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VII
all
Amendments and
INDIAN
ROADS CONGRESS
2014
2014
https://archive.org/details/govlawircy201478
IRC:78-2014
SECTION
VII
all
2013)
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IRC:78-2014
1980 (as
First
Published
July,
First
Revision
and 3
Part-I)
September, 1988
Reprinted
October, 1994
Reprinted
September, 1998
Reprinted
September, 2000
Second Revision
December, 2000
April,
and Amendment
to Parti)
Reprinted
Reprinted
II
2002
Reprinted
Reprinted
August, 2005
Reprinted
Amendments
dated 30.11.2006)
Revised Edition
all
Amendments and
(All
Rights Reserved.
No
translated or transmitted in
Printed
at:
Aravali Printers
&
Publishers Pvt.
(1000 Copies)
ii
Ltd.,
Errata
IRC:78-2014
CONTENTS
Page No.
Clause
No.
Personnel of Bridges Specifications and Standards Committee
vii
Background
700
Scope
701
Terminology
701.1
Abutment
701.2
Afflux
o
o
701.3
Balancer
701.4
Bearing Capacity
701.5
Bearing Stress
701.6
Cofferdam
701.7
Foundation
701.8
Pier
701.9
Piles
701.10
Retaining Wall
701
Substructure
Well Foundation
11
701.12
702
Notations
703
704
705
706
7
for
Foundation Design
703.1
703.2
Mean Depth
703.3
Maximum Depth
of
Scour
of
9
10
Scour
for
Design of Foundations
Sub-surface Exploration
11
12
704.1
Objectives
12
704.2
Zone
13
704.3
Methods
of Influence
13
of Exploration
Depth of Foundation
13
705.1
General
13
705.2
Open Foundations
14
705.3
Well Foundations
14
705.4
Pile
15
Foundations
iii
15
15
IRC:78-2014
707
708
709
706.2
16
706.3
Base Pressure
17
19
Open Foundations
707.1
General
19
707.2
Design
19
707.3
Open Foundations
707.4
Construction
at
Sloped Bed
21
Profile
22
23
Well Foundations
708.1
General
23
708.2
Well Steining
23
708.3
Design Considerations
25
708.4
Stability of
708.5
Tilts
708.6
Cutting
708.7
Well Curb
28
708.8
Bottom Plug
29
708.9
Filling
708.10
Plug over
708.11
Well
708.12
Floating Caissons'
708.13
Sinking of Wells
708. 1 4
30
708. 1 5
31
Pile
and
26
Well Foundations
27
Shifts
28
Edge
29
the Well
29
Filling
Cap
29
30
30
'
Foundation
31
709.1
General
709.2
709.3
36
709.4
40
709.5
Design of
709.6
31
Pile
for
Design and
Installation
Cap
34
40
Types
41
of Piles
iv
IRC:78-2014
44
Substructure
710.1
General
44
710.2
Piers
45
710.3
Wall Piers
46
710.4
Abutments
46
710.5
Abutment Pier
47
710.6
Dirt Walls,
710.7
Retaining Walls
710.8
Pier
710.9
Cantilever
710.10
49
Cap
48
of Abutment
49
and Pier
51
51
Appendixes
Factor for Bed Material Consisting of Clay
53
1.
2.
54
3.
Procedure
67
4.
71
5.
76
6.
Filling
7.
Part-1-Pile
Silt
Low
82
84
93
IRC:78-2014
1.
2.
3.
Kandasamy,
C.
&
Spl. Secy, to
New
(Convenor
Patankar, V.L.
(Co-Convenor)
Transport Bhavan,
Pathak, A.P.
(Member-Secretary )
Transport Bhavan,
New
New
Delhi
Delhi
&
Highways,
Delhi
Members
CPWD
4.
Agrawal, K.N.
DG(W),
5.
Alimchandani, C.R.
Chairman
Ghaziabad
(Retd.)
& Managing
Director,
STUP Consultants
(P) Ltd.,
Mumbai
MORTH, New
6.
Arora, H.C.
7.
8.
Bandyopadhyay,
Dr.
9.
Bandyopadhyay,
Dr. T.K.
10.
Banerjee, A.K.
MORTH, New
Delhi
11.
Banerjee,T.B.
MORTH, New
Delhi
12.
Basa,
13.
Bhasin,
14.
Bhowmick, Alok
Ashok
P.C.
N.
New
ADG
(B), (Retd.),
Managing
MOST, New
Director, Bridge
&
Delhi
INSDAG, Kolkata
&
Delhi
Builders Ltd.,
Bhubaneswar
Delhi
Structural Engg. Consultants (P) Ltd.,
Noida
Mumbai
15.
Bongirwar, PL.
Advisor, L&T,
16.
Dhodapkar, A.N.
17.
GhoshalA
18.
Joglekar,S.G.
Vice President,
19.
Kand,, C.V.
20.
Koshi,
21.
Kumar, Ashok
22.
Kumar, Prafulla
DG
23.
Kumar, Vijay
Ninan
DG(RD)
(RD)
MORTH, New
STUP Consultants
STUP Consultants
& Addl.Secy.,
(Retd)
(P) Ltd.
PWD
MOST,
New
(Retd.)
PWD,
New
(P)
Mumbai
Bhopal
MORTH, New
vii
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi
Ltd.
Kolkata
IRC:78-2014
24.
Manjure,
25.
Mukherjee, M.K.
26.
Nagpal, A.K.
Prof.
27.
Narain, A.D.
DG
28.
Ninan, R:S.
29.
Pandey, R.K.
30.
Parameswaran,
Concrete Co.
P.Y.
IIT,
(RD)
New
MOST, New
Mumbai
Delhi
Delhi
New
(Retd.)
MORTH New
Delhi
Delhi
MORTH, New
New
Dr.
S.
Delhi
Delhi
Lakshmy
31.
Raizada, Pratap
32.
Rao,
33.
Dr.
M.V.B.
Gammon
SNC LAVALIN
India Ltd.
Mumbai
Gurgaon
34.
Saha,
35.
Sharan, G.
36.
Sharma,
37.
Sinha, N.K.
38.
Subbarao,
Dr. G.P.
R.S.
DG(RD)&SS,
Chairman
Dr.
(Retd.)
Mumbai
39.
Tandon, Mahesh
Managing
40.
Thandavan,
41.
Velayutham,,
V.
DG
42.
Viswanathan,
T.
7046, Sector
43.
Director,
(RD) SS (Retd.)
B,
Dellhi
MORTH New
Delhi
MORT&H New
Delhi
& Managing
Harshavardhan
K.B.
MORTH, New
(Retd.)
Director,
Construma Consultancy
Tandon Consultants
MORH, New
MORTH, New
Pocket 10
Mumbai
(P) Ltd.,
New
(P) Ltd
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi
RDSO, Lucknow
(B&S)
44.
(Civil
New
Delhi
Engg.),
r;
Corresponding Members
1.
Consultant (W.B.)
2.
Singh, R.B.
Ex-off'icio
1
Kandasamy, C.
2.
Prasad, Vishnu
Delhi
Members
New
MoRT&H
&
New
Delhi
Shankar
viii
New
Delhi
IRC:78-2014
BACKGROUND
The "Standard
Specifications
and Code
first
II
of this
the
and Amendments
1,2
and 3
of Practice for
published
in
was published
to Part
in
code was undertaken by the Foundation and Structure Committee (B-4) and
initial
draft
was
finalized
Sarma Subsequently,
.
the draft
in
various meetings
as approved by Convenor
final draft
It
was
later
in its
in
meeting
Code Section
development
in its
BSS
VII:
this
IRC: 78:2000.
Code based on
all
the
amendments and
errata
The Revised
date
all
of Practice for
amendments and
Road
Errata published
Protective
1
- Foundation incorporating
and Code
6.1 0.201 3.
The Revised
Edition of IRC:78
in its
(B-3)
in
its
meeting held on
The composition
of the B-3
Committee
is
given below:
Bongirwar, P.L
Convenor
Joglekar, S.G.
Co-Convenor
Kanhere, D.K.
Member-Secretary
IRC:78-2014
Members
Bagish, BP.
Chonkar, Ravindra
Dhiman, R.K.
Deshmukh,
Elavarson R,
Ganpule,
Dr. V.V.
Dr. V.T.
(expired on 15.03.2013)
Jaigopal, R.K.
Karandikar, D.V.
Kand,
Dr.
C.V
Mhaiskar, Dr.S.Y.
Marwah, M.P.
Nashikkar, Jayant
Nayak,
Ray, S.
Dr. N.V.
Subbarao,
Saha,
Singh, M.N.
Dr. G.P.
Singh, Rajeev
Velyutham,
Dr. H.
V.
Corresponding Members
Basa, Ashok
Dey, Prof. S.
Heggade, V.N.
Mazumder,Prof. S.K.
Paul, Dipankar
Pitchumani, Dr. N.
Sarma, R.H.
Viswanathan,
t.
Ex-Officio
Members
C.Kandasamy
Director General
IRC:78-2014
SCOPE
700
This code deals with the design and construction of foundations and substructure
701
The
this
TERMINOLOGY
Abutment
701.1
of the
approaches behind
Box
701.1.1
When
fully
earth,
fill
of
or partly.
type abutment
and return
wall
the return walls on two sides are integrated with abutment and a back wall parallel to
abutment
is
provided at the end of returns with or without additional internal wall along or
across length,
701.1.2
end
wall, or
block.
Non-spill through
An abutment
701.1.4
structure
Spill
abutment
where the
soil is
not allowed to
spill
through.
through abutment
An abutment where
soil is
allowed to
spill
column structure where columns are placed below deck beams and gap
as,
free to
spill
be permitted above a
level of
in
500
between
is
mm below
701.2
The
Afflux
its
approaches.
IRC:78-2014
Balancer
701.3
embankment
provided on
embankment to
Bearing Capacity
701.4
of soil/rock
is
referred to as
it
bearing
capacity.
701.4.1
It
the
is
maximum
is
which
is
expected
to
be detrimental
shear, (after
to the structure.
701 .4.2
it
limits,
is
soil fails in
the net ultimate bearing capacity divided by a factor of safety as per Clause
706.3.1.1.1.
701 .4.3
It
is
minimum
the
701 .4.4
is
the
fails in
risk of
shear
failure
and
it
Bearing Stress
701 .5. 1
Gross pressure
is
intensity at the
which the
soil
intensity
of load
at
shear.
701.5
It
soil
equal to the net safe bearing capacity plus original overburden pressure.
701 .4.5
It
soil.
701.5.2
of the earth
Net pressure
fill.
intensity
soil
due
to the possible
combinations
IRC:78-2014
It
is
the difference
intensities of the
Cofferdam
701.6
in
structure temporary built for the purpose of excluding water or soil sufficiently to permit
pumping and
to
ground.
Foundation
701.7
The
part of a bridge
701.8
in
to the
founding strata.
Pier
Abutment pier
701 .8.1
Generally use
even
if
in
multiple
it
would be
pier
is
designed
for
safe.
a condition that
spans.
701.9
Piles
701.9.1
Bearing/friction piles
pile
driven or cast-in-situ for transmitting the weight of a structure to the founding strata
pile
base and by
and
701 .9.2
if
mainly by
Bored
along
its
base,
it
surface, as a friction
is
along
its
If it
supports
referred to as an end-bearing
pile.
cast-in-situ pile
in
filling
pile
formed
in
701.9.4
surface.
701 .9.3
friction
its
friction
pile
Driven pile
hammer by
a vibrator.
filling
if
with
IRC:78-2014
701.9.5
Precast pile
in
bore and
grouted.
701.9.6
A pile
installed at
701.9.7
One
Sheet pile
continuous
wall,
in
and
to
reduce seepage;
it
joint or interlock,
may be
in
designed
vertical or at
an
inclination.
701 .9.8
pile
Tension pile
subjected to tension/uplift
701.9.9
a load
is
One
pile
Working pile
701.10
A wall
Retaining Wall
designed
701.10.1
Test pile
A pile to which
701 .9.1 0
is
to resist the
pressure of earth
filling
behind.
Return wall
wall adjacent to
abutment generally
parallel to
701.10.2
A wall
Toe wall
built at
or pitching on
embankment to prevent
embankment.
IRC:78-2014
Wing
701.10.3
A wall
wall
little
its
above
and follows
The bridge
structure,
superstructure.
earthen banks.
A type
such as, pier and abutment above the foundation and supporting the
It
of foundation
where a
Well Foundation
701.12
hollow, which
is
to the prescribed
is
generally
built in
parts
hole.
710.12.1
Tilt
of a well
701.12.2
The
45 to the alignment
Substructure
;{ t
The
profile or
down
of the well
and the
from the
vertical
vertical.
Shift of a well
its
base
in its final
position from
its
designed position.
702 NOTATIONS
For the purpose of
this
A2
Loaded area
group
pile
in
plan
parallel
to the
direction
of
movement
Cohesion
Co
The permissible
direct
compressive stress
base
Diameter of
pile
in
IRC:78-2014
Db
Discharge
dm
dsm
Mean depth
~
Fb
Longitudinal force
Centrifugal force
in
scour
of
in
due
in
in
metre
mm of bed
materiaj
level
to braking
...
cf
Fw
Deformation effects
Fh
Horizontal force
Fep
pressure
Earth r
Feq
Seismic force
Fer
Erection effects
Fjm
Fs
Secondary
Water Current
effects
(i)]
te
Fwp
Wave
Dead
load
Gb
Buoyancy
Gs
Snow
Minimum thickness
Kg
Kp
sf
Silt
(ii)]
load
of steining
in
metre
factor
pile
group
in
movement
l
te
Movement
of
to applied force
Depth of well
Depth of well
in
metre, up to
MSL.
Pa
Pp
Live load
IRC:78-2014
Rg
Dead
Rq
Shear
Wind load
CL
Reduction factor
R
H
su
Undrained
III W
chohesion
\/ w
Li
Co-efficient of friction
Angle of
Settlement of
pile
Settlement of
pile
load reaction
NOTES:
'w?
(4
*wfl
\_.
V/
internal friction
group
Temperature effects (FJ in this context is not the frictional force due
of bearing but that which is caused by rib shortening, etc.
i)
ii)
to the
movement
shall
model
studies. In
considered.
703
703.1
703.1.1
To provide
be designed
for
for
given below:
Catchment area
in
km
Discharge
0,-3000
NOTES:
i)
For
percent
30
3000- 10000
10000-40000
Above
in
30-20
20-10
400Q0
intermediate
10
values
of
catchment
adopted.
area,
linear
interpolation
may be
IRC:78-2014
The minimum
ii)
vertical
Mean Depth
703.2
to larger
HFL
of Scour
for natural
1
dsm = 1.34/-^) 3
\KsJ
Where
Db
for foundation
waterway.
Silt
sf
sample
of
The value
703.2.1
of
Db may
703.2.2
'K
'
is
sf
in
in
for
IRC:5.
millimetre.
703.2.2.1
The value
of
sf
for various
dm
Silt/fine
703.2.2.2
No
scour depth
703.2.3
bend
is
0.081 to 0.158
0.5 to 0.7
0.223 to 0.505
0.85 to 1.25
0.725
1.5
0.988
1.75
1.29 to 2.00
2.0 to 2.42
there
of the stream
variation of type of
available. In
may be
If
0.35
consisting of gravels
sf
0.04
absence
of
is
in
of flow
for
in
Appendix-1.
in
any
for
part of
waterway due
of channel, then
mm)
like,
to
wide
IRC:78-2014
calculated by dividing the waterway into compartments as per the concentration of flow.
703.2.4
In
'd
sm
'
may
1.27.
Maximum Depth
703.3
of
The maximum depth of scour below the Highest Flood Level (HFL) for the design
and abutments having individual foundations without any floor protection may be
703.3.1
of piers
considered as follows.
703 .3.7.7
For piers
2.0
dsm
ii)
For abutments
a)
.27
bed
b) 2.00
'
703 3
.
dsm
level
dsm
whichever
with scour
is
all
deeper.
around.
For considering load combination of flood and seismic loads (together with other appropriate
be reduced by multiplying
703.3.1.3
maximum
maximum depth
of scour given
in
factor of 0.9.
level
in
Clause 703.3.1.
NOTE
In
soil
ground
703.3.2
level
whichever
is
maximum
scour depth
i)
In
a straight reach
ii)
In
a bend
below
greater.
following values of
may be
may be
1
.27
1.50
11
raft
or
adopted:
dsm
dsm
IRC:78-2014
The
may be
same on downstream.
703.4
in all
situations
where abnormal
maximum
scour
i)
ii)
one
in
side, or
iii)
iv)
where the
v)
where a bridge
river
is
considerable, or
is
downstream
a bridge
vi)
in
the vicinity of a
where concentration
likely to affect
An
vii)
weir,
barrage or other
irrigation structures
when
major
NOTE:
dam,
rivers.
These studies
shall
be conducted
703.1.1.
703.5
If
a river
is
of a flashy nature
itself
readily to the
recommended
actual observations.
704
SUB-SURFACE EXPLORATION
Objectives
704.1
The
i)
As a
information,
known data
and banks,
maps and
other
nearby structures,
etc.,
which
will
help
in
if
narrowing
12
down
bed
IRC:78-2014
for further studies for project preparation stage.
ii)
bed material
in
bridge sites
such a way as
in
water courses,
etc. in
like, soil,
rock,
to establish the
the choice and design details of the various structural elements, especially the
foundation type.
iii)
in
same
suit
Zone
(ii)
based
or modify to
Zone
704.2
to re-confirm the
stage
of influence
of Influence
mentioned
Clause 704.1
in
(ii)
is
defined as the
full
Methods of Exploration
704.3
methods are
available.
A most
suitable
and appropriate
in
in-situ
testing,
sampling,
705
:
General
705.1
The foundation
evaluated
DEPTH OF FOUNDATION
in
shall
be designed
to
taken to such depth that they are safe against scour or protected from
it.
shall
Apart from
be
this,
the depth should also be sufficient from consideration of bearing capacity, settlement,
liquefaction potential, stability
depth below
It.
In
case
and
of bridges
is
calculated with
IRC:78-2014
Clause 703.2, the depth of foundation
in
the
shall not
vicinity.
705.2
Open Foundation
705.2.1
In soil
The embedment
of foundations
shail
in soil
may be
Foundation
taken
down
to a
is
available,
of
open foundations
705.2.2
In
shall
is
bed
level.
rocks
is
weathered or fissured,
shail
be excluded
Where foundations
in
in
embedment
into
exercised to establish the foundation level at sufficient depth, so as to ensure that they
below
shall
in
be as follows, which
in
profile
Embedment depth
Type of Rock
a)
UCS
of
UCS
MPA or where
it
but extrapolated
is
in
table 2 of
0.6
1.5
appendix 2) having
not possible to take
SPT N
value
is
more
than 500
b)
in
table 2 of classifi-
UCS
<
2.5
MPA but
> 2.5
MPA or where
UCS
less than
705.3
Wei! Foundations
705.3.1
In soil
it
is
but extrapolated
500
14
not possible
SPT N
value
is
IRC:78-2014
Well foundations shall be taken
maximum depth
705.3.2
As
In
of scour
to
a depth which
will
provide a
level specified in
minimum
zone,
all
shall
be taken by
the
all
likely
methods
to
in
each case
mentioned above
make
(i.e.,
sump
Diameter of sump
minimum
.5m
mm
in
may be
above. These
mm
shall
to
chiseling/blasting.
size of
and
shall
.5 to
pneumatic
of sinking including
be evenly
and embedment
factors
the
Clause 703.3.
seated
rd
grip of 1/3
rocks
far
down
in
It
of seating
in
is
view the
advisable
by
mm dia deformed
may be anchored
in
may be anchored
bars
minimum 65
.5
in
Foundations
705.4
Pile
705.4.1
In soil,
minimum
705.4.2
the
minimum depth
In
of foundations
full fixity
as calculated by any
down
fixity
should be the
rational formula.
to rock strata
devoid of any
likely
AND STRESSES
706.1.1
for
Combination
Combination
G + (Qor GJ + Fwc + F + F
I):
II): i)
G+ F
cf
F,
ep
W+ F
wp
or
wp
or
ii)
Combination
iii)
+F +Fwp
:
+ Fwc + Gb + Fep +
15
Fer
+ Ff +
their
(WorFe q)
combinations
IRC.78-2014
706.1.2
stresses
in
the various
in
members
be 33V 3
will
percent for the combination of wind (W) and 50 percent for the combination with seismic
(Fe
for
or (FJ.
all
in
i)
(f
d)
combination with
i)
bearing pressure
will
stresses
706.2.1
706.2.1.1
For
supported
simply
type)
various
members and
on
span with
supports,
stiff
fixed
be as given below
and
forces
horizontal
Fixed Bearing
at
free
the
bearings
bearing
(other
level
Free Bearing
Non-Seismic Combinations
Greater of the two values given below
F h -fj(R+RJ
i)
Seismic Combinations
F,
where
Fh
R
R
live
load
allowable
be 15 percent.
706.2
Elastomeric
in
- Co-efficient of
assumed
to
friction at
For steel
i)
For concrete
ii)
roller
bearings
roller
bearings
16
0.03
0.05
0.4
in
than
the
!RC:78-2014
Grey cast
b)
on grey cast
iron
iron
0.3
(Mechanites)
c)
d)
Telflon
on stainless
0.5
steel
(whichever
706.2.1.2
In
-Jj~
706.2. 1.3
in
orjj(Rg) whichever
resting
Shear
Movement
/
te
706.2.2
is
greater
sitting
on
on unyielding supports.
+
governing)
is
K4
of
flexible
to applied forces
supports
support through a unit distance taking into account horizontal deformation of the bridge,
flexing of the support
and
706.3
Base Pressure
706.3.1
different loads
and
testing.
may be
soil
17
may be
706.3.
may be
of Practice
Factor of safety
under
of sub-soil exploration
Code
706. 3.1.1
1. 1. 1
characteristics
soil,
soil.
IRC:78-2014
706.3.
1.
1.2
For open foundations and well foundation resting on rock, the allowable bearing
pressure on rock
zones,
absence
etc. In
to
shall
in
is
to
be further
restricted to not
may be
taken
in
over 3
case of
pile
MPa
for load
combination
(i)
be referred
weathered
8 unless otherwise indicated on the basis of local experience. The allowable bearing
given
faults,
factor of safety
as 6
of
bedding planes,
like
may be treated
soil.
706.3.2
706.3.2.1
The calculated
differential
in
400
of the distance
been made
for rectification
of this settlement.
706.3.2.2
to
be fixed
for
has
706.3.3
706.3.3.
In
706.3.3.2
No
In
case of rock
if
tension
is
found
to
be developed
where no tension
at the
will
soils.
base of foundation,
The maximum pressure on such reduced area should not exceed allowable
bearing pressure. Such reduced area shall not be less than 67 percent of the total area
is
recalculated.
for load
combination including seismic, or impact of barge, and 80 percent for other load
combinations.
706. 3. 4
Factors of safety against overturning and sliding are given below. These are mainly relevant
18
IRC:78-2014
for
open foundations:
values
With Seismic
Seismic Case
Case
i)
Against overturning
1.5
ii)
Against sliding
1.5
1.25
iii)
1.25
1.15
Frictional co-efficient
Founding
Without
soil
in
may be
soil/rock will
be Tan 0,
being angle of
friction.
adopted:
and concrete
Friction co-efficient
between
Friction co-efficient
soil
0.5
0.8 for
706.3.5
Pile foundations
The allowable
determine the
same
for pile
707
in
to
Clause 709.
OPEN FOUNDATIONS
707.1
Genera!
707.1.1
Provision of the Clause under 707 shall apply for design of isolated footings
707.1.2
stratum which
is
inerodible or
rafts.
may be
of scour of the
means
bed
is
reliably
laid in
known. The
necessary.
707.2
Design
707.2.1
The thickness
707.2.2
Bending moments
707.2.2.1
For solid wall type substructure with one-way reinforced footing, the bending
For two-way
footing,
shall
determined by passing a
vertical
moment
707.2.2.2
19
vertical plane.
be
The
IRC:78-2014
section of bending shall be at the face of the solid column.
critical
707.2.2.3
In
case of
bending moments
the footing
707.2.2.4
any
method
The shear
707.2.3
is
rational
of analysis
'd' is
'd'
given by
sections for
be adopted.
critical
in
may be checked
which
707.2.3.1
perimeter
its
section
critical
is
should be
reaction area.
707.2.4
is
specified.
this, for
Based on
at the
depth to length/
end plus
1/3
rd
of the distance
purposes.
The
707.2.5
critical
section as given
707.2.6
Tensile
reii
in
in
all
other
section occur.
iforcei lent
i
707.2.6.
to the
same
707.2.6.2
The
resisiting section
a)
as below:
In
one-way reinforced
calculated for
b)
in
footing,
critical unit
reinforcement shall be
width as mentioned
direction shall
the
in
Clause 707.2.2.1.
20
same as
full
each
!RC:78-2014
c)
in
direction shall
For reinforcement
full
in
of the footing
and
in
Reinforcement
Total
Reinforcement
Where
/3
= the
in
ratio of
The remainder
band
centra!
in
2
'
short direction
in
the
In
moments
in
critical
The area
707.2.7
Clause number
16.5.1.1
707.2.8
metre
in
All
each
direction for
if
707.2.9
pier or
all
steel
may be
mm
shall not
2
/
be
In
column
case of
shall
masonry
at
to vertical.
707.3
Open Foundations
707.3.1
Open
slope
is
foundations
at
may
Sloped Bed
rest
Profile
on sloped bed
profile
provided the
stability of
the
707.3.2
For the foundations adjacent to each other, the pressure coming from the
foundations
laid
on the higher
level
lower level due to the dispersions of the pressure from the foundation at the higher
minimize
at different levels
soil.
may be decided
in
level.
such a way
IRC:78-2014
707.4
Construction
707.4. 1
The
protective
works
shall
707.4.2
Where
707.4.3
to
blasting
is
may be
required to be
done
structures,
mat cover
excavation
for
in
and
rock,
is
likely
be
7 07 .4 .4
707.4.4.
of dewatering by
levelling
pumping or depression
course of 100
707.4.4.2
the situation
method
Normally, the open foundations should be laid dry and every available
If
it
is
mm thickness in M
may be
resorted
foundation concrete
may be
laid
is
to.
is
laid
dry or
In
or artesian springs, the flow shall be stopped or reduced as far as possible at the time of
placing of concrete.
No pumping
of
707.4.5
All spaces excavated and not occupied by abutments, pier or other permanent
works shall be refilled with earth upto the surface of the surrounding ground, with sufficient
allowance for settlement. All backfill shall be thoroughly compacted and in general, its top
surface shall be neatly graded.
707.4.6
In
case of excavation
with concrete of
707.4.6.1
If
the depth of
above may be
707.4.6.2
be
shall
filled-up
in
level,
filled
fill
required
is
then concrete
more than
1.5
may be filled
in
in
hard rock
15 concrete and
in river
22
and forces
IRC:78-2014
shall
footing.
The
load of
filling
in
stability calculations
708
WELL FOUNDATIONS
General
708.1
708.1.1
However,
in
tidal rivers,
the
number
708.1.2
in-charge
rivers in
traffic
If
in
and bridges
reduced as
coastal/marine locations,
in
far
as practicable.
may
to scour, delta/
then Engineer-
a)
in
b)
Element
construction specifications,
c)
The
considered when
708.1.3
may be adopted
is
if
anticipated,
should be duly
708.1.4
force acting on
it
to resist
maximum upward
life
span of the
structure.
708.2
Well Steining
708.2.1
and without
23
getting
damaged
it
is
IRC:78-2014
excessive
rectifying the
tilts
and
shifts.
The
be able
like,
to resist differential
sudden drop.
Use
may be
all
under
limits
be permitted
in
diameter.
Steining thickness
708.2.3.1
mm
and
KdVT
minimum thickness
D wells
(for floating
bed
in
smaller dimension
= depth of wells
of steining
in
in
dumb
plan
in
bell
shaped
'
in
case of
metres
LWL whichever
caisson 7
well or
of well
in
is
more
metres below
level).
K - a constant
Value of
708.2.3.2
K shall
follows:
K = 0.03
K = 0.05
K = 0.039
cement concrete
brick masonry
i)
Well
in
ii)
Well
in
iii)
Twin
D wells
The minimum
be as
steining thickness
may be
varied from
above
in
following
conditions:
Strata
a)
Very
b)
Hard clay
c)
strata
Variation from
be
Recommended
minimum
variation upto
Reduced
10%
Increased
10%
Increased
10%
24
SRC:78-2014
However, following aspects may also be considered depending on the
708.2.3.3
a)
criteria for
shall
by
its
reduction
own
in
weight.
strata:
steining thickness
When
be adequately reinforced,
the thickness
is
is
to get sufficient
strength.
Hard clay
b)
in
c)
708.2.3.4
based on
local
708.2.3.5
If
experience and
specialised
in
methods
in
of sinking,
may be
such
down method,
as, jack
are adopted
requirements.
Any
708.2.3.6
variation from
dimensions as proposed
in
When
708.2.3.7
is
above scour
a slope of
level in
may be reduced
the steining should not be less than required as per Clause 708.2.3 for the depth of well
The reduction
in
in
The diameter
of
The minimum
steining
steel
below scour
in
for the
level.
same as
shall
in
708.3
Design Considerations
708.3.1
The
25
masonry wells
shall not
exceed 6 m. Brick
IRC:78-2014
masonry wells
for
shall not
be permitted.
For brick masonry wells, brick not less than Grade-A having strength not less than
708.3.2
7MPa- conforming
to IS
1077
be used
shall
in
1:3.
For plain concrete wells, vertical reinforcements (whether mild steel or deformed
708.3.3
bars)
the steining shall not be less than 0.12 percent of gross sectional area of the actual
in
The
thickness provided. This shall be equally distributed on both faces of the steining.
vertical
reinforcements shall be tied up with hoop steel not less than 0.04 percent of the volume per
as shown
in
the
Appendix-3
(Fig. 2).
In
of the steining.
On
minimum
column but
in
no case
in
in
accordance
The
be checked
for ovalisation
moments
by any rational method taking account of side earth pressures evaluated as per Clause
708.4.
The
708.3.5
vertical
bond rods
50
mm x
and
of the steining
and
shall
be
in
brick
be encased
shall
shall
masonry
into
cement concrete
15 mix of size
The hoop
steel shall
mm wide and
in
be provided
the middle
volume per
in
is
less.
The
horizontal
RCC
bands
shall not
shown
in
708.3.6
tensile
in
than
of
up with hoop
tied
The stresses
in
50
3).
708.4
Stability of Well
708.4.1
The
stability
in
likely to
be checked
at
such
critical
sections where
is
change
Foundations
and design
26
IRC:78-2014
combination of loads and forces as per Clause 706. The pressure on foundations shall satisfy
the provisions of Clause 706.
708.4.2
cohesionless
on
rock.
If
in
soil.
The
708.4.2.2
in
rock strata
is
in
may be
taken
into
708.4.3
708.4.3.1
If
is
less than
then
IVIPa,
account.
in front,
the
foundations of such abutments shall be designed to withstand the earth pressure and
horizontal forces for the condition of scour depth
all
around.
case of scour
In
708.4.3.2
front, relief
due
in
all
front of 1.27 d
around,
live
sm
load
may
spilling
may be
is
not
be considered.
reliably protected in
downwards.
708.4.4
708.4.4.
is
Construction stage
Stability of the well shall also
current and/or
full
is
be checked
in
708.4.4.2
or has not
current upto
scour. This
full
may
when
there
when
likely to
result in
full
stage
tilting,
it
be subjected
sliding
and
to
full
shifting.
level
As a
during construction, this should be considered and safety of well must be ensured by
suitable methods,
708.5
Tilts
708.5.1
As
However, a
which
will
tilt
where
and
far
of
required.
Shifts
80 and a
shift of
50
effect shall
shall
tilts
and
shifts.
27
in
IRC:78-2014
708.5.2
If
the actual
have to be resorted
and
tiits
shifts
If it
is
limits,
its
effect
on bearing
pressure, steining stress and other structural elements shall be examined, and controlled
if
708.6
weli will
change
to
in
result of
any modification.
Edge
The
rock, cutting
edge should be
708.6.2
When
edge
cutting
of the outer
of the middle
stems
to
more compartments
Well Curb
708.7.1
The
is
shall
suitably designed.
708 J
well
edge
be such that
it
shall
in
the
in
Appendix-3
will offer
the
mm
above
that
(Fig. 2).
minimum
being sunk but should be strong enough to be able to transmit superimposed loads
708.7.2
2)
may be
(Fig. 2)
outline
may be
'as'
in
Appendix-3
as shown
in
(Fig,
Appendix-3
The
708.7.3
than
shall
be suitably arranged
and
in
be
in
splitting of
In
case blasting
is
it
dia
mild
to
mm
for that
increased height.
In
any case,
a specific requirement.
The
mm
steel should
in
mm
be
desired to increase the steel lining above the well curb then the thickness
is
can be reduced
curb
service.
708.7.4
curb.
steel
not be
steel
height of 3
or deformed
bars at
150
mm
above the
28
is
upto a
above
this
iRC:78-2014
height upto two times the thickness of steining should be provided to avoid cracking
arising out of
sudden change
708.8
Bottom Plug
708.8.1
bottom plug,
shall
it
be ensured that
still
wells
50
shall
shown
shall
be kept not
the
Appendix-3
in
inside faces
bottom plug
shall
its
in
laid in
it
shall
ail
any dewatering
is
if
is
till
dredge hole
is
708. 8.4
required
it
shall
be carried out
after 7
bottom plugging.
708.9
708.9.1
with
in al!
to curtailment of plate.
case grouted
in
after
due
708.8.3
pumping
of about
Concrete
to required height.
under
be below the
shall
filled
be provided
shall
708.8.2
place
in
A suitable sump
(Fig. 2).
of
mm
in
Filling
The
the Well
of the well,
filling
if
708.10
Plug over
708.10.1
A 300
708.11
Weil
708.11.1
the active
Filling
mm thick plug of M
filling.
Cap
The bottom of well cap shall be laid as low as possible but above the LWL in
channel. Where the bed level is higher than LWL the bottom of well cap may be
suitably raised.
708.11.2
As many
longitudinal bars
anchored
708.11.3
The design
of the well
cap
shall
considering the worst combination of loads and forces as per Clause 706.
29
rational
shall
be
method,
IRC:78-2014
708.12
Floating Caissons
708.12.1
Floating caissons
at least 1.5
considered necessary,
708.12.2
any suitable
level
material.
and increased,
if
is
likely to result
in
may be
case there
etc.
stability
capsizing while being towed, and during sinking, due to the action of water current,
wave
708.12.3
The
708.13
ensured.
Sinking of Weils
The
may be
Appendix-4,
708.14
708.14.1
necessary
to
indicate the
need
for
pneumatic sinking,
its
it
will
be
supporting
adapter.
708.14.2
In
case
if
concrete steining
concrete which
in
provided,
is
will
steining
it
shall
be rendered
air tight
by
may be
evaluated by assuming
it
to
be a
thick
walled cylinder.
708.14.3
against the
708.14.4
The
uplift
steining shall
force and,
Compressed
shall
Air".
It
of the
if
be checked
IS
chamber
caissons should not be less than 3 metres to provide sufficient head room
30
in
for
Working
a pneumatic
when
the cutting
IRC:78-2014
embedded a short distance below the excavated level and in particular to allow
blowing down. The limiting depth for pneumatic sinking should be such that the depth
edge
for
is
of water
sinking
is
level upto
which pneumatic
708.1 5
Blasting
for
proposed foundation
level to the
may be employed
breaking obstacles, such as, boulders or for levelling the rock layer for square seating of
wells. Blasting
may be
resorted to only
when
FOUNDATION
709 PILE
709.1
General
709.1.1
competent sub-surface
by the
strata
resistance developed from bearing at the toe or skin friction along the surface or both.
piles
may be
709.1.2
required to carry
The construction
uplift
and
The
lateral
system
depending upon subsoil conditions and load characteristics of structures. The permissible
limits of total
and
differential settlement,
unsupported length of
pile
other special requirements of project are also equally important criteria for adoption.
709.1.3
be taken from
IS
2911 subject
may
Appendix-5
709.1.4
For piles
streams,
in
creeks,
rivers,
etc.,
may be
followed:
i)
ii)
Permanent
level. In
strata.
be provided
a)
in
in
pile
maximum
be 6
for the
full
depth of
mm
minimum thickness
liner shall
scour
aggressive material,
be used
of liner should
sandy
at least upto
to
be provided
permanent
such
of 6
be provided up
to
mm
shall
depth up
prevail.
31
IRC:78-2014
wails of boreholes cannot be stabilized by bentoniie circulation.
b)
common phenomenon
is
709.1 .5
709.1.5.1
Spacing of piles
Where
a)
pier
is
supported on multiple
piles,
in
in
spacing should be chosen with regard to the resulting heave or compaction and
damage
to
to
accommodate
to location of piers
pile
in
connected
pile
pile shaft
cap which
is
maximum
can be continued
designed
to
to act
accommodate
to construction tolerances.
The
size of a
effective length of a
The spacing
ground beam,
of piles
will
friction piies,
For
may
to the pile
the spacing centre should not be less than the perimeter of the pile or
may be reduced
shafts of adjacent piies should be not less than the least width of the piles.
709. 1.5.2
mm
and
tilt
not exceeding
150;
ii)
709.1.6
to
in
be permitted
bored
i)
in
6 for
ii)
in
all
25.
in piie
piles;
piies;
32
and
shall not
exceed the
following:
in
IRC:78-2014
1
iii)
in
for
709.1.7
709.1 .8
The
in
superimposed loads,
load,
piles.
for bridges
it
maximum
at pile
cap
level,
live
For bridges
of preliminary design,
be 1.0
shall
Differential settlement
may be
Precast driven
absence
for. In
The increase
in
purpose
The
differential
structural considerations:
a)
as specified
b)
be greater than
in
in
400
of the
span
to
ensure
riding comfort,
Clause 706.3.2.1.
It
is
Clause 709.3.4.
based on the
709.1
is
water cement
ratio,
slump
shall
ensured).
.9
(i.e.
piles,
be as follows:
Concrete Cast-in-situ by
Precast Concrete
Tremie
Grade
Min.
of concrete
cement contents
Max. W.C.
ratio
Slump (mm)
NOTE
i)
35
M35
400 kg/m 3
400 kg/m 3
0.4
0.4
150-200
50-75
33
soil
use of mineral
IRC78-2014
admixtures (flyash,
fume,
silica
is
GGBS
recommended.
In
of pile caps with suitable coating such as bituminous based, coal-tar epoxy based
coating
may be
not be used
in
709.2
709.2.1
The
initial
for
not
is
and
and load
testing:
final
i)
recommended.
Design and
design of an individual
required,
marine conditions. Also when both chlorides and sulphates are present,
initial
(i.e.
confirmation of
pile,
soil
Installation
capacity by either
its
investigation
and
ii)
if
lateral
Design of
capacity of
pile
and
surrounding the
soil
pile
group based on
for
piles
to
friction
capacity
for specified
bearing
pile.
i)
above
strata.
iii)
Initial
Initial
load testing:
load test on pile of same diameter as design pile for direct confirmation
of design.
The
initial
load test
is
709.2.2
Steps
The steps
ii)
and
for
iii)
and the
pile capacity.
parameters assumed
i)
ii)
site.
of piles
in
soil
pile
in
the design.
a group.
pile
should be based on
be based on
static
v)
Initial
ii)
may be
in
34
iterative.
Clause 709.2.1
iii)
is
IRC:78-2014
including uplift capacity,
the design
pile.
The
required,
if
testing shall
on
trial
same diameter as
procedure laid down in
piles of the
IS:2911, Part-IV. This load test shall be conducted for not less than
can be performed
for the
vi)
If
the
socketed
initial
end bearing
capacity, another
minimum
The number
of
if it
initial
tests shall
For abutment,
piles
it
is
is
shall
on
friction,
and
be carried out
be considered as
initial
load
piles in rock.
709.2.3
The maintained
friction.
initial
value and
27 2
and
soil profile.
embankment.
709.2.4
i)
be used
for
of tests to
adjacent
upward
piles.
The
However, results
be conducted
is
as given below
for
Total
number
Minimum No.
of Test Piles
Upto 50
Upto150
Beyond 150
2 percent of
rounded
NOTE:
The number
of tests
may be
to
total
next
judiciously increased
piles
(fractional
number
variability of
foundations strata.
ii)
35
pile
belonging to a
pile
group, if
IRC:78-2014
the pile
is
may be
allowed.
iii)
criteria at 1.5
conducted
dynamic
strain
dynamic
be used
1.
To have a
iv)
defects
like
voids,
Appendix-7 Part
Resistance
pile
Appendix-5 should be
for load
combination
b)
Granular
soil (clay
soil
c)
or plastic
silt
will
integrity
are
tests
references are at
of
Clause 706.1.1,
criteria
apply.
with
< 50 blows/0.3
and construction
Cohesive
Appendix-7
loads
a)
upward
2.
709.3.1
refer
pile
etc.,
guidelines and
Detailed
of
quality of concrete
discontinuities,
709.3
to vertical
for
followed.
fairly
extensively conducted.
recommendation
may be
tests
silt
with
N (average
within layer)
Intermediate Geomaterial
Cohesive: e.g. clay shales or mudstones with 0.25
Cohesion
tills,
MPa
Su <
N>50
2.5
MPa.
blows/0.3
qu>
709.3.2
of
MPa.
factor of safety
on ultimate
axial capacity
of
as stipulated
in
Clause 706.1 .1
For
or
Factor of Safety
The minimum
static
5.0
tsf)
Appendix-5.
36
IRC:78-2014
Capacity of piles/group action
709.3.3
The
axial capacity of a
group of
Factor
i)
may be
be determined by a factor
piles should
taken as
in
number
of
For
ii)
pile
groups
in
clays, the
pile
be applied
to
to
and
piles having
minimum
having spacing
of pile.
group capacity
shall
be lesser of the
following:
a)
Sum
b)
The capacity of the group based on block failure concept, where the ultimate
in
the group.
in
estimated.
709. 3. 4
of a pile
rational
method.
709.3.4.
709. 3. 4. 2
The settlement
of a pile
group
method
of installation of piles.
may be
used.
The settlement
is
one
sands
Methods given
of
affected by the
group of
in
is
piles in
The settlement
of pile
group
in
The
2 (vertical)
in
method
raft
that
located
pile
group.
homogeneous
is
group
is
assumed
to
spread
transferred to the
into soil at
a slope of
(horizontal).
The settlement
be evaluated
(Part-ll).
709. 3.4.4
rational
and
clays
any other
pile
pile toe.
(Part-ll) of
709. 3. 4. 3
8009
IS
in
in
rock
37
in
accordance with
IS
8009
IRC:78-2014
Settlement of piles founded
value of
modulus
in-situ
709.3.5.
The
may be computed as
rock
of rock
Resistance
709.3.5
in
considering the
II)
mass.
to lateral
loads
taken as the
piles.
6D and
may be
where
Diameter of
L =
B=
lateral
modulus
combination
percent of
For single
pile
on ultimate
The safe
pile
piles,
point of
709.3.6
in
of lateral
depends on the
modulus as recommended
is
not required.
is
not required.
head condition
fixity
may be performed
for piles
directly, or
method given
Piles
in
in
pile
may be
pile
in
it
will
above
be necessary
is
to drive
free to deflect.
The
a larger diameter
deflection at scour
measured
at higher
Uplift
soil
sum
may be measured
simplified
used
pile
for free
709.3.6.
lateral load
to calculate the
The
like,
lateral
level
in
of Clause 706.1.1, the deflection at scour level shall not be greater than 1.0
be
group
may be used
by IS:2911
shall
pile
rigidity of pile.
plan perpendicular to
in
movement.
factor of safety
The safe
709.3.5.2
group
pile
movement.
The minimum
pile
for the
fixity.
design or calculated by
IS:2911.
may be required to
underpasses subjected
moments
38
or as anchorages
in
structures,
IRC:78-2014
The
709.3.6.2
ultimate
uplift
may be
capacity
and applying a
from 0.3
case of
In
as acting against
also be taken
pile shall
uplift. Pull
be measured
uplift
capacity.
The
uplift
the
the
is
sum of the uplift resistance of the individual piles in the group, and
sum of shear resistance mobilised on the surface perimeter of
soil
and the
piles
enclosed
the
in this
surface perimeter.
709.3.6.4
Piles should
be checked
709.3.6.5
adequacy against
for structural
uplift
forces together
any.
if
ultimate
uplift
709.3.7
When
soil
compresses due
load
is
downward drag
to
its
own
may be assessed on
i)
pile shaft
has penetrated
into
pile shaft in
In
of
downward drag
its
may be
force
compressible
case of
of
downward drag
force
may be
piles,
compressible
same
This reduction
in
embedded
in
embedded
soil.
For a group of
embedded
pile shaft
iii)
the value
soil.
In
compressible
friction,
ii)
pile
in
shall
in
(i.e.,
In
soil.
be cosidered
capacity of
pile is in
39
in
the design.
downward drag
IRC:78-2014
709.4
709.4.1
A pile
from structure
to
which
it
as a structural
to soil.
may be
The
member
pile shall
subjected
to,
shall
have
if
any,
The
709.4.2
The
be separately designed
piles
may be designed
in
if
piles
on land,
if
is
due
to
in pile
pile
moments
all
etc.
709.4.3
provided with
rigid
in
in
a group with a
rigid pile
cap.
The reinforcements
in pile
as per the design requirements. The area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less
than 0.4 percent nor greater than 2.5 percent of the actual area of cross-section
in all
cast-
The clear spacing between vertical bars shall not be less than 100
mm. Grouping of not more than two bars together can be made for achieving the same.
Lateral reinforcement shall be provided in the form of spirals with minimum 8 mm diameter
steel, spacing not more than 150 mm. For inner layer of reinforcement, separate links tying
them to each other and to outer layers shall be provided.
in-situ
concrete
709.4.5
piles.
piles,
due
to lifting, stacking
due
to
and
transport,
any
any secondary
uplift
effects.
or bending
The area
of
For piles with a length less than 30 times the least width
b)
c)
For piles with a length greater than 40 times the least width -2 percent.
709.5
Design of
Pile
709.5.1
The
caps
pile
- 1
- 1
.5
.25 percent;
percent; and
Cap
shall
40
into
IRC:78-2014
consideration the allowable tolerance as
shall
cap
in
A minimum
Clause 709.1.5.2.
is in
minimum 80
cement concrete
709.5.2
be
pile shall
709.5.3
shall
fully
anchored
mm
cap.
in pile
Marine conditions or
in
Such a
pile
by using
areas exposed
rigid.
&
tie'
method.
which
at
cap designed by
'strut
All
it
&
The
pile
in pile
no longer required.
tie'
cement
reinforcement
is
chemicals,
i.e.
marine constructions.
of pile
in
the pile
mm thick plain
the pile cap shall be protected with a suitable anti-corrosive paint. High alumina
709.5.4
If
mm
150
be provided.
The
In
offset of
have
shall
full
pile.
anchorage capacity
reinforcement, the corners of pile caps have large local cover due to large radius of bending
of
709.5.5
Casting of
functionally
it
is
shall
pile
be protected by
cap should be
at
level
709.6
diameter bars.
dry conditions.
709.6.1
709.6.1.1
(Part 1/Section
709.6.1.2
in this
code, guidance
is
to
be obtained from
IS
2911
I).
The
pile
flat
type should have double reams for proper seating of the removable casing tube inside the
709.6. 1.3
is
Before
commencement of pouring
no ingress of water
in
it
the casing tube from the bottom. Further adequate control during
of concrete,
all
is
stages of withdrawal.
41
head of concrete
IRC:78-2014
Concrete
709.6.7.4
designed top
level of pile,
final set
or after 3 days.
709.6.2
Bored
709.6.2.
sufficiently
which
is
The
piles shall
in
which
shall
be stripped
off to
obtain
sound concrete
above the
either before
cast-in-situ piles
mud, such
drilling
as, bentonite
suspension
level to
709.6.2.2
mm
shall
be maintained
ensure the
until
stability of
at a level
the strata
clean bottom at two stages prior to concreting and after placing reinforcement.
709. 6. 2. 3
Concreting of piles
In
particularly applicable.
a)
When
be
concreting
is
temporary casing
under
drilling
is
concrete as
it
is
placed.
when
The
concreting
mud.
b)
c)
mm
shall
be used with 20
mm
diameter
down aggregate.
d)
The
first
of
it
sliding plug
pushed
the
left in
concrete as a lump.
e)
The
pile
full
All
The
of concrete.
g)
pipe.
an
way up
the
pile, to
pile.
42
IRC:78-2014
h)
As tremie method
need
i)
to
of concreting
is
is
no
In
the exceptional
or
shall
it
slowly,
mm
for
richer
little
resumed before
may be
In
to
remove a choke
following
in
final
The tremie
penetration
little
introduced
mm
shall
should be
pushed
in its
filled in
to the old
scum
lying
in
When
will
is
mm to
175
on the
further
way.
of laitance or
the
in
the bore.
be gently lowered on
initially.
reintroduced
in
emerge out
in
may be
The tremie
will
will
be
may
be resumed.
I)
The
'L'
bends
in
709. 6. 2. 4
It
is
in
is
or by specially
preventing the
damages
made
of the
is
set.
Such
cut-off
The removal
on the
(-)
rammer
In
cut-off level
of concrete
side.
On
can be within 25
with spikes or
it
shall
is
not
be vibrated.
removed before
setting, a
groove
shall
43
be made on outer
IRC:78-2014
Driven precast concrete piles
709.6.3
709.6.3.
code, guidance
in this
is
to
be obtained from
IS 2911
709.6.3.2
design requirement
may be
is
known
and approved
may be used
to permit concreting
pile shall
be cut down
is
between the
in
tested
bars.
During installation of
piles,
the
final
General
710.1.1
In
case of
100 blows.
last
SUBSTRUCTURE
710
710.1
by heat
such bars
unavoidable, the
hammer
When
earlier.
709.6.3.3
The
in
each
direction,
In
i.e.,
case of substructure
in
vertically.
Spacing of
Clause14.3.1 of 112 or as per clause 302.6 table 5 of IRC:21) the surface reinforcement
can be dispensed
with,
be so proportioned
710.1
.2
to
if
to
For the design of substructure below the level of the top of bed block, the
live
i)
ii)
0.5
44
of
IRC:78-2014
For calculating the pressure on the portion
iii)
of the substructure, at
more than 3
Zero
below
710.1.3
pressure calculated
in
earthfill
shall
rational theory.
be proportioned
No
kg/m
3
,
in
The
71 0.1 .4
in
Appendix-6
backfill
Piers
710.2.1
Piers
weighing 480
any.
behind the wing and return walls shall conform to the specifications
in
in
fluid
710.2
piers should
if
to withstand
be placed
other locations,
like,
minimum
to
meet navigational
stream current
In
general,
Where necessary,
710.2.2
waters as given
in
adopted
Pier
for
be provided
at both
ends with
suitably
shaped cut
IRC:6. However, cut and ease water where provided shall extend upto
710.2.3
piers shall
if
may be
masonry
stresses as provided
piers.
in
like,
waves,
IRC:40.
71 0.2.4
The thickness
710.2.5
The multi-column
mm
thickness.
Unbraced
multiple
710.2.6
in
column
piers
may be
shall
minimum
be predetermined.
Piers shall be designed to withstand the load and forces transferred from
710.2.7
300 mm.
or timber should be braced throughout the height of the piers by diaphragm wall of
200
etc.
In
case of
may be
solid,
pier consisting of
itself,
its
at
71 0.2.8
If
the piers consist of either multiple piles or trestle columns spaced closer
45
IRC:78-2014
than three times the width of piles/columns across the direction of flow, the group
shall
1
be treated as a
IRC:6.
If
due
to
same
overall width
to relevant
K taken as
of
Clause 213.7 of
solid pier
Hollow piers
710.2.9
shall
mm
diameter for enabling free flow of water to equalise the water levels on inside and outside;
of flood/tide water.
The
considering rate of
rise/fall
expected
differential
calculations, a
minimum
The
71 0.2.1 0
difference of 1.5
in
silt
pressure.
lateral
In
be checked
absence
for
of detailed
pier.
RCC
be less
710.3
Wall Piers
710.3.1
When
be checked as a
The
710.3.2
is
more than
four times
its
thickness,
it
shall also
wall.
minimum
vertical reinforcement
equal to 0.3
For eccentric axial load, the wall should be designed for axial load with
710.3.3
The
710.3.4
vertical
vertical
reinforcement
is
should not be less than 0.25 percent of the gross area and open links (or S-loops) with hook
placed around the vertical bar should be placed at the rate of 4 links
When
710.3.5
in
moment and
axial load
710.4
Abutments
710.4.1
The abutments
dimensioned
in
addition to load
one
side.
It
should be designed/
710.4.2
condition
to retain earth
will
to withstand earth
pressure
46
In
in
normal
addition,
any
IRC:78-2014
load acting on the abutment
710.4.3
case of
In
spill
including self-weight,
itself,
to
is
be considered.
width of the column shall be increased by 50 percent where two columns have been provided
and by 100 percent where more than two columns have been provided.
710.4.4
All
height of earth
Clause 710.4.3
in
for
The
fill.
shall
be designed
for a
spill
load
live
columns need
through abutment
is
adopted.
710.4.5
for
all
round' condition.
710.4.6
spill
The
box type or
spill
may be designed as
Fully earth
retaining
may be
treated as
submerged
unit
weight of
The weight
710.4.8
the weight
710.4.9
may be
In
front of the
soil
of earth
considered
case of
abutment
spill
is
if
carried
may
may be
where considered
filling
shall not
material on heel
the bed
is
case of footings,
may be
considered.
In
case of
toe,
protected.
well protected by
In
means
it
of suitably
in
launching aprons.
710.4.10
In
than 250
710.4.11
front
mm.
In
case
of
shall
be provided similar
to
710.5
Abutment
710.5.1
Abutment
Pier
piers
may have
to
be provided
47
at locations
IRC:78-2014
need of increasing waterway subsequently. The design
such that
of
it
in
shall
be
the active
channel.
For multiple span arch bridges, abutment piers shall be provided after every
710.5.2
fifth
span or
closer.
It
designed
is
710.6
Dirt Walls,
710.6.1
Wing
even
if
it
collapses,
remain safe.
roadway
to the required
A dirt wall shall be provided to prevent the earth from approaches spilling on
bearings. A screen wail of sufficient depth (extended for at least 500 mm depth into the
710.6.2
the
to
fill)
backfill in
is
of the
spill
be provided.
counterfort type.
710.6.4
of
The wing
710.6.3
walls
and screen
wall shall
or
200 mm.
The wing
710.6.5
in
addition to self-weight.
The top
710.6.6
by
at least
top.
100
A drainage
mm
prevent any
arrangement
abutment specified
710.6.7
The
710.6.8
In
in
at right
embankment
cantilever returns
may be
rain
over
its
long.
case of open foundations, wing and return walls should be provided with
Wing
river bridges,
of
Appendix-6.
710.6.9
soil
walls
may be
abutment.
laid at
in
plan at 45.
The
to the
abutment.
return walls
In
may be
case of
provided
surcharge equivalent to
.2
height of
earthfill.
48
IRC:78-2014
The box type return wall at right angles at both ends of the abutments connected
type diaphragm may be adopted where found suitable. However, in such cases, no
710.6.10
by wall
reduction
the earth pressure for the design of the abutment should be considered.
in
The
top of diaphragm should slope inwards to the centre of carriageway for facilitating proper
rolling of
the
embankment behind
the abutment.
710.6.11
its
710.6.12
In
profile,
local
ground
be taken adequately
710.7
Retaining Walls
710.7.1
710.7.2
The
any
live
be designed
be of
solid type.
pressure including
to withstand earth
it,
including self-weight,
may be
200 mm.
in
accordance
cellular type.
reinforcements.
710.7.4
In
T-beams
anchor the
face walls and base slab to the counterfort. These stirrups shall be anchored as near to the
outside faces of the face walls and as near to the bottom of the base slab as practicable.
710.8
Pier
710.8. 1
The width
of the
abutment and
pier
caps
shall
i)
ii)
The
iii)
The space
be
mm
sufficient to
accommodate
beyond them,
ballast wall.
for jacks to
lift
bearings, etc.
49
IRC:78-2014
iv)
v)
vi)
Seismic arrestor,
vii)
The thickness
710.8.2
250
of
for the
provided
if
pier or
column type
of
abutment should
mm.
710.8.3
in
pier/abutment.
Caps
supports or resting on two or more columns shall be designed to cater for the
superstructure on jacks for repair/replacement of bearings.
The
lifting
of
710.8.4
In
case bearings are placed centrally over the columns and the width of
bearings/pedestals
located within half the depth of cap from any external face of the
is
will
be considered
to
have been
directly transferred to
for flexure.
shall not
of slab
be less
and girder
Span
Top
in
metres
width
of
3
pier
supported spans
in
carrying
simply
12m
24m
0.50
1.0
1.2
1.6
piers
0.40
0.75
1.0
1.3
Exceptthe portion under bearings, the top surface of caps should have suitable
710.8.6
in
slope
710.8.7
Reinforcement
minimum
of
in
in
Pier
shall
The reinforcement
in
in
satisfied the
be reinforced
mm. The
total
two directions.
the direction of the length of the pier shall extend from end to end
50
IRC:78-2014
of the pier
piers
one
cap and be
20
at
mm
in
consisting of 8
mm
bars at 100
mm
at right
In
addition,
100
at
centres
mm
full
width of the
in
71 0.9
Cantilever
710.9.1
When
support
is
Cap
of Abutment
and
Pier
the distance between the load/centre line of bearing from the face of the
equal to or less than the depth of the cap (measured at the support) the cap shall
be designed as a corbel.
710.9.2
710.9.3
In
measurement
case of wall
of distance for
of reinforcement should
be
Where a
710.9.4
pier
in
determine
moments.
and the
pier
all
around, the
Pier.
part of the bearing lies directly over the pier, calculation of such
Moreover,
is
stirrups
may be
limited to
pier.
25 percent
710.10
710.10.1
710.10.2
is
The height
diaphragm
50
mm beyond
available.
be between 150
or the
of superstructure shall
be modified
less than
its
mm
common
pier differ
shape
of pier
and
cap
710.10.3
51
IRC:78-2014
area of a footing or base under a bearing or coiumn shall be given by the following
equation.
C xv A
0
>
where
Co
in
concrete at the
is
loaded area
the plane
A2
loaded area and the projection of the bases or footing beyond the
face of the bearing or column supported on
150
710.10.4
at
100
The two
mm
layers of
directions, shall
be provided
in
any
directly
shall not
be less than
direction.
mesh reinforcement
or pier
it
one
at
20
52
IRC:78-2014
Appendix-1
(Clause 703.2.2.2)
absence
of
more
scour. In
mean depth
absence
rational formula or
i)
In
case of
having
soil
offers
any accepted
of
0.04mm
more resistance
in
Clause 703.2
at
may be adopted:
> 0.2
soil)
kg/cm 2
sf
F(1 +
Vcj
where c
in
kg/cm 2
where
ii)
= 1.50 for
0>
= 1.75 for
0>5
= 2.00
0<
for
10 and < 15
and < 10
2N/mm and
2
silt
will
factor
will
be treated as sandy
soil
even
if
is
more than
53
!RC:78-2014
Appendix-2
(Clause 704.3)
GENERAL
The
is
determine the
to
The sub-surface
It
may
the
suitability of
is
soil
or rock,
carried out
in
two
i)
1892
Code
2720
may be
utilised for
ii)
following:
Methods
conducted as
far
in
The
tests
as possible at simulated
IS
on undisturbed samples be
field
values.
iii)
IS 1498-Classification
and
purposes.
For preliminary and detailed sub-surface investigation, only rotary
drills shall
casing shall also be, invariably provided with diameters not less than 150
rock,
if
wash
mm
be used. The
penetrate through bouldery or gravelly strata for progressing the boring but not for collection
of samples. While conducting detailed borings, the resistance to the
rate of penetration, core loss, etc. shall
speed
in
of drilling,
"Borelog chart
etc.
For preliminary and detailed sub-surface investigation, only double tube diamond
method
shall
drilling shall
be used.
In soft
information,
tuffs, soft
shales
etc., triple
drilling
tube diamond
be used.
2
2.1
i.e.,
Preliminary
previous
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
investigation
site
reports,
shall
include
geological
54
the
maps,
of
existing
geological
and
surface
geological
study
etc.,
IRC:78-2014
examination. These
and also
to locate the
most desirable
number
the
DETAILED INVESTIGATION
3=1
down
help to narrow
will
programme
the bridge
and type
site,
of foundations,
number
be decided
in
number
of bore
engineer and the exploration team, so that adequate data considered necessary
detailed design
end a distance
last
The
3.2
for
exploration shall cover the entire length of the bridge and also at either
of
zone
main foundation
to
of influence,
assess the
i.e.,
effect of the
where such
foundation. However,
one and a
investigations
end
in
foundation material, the exploration shall be extended to a sufficient depth into firm
and stable
soils or to rock.
Additional
3.2.1
drill
holes:
Where
necessary
strata.
to resort to additional
in
local
in
The scope
made
in
rock,
it
will
be
3.3
drill
the data
holes
drill
geology and
in
will
have
to
it
shall
be fixed as mentioned
be comprehensive enough
to
i)
ii)
location
cavities,
if
any,
strata;
iii)
i.e.,
subsidence due
to mining or
55
presence of
cavities;
dykes and
IRC:78-2014
iv)
ground water
v)
artesian conditions,
level;
water
if
any;
vi)
quality of
vii)
viii)
ix)
x)
xi)
likely
xii)
likely
construction
in
differential
and
difficulties.
when a change
during construction.
such
In
situations,
in
it
met
may be
is
encountered
5
The
and
IS 2132.
The
on
samples
soil
groups keeping
method
of taking
samples
shall
be as given
in
for the
IS1892
shall
6.1
in
of
exploration
shall
be divided
into
the
following
likely
of data collection:
i)
ii)
iii)
Fills
6.2
These
tests
The method
samples as required
shall
pits or
conduct direct
soil for
is
not large
and
it
is
possible to take
56
etc.
IRC:78-2014
6.2.1
stability
and settlement,
which shearing
for
Tests shall
6.2.2
may be
Test on Soils)
888-Method
shall
made
be
safeguard against presence of weak strata underlying the foundation. This shall extend
to a
depth of about
NOTE:
The
6.2.3
cohesionless
tests to be
soils.
it
will
conducted
These are
be desirable
cohesive and
and
interpreting
the results, limitations of applicability of chosen tests shall be taken into account.
suitable
needed
for
I)
most
Cohesionless Soil
Laboratory Tests
Classification tests, index tests, density determination, etc.
i)
ii)
b)
NOTE:
shall
a)
Shear Strengths by
Load
i)
Plate
ii)
iii)
iv)
Static
Where
Cone
2720 Part
dewatering
Cohesive
a)
Field Tests
(as per IS
II)
Load
of
is
settlement characteristics.
to
The use
pits.
is
expected,
permeability
4968 Part
tests
III).
may
be
XVII).
Soil
Laboratory Tests
i)
ii)
Shear strengths by
iii)
iv)
57
(IS
2720 Part X)
II).
conducted
IRC:78-2014
b)
Field Tests
Load
i)
Plate
ii)
Vane Shear
iii)
Static
iv)
v)
Cone
Where dewatering
NOTE:
expected,
is
III).
permeability
tests
or Part
II).
may be conducted
6.3.1 In this
pile
foundations,
the
soil
soils,
and foundation
interaction
etc.,
become
of
essential. In
in
made
to in-situ
field tests.
Boring and sampling tends to cause remoulding of sensitive clays. Also for fissured
be performed.
The sub-surface
6.3.2
between bed
i)
level
H.F.L.)
ii)
from the
iii)
from foundation
6.3.3
level to
water
shall
to foundations.
be tested
for
to
and
(in-situ
will
vary
in
it.
each
Where dewatering
is
expected
to
should be determined.
For the different zones categorised
6.3.4
every
to
V 2 metre or
at
in
change
Table
in
Samples
1.
of strata.
58
of soils
in all
cases
shall
be collected
IRC:78-2014
Table
Zones
Bed
level to anticipated
Soil Classification
Sampling
ii)
Disturbed samples
iii)
Permeability,
i)
dewatering
may be
Laboratory Tests -
where
collected.
expected.
is
Maximum
anticipated
Sampling
for Laboratory Tests Undisturbed samples shall be collected for these tests.
As an exception, for (i) and (ii), disturbed samples may
Soil Classification.
i)
ii)
foundation level
iii)
be permitted.
void ratio.
Shear
iv)
Laboratory Tests
strength.
a) Classification Tests including particle size
v) Compressibility.
distribution.
Permeability where
vi)
dewatering
vii)
is
expected.
Chemical analysis of
ground water
elements
(for
soil
c)
Shear strength
Triaxial tests to
be done on
and
compression tests
aggressive
to
be done on undisturbed
d) Consolidation tests.
In-situ
a)
b)
c)
Down
d) Permeability tests.
Cohesive Soils
a)
b)
Static
Cone
Test.
Penetration Test
resistance
Foundation
1
.5
level to
about
it.
i)
iii)
Field
Permeability tests.
e)
Down
Same
Soil Classification
ii)
Vane Shear
c)
d)
Test.
as above
Shear Strength
Compressibility
Notes:
1
2)
Use
of sophisticated
equipment
like,
pressure meter
may be made,
if
available.
ASTM
3)
Down
4)
4428/D 4428
Down
could be used for establishing elastic moduli and rock profiling at greater depths.
5)
Down
of bores taken
methods
shall
in
for long
bridges
(i.e.
of the order of
for
the portions that are permanently under water. For these applications, geotechnical profiles obtained by seismic
profiles
59
IRC:78-2014
6.4
Materials
Fill
Representative disturbed samples shall be collected from the borrowpit areas. Laboratory
tests shall
be conducted
and
particle size
classification
i)
moisture content
ii)
v)
shearing strength
permeability
v)
NOTE:
for
The shearing
proposed density
for the
fill.
RESTING ON ROCK
Basic Information Required from Explorations
7.1
Geological system;
ii)
iii)
Whether
iv)
v)
The
vi)
vii)
Quality
viii)
its
isolated boulder or
and quantity
Exploration
7.2
If
i)
like,
of returning
water; and
where relevant
Programme
foundation
is
to rest,
it
is
information mentioned
7.2.1
in
The extent
of exploration shall
constructional difficulties
where the
in
in
be adequate enough
to give a
complete
in
view,
it
shall
be
possible to decide the type of foundations, the construction method to be adopted for a
particular bridge, the extent of
It
is
one
drill
beyond abutments.
60
IRC:78-2014
The depth
7.2.2
of boring
in
the rock, the extent of structural loads to be transferred to foundation, etc. Normally,
minimum depth
case of rock
at shallow
rock.
shall
The
7.3
In
of drilling shall
sound
into the
it
Rock
at
pits or
trenches are the most dependable and valuable methods, since they permit a direct
examination of the surface, the weathered zone and presence of any discontinuities.
For guidance, IS 4453
may be
referred
to. In
accordance with
flat
IS
Code
case of
7292 - Code
and shafts
may be made
in
7317 - Code of Practice for Uni-axial Jacking Test for Deformation Modulus
7746 - Code of Practice for in-situ Shear Test on Rock.
jack, IS
and
IS
Rock
7.4
7.4.1
drilling.
An adequate
investigation
to
is
of exploration will
be
made
The
7.4.2
and
its
tests
on overburden
shall
in soil.
to
may be
stage
However,
in
The
of overburden,
geophysical methods
this,
helpful.
be planned
to
adopted
to
in
programme
Large Depths
programme has
detailed
at
be done as per
details
e.g.,
7.4.3
for Indexing
The core
and Storage
most transparent
7.4.4
shall
be stored properly
of
Drill
in
Cores. Wherever
be stored
shall
be subjected
triple
Texture
61
Code
directly in core
design as follows:
i)
in
of Practice
used, inner
to tests to get
necessary data
for
IRC:78-2014
Structure
c)
Composition
d)
Colour
e)
Grain size
f)
Petrography
Laboratory tests
ii)
NOTE:
b)
may be done
a)
Specific gravity
b)
Porosity
c)
Water absorption
d)
Compressive strength
be done
special case.
in
compression,
Use
7.4.5
triaxial
The shear
compression or
will
triple
is
used
shear
Other tests
may need
done as unconfined
test.
will
for
be desirable
weak and/or
to evaluate the
highly
weathered
presence of
rock,
where
.5
zone
of footing or pile.
These
in-situ tests
However
drilling
in
done
is
judiciously
recorded during
drilling.
operation.
Special Cases
7.5
7.5.
drill
hole shall be
suitable tests
made same as
for rock.
The samples
be taken
to ascertain the
7.5.2
The
hard
recourse
may have
to
be
made
to
62
core
drilling
case of
IRC:78-2014
Identification
8.1
in
and
depend considerably on
is
of limited value
character, spacing
and
in
purposes may,
because
overall characteristics
rock mass, such as, the joints, bedding, faults and weathered seams.
8.2
Classification of
Rocks may be
classified
Rocks
based on
Presentation of Data
The Presentation
be as done as
Table
Rock Type
illustrated in
Sheet No
and 2
2 Classification of Rocks
Unconfined
Description
Compressive
Strength (UCS)
in
Extremely
Strong
Very Strong
knife or
sharp
knife or
pick.
sharp
Breaking of >200
only.
pick.
MPa
Breaking
100
to
200
of geologists'
pick.
Strong
Moderately
Can be scratched
Strong
or grooves can be
made
mm
mm deep
or
Weak
on
.5
of about 2.5
mm
of geologists' pick.
63
to
50
blow.
Can be grooved
100
pick.
Moderately
gouged
to
IRC:78-2014
Weak
point.
.25 to 5
Can be carved
with knife.
of pick. Pieces
25
Can be broken
< 1.25
be broken
nail
Note:
1)
2)
Table-2 should not be used to infer the Unconfined Compressive Strength of rock. Actual
laboratory test value of rock core should be used.
64
in British
Standard BS-5930
(CI. 44.2.6).
IRC:78-2014
RL.
(NOTE:
SHEET No.!
U)
D-
a.
4^
STATIC PENETRATION
RESISTANCE kg/cm
30cm
"Bt
Ss
i-
o
M
u. LJ o
VISUAL DESCRIPTION
-J
0"
K El
SKIN
POINT
Q.
RESISTANCE RESISTANCE
St
hu<i
CHARACTERISTIC
"
Hi
I!
RoS5u
if
13
wO
ZSy
N u
in
REMARKS
2$
ill B 8
S-
OF SOIL
3*
u O
28$
o 5
PERCENTAGE
SOLUBLE SALTS
STRENGTH
||i|iSi
I SCi
SHEARING
SLOWS PER
fs
S.P.T
DATE COMPLETED
KdK
75
ASSUMED NORMAL
J-t-68
3.0
15.6 10.8
17.6
S-2
9-1-W
15
ANTICIPATED MAXIMUM
s=s
19.5
17.6
21.0
J8.9 43.6
STEPS TO BE
TAKEN
TO
RECONCILE THE
7.7
SOME KANKAR
13.0
12-1-69
3.6
PLASTICITY WITH
ti
15
1
jll-1-69
CLAY OF MEDIUM
10.1
FIELD
PLASTICITY WITH
LABORATORY
5.7
20.0 0.9
TEST DATA,
SOME KANKAR
S=5
AND
CLAY OF HIGH
WHEREVER
POSSIBLE
CLAY OF MEDIUM
24.2
PLASTICITY WITH
5-6
15-1-W
27.0
I1-1-S9
30.1
0.59
mi
NIL
0.85
no?
NIL
29
NIL
SOME KANKAR
W
31.0
PROPOSED FOUNDATION
LEVEL
CLAY OF HIGH
42.70
PLASTICITY WITH
S-8
11-1-
2"
38.1
7.3
SOME KANKAR
33.1
41.2
S4-1-9
44.9
24-1-69
pAo
46.2
-25-1-M
Sj1
50.5
2
56.0
Classification
2.
AbbreviotiL n
of
60.5
soil
shall
IS:1 4
used
= Disturbed sample
98
4.
Type
5.
Size of
Somple No.
at
of
LIME
157mm
SHEARED
SAND STONE
STREAKS Of SILT
STONE DENSE WELL
CEMENTED
212mm
7.
57.0
ONE
gm/cm
PROJECT
108.72
JOB NO.
Density
Si
31.21
2
3.
iSANO
8H
Undisturbed/Disturbed Sample At
1.662 640.3914.8S
STONE
Sample
Position
Test on
5.6
of
13.9 0.5
125mm
6.
UD = Undisturbed somple
S-1
WW
be as per
'"PL
t>NTS
CAVATtS
SjJ
2I-H9
1.
WEATHEftNC SHEWED
SjJ2
27-1-49
NOTES:-
25mm
in
Boring
65
IRC:78-2014
R4..WMITHI8
LEFT BAND
SHEET NOJ
OTtClPMIO MAI
KOW LtVIl 9 JO
PtcHMO nvtmo
1.
tUtSOCFOf*E
41-70
down rMn
2.
9.
Tn*dMaMufcf>vvnorMOMmponly
vHuW
IRC:78-2014
Appendix-3
(Clauses 708.2, 708.3 and 708.4)
PROCEDURE FOR
1
The
active
co-efficient
Kp
(Ka &
IN
SOIL
into
effect of
of wall
STABILITY CALCULATION
friction.
is
For cohesive
Bell.
soils,
The value
subject to a
limit
in
the
of angle
of
22
the stability
calculations.
2 SKIN
The
relief
due
in-charge. However,
FRICTION
be ignored unless
in
specifically permitted
soils, skin friction,
by the Engineer-
if
any,
may cause
3
The
factor of safety
in
for load
for load
seismic forces. The manner of applying factor of safety shall be as indicated below:
i)
The
factor of safety
soil
in
cohesive
soils
as stipulated
resistance,
viz.,
(P
scour
ii)
for
level.
Abutment wells
In
be applied
in
maximum scour
soil
above the
be separately
evaluated and considered as load combined with the other loads acting
on the abutment and no factor of safety shall be taken for the above
components of active pressure. Effects of surcharge due to live load should
be restricted only upto the abutment portion.
67
IRC:78-2014
iii)
However, the
in
level at ultimate
viz.,
(p
pj
as
~FOS
Point of rotation
lies at
it
may be assumed
OUTER
SURFACE
rr
Kd
Kd1
hi
WHERE
m OUTER
d1
DIA
OF WELL
AFTER REDUCTION IN
STONING THICKNESS
IS
Id
* DEPTH OF WELL
UPTO MSL
^ 3 (h-h1)
WE
THE
DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
FOR THE STEEL. BEYOND
THE MINIMUM SECTION
tl
Fig.
Sketch
for
t2
68
that
IRC:78-2014
69
sr
IRC:78-2014
IRC:78-2014
Appendix-4
(Clause 708.13)
Cutting
1 .1
1.2
conditions,
The
1.4
always be
built in
lifts
and the
in
one
In
soft strata
shall
lift
depend on the
be
laid after
site
sinking
the well
prone
when
first
shall
truly horizontal.
stability.
intermediate stages
1.5
be placed
1.3
no case,
shall
it
be
shall
plumb
built
in
is tilted.
abutment
embankment
near
2
2.1
A sinking
2.2
Efforts shall
2.3
Sumps made
history record
be made
SINKING
be maintained
at site.
and
in
plumb.
be more
Boring chart shall be referred to constantly during sinking for taking adequate
care while piercing different types of strata by keeping the boring chart at the
plotting the soil
to take
as obtained
and comparing
it
site
and
prompt decisions.
be sunk close
71
to
IRC:78-2014
When
2.6
they do not
sunk.
fail in
level
needed
to
ensure that
During construction
2.7
is
the course of sinking and also do not cause disturbance to wells already
Simultaneous and
wells
all
the wells be
partially
done
sunk wells
in
the
all
together.
shall
be taken
to
the anticipated scour levels to ensure their safety during ensuing floods.
Dredged material
2.8
shall not
Where
such load
shall
the middle to
is
remove excavated
Where
3.2
a well
be regulated
sufficient
space
in
material.
tilts
well.
USE OF KENTLEDGE
3
3.1
in
is
such a manner as
tilt,
the position
on
SAND BLOWS
4
Dewatering
4.1
be avoided
shall
well shall
IN
WELLS
if
Sand blowing
4.2
in
5 SINKING
Use
5.1
of divers
may be made
shall
in
etc.
as also
regulations
5.2
in
like,
any statutory
force.
for the
diving
acceptable standard.
It
shall
be well maintained
72
shall
They
be of an
IRC:78-2014
Arrangement
5.3
ample supply
for
be provided
hose
flexible
of low pressure
made.
be
shall
air
pipe.
will
have
case of breakdown.
in
5.4
clean cool
Electric lights,
where provided,
be
shall
for
at
50
volts
(maximum). The
be
shall
raising of
the diver from the bottom of wells shall be controlled so that the decompression rate
conforms
for divers
5.5
All
men employed
for diving
as
laid
down
purpose
in
shall
the regulation.
be
be
certified to
fit
by
for diving
an approved doctor.
6
Only
6.1
be
fired
light
charges
shall
BLASTING
is
being damaged.
There
6.2
shall
shall there
by any labour
in
the close vicinity of the well at the time of exploding the charges.
6.3
All
Blasting
is
and Related
resorted
to.
Use
be taken as per
4081
IS
"Safety
whenever
Drilling
of large charges,
may
Code
for
blasting
under expert direction and with permission from Engineer-in-charge. Suitable pattern
of charges
fired at
holes
may be arranged
may be
may
6.4
limited to
number
of charges
If
rock blasting
is
to
be done
damage caused by
the flying debris should be minimised by provisions of rubber mats covered over the
blasting holes before blasting.
6.5
measures
for
be taken immediately.
7
7.1
examined
The pneumatic
of proper design
PNEUMATIC SINKING
sinking plant
and other
shall
allied
machinery
be
its
73
fixtures shall
IRC:78-2014
installation
4188
working
compressed
must be kept
in
the IS
in
efficient
for
in
air
at site. Safety
code
working
for
in
be followed.
shall
7.2
recommended
of personnel as
and smoking
shall
be
prohibited.
Whenever gases
7.3
shall
hazard
to
life
avoid
to
and equipment.
Where
7.4
same
blasting
resorted
is
to,
shall
it
ail
precautions
regarding blasting shall be observed. Workers shall be allowed inside after blasting only
The weight
7.5
shall
be
of
chamber and
steining thoroughly.
from
when
being neglected
if
any,
in this
case.
7.6
If
pressure of
7.7
at
If it
is
total
is
possible to
Down" should only be used where the ground is such that will not heave up
chamber when the pressure is reduced. When the well does not move with a
it
in
air
of
down should be
any stage. To
in
"Blowing
reduced.
"Blowing
inside the
reduction
short stages
8 TILTS
8.1
Tilts
and
shifts
shall
tilts
the axis of the bridge, level marks at regular intervals shall be painted on the surface
of the steining of the well.
8.2
Whenever any
tilt
is
noticed,
like,
putting
74
IRC:78-2014
dredge material unequally, putting obstacles below cutting edge,
be adopted before any further sinking. After correction, the dredged material placed
unevenly shall be spread evenly.
8.3
sinking.
prevent
Timber
struts
may be
introduced
in
to
come
closer while
of these wells to
tilting.
8.4
Tilts
occurring
in
in
dipping
be
Sand
9.1
be
level
shall
wave
action.
9.2
dimension
island
where provided
sufficiently
above the
The dimension
in
SAND ISLAND
of the
shall
sand island
75
shall
it
is
safe against
IRC:78-2014
Appendix-5
(Clause 709.3.1)
end bearing
soil
is initially
Qu
Ru +R
SOIL
IN
(QJ
is
pile
given by:
where
R
R
Ru
Ru,
i.e.,
Ru =AP (V2
DYNy + PdNq
where
- Pile diameter
N & Ny
N
= Average cohesion at
Pd
Effective
pile
i.e.,
in
pile
cm
soil at pile tip in
kg/cm 3
friction at pile tip
pile tip
for piles
may be
R=t KP tanSA
dj
si
ocCA
where
dj
pile for
the layer
- Angle of wall
ith
friction
= Surface area of
/'
between
pile shaft in
pile
= Surface area of
cm 2
pile shaft in
76
and
to
soil in
n
degrees.
It
may be taken
friction of soil
in
the
sj
As
in
cm 2
ith
layer,
to
IRC:78-2014
- Reduction factor
= Average cohesion
in
3
of soil shall
up
to
The
value of
initial
.8 in particular
The
total
K may
cases as specified
following value of x
in
(v).
N Value Bored
Consistency
Clause 709.2.2
consistency of
Driven
piies
Cast-in-situ
case-in-situ piles
<4
0.7
Medium
4-8
0.5
0.7
Stiff
8-15
0.4
0.4
>15
0.30
0.3
Very
stiff
For piles
When
in
full
over consolidated
static penetration
A +f .A
Q u =q"bp
h
qb =
soils,
data
is
may be
evaluated.
below the
=
soil:
pile
pile
tip.
Average side
friction
Type of Soil
and following
Side
co-relation
may be used as
a guide:
Friction, f
s
Clay
Soft
q c/25
Stiff
q)l5
Mixture of
qc 8
silts
Loose
q c/50
Dense
q c/100
of clay
Where
soft
downward drag on
pile
due
soil
shall
is
77
pile
be considered.
on account of
IRC:78-2014
NOTE:
CAPACITY OF PILES
Axial
9.1
Piles
IN
in soil,
Clause 709.3.2.
refer
rocks and weathered rocks of varying degree of weathering derive their capacity
in
by end bearing and socket side resistance. The ultimate load carrying capacity
may
Where cores
of the rock
be used.
In
situations
(CR+RQD)/2
is
clayey
when
soil,
or
less than
where
strata
is
highly fragmented,
30 percent, or where
is
strata
less than
is
1
where
in
directly
method
RQD
is nil
or
method 2 shall be used. Also, for weak rock like chalk, mud stone, clay stone, shale
and other intermediate rocks, method 2 is applicable.
in
MEHTOD1:
=
u
re
Q allow=
af
= k .q cL
sp ~c
f
Ab
A C us
s
(Re/3) + (R a/6)
Where,
=
Qu
Q allow =
=
Re
=
R
=
Kp
,
af
in
Newtons
An
empiricalco-efficient
0.3 to 1.2 as
per the table below for the rocks where core recovery
(CR +
for uniaxial
RQD K
is
reported,
compressive strength.
sp
30%
100%
0.3
1.2
CR
Core Recovery
RQD
qc
in
Kp shall
percent
be
in
percent
linearly interpolated
of rock core
MPa
78
below base
dimension of
pile
IRC:78-2014
Ab
Depth factor =
pile
Length of Socket
+ 0.4 x
Diameter of Socket
than
1.2.
As
c us
be taken as 3.0
MPa
METHOD
for
to
35 concrete
in
pile, to
2:
This method
is
applicable
geo-material
is
highly fragmented.
SPT
The shear
in
MPa
aiiow
h
u.b
af
obtained from
Weak
in
Very
Weak
100-60
3.3-1.9
1.9-0.7
0.7-0.4
u.s
its
table below:
200-100
c.
Weak
when
300-200
Q=R+R=C NA+C
u
is
mm of penetration as given
Moderately
Approx. N Value
Shear Strength/Cohesion
strength of geo-material
Shear Strength/Consistency
= (Re/3) + (R /6)
a
where
C ub
pile, for
C us
pile,
based on average
based on average
'N'
L =
Length of socket.
N =9.
Q aiiow = Allowable
c
capacity of
pile.
300
shall
be
limited to
this
method.
General notes
1 )
common
to
Method
and Method
2:
For the hinged piles resting on rock proper seating has to be ensured. The minimum
in hard rock, and 0.5 times the diameter of the pile
socket length should be 300
mm
79
IRC:78-2014
weathered
in
rock.
2)
restricted to 5
neglected.
be
shall
M Pa.
3)
by factor of safety
after dividing
The
friction
friction capacity,
of pile.
4)
in
Moment
9.2
pile,
in
in
sub-
tool.
the rock
may be
equation:
L =
2H
4H
QM
where
=
Socket length
Moment
Diameter of the
/_
o =
socket
pile.
in
rock which
leaser of 30 kg/sq
is
cm
or
0.33q c
In
case of socketed
piles, for
rotation at the top of the socket for the fixed condition (9) should
tip,
the
5 percent of the rotation for the pinned condition at the top of the socket (9)
10 PILE
CONTROL TOOL
For establishing the similarity of
IN
ROCKS
N values
pile-bore with
can be used.
The concept
The
pile
(PPR)
is
used
one
sq.
in this
in
80
method.
cm.
!RC:78-2014
1
case of
In
SPT test
PPR
its
PPR
and
for
x 75 x
x 10
(21. 24x1
0^x30) =0.747 N
for
where
tm = energy
cm
2)
3)
= area
= penetration
PPR
(P), (for
percussion piles) =
= Weight of chisel
Number
= Area of
= Penetration
PPR
in
in
'm 2
Whn
MT
or blows of
pile in
hammer
'
'cm'
2n nXt
^p
where
= Torque
in 'tm' for
= time
minutes
- Area of piles
= Penetration
in
in
in
corresponding
'm 2
'
'cm'
81
'n'
ton
IRC:78-2014
Appendix-6
(Clause 710.1.4)
FILLING BEHIND
The type
of materials to
A general
is
given
in
SoiS
for filling
Table
IS
be used
structures, should
Table
FILLING MATERIALS
1498-1970
Most probable
description
Possible
Max. dry
Optimum
Anticipated
density
moisture
embankment
range kg/
m
GW, GP, GM,
Granular
SW, HP
materials
SM, GM,
GC, SM, SC
Granular
SB,
3 *
percent
1850-2280
Good
7-15
to
Excellent
1760-2160
9-18
Fair to
materials
Excellent
with soil
SP
ML, MH, DL
SB,
SC
19-25
Fair to
Good
Laying of
2.1
filter
& 1760-2080
10-20
Fair to
Good
Filter
Silts
Silts
The
1760-1850
Sand
packed
mm
with smaller
entire surface
height.
is
of
spill
through type.
Density of Compaction
2.2
Densities to be aimed at
the
in
full
wall
600
soil type,
and type
height of
in
compaction
shall
embankment, drainage
to factors,
such as,
Each compacted
layer shall
be tested
in
the
82
field for
IRC:78-2014
3
The extent
EXTENT OF BACKFILL
abutment should be as
DIRT WALL -
illustrated in Fig.
FILL-
-MAIN BRIDGE
REQUIREMENT OF 100mm
NOMINAL DIAMETER
PIPES SPACED AT 1.0 mc/c
HORIZONTALLY AND 1.0 m
VERTICALLY, PLACED
IN ONE OR TWO LAYERS
SEJDJLEVEL
LWL
Notes
Active wedge of soil mobilized
2. In
in
filled
by selected
filter shall
earth.
The sequence
4.1
be indicated
front of the
in
abutment
in
assumed
filling
in
to
is
and
fulfilled
if
filling
by,
shall also
and
in
in
be done
case the
filling
a later date.
In
case of
tie
beams
and friction slabs, special care shall be taken in compacting the layer underneath and
above them so that no damage is done to them by mechanical equipment.
Special precautions should be taken to prevent any wedging action against
4.2
structures,
or strutted
4.3
Adequate number
of
weep
low water
be stepped
in
both
level.
83
IRC:78-2014
Appendix-7
(Clause
709.2.4)
PART-1
WAVE EQUATION
This method
soil
is
parameters
pile to
(of the
capacity of
axially
by drop of
The
hammer
pile)
strata
wise
pile
pile.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
For piles considering
resistance from
surrounding
soil,
the
internal
to
force
and
where
modulus
of elasticity of bar
original position
&R=
for appropriate
in
position
its
= time
soil-resistance term
i.e.
maximum
The
elastically, 'Ru'
in
Table
1.
84
the
damping
and percent side adhesion as reported by Forehand and Reese are reproduced
reference
for
for
IRC:78-2014
Table
Q (in.)
Soil
J(P) (Sec/ft.
Side Adhesion
(% ofR
Coarse sand
odllU y idvcl
Fine
0.10
1
Sand
Sand and
and
35
0.15
mu
U.
o-
uu
0.15
0.15
TOO
0.20
0.20
25
sand underlain by
0.20
0.20
40
gravel underlain by
0.15
0.15
25
50 percent of
Silt
n
U.
HacU
fine
sand
pile in
hard strata
Sand and
hard strata
2
1)
The
testing should
2)
For
this
it
is
PREPARATION
extended
is
loose concrete. This can be done either using formwork or permanent casing.
Alternatively
3)
if it
is
liner pile,
case
pile
head
concrete under
Refer to
Fig.
is
extended,
hammer
for
shall
be
axial, flat
impact.
a sketch of reinforcement
sensor
it
level shall
same as
pile
Fig.
Details of
in
mm
mesh reinforcement
20
2.
Clear cover to
3.
4.
is
is
is
mm.
8
mm.
100
mm.
Rebar cage
for
extended portion of
85
pile for
dynamic
test
IRC:78-2014
4)
pile
mm to
25
100
5)
Steel helmet 25
mm-50
mm
thick or as
A hammer of suitable weight (1-2 percent of test load or 5-7 percent of the dead weight of
the pile whichever
is
higher) shall be used for testing the pile unless specified otherwise
Wherever
fall
be provided
m to
to
3 m.
ensure a concentric
fall.
8)
hammer
Fig.
shall
be arranged on
mechanism capable
engineer. Refer to
Drop Hemrner
Fa*H
Height
Steel helmet
Plywood Sheet
-
Diameter same
pile
Steel Liner
_ Steel
Fig. 2: Typical
pile
concrete
86
pile testing
IRC:78-2014
A suitable power
sensors and
for fixing
equipment.
PILE
MONITORING
The
testing
may be conducted
atleast
days
15
pile
the
after
pile
installed
is
if
required strength.
Dynamic
pile
attaching
strain
(based
testing
transducers
needs
to
the pile
if
pile
and accelerometers
the
to
pile top.
pile,
so as
be conducted
sides
the
of
by
pile,
pair of transducers
bending
to detect
in/
to record strain
to
measuring
oscilloscope or screen.
The
testing should
pile with
hammer
digital
pile.
to force
and
velocity
respectively by integration.
For each
in
hammer
stresses etc.
The
force
and
pile, pile
field results
top compression,
be generally as defined
integrity,
in
ASTM
D4945.
Testing should be continued by increasing height
0.5
increment
till
fall
of the
the time either the pile set or the pile capacity reaches the
The
pile
due
to
hammer
hammer by approximately
fully
is
also described
mobilized
if
of atleast 3-4
is
in Fig. 3.
it
that not
some
If
all
the static pile resistance has been mobilized and that the pile
87
was
not required to be
pile set
implies
still
has
measured
at
IRC:78-2014
Fig.
8)
and
pile
The
and
soil
strata,
soil
Atypical blow
is
4)
TEST LIMITATIONS
1)
Evaluation
of
variety
analytical
of
static
the
result
the
into
dynamic evaluation
calibrate
and
methods and
strata
resistance
soil
of the
it's
the
is
analytical
matching
final
parameters of
pile
a suitable
in
can be based on a
distribution
subject
of
individual
engineering
static
data.
test
It
of a
is
result
in
necessary
to
static
pile
load
Based on above,
it
for
it
is
difficult to
rock socketed
piles
that
static
testing,
evaluation
in
of
dynamic
pile
test
88
results
requires
an
IRC:78-2014
FORMULAE
HILEY'S
OPERATED EQUIPMENT)
(BY LASER/INFRARED
1
INTRODUCTION
piles,
The
IS
Code 2911
hammer, and on
of standard
numbers
- 1
of blows of
hammer, the
strength
after curing)
(i.e.
in
i.e.
average penetration
is
Part
(i.e.
is
arrived
is
worked out
The bored
at.
cast-
pile to
strata
pile
subjected to impact
workmanship on a
in
a construction
number
large
of
METHODOLOGY
The methodology
the elastic body.
of test
is
based on a large
hammer blow
It
falling
to
work done
in
overcoming the
resistance of the founding strata to the penetration of the ordinary cast-in-situ piles as
well as grouted micro piles.
compression of the
pile,
Allowance
and subsoil as
in
in
pile
IS
Code 2911
for losses of
energy due
-1,
Section
to the elastic
of the
are used
in
pile.
The
estimating
in
the
out.
made
well as losses
can be worked
is
is
done
is
in
The
calculated.
opto-electronic
system
detector
is
is
for
position
based on combined
The
reference
used
transmitter
line
sensitive
light
installed
89
and a
reflectors.
position sensitive
beam forms
reflected light
is
light
The
IRC:78-2014
received and recorded 100 times per second. Using the energy transmitted to the
The modified
is
pile,
ground and
pile
and
is
calculated.
Hiley formula
is
Whq
R
S+C/2
where
it
in
tonnes.
shall
be worked out by
mass
ram
of the
in
tonnes;
of the
fall
trigger-operated drop
ram
or
hammer
cm, taken
in
at
be substituted
for the
operated at
maximum speed
its
product {Wh)
in
in
for single-acting
of double acting
hammers,
the formula.
is
being taken;
value for
90 percent
its full
energy
after
impact to the
energy of ram;
final
sum
of the
cm;
in
in
cm
and ground
Mass
Where Wis
of pile
in
tonnes
greater than
Pe and
the pile
n =
'
Where Wis
less than
Pe and the
90
is
W + Pe
W+ P
pile is
IRC:78-2014
The
n.
relation to e
in
and
to the ration of
P/W
e = 0.5
e = 0.4
E = 0.32
e = 0.25
e = 0
1/2
0.75
0.72
0.70
0.69
0.67
0.63
0,58
0.55
0.53
0.50
0.55
0.50
0.47
0.44
0.40
0.50
0.44
0.40
0.37
0.33
2%
0.45
0.40
0.36
0.33
0.28
0.42
0.36
0.33
0.30
0.25
0.39
0.33
0.30
0.27
0.22
0.36
0.31
0.28
0.25
0.20
0.31
0.27
0.24
0.21
0.16
0.27
0.24
0.21
0.19
0.14
0.24
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.12
0.22
0.20
0.17
0.15
0.11
Ratio of
P/W
3V,
2.
pile, anvil,
(if
any)
in
tonnes.
for n-
a)
is
b)
striking
with hard
Numbers
anvil
and
driving reinforced
hammer
striking
on head of reinforced
e = 0.4.
Single-acting or drop
pile,
on steel
e = 0.5
concrete
c)
hammer
wood
hammer
on head of timber
e = 0.25.
of
models
deformation are available these days. The required sensitivity of the equipment shall
be such as
to
read the angular deformation to the accuracy of 10-3 radians and the
instrument should be capable of recording about 100 readings per second. From the
angular deformation, on knowing the distance of the reflector from the instrument,
91
!RC:78-2014
Typical Displacement Record
400
600
-0.4
5 -0.5
%
5
500
-- 6
--
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
vertical
movement
and
in
in
IS 2911.
The
ultimate
load carrying capacity of the pile can be worked out, resorting to the modified Hiley's
formulae outlined
in
the code and from that the safe load carrying capacity of pile can
be estimated.
92
IRC:78-2014
Appendix-7
PART-2
is
a Non-Destructive
method
integrity test
The method evaluates continuity of the pile shaft and provides information on any potential
defects due to honeycombs, necking, cross-section reduction, potential bulbs, sudden
changes in soil stratum, concrete quality in terms of wave speed etc. It is known as "Low
requires the impact of only a small hand-held hammer and the
Strain" Method since
resultant strains are of extremely low magnitude. The test procedure is standardized as per
ASTM D5882 and also forms part of various specifications and code provisions worldwide as
indicated in Table-3. The number of tests shall be decided by the engineer to the project.
it
Sr no
Method
LST,
CSL
Codes
Country
Reference
Title
Australia
Australian Standard
Pile
As
Designing and
installation
21 59-1 995
Technical
code
Chapter
Piles foundations
2)
LST,
CSL
China
JG J 94-94
Building
for
9:
pile
Foundation
9.1
Engineering.
installation.
3)
LST.CSL
China
Specification
JGJ 93-95
Dynamic Testing
4)
LST
France
Norms Francaiso
LST.CSL
Germany
DGGT
investigation
testing
ascnliation
LST.CSL
UK
and
of buried
by
reflection
Empfohlung
Integritataprufungen
6)
Strain
of Piles.
Soil
work method
impedance
5)
Low
for
Institution
of
Civil
Specification of Piling.
Engineers. (ICE)
7)
LST
USA
ASTM D5882
Standard specification
Strain
Piles.
93
Imaginary
for
Low
Testing
of
IRC:78-2014
TYPICAL METHODS
The evaluation
pile
of PIT records
Pulse-Echo Method
(or
Sonic Echo
The Force
maybe
Transient
difficult to
evaluate
is
in
sometimes used
is
test
digital
ASTM D5882
must be displayed
in
and a
should be possible.
the
be conducted
engineer/technician.
sufficient
space
for
like
at least 7
days
at least 3 locations,
The
wp*c T
ASTM
smooth
with
attachment, the
pile is
piles of
testing. All
600
relatively
hammer
may be conducted on
also defined
pile
etc. After
impacted
good or damaged
mm
such similar
location
pile shall
is
enough
DEPTH
IN
D5882.
pice
plot for
normal
94
pile
OCPTH
for
generally be as
roe RESPONSE
PILE
Fig. 1:
must be
by an experienced
hammer).
is
a Pile Integrity
like
requirements.
commonly
TEST PROCEDURE
The concrete
The
top that
field for
4
testing shall
the most
The
is
pile
TEST EQUIPMENT
field printout
near the
described below.
The
to evaluate defects
IN
IRC:78-2014
The
final
REPORT SUBMISSION
1 )
Project Identification
2)
Test
&
Location
Type
4)
Description
of Pile
components
the
all
area
Cross-Sectional
installation record
and description
of
Nominal
Length,
including
Identification
Pile
of
apparatus
the
used
for
if
any.
obtaining
integrity
data.
5)
6)
Comments on
7)
Comments on any
8)
Comments on
in
time domain.
defects/damage and
Integrity of Pile
its
location.
based on above.
6 LIMITATIONS
Certain limitations are inherent
in
test.
into consideration in
it
The
should be
limitations
making the
final
integrity evaluation.
1)
Integrity
evaluation of a
pile
cross-sectional
not
possible
since
pile
area
the
or
section
impact
below a crack
manufactured
wave
likely
that
mechanical
will
reflect
is
completely
normally
at
the
discontinuity.
2)
Piles
with
difficult to
3)
highly
variable
cross-sections
or
multiple
discontinuities
maybe
evaluate.
The method
is
may
The
test
is
H-sections.
5)
95
(The Official
the IRC
amendments
to this
in its periodical,