemical Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Chemical analysis is an essential part of a corrosion monitoring program.
Many chemical tests are available to detect corrosion. Other tests trace or
measure the processes associated with corrosion. Chemical analysis
measures the concentrations of the ions involved in the corrosion reactions.
Repeated analysis at the same point helps to identify the types of changes
taking place in the system as a function of time. Analysis at different points
in the system measures the interaction between the fluid composition and the
surface of the system.
SAMPLING
The critical part of any chemical analysis testing is obtaining a meaningful
sample. The sample must be protected from contamination or natural
alteration from the time it is collected in the plant or in the field until the
analysis is actually made.
Freshness and minimal contact with atmospheric oxygen is most critical for
iron count and pH.
The sample must be representative of the material of interest or the analysis
will lead to false conclusions. The importance of good sampling cannot be
overemphasized. For routine water samples, clean plastic bottles with
tightly fitting plastic caps are recommended. The bottles not the caps
should be carefully labeled to identify the sample. The caps could be
switched accidentally.
Never use a metal container or a metal cap. The water will corrode them and
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SABP-A-036
become contaminated with corrosion products.

o
Access to the System

Usually hot tapping and welding of access points not in the original
design weakens the system and may lead to failure at the welds. Thus, it
is preferable for all sampling points to be included in the design stage.
Guidelines for the location of sampling/monitoring points in oil field
production systems include:
Water Source Wells

Upstream and downstream of filters
In flowline downstream of well head, located far enough from the
well to avoid turbulence
Gas Lift Wells

Install from side of line if water level permits.
If this is not possible, install from bottom of line.
Avoid dry exposure at top or sand erosion at the bottom of the
line.
Water Injection Stations

Access points should be located between pieces of equipment and
vessels such as boots, surge tanks, pumps, and headers to aid in
locating problems such as oxygen entry. Access points should also
be installed at the main inlets and outlets to the station.
Water Injection Wells

Access points should be located in straight sections but not the
meter run of the system and preferably between two valves to allow
shutdown if needed.
Oil Wells
In flowline near well head with the sampling done from the
bottom of the line
Not too close to the well head or a valve so as to avoid turbulence
Oil Flow Stations

Bottom of incoming pipelines or headers
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SABP-A-036
Drain line of three-phase separators upstream of water

drain/dump valves
Tank bottoms/surge tank bottoms
Drain lines of desalters/heater treaters upstream of water
drain/dump valves
Gas outlets from two-phase separators to flare/compressors
Gas main to compressors (vertically down from near bottom or
from bottom)
Tank Bottom
Close to bottom of tank, typically 0.5 meters from floor
Not in downcomer inside tank or any other static environment
where oil might collect
TYPES OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Several chemical analysis methods are available for assessing corrosive
environments and monitoring changes.
o
Water analysis To determine the variations in ion concentration of

water
pH To monitor and adjust the degree of acidity for use in corrosion

control in glycol systems, drilling fluids, and plant applications
Deposit analysis To determine the composition of corrosion products

in order to identify types of corrosion problems or to detect changes in
the system
Residual chemical In certain cases, to determine the amount of

corrosion inhibitor present, chlorine dosages for microorganism control,
or sulfite dosages for oxygen scavenging
Gas analysis In most cases, to determine concentration of acid gases

such as CO2 and H2S
Oxygen analysis To determine the content of dissolved oxygen in

water and oxygen in gases
Iron count In most cases, to monitor inhibition programs in sweet gas

or oil wells
Bacterial activity To determine the activity of various types of bacteria,

especially sulfate reducers
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SABP-A-036
Water Analysis
Periodic analyses of water samples can indicate changes in corrosivity of
systems. They are often the initial step in solving corrosion, scale, or
pollution problems. The importance of water analysis is very evident.
Water treatment is based on the results of the analysis. Casing leaks in
producing wells can be detected using the results of water analyses.
Compatibilities of waters for injection in secondary recovery can also be
predicted from water analysis data.
The chemical and physical properties of water are greatly influenced by the
types and concentration of dissolved substances in it. Routine water
analyses in the petroleum industry include measurement of pH, specific
gravity, specific resistivity, and determinations of the concentration of
carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium,
and total dissolved solids. Generally, the corrosivity of water containing
dissolved salts increases with increasing salt concentration until a maximum
rate is reached, and then the corrosivity decreases. If a water analysis
indicates a corrosive water, then measures for preventing corrosion can be
included in the initial design. It is more effective and less costly to know a
water is corrosive and design for the corrosivity than to modify the system
after it has been constructed.
On-site analysis of certain ions is desirable. Reactions can occur in samples
to change the equilibrium of some ions.
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) can convert to carbonate (CO3-2) when dissolved CO2
comes out of solution. Iron can oxidize to Fe2O3 unless the sample is
preserved with acid. Therefore, on-site analysis is sometimes needed.
On-site analysis of various ions in water can be accomplished by using
colorimetric kits or digital titration. Colorimetric kits produce a color
showing the presence and concentration of the specific ion. In titration, the
amount of reagent needed to reach a certain visual standard is related to the
concentration of the specific ion.
pH
pH is a measure of a solutions acidity. A pH of 7.0 is neutral and is neither
acid nor base. A pH greater than 7.0 means that the solution is alkaline.
The highest pH possible is 14.0. A pH less than 7.0 means that the solution
is acidic. The lowest pH possible is 0.0. pH is an important factor when
considering scaling tendencies of water. pH values greater than 7.0 support
scaling tendencies while pH values below 7.0 do not support scaling
tendencies but will render the water more corrosive with materials such as
Page 33 of 40

SABP-A-036
steel. Some materials might corrode more readily in alkaline rather than
acidic conditions, and the engineer must know the limitations of materials
during pH swings.
The pH value is best determined in situ or immediately upon taking the
sample. The pH values of aged samples are usually worthless. Laboratory
pH values for field water samples are usually not equal to the pH in the
system. Since pH is a function of ions and dissolved gases, it can change
with time.
Oxidation of iron followed by precipitation of ferric hydroxide can act to
raise the pH. Loss of dissolved gases like CO2 and H2S will also increase
the pH. Therefore, pH should be measured on-site to be meaningful.
Deposit Analysis
The chemical analysis of samples of corrosion product and deposits in a
system can be an important part of a monitoring program. Samples may be
taken directly from piping or vessels or from coupons exposed to the system.
For instance, samples can be obtained when a scraper is run through a
pipeline. Knowledge of the composition of such deposits helps to determine
the type of problem and to detect changes in the system.
Proper sample collection and handling are extremely important. Full details
on the dates, conditions, and locations of the samples are very helpful in
interpreting this data. NACE Recommended Practice RP0173, Collection
and Identification of Corrosion Products, gives excellent guidelines.
Samples of corrosion products can change chemically after they have been
removed from a system. For example, when iron sulfide comes in contact
with air, it oxidizes to iron oxide. A sample that was black from iron sulfide
when collected may turn brown from ferric iron oxide by the time it reaches
the laboratory. Thus, the color of the sample when it was collected is very
important information.
Laboratory analysis for chemical composition should always be performed
on these samples.
Residual Chemical
The measurement of residual oil field chemicals can be very helpful in
troubleshooting a treating program. Chemicals such as sulfite for oxygen
scavenging or chlorine for bacterial control in fresh waters have their
residuals checked to optimize treating programs. Both field colorimetric kits
and online monitors are available to check these residuals.
Page 34 of 40

SABP-A-036
Sulfite concentrations in boilers and process waters must be routinely

monitored to avoid overtreatment. While sulfite removes oxygen, an excess
of sulfite can lower the pH and make the water corrosive to steel. Other useful
information is the inhibitor concentration in a fluid. It helps determine when
to retreat. Laboratory procedures include atomic absorption or fourier infrared
spectroscopy used to determine inhibitor concentrations. One very simple
field test to determine the presence of inhibitor in a system is the copper ion
displacement (CID) test. In this test, a coupon is dipped in or exposed to the
inhibited fluids and then immersed in a saturated copper sulfate solution.
Where an inhibitor is present on the coupon, no copper will deposit.
Copper will deposit on those areas not filmed by the inhibitor. Therefore, this
examination can lead to a qualitative measure of the inhibitor presence.
Gas Analysis
Gas analysis is an excellent tool when evaluating the corrosivity of a system.
Both carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in the presence of water can be
corrosive. In gas wells or gas handling, determination of the carbon dioxide
and hydrogen sulfide is fairly routine when they are present in large
quantities.
Trace quantities of hydrogen sulfide are harder to detect but can be of
extreme importance. For instance, traces of hydrogen sulfide can cause
cracking of high-strength steels. If the H2S partial pressure is 0.05 psia or
greater, then sulfide stress corrosion cracking resistant materials are needed.
The corrosivity of carbon dioxide is a function of pressure and is based on
the partial pressure of CO2. In many flowing gas wells, corrosion occurs
where water condenses and carbon dioxide combines with it to form
carbonic acid.
Produced gas analysis can be routinely performed in the laboratory with
chromatography. Periodic analyses can determine the changes in CO2
content. Analysis for H2S must be conducted on-site, however. H2S often
reacts with steel sample containers and may not be detectable if a long delay
exists between sampling and analysis.
Oxygen Analysis
Oxygen dissolved in water is probably the most troublesome corrosive
agent. Oxygen concentrations as low as 0.05 ppm can cause serious
problems in water injection systems. Oxygen can enter systems through
loose packing, ineffective pump seals, open tanks, or inadequate inert gas
blankets.
Page 35 of 40

SABP-A-036
Oxygen in the presence of water can greatly increase the corrosivity of other
gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. Industry experience
indicates that a solution containing carbon dioxide and oxygen is 10 to 40%
more corrosive than the sum of the corrosion caused by each of the
individual gases.
There are several methods used to measure dissolved oxygen in water:
colorimetric kits and membrane probe oxygen meters. Colorimetric kits
quickly measure dissolved oxygen in water to the parts-per-billion (ppb)
level. The membrane probe oxygen meter is designed to measure oxygen
content in both liquid and gaseous mixtures. It is capable of measuring
oxygen levels below 10 ppb.
Iron Count
One of the easiest, quickest, and least expensive techniques for predicting
corrosion and evaluating inhibition is determination of the iron content of
the system fluid, also known as iron count.
From samples taken at regular intervals, plots of iron counts versus time are
constructed. Any significant increase in iron is interpreted as an increase in
corrosion within the system. This technique is particularly useful in
monitoring the effectiveness of inhibition programs where the reduction in
iron content from pretreatment levels indicates the success of the control.
Iron counts are the most widely used method for monitoring downhole
corrosion rates in gas and gas condensate wells that produce little or no H2S.
In these wells, carbon dioxide is the primary corrosive agent. In addition,
organic acids are frequently present. They tend to keep iron in solution for
at least a few minutes prior to oxidation after a water sample is taken from
the wellhead or flowline.
Iron analyses in sour systems are not as representative as those in sweet
systems. Chunks of iron sulfide peel off periodically, causing a distortion in
the iron count.
Some sand formations containing clays, such as chlorites, produce water
with a natural iron content. This background iron concentration is usually
constant in relation to the volume of formation water in the total produced
water at the wellhead. Therefore, treatment with a corrosion inhibitor would
not normally reduce the iron content in the produced fluids below the level
of formation iron.
Page 36 of 40

SABP-A-036
Bacterial Activity
In testing for bacterial contamination, sampling locations is extremely
important. Since these organisms tend to grow in stagnant areas, it is very
important to test areas such as tank bottoms and low areas in lines. Bacteria
can live in groups or colonies attached to solid surfaces or suspended in
water.
Bacteria attached to a surface are called sessile bacteria while bacteria
suspended in water are called planktonic bacteria. It has been reported that
in a typical system, there are 1,000 to 10,000 times as many bacteria
attached to a surface as there are floating in the water. It should be noted
that the presence of bacteria does not necessarily mean trouble. However, if
the bacterial counts show an increase with time or across a system, there
might be bacterial corrosion occurring.
4 December 2011
Revision Summary
New Saudi Aramco Best Practice.
Page 37 of 40

SABP-A-036
Appendix-A DA-950035-001
Page 38 of 40

SABP-A-036
Appendix-B Corrosion Coupon Report

Data Type
Value and Unit
Facility and Unit

3
Flow Rates (Oil)
m /day
Flow Rates (Water)
m /day
Flow Rates (Gas)
m /day
Temperature
C (F)
Pressure
3
3
MPa (psig)
Fluid Analysis
Gas Analysis
Coupon Location in the System
(sketch the system with coupon position)
Coupon Number
Material
Surface Finish
Exposed Area
Dimensions
Installation Date
M-D-Y
Installation Mass
grams
Removal Date
M-D-Y
Removal Mass
grams
Days in System
Days
Mass After Cleaning
grams
Mass Loss
grams
Average Corrosion Rate
mpy
Deepest Measured Pit
mil
Maximum Pitting Rate
mpy
Description of Deposited Before Cleaning

Analysis of Deposit
Description of Coupon after Cleaning
(e.g. corrosion, pitting, erosion)
Chemical Treatment During Exposure
Other Comments
Page 39 of 40

SABP-A-036
Contributing Authors
Name
Affiliation
M. F. Al-Barout
CSD/CTU
M. F. Al-Subaie
CSD/CTU
M. A. Al-Zamil
CSD/CTU
B. F. Al-Daajani
R&DC/AMG
N. M. Al-Anazi
R&DC/AMG
A.X. Minachi
ID/ITU
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Best Practice

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Scope and Purpose....................................... 2

Mohammed F. Al-Barout, Team leader

Previous Issue: New Next Planned Update: TBD

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Scope and Purpose

Conflicts and Deviations

Saudi Aramco Documents

Intrusive Online Corrosion Monitoring

R&DC MICROCOR Assessment Report

Industry Codes and Standards

Guidelines for Internal Corrosion Monitoring of Oil

NACE STD RP0775-2005 Preparation, Installation, Analysis, and Interpretation

Collection and Identification of Corrosion Products

Definitions and Abbreviations

The National Association of Corrosion Engineers

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Corrosion Monitoring End Device: The component of a corrosion monitoring system

Corrosion Monitoring Techniques

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

gases. Having a measurement resolution of 0.00005%, it can establish a

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Figure 1 Off-line Microcor system was installed

Figure 2 - On-line Microcor system

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Figure 3 Photos of the Off-Line MICROCOR System Components

The on-line single channel computer interface system is shown in Figure 4.

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Figure 4 Schematic Representation of the Single Channel MICROCOR System

The multi-channel computer interface is similar to the single-channel system

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

o Rapidly detects small corrosion upsets in systems with little or no

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Figure 5 Modes of Particle Vibration of Lamp Waves

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Shedgum was installed on a reducer with an outer diameter ranging from

Figure 6 Schematic of MST Operating Principle

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Figure 7 Downstream of the Heat Exchanger V14-E-0103B

Advantages and Disadvantages

High Temperature UT Monitoring Sensors (HTUT)

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

temperature regime (up to 350C). The sensors use ultrasound waves to

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Figure 8 Mounting of the High Temperature UT Sensor

The system can be connected to a device named CMX-HT sensor node

Figure 9 High Temperature UT Sensor Performance Enhanced

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o Convenience: these sensors allow for constant monitoring of pipe wall

GUL Permanently Installed Monitoring Sensors (GPIMS)

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Inspection Range (m)

Buried (Tape wrapped)

The GPIM Sensor: GPIMS sensor is produced as a low profile flexible

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Figure 10 Respectively from left to right:

GPIMS can be installed on almost any pipe, with transducers currently

The Wavemaker G3 Instrument: GPIMS instrument provides electronic

Figure 11 the G3 Instrument

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

The Data Acquisition and Analysis Control Unit: This is a controlling