Tal Ian Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity Part I Palestine 330 BCE — 200 CE Mohr SiebeckTal Han, born 1956; 1991 Ph.D. on Jewish Women in Greco-Roman Palestine at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem; since 1996 lecturer at the Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem; 1992-93 Guest Professor at Harvard; 1995 at Yale and at the Freie Universitit Berlin; 1997 at the Jewish Theological Seminary, New York; 1998 at Frankfurt University. CIP-Titelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek it-an, Tal: Lexicon of Jewish names in late antiquity / Tal Ilan. - Tubingen : Mohr Siebeck Pt. L. Palestine 330 BCE~200 CE. - 2002 (Texts and studies in ancient Judaism ; 91) ISBN 3-16-147646-8 © 2002 by J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), P.O. Box 2040, D-720t0 Tubingen. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher's written permission. This applies particularly to reproduc- tions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. ‘The book was typeset by Martin Fischer in Tabingen, printed by Gulde-Druck in Tubingen on non-aging paper and bound by Heinr. Koch in Tabingen. Printed in Germany ISSN 6721-8753Dedicated to Yossi Garfinkel — my best friendAcknowledgement This project began as a seminar paper in Prof. Lee Levine's archaeological- historical class on the Herodian period at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1982. Levine was interested in investigating the use of Greek names by Jewish aristocrats during the Herodian period. To this end he urged us to read the works of Josephus. I, however, was fascinated by a completely different onomastic aspect that seemed to crop up on literally every page of Josephus’ work — the repeated appearance of the Hebrew names of the Hasmoneans. I asked permission to devote my seminary paper to investigating this topic, and thus I started collecting the names that form the foundation of this corpus. I began very modestly, document- ing the data on cards, as these things were still done in the early 1980s. Thus I first wrote down my thesis on the predominance and importance of the Hasmonean names for Palestinian Jews during the Second Temple period a thesis that still lays at the basis of this corpus. Realizing that the issue was too big to be fully treated in a seminary paper, I decided to write my MA thesis on the names of Jews in Palestine in the Second Temple period. The late Prof. Menahem Stern took it upon himself to guide me in my work. We both realized that in order to profitably catalogue all persons known. by name, the project should be computerized. Thus, already in 1934 I wrote my MA thesis on the mainframe Hebrew University computer, a couple of years before PCs came into use. [ still remember with gratitude Prof. Stern’s many invaluable contributions to my corpus, including allusions to two most obscure persons (Digaios, mentioned in the Byzantine chronographer Syncellus, and Men- ippus of Rhodes mentioned on an obscure inscription in /G). Even after his untimely assassination the computer at the university continued to greet me when LT opened it with the words: “Hello Menahem Stern.” ‘A complete break with onomastics followed when I undertook graduate work that was devoted to the study of Second Temple Jewish women, and with the arrival of my children (in 1986 and 1992), my budding name collection was left to collect dust on “stone-age” software. The name catalogue I collected in 1984 was incomplete in any number of ways, but most significantly it lacked the large body ‘of names bore by Jews documented on scrolls, papyri and ostraca discovered in the Judaean Desert, which was still largely unpublished. Over the last twenty years literally all these document have been published, making it possible to present to the public a near comprehensive corpus of all the names known to us that JewsVill Acknowledgement bore between 300 BCE and 200 CE. As the publications came out I continued to update my catalogue, and eventually (with the help of my brother Yaron Ilan, who belongs to the generation of computer wiz-kids) I also updated my software, making it Bill-Gates compatible. I returned to a full-time preoccupation with this name corpus in 1998. Several factors made this move possible, and several persons and institutions have helped bring it about. It began with a semester at the theology faculty in the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University at Frankfurt/Main, Germany, where I served as Martin-Buber Gastprofessor in the spring semester of 1998. The position allowed me three months away from my family, as well as the assistance of two very bright co-workers ~ Thomas Lotz and Angela Rascher, to whom I am most grateful. The project ended in another guest professorship semester in the winter of 2000-1, in the Carl von Ossietzky University at Oldenburg, Germany, where I put the finish- ing touches to my corpus and wrote the introduction that accompanies it. Both these semesters were made possible first and foremost by my partner in life, and best friend, Yossi Garfinkel who kept the fort while I was away, serving as both father and mother to our two adorable children. It is for this reason that I dedicate this book to him. I am sure he and the boys feel a great relief knowing that what we had fondly come to designate “the telephone book” is now finished. Between Frankfurt and Oldenburg, others deserve thanks for their contribution to this project. Prof. Martin Goodman of Oxford University and the Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies at Yarnton enabled me to work throughout the aca- demic year of 1999-2000 in the marvelous academic atmosphere that Oxford University creates. Prof. Martin Hengel of Tiibingen University, Germany, has continually supported my onomastic project over the years, and always encour- aged me to bring it to fruition. I must also thank Herr Georg Siebeck of the Mohr Siebeck publishing house, who is without doubt the most patient and pleasant publisher one could hope for. Last but not least I wish to thank the librarians of the Judaica Reading Room in the National Library in Jerusalem for their tireless efforts. I have worked in the best libraries in the world (and I will not name them so as not to bring anyone to shame) but there is none like this one anywhere. As one colleague had once described it, it is the experience of heaven on earth. This project is, sadly, incomplete. It ends at 200 CE. However, Greco-Roman domination and rule in Palestine was to last another 450 years. A second volume, documenting Palestinian Jews of these times is a desideratum. Also, Jews did not reside only in Palestine. Another necessary companion to this volume is a compli- mentary Diaspora volume. It has taken me twenty years to complete this volume. Perhaps if I live another forty years I will able to complete these other projects as well. Jerusalem, February 2001 Tal YanTable of Contents Acknowledgement ...........2+5 bocce veeeeeeveeeeeeeeees On such names already documented from the biblical period, see EBTHPN, and also CWSSS. 3 Further on this topic see T. Derda, “Did the Jews Use the Name Moses in Antiquity?” ZPE6 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE On the other hand, names of biblical characters of doubtful credentials, are all quite well documented. These include Simon and Levi (Jacobs sons who earned their fathers scorn), Saul (the first king who fell out of God’s grace), Abshalom (David’s son, who rebelled against his father), Manaseh (Joseph’s son, but also the most disgraced king of Judah), and Menahem (the one before last king of Israel, whose lose of the realm was seen as God’s punishment). Most unusual is the popularity of the name Ishmael (recorded no less than 31 times in this lexicon), the biblical person by this name being Abraham’s son the forefather of the Arab people, who were destined to become mortal enemies of Israel. Names of secondary characters of no particular negative aspects such as Isaac and Jacob, the two next patriarchs, Judah, Joseph and Benjamin, Jacob’s sons, Joshua, Moses’ heir, Samuel and Elisha, the prophets, Jonathan, King Saul’s son, were also in use. We may only guess that the mechanism at work in this choice of names is a belief that a use (or misuse) of a name may dishonor its original bearer. The magical significance of names may also have been at work here. The fear that a name that is too powerful may be dangerous to its bearer may have played a role in the avoidance of certain names. Interestingly, this pattern has been taken over by Christianity, in which it is unusual for a child to be named “Jesus.” The exception to this rule is Spain, in which the name Jesus is quite common. Perhaps the Spanish display, in this case, a later, Muslim influence, since Spain was under Muslim rule for several centuries. In Islam a completely other name-giving mechanism was at work. The name Muhammad is most popular among Muslims. The Arabic form for Jesus — Isa — is also a common name (since the Muslims too consider Jesus a prophet). So too they readily use the names of the biblical figures (whom they view as prophets) Abraham ~ Ibrahim, Moses - Musa, Aaron - Harun, and David — Daud. Perhaps the use of these names by Jews also only began after a large part of the Jewish population came under Muslim rule. This is all true for male names. As we shall see below, the mechanisms govern- ing the bestowal of female names were somewhat different. 1.1.1.2 The Hasmoneans ~ Of the biblical names, the one group that can be isolated as the most popular by far is that of the names of the Hasmoneans (see Table 5). The initiator of the Hasmonean rebellion was the priest from Modi‘in, Mattathias (7"F7). In this corpus the name (in various forms) is recorded in 63 entries. The five sons of Mattathias were the heroes of the Hasmonean revolt against the Seleucid rule in Palestine between 168 and 140 BCE. They were also the founders of the Hasmonean royal dynasty, which ruled an independent Judaea for almost 100 years (down to 63 BCE). There names were Yohanan (=John), 115 (1997) 257-60; M.H. Williams, “Jewish Use of Moses as a Personal Name in Graeco-Roman Antiquity: A Note,” ZPE 118 (1997) 274. * See Ilan, EI 19 (1987), See also Hachlili, E/ 17 (1984) 191-21. The Names 7 Simon, Judah, Eleazar and Jonathan. Each of these names is recorded often in the corpus: Yohanan — 128; Simon - 257; Judah ~ 179; Eleazar — 177; Jonathan — 75. Together this adds up to 879 people, These numbers, however, may be distorted. In order to assess the real impact of Hasmonean names on the population, the follow- ing measures need to be taken: 1.1,1.2.1 The normal procedure of removing doubtful persons mentioned in the list should be followed, see below, 6). There are 51 such bearers of Hasmonean names in this corpus. 1.1.1.2.2 People designated by Hasmonean names from the 3 and early 2"! centuries BCE cannot be conceived as having received these names under Hasmo- nean influence, and should therefore also be removed. There are 21 such bearers of Hasmonean names in this corpus. 1.1.1.2.3 Obviously, persons within the Hasmonean family who gave their offspring Hasmonean names did so not because of the special impact of the Hasmonean family but due to a phenomenon designated patronymy or paponymy (see below, 3.1.1 and 3.1.2). In order to assess statistically the Hasmonean impact on name giving, it is essential to isolate heros eponymi of the Hasmonean names, or others of these names, themselves of the Hasmonean family. These persons are also removed from the count. There are 15 such bearers of Hasmonean names in this corpus. With the deduction of these persons we are left with 792 persons bearing Hasmonean names. In terms of the entire population, this means that 31.5% of the male population (792, out of 2509) bore the six names of the Hasmoneans. This is a glaring indication of the popularity of and the widespread support for the Hasmo- nean revolt. But it is not all. The names of the Hasmoneans, as popular as they are, do not include the second most popular male name — Joseph — with 231 represent- atives in this corpus. It is interesting to note that in 2 Macc 8:22 another Hasmon- ean brother is mentioned — Joseph. Many attempts have been made to explain away this phenomenon, since it contradicts the data from 1 Macc of the five sons of Mattathias, information preserved also in Josephus. Yet Josephus clearly de- tives this information from 1 Macc, and thus, since rabbinic literature preserves none of the names of the first Hasmoneans, we have here the information of one source pitted against data in another, and there is no reason to prefer one to the other. If we include Joseph as a fifth Hasmonean brother we encounter the follow- ing details. After removing invalid, early and Hasmonean persons bearing the name we are left with 210 persons of this name. Adding these to the Hasmonean total, we come up with 1002 persons, who constitute 39.9% of the entire male population. If Joseph was indeed a Hasmonean name, the family wes even more popular than I suggested with a conservative estimate. 1.1.1.2.4 Given this data, it is interesting to note that, despite the widespread use of Hasmonean names among the sages, the first generation Hasmoneans, those responsible for the drama of the Hasmonean revolt, are nowhere mentioned in8 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE rabbinic literature. Rabbinic literature mentions Mattathias, the father of the Has- monean brothers (9772 72 7°), and mentions all the later Hasmonean mon- archs (Yohanan Hyrcanus ~ ‘7173 772 377”, Alexander Yannai — 77177 "81", Queen Shelamzion with various names, e.g. 1S17W, and her sons Aristobulus and Hyrca- nus - 077121O"N81 OUP 717). It skips over all those responsible for the Hasmon- ean revolution. This may be telling us something about another, probably much later Jewish attitude to the rebellion.5 1.1.13. Priestly Clans — Finally, another point of interest relates specifically to biblical names — the priestly clans. Although there were, as a rule, no family names in the Greco-Roman period, priests are a special instance, and the priestly clans a case in point. The priestly clans, mentioned in | Chr 24, constituted an important group within Second Temple society in Palestine. For example, it was important for the Hasmoneans to point out, in their official history (I Mace 2.1) that they belonged to the foremost priestly clan 2°77" IwdguBog mentioned first in the | Chr list. Further importance of the priestly clans can be adduced from their prom- inence in lists found in Qumran®; in the inscription fragments discovered in vari- ous ancient synagogues in Palestine and the Diaspora which list them’ traditions associated with them in the Talmud (e.g. yTaan 4:5, 68d), and even in the prominent position they take up in the Byzantine piyut tradition.’ In the record of Second Temple times the following examples of perons associated with the priest- ly clans are recorded: ’ABud (TIN); TWN; Bedyds (W272); AdAawog (PID; “Ads (7 1PM); VIN; TOY; "lwageiB (IT); LD" 7D"); BSA". Priestly families, it seems, not only followed the pattern of the clans from 1 Chr 24 but also invented names for smaller family units, which were neither biblical, nor even Hebrew, see e.g. OMINP ;OIN" ete. 1.1.2 Biblical Women's names: Of the 166 biblical names recorded in this corpus, only 16 are female (see Table 1), constituting only 9.7%. The percentage of women is not very different. Out of the 2004 persons bearing biblical names in this corpus, only 162 are female (see Table 2), i.e. 8.2%. Within the corpus itself, biblical female names constitute a significantly lower percentage than male bibli- cal names. Out of a total of 317 women the 162 bearing female names constitute only 51.1% (see Table 3). Compared to the 73.4% of males bearing biblical names. 51.1% of female is smaller by almost a third. This may indicate that, as in later times, foreign names were more easily adopted for women than for men.’ Like 5 Against Alon, Jews, Judaism and the Classical World, |-17. $ 4Q331-3 (=DJD 36, 275-86). 7 M. Avi-Yonah, “The Caesarea Inscription of the 24 Priestly Courses,” El 7 (1964) 24-8 (Hebrew); E. E. Urbach, “Mishmarot and Ma‘amadot,” Tarbiz 42 (1973) 304-27 (Hebrew) especially pp. 304-13 8S. Klein, Beitrége zur Geographie und Geschichte Galildas (Leipzig 1907), and more recently e.g. E. Fleischer. “A Piyut of Yanai on the Priestly Courses,” Sinai 64 (1969) 176-84 (Hebrew). 9 See e.g. R. Levine-Melammed, “Sephardi Women in Medieval and Early Modern Periods,” in J. Baskin (ed.), Jewish Women in Historical Perspective (Detroit 1998) 129.1. The Names 9 male names, however, women’s names too concentrated particularly on three, of which only two are recorded here under biblical names. The names C°772 and its derivative 7771 and the similar names 21'7W which in the Bible is a male name, and 718050, which is not biblical, and is therefore listed in this corpus under other Semitic names. 1.1.2.1 The Most Popular Names — The names 0°92 / Magidyn, 0170 / Sahn and ]7SQ7W were the most popular female name at the time. They appear in the corpus 152 times, and constitute roughly 48% of the female population, '? This means that three names, two of them quite similar,'' were used for almost half of the female population. Why this was so is not absolutely clear, but it may be of interest to note that the only two Hasmonean women that we know by their Hebrew name were the Queen — }1"$12°7W — and Herod’s wife - Maguéun. Whether the names were so popular because they too were Hasmonean, or whether they were in use in the Hasmonean family because they were so popular is not absolute- ly certain. 1.1.2.2 Unnamed Women - Another point of observation on the rarity of female biblical names is associated with a phenomenon already evident in the bible itself. Many women mentioned in the Hebrew Bible are themselves not named. As a result a complex literature developed, beginning with the Second Temple period, in which various names were invented for these women. Obviously these names do not feature in this corpus, because the characters they purport to name date from an earlier period.'? However, a similar phenomenon is aiso visible with relation to the New Testament. Several nameless women mentioned therein receive names in Christian apocryphal compositions. These women are included in this corpus, because they date from the time it covers, although they are clearly fictitious. Our corpus include the widow of Nain - Leah; the woman with the twelve-year blood flow — Berenice and particularly Jesus’ sisters — Anna, Lydia, Lysia, Maria and Salome. The Clementine Homilies also name the Syrophoenician woman of Mark 7:24~30 — Justa (2:19:1) and her sick daughter ~ Berenice, (4:1:2). They are not included in this corpus because they are manifestly non-Jewish in the Gospels. 1.2 Greek names: The arrival of Hellenism in the East, with the conquests of Alexander the Great, brought Greek culture and Greek names with it. Greek names are names known from the Greek onomasticon. The Greek onomasticon has been studied extensively.'? Names appearing under “Greek Names” in this lexicon are only those registered in the Greek collections, or, in rare cases, forms with a typical Greek prefix, but which are registered in these collections with another typical Greek suffix. '© See Tan, JJS 40 (1989) 191-2. "That they were not the same name is suggested in Tlan, SCI 11 (1991-2) 156-7. '2 On this phenomenon in the Hebrew Bible apocrypha see T. Ilan, “Biblical Women’s Names in the Apocryphal Tradition.” Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 11 (1993) 3-67. 1S See WGE and mote recently LGPN.10 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE This corpus recorded 244 Greek names, which constitute 29.6% of the name pool (see Table 1). This indicates a broad, rather than a superficial knowledge of Greek personal names by the Palestinian Jewish population. However, these al- most 30% of the names were used by only 410 persons, i.e. 14.5% of the popula- tion (see Tables 2 and 3). Obviously these figures also indicate the relatively small influence Greek names had on the entire population. The Greek names, like the biblical names, are divided between male and female names (see under 1.1.1). In the corpus 196 male Greek names and 48 female Greek names are recorded. Of the 410 persons bearing Greek names 63 are female (i.e. 15.3% — much higher than the percentage of women in the named population). This is because Greek names, in general, constitute a larger section of the popula- tion among women than among men. While Greek names are borne by 13.9% of the male population, 19.9% of the female population bore them (see Tabie 3). Greek names were thus much more popular among women than among men.'¢ Some issues associated specifically with Greek names will now be discussed: 1.2.1 Theophoric Names —The use of Greek (and other) mythical and theophor- ic names by Jews has baffled scholars through the ages, since it seemed to them to contradict the basic Jewish monotheistic theology.'> However, as we find in the Bible names like Ishbaal (72208 1 Chr 8:33 - with the Canaanite theophoric element Baal) and Mordechai ("77 Esth 2:5 — with the Babylonian theophoric element Marduch), so we find Jews using theophoric and mythical Greek names. The following examples are found in this corpus: Theophoric: ’A@nvarydoas (Athena); ’AxoAAoyévns; AmoAAdvIog (Apollo); *Agtéuwv (Artemis); "Aqgodiwukg (Aphrodite); Anytytovog (Demeter); Atoviotos (Dionysus); "EAzic (Elpis); "Eows; "Egwtcguov (Eros); ‘Hods (Hera); “Toiwv (Isis); Makkds (Athena); MooeiSwviog (Poseidon); PoiBos (=Apollo). Mythological: Aiveias; "AAéEavégos; “AuBodots; "Aviydva; Tégyos; Awoxogos; "Eévn; ‘Idowv; Iptyévera; Kéotwg; Mevéhaog; Midac; Tlétgoxhoc; Paidga; Yuxn. A special case can perhaps be made for names with the 6e6c element in them, on the assumption that they were intended to translate into Greek the name of the Jewish God himself. Indeed, names with this element were popular among Jews both in Palestine and in the Diaspora, to such an extent that Tcherikover consid- ered them indications of Jewishness of the bearer in his study of the Jews in Egypt.'© In this corpus the following names with this element are found: Aogi®eoc: Awgobéa; AwgdGe0c; Oe0ddo1c; Oedbot0c; GeoddQa; OeddwQoc; Oeowiha; Gdqpihog; Oetpvaotos. 4 See above, n. 9. ~ 'S See principally Cassuto-Salzmann, EI 3 (1954) 187; Mussies, “Jewish Personal Names,” 45-8. "6 CPI, 29.1. The Names ul Furthermore, Mussies,'7 assumes that Zeus himself also personified for the Jews their one God. Therefore he also considered names with the elements Ato and Znv as not offensive to Jewish theology. The following names of this character are recorded in this corpus: Atoyévng; Atddotos: Aubdwgos: Atovutdis; Awspavtos; Ziyvwv; Zyvagovtos. 1.2.2 Name Translation ~ Some scholars believe that Jews used Greek names that correctly translated biblical ones.'* The examples found in this corpus are: *ALEEevd00s (=]"0"I); Takaiorng (=PME"); Aooibeos-Awgd8_0s-Osoddoroc- OedSot0¢-Oed8woog (=7TINI-PNINI-|MS-jI""). Based on so few examples, we may conjecture this premises but there is little evidence to support it. 1.2.3 Double Names Ina similar move, much has been made of the supposed existence of double names that Jews bore — Greek corresponding to Hebrew according to sound. The following have been held as examples — [2NW-Zipwv; INW"-Idowy. However these are few and far between, In this corpus the only other example that has come up is 7P27-Begevixn. 1.2.4 Greek Notables ~ Within Greek names, as in our discussion of biblical names, we should be on the lookout for elements that make a name attractive. The following phenomena have been discovered within this context: 1.2.4.1 As noted above, Greek names with the theophoric element @¢o are by far the largest group of names concentrated under one heading. These include: AoviBeos — 26 persons; Awgd0e0¢ ~ 9; @e0ddo105 ~ 3; Oed30t0¢ -7; Oed8wo0g — 9; other male 6¢0 names ~ 4. To this one should probably add also the name QcSdaiog (which is short for one of the previous) - 8. All in all this adds up to 66 persons, constituting 19% of all males bearing Greek names. With women such names are also recorded but to a lesser extent. Awoo8éa and e05:ga are each recorded once, but the provenance of the inscription puts their Palestinian background into doubt. Thus we are left with only one Oeogina. 1.2.4.2 Other sources of influence are also available. In general we may note that, the names of Hellenistic monarchs who visited or resided in the east gained some ascendancy among Palestinian Jews. The examples in this corpus are: "AXé&- av8gos ~ 22; ’Avtiyovos ~ 3; ’Avtioyos — 2; [tohepattos ~ 7; bikixmos ~7. All in all this adds up to 41 persons, constituting 11.8% of all males bearing Greek names The phenomenon is likewise evident among women bearing Greek names. Thus we find the names Begevixn ~ 8 and Kieondtga ~ 2. This adds up to 10 persons, constituting 15.9% of all females bearing Greek names. 1.2.4.3 Since the discussion of Hasmonean names proved very fruitful with relation to biblical names, one should not neglect to investigate the impact of the Greek Hasmonean names on name-giving processes at the time. Beginning with the second generation Hasmoneans, persons of this family carried a Greek name "” “Jewish Personal Names,” 246. '® See Mussies, “Jewish Personal Names,” 249; Roth-Gerson, G/SEI, 184,12 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE next to their biblical one, and occasionally only a Greek one.'® Double names are recorded in both cases but counted only as one (randomly the biblical one) in the statistics. The Greek names of the Hasmoneans were never as popular as their biblical names. This could be explained in two ways. Either: 1. Greek names in general were much less frequently used by the public than biblical ones. As far as Greek names go, the Hasmonean Greek names were relatively popular: Alexander — 22 representatives; Antigonus — 3; Aristobulus — 7. The name Hyrcanus is recorded in this corpus under Persian names, but contem- poraries probably considered it to be Greek. It behaves in a similar manner, with 10 representatives. In total 42 persons bearing these names are recorded, i.e. 12.1% of the Greek population. This figure, however, is distorted. Of these 42 persons 15 are either themselves Hasmonean, or Herodians of Hasmonean descent, making the sample considerably less representative of the influence the names had on the population. Rather, it should be noted that two of the Hasmonean Greek names (Alexander and Antigonus) were also names found in Hellenistic dynasties. The one female Hasmonean Greek name — Alexandra — fared no different. This name appears 6 times in this corpus, but 5 of the women who bore it were either themselves Hasmonean or Herodians of Hasmonean descent. Or: 2. Second, third and fourth generation Hasmonezans never achieved the same degree of popularity as the first generation. 1.2.4.4 Having discussed the influence on the Jewish population of Greek names of Hellenistic monarchs and the Greek names of the Hasmonean (Jewish) monarchs we should likewise inquire after the influence of the names of the second Jewish dynasty of the Second Temple period - the Herodians. They bore only Greek names. Unlike Hasmonean names, the names of the Herodians were never popular. Most of the persons that are mentioned by these names are them- selves Herodians. These include Antipater —7 (out of 12); Archelaus —2 (out of 4); Herod — 7 (out of 11); Philip — 1 (out of 7). This is also true for female Herodian names Berenice — 3 (out of 8); Herodias - 1 (out of 4); Cyprus ~ 6 (out of 6). Furthermore, because of the family relations between the two dynasties, some of the Hasmonean Greek names became popular with the Herodians. These include Alexander (4 representatives); Aristobulus (4 representatives). In the case of wom- en too, the name Alexandra is mentioned once in the Herodian family. Although the name Agrippa, also a Herodian name, is Latin rather than Greek, we may observe a similar pattern here. It is recorded 8 times, 5 of which are Herodian. 1.2.4.4.1 Nevertheless, one unique cave from the vicinity of Caesarea (Jath) documents, in inscriptions, a large number of Herodian names (some of them repeated): Ayoin{ac]; [Avti]atglo]e: Begvlixns]; ‘Howduddos. This has led '® Tan, JOR 78 (1987-8) 1-20.J. The Names 13, me to conclude that these persons are either of the Herodian family (although the burial cave is not very monumental) or of their close followers. Alternatively, aps this was a cave were the names of the Herodians were scribbled on the walls in order to revile them. 73 Latin names: After the Greek phase, came the Roman occupation of Pales- tine with its Latin culture. Yet Latin never became a living language in the eastern outreaches of the Roman Empire. Thus, for examples, documents written in the Latin alphabet are very rare in Palestine. Nevertheless, Latin names, which were borne by Roman officials in the East, did catch on occasionally. This corpus includes quite a number of names that are clearly Latin, even when written in Greek or Hebrew alphabets, as is usually the rule. In Rome, a person was expected to bear three names: a praenommen (coming from a very limited repository) a gentilium (or family name) and a cognommen, which was usually the personal element in the entire combination.” Very rarely can such distinctions be made with relationship to Jews who bore Latin names. Most of them were not Roman citizens, and thus did not belong to any of the Roman gens. Yet they sometimes used Roman gentilia names as personal names. In deciding how to describe a Roman name I have employed the relative new collection of O. Salomies and H. Solin.*! The influence off Latin names was considerably smaller than that of Greek names. This corpus contains 84 Latin names (see Table 1). After sifting away all doubtful persons we are left with only 84 persons who bore these names (see Table 2), constituting all in all 3% of the population (see Table 3). The division between male and female persons bearing Latin name is quite normal: 13 females to 71 males, i.e. 15.5% to 84.5%. 1.3.1 Latin Notables - As in previous cases, here too I am interested in the sources of influence for the Latin names we find in this corpus. As with Greek names, here too the names of Roman rulers were the easiest to get acquainted with and then use. This is particularly obvious in this corpus with the names Gaius (6 representatives) and Julius (4 representatives), but the names Claudius, Tiberius and Nero are also represented. Names of important Roman generals who visited Palestine are also recorded (Gabinius, Anthony). Agrippa, the name of Augustus’ general and friend, is the most common name in this corpus, represented ten times, but this is probably due to its provenance in the Herodian-Hzsmonean family. ‘As Latin female names are all derived from the male names, with an additional female suffix (a), the distribution of female names is somewhat similar. The name Julia is the most common, represented 4 times in the corpus. 13.2 Double Name — The second most popular Latin name is Justus (with 7 representatives). Whether this is due to its association with the biblical name Joseph is questionable.” 2 See Chase, HSCP 8 (1897). 2 RNGCL. 2 See also under the name Justus.14 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE 1.4 Persian names: Before the Greek and Roman occupations, Palestine came under Persian rule. By the time this corpus begins, the Persians were no longer tuling the country, but obviously some Persian influence survived. A search in Justi’s Lexicon of Persian names” revealed that many unknown or misunderstood names could be interpreted as emanating from a Persian milieu. The influence of. Persian names at this period was minimal. The group is represented by 37 (see Table 1) names, which, after the removal of doubtful cases, was borne only by 31 Persons (see Table 2), constituting no more than 1.1% of the population (see Table 3). The division between male and female is 29 to 2, i.e. 93.5% to 6.5%. 1.4.1 Theophoric Names —One specific feature of Persian names may be isolat- ed. All names containing the Bay/I2 element are Persian-theophoric, this word meaning “God” in Persian.”* Thus names beginning with 22 recorded in the Bible are of the Persian period ("132 - Ezra 8:14; Neh 7:7, 19) or actually Persian (S32 Esther 1:10; SIN TIANA — Esther 2:21; 6:2). In this corpus the following exam- ples have been recorded: 13 12; Baryaddrng; Baydas 1.5. Other Semitic Names (Hebrew Characters): is a general category for non- Hebrew names, which either have an Aramaic (or even Hebrew) meaning or not, but that are clearly not biblical names. This category is an ill-defined one, in which many “leftovers” are found. In the absence of a careful, clear-cut Aramaic onomas- ticon, it was literally impossible to create a separate Aramaic corpus of names borne by Jews. Yet there is no doubt that since biblical times’ Semitic languages have had the longest lasting influence on the Eastern basin of the Mediterranean and on Palestine within it. In order to attempt to determine whether this group of names is Aramaic, Arabic, Palmyran, Egyptian etc. I have consulted in each case a large variety of names lexica, but in the end [ have come to no conclusions, and left the decision to the reader. The procedure taken was as follows: First Tconsult- ed Jastrow’s dictionary, * in order to determine whether the name had a meaning in Aramaic or in talmudic Hebrew. I then checked the possibility that it was Nabatean,” Palmyran®* or Arabic.”° For its use among Jews, I checked it against the corpus of name appearing on Hebrew seals from the First Temple period,2° against the corpus of names in the Aramaic documents from Persian and Hellenis- tic Egypt’! and against the name corpus of Jews in the later Babylonian Diaspora.2? Such a search usually yielded one or several possible interpretation for the name. % Justi, INB. % Justi, INB 34. ° See e.g. EBTHPN. 36 Jastrow, DTTBYML. 7 Negev, Qedem 32. 2 Stark, PNPL. » Harding, /CPIANI. > cwssS. 3! TADAE. * Kosowsky, Babylonico.1. The Names 15 A special group of names within this category are Egyptian names. These names are not, strictly speaking, Semitic, and identifying them is always a tentative business. As a last resort I occasionally consulted Ranke’s Egyptian name lexi- con.33 The small number of names conforming to this category and the uncertainty in their identification prevented me from defining a separate register of Egyptian names. All the information about every single name in this category is noted under the name itself. Since this category is a diverse one, statistical information about itis, relatively speaking, unimportant. For the interested reader itis to be found in Tables 1,2 and 3. Some specific features, which stood out with the creation of this category, will now be pointed out. 1.5.1 Family Members — Names that mean members of family were very pop- ular in Aramaic at the time, not just as components in a composite name (such as ‘OS or MIS in the Bible) but as complete names. This corpus documents the follow- ing examples: SIS (=father), 88 (=brother), 88 (=mother), 823 (= also father), SOM (=father-in-law), 820 (=grandfather). The name [Tézoc, meaning “grandfa- ther,” is also recorded in Greek. 1.5.2 Androgynous Names ~Itis usually very simple to identify names as either male or female at the period under discussion here. Nevertheless, some rare examples show an inconsistency, and these almost predominantly belong to the “other Semitic names” category. In this corpus the following androgynous exam- ples are available: 711" (listed for men under ]37%); “1 (listed separately under P/ M and P/F); 777A (listed separately under S-H/M and S-H/F); 8°71 (listed sepa- rately under S-H/M and S-H/F). The Greek form ’Ahé&ac, derived from ’AAggav- 8006, is usually documented for males, but in one case it clearly documents a women (listed separately under ’AAéEavSg0¢ ~ G/M and *AxeSdvdga. - G/F). The corpus also includes several names which are recorded only for a member of one sex, but are elsewhere recorded for members of the opposite sex. Thus the name “871773 is recorded here as male (S-H/M), but is elsewhere recorded as female. Conversely the names 12""8 (S-H/F) and Katava (S-G/F) are recorded in this corpus as female, but are elsewhere recorded as male. In addition, we find in the corpus several examples of biblical female names, which have become male in this period. These include "8 (listed under S28 S-H/ M); 89:2 (S-H/M); In one special case a male biblical name has become female — anu (B/F). 1.5.3 Feminized Male Names - This is an opportunity to discuss another phe- nomenen, which occurs sometimes in this corpus, particularly in this category. As is well known, Greek and particularly Latin female names are derived directly from male names by removing the male suffix and adding a female one instead (a or7 in Greek; ain Latin). In the Bible this is very rare but is also documented. Thus % Ranke, APN,16 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE ~ 200 CE the biblical TTT is derived from 777 (with the T™ suffix). However, one new Semitic female name is derived from a biblical male name by the process of adding the feminine suffix 7 - 7301 deriving from j:7%. This, in my opinion, is a clear indication of indirect cultural influence on the character of the local language and custom rather than direct linguistic influence of a foreign name. In very rare cases, the opposite phenomenon (where a male name is derived from a female name) can be observed. This phenomenon, however, is not reserved particularly to Semitic names. In this corpus the following examples are found: “TED derived from 7720; Beoevoaavés from Begevixn and Aygutaivos from Agrippina (which is itself derived from Agrippa). 1.6 Other Semitic Names (Greek Characters): The category of “other Semitic names” is divided between names recorded in the documents in the Hebrew alphabet and names documented in the Greek alphabet. I have not attempted (unless the documents are bilingual) to transcribe the Greek spelling into a Semitic one, but have rather listed these persons separately. [ have also not attempted to add the Greek accents to these names, since we do not know how they were pronounced. The same rigorous process employed for Semitic names in Hebrew characters was applied to these names in order to discover their possible origin. In addition to the above-mentioned corpora, these names were also looked-up in Preisigke’s collection of names from Greek Egyptian papyri.™ 17 Appendix: When a person’s name is followed by a name preceded by the letter 7 (=the) like DTI (the baker), obviously this is a nickname. Such names are not included in this corpus. However, when a name is followed by the words +17 J2 this is coming close to the sort of nickname described below (6.1.1). [have noted in a special appendix all such names. Because of the pattern they follow, I have decided to list them in the corpus, although they play no part in any statistic reckoning. 2. Transliteration and Orthography Because this corpus is analytical to a great extent I have decided to combine together many names thet do not externally look exactly alike. Thus, if a biblical name is recorded in a document in a Greek transliteration, it is recorded in this corpus under that biblical name. Column | is devoted to alternative forms of the names. If a document reserves the name in transliteration, it will be presented in this column as it appears in the document. If Greek orthography corresponds to the official orthography of the name as recorded in the LXX translation, this is noted in the footnotes. However, scribes were very free in their transliteration of biblical names and many other transliteration variations are noted. The forms are docu- Preisigke, /B, and also its supplement Foraboschi. Onomasticon2. Transliteration and Orthography 17 mented as published. If the editors accentuated them, they are presented thus in the first column. If the editors did not, they are presented in this ccrpus without the Greek accents. If the document is in Hebrew and preserves the name as it is recorded in the Bible, this column is vacant. However, this column is not just used for transliter- ations. Alternative forms developed in the spelling of names. For example, during the Second temple period, the biblical name *}O%* was almost universally spelt 5071". There is no doubt, however, that the same name is intended. Similarly, at a slightly later date, the abbreviated form °C was obviously preferred for this name. However, “OY too is clearly a form of -]O7". Thus, when the name *)D¥" is recorded in a document as [0777 or as “OY. the variant orthography is also record- ed in the first column. In Greek name lexicons names are usually in the nominative case, However, in the documents they are frequently recorded in other cases. In such cases too, particularly when aname makes a singular appearance in the sources, itis recorded in the first column at it is recorded in the document. Many names found in epigraphic documents are incomplete. Sometimes at- tempts to reconstruct the original are impossible, but often editors of the texts suggest probable readings for the names. If these readings are based on a large portion of the name preserved in the document, they are included in the text and the reconstructed section is indicated. In such cases the reconstruction appears in the first column. Seldom have [ gone against the readings of the editors, but in some cases I found their readings untenable, and have therefore suggested an alternative reading. This reading is also recorded in the first column. When the reading is mine, I have stated so explicitly. Each name that is recorded in this column is followed by a footnote, that justifies its inclusion under this name and not under another, or under an individual heading. The footnotes record common transcriptions of names; common scribal errors, common names alterations etc. In what follows I shall outline the frequent transliteration, error and other patterns that have dictated many of my decisions about names recorded in this column. In each case I have registered all the cases that correspond to the phenomenon, in order to illuminate the extent to which it was common. 2.1 Transliteration from Hebrew into Greek: Many phonological and grammat- ical rules dictate the transliteration of biblical names into Greek. I shall begin by outlining the basic principles that govern the transliteration of biblical names in the major literary works of the time, and will then record specific cases relevant to the literary but particularly to the epigraphical evidence, organized according to the Greek alphabet 2.1.1 Hebrew Bible - The most important source for the transliteration of. biblical names into Greek is the LXX, a translation of the Hebrew Bible, began already in the third century BCE. The most striking feature about LXX is that it18 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE usually does not decline biblical names. This means that its transliteration is quite phonetic. However, correct Greek requires that names be declined according to the case in which they are presented in the sentence. Both Josephus and NT, our main literary Greek sources for this corpus will now be discussed according to this principle. 2.1.1.1 Josephus: In comparison with LXX, Josephus tends to be more Hellen- ized in his orthography, using, as a rule, the formal Greek case suffixes. Aristeas and | Macc usually transliterate names in the same tradition as Josephus. Differ- ences are noted in the text. 2.1.1.2 NT: NT often preserves less official orthography which coincides with the common pronunciation rather than the traditional or official spelling found in Josephus. In this it sometimes comes closer to the LXX orthographic tradition. Yet, it usually declines the names it transliterates. 2.1.1.2.) A unique phenomenon in NT transliteration refers to the Bag (Ara- maic son”) element at the beginning of a name. NT often takes it as an integral part of the name. This indicates perhaps that the scribe viewed it as a nickname, or a family name. This orthography is evident in the following cases: BagaBas (e.g. Matt 27:16, see under 828 — S-H/M); Bag@oAopaios (e.g, Matt 10:3, see under Tiroheuatog - G/M); Bagunoois (e.g. Acts 13:6, see under 2017 B/M); Baguova (e.g. Matt 16:17. see under 12” — B/M); Baovaas (e.g. Acts 4:36, see under 822 ~ S-G/M); BagoaBBas (Act 1:23; 15:22, see under 820 — S-H/M); Bagtipatog (e.g. Mark 10:46, see under Tusattog - G/M). The phenomenon is also recorded in some other documents, e.g. BagywyeBas in Eusebius (see under 8211D ~ S-H/M), BagaxiBav in Epiphanius (see under NPY - B/M) or Bagyiogas in Cassius Dio (see under 87: - S-H/M). 2.1.2 Letter Interchange - In the following lines I will mention specific transliteration phenomena pertinent to the transliteration from Hebrew into Greek. It will be arranged according to the Greek alphabet. 2.1.2.1 y — Sometimes the biblical letter 9 is transliterated with the Greek y, because of the existence of an ancient consonant which has disappeared in many Semitic languages (but is still evident in Arabic). In this corpus, however, this is rare. We have two not absolutely clear examples of this: 1. PayounAos ~ D817; 2. Boavngyés 297 712 and perhaps also 3. Fatw - mY. 2.1.2.2 et- In LXX the *7'8 suffix (see below, 2.4.1) is often transliterated as et. Since the LXX transliteration suggests a pattern, we may assume that the Greek et as suffix denotes a transliteration of such a Hebrew construct, although it is not always absolutely clear that this was the scribe’s intention. In this corpus the follow- ing examples of this sort are documented: "AaBaei (=""28, under 828 - S-H/M); *Avouvei (=F under ]37 ~ B/M); Xadgei (DON - S-H/M); OeBubet (="N1M, under Tibethis — P/M); ‘laBougei (perhaps "7" or "722", under 877" — B/M). % See Naveh Early Alphabet, 30-1.2. Transliteration and Orthography 19 Sometimes such a suffix is also found in the cases of perfectly straightforward Greek and Latin names. In such cases the suffix is probably a sign of Aramization. In this corpus the following examples are found: "AucpuxciAher (="Aucpuzhog — G/ M); Pahwvet (=bdAwv - G/M); Zethwvei (=Silonius L/M). 2.1.2.3 9-N. Cohen, in a thorough discussion of the name “NW concluded that once Greek became the language of the East, 0 was used in the transliteration of F and tin the transliteration of ©.* Usually her observations are correct, but in this corpus the following variations were observed: KaOhag (=87UP - S-G/M): Méo0a-Magat (=8F7 - S-H/F); Na®avénhos-Natévnov (=78I - B/M); Toaadeov-ZapBaratos (="NM2W - B/M); Zebi-Entov (=M0 - B/M). A special case is that of 777M (B/M), which is transliterated by all the following forms: Marrabias-Mardiag-MadGatos-Mased [os]. 2.1.2.4 x-The cluster xy was apparently used by Josephus to denote the letter > with a dagesh in the name “S21. Likewise in LXX, we find it only in the name Zoreydev —721. Elsewhere in LXX Bareyeig transliterates *P2. D with a dagesh at the beginning of the name was transiiterated simply with a X, see Xora / Bagywxepas, and below 2.1.2.8. 2.1.2.5 o — Usually © transliterates the Hebrew 1. Sometimes, however, the letter o is used. In this corpus we find the following examples: Zaxyailog (821); "Eoxiag (MPI); Idaodgos (WT). Conversely, in one case, a Latin name, writ- ten with an s is transliterated with a C (Zevéxac). 2.1.2.6 00 - The double o occasionally transliterates W, see "ABecouddp (Mbwars); Ehooatog (BON); Mavaoorig (M2); in one instance "lascovou (2W"). We do not know what Semitic name Mayacoagos (S-G/M) transliterates. 2.1.2.7 w — in TIPIN this letter transliterates of the Hebrew cluster W2; in ]V'8N20 it wansliterates the Hebrew cluster 30. 2.1.2.8 y— Usually the Greek letter ¢ transliterates the Hebrew >. Thus we find Bagodyos for 717A; Zaxagias for 17121; XworBa for SIOW and XoxeBas for NID1D; Maxovdag for NIN; Maxos for 127. The guttural letter 1 is usually transcribed with a vowel. The use of x to trans- literate 1 is unusual.27 However, some exceptions are available. Thus "Axia Bos transliterates DWT; Xayetoas in Josephus transliterates (7772 (since he claims that in Aramaic it means “the lame”); Xedxiag occasionally (but not always) transcribes "PN; in one case “Ioaxos transliterates PTS". Perhaps also Tnoxa Sav transliterates 1M O12 and Xadeei transliterates "5777. In some cases, it is not clear which Hebrew or Aramaic letter x is transliterating as the following examples demonstrate: Xoutdc; Zeiody; "EoyAenias. 2.1.3 Suffixes - Another issue that arises in the process of transliteration from Hebrew to Greek is associated with the suffix of some names. In some Greek * Cohen, “Shabtai.” 27 On the influence of Greek on the decline of the gutturals, see Kutscher, Hebrew and Aramaic, 57-8.20 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE literary transliterations several biblical names tend to loose their integral ending, although LXX usually retains the complete forms.’ The examples in this corpus include ET7A¥~ABgaios; DES-'Eggris; [27 Avvas; [TT lwdvens; JAI ‘TwvaOag; IP Y*-Laxu; CTA-Mavan and perhaps also Jfl-NatOaiog. 2.2 Transliteration from Greek into Hebrew: As in the other direction, many phonological and grammatical rules dictate the transliteration of Greek names into Hebrew. I shall here record specific cases relevant to the literary but particularly to the epigraphical evidence presented in this corpus, organized according to the Hebrew alphabet. 2.2.1 $ — When transliterating the Greek ev the following Hebrew combina- tions are used: AS — in Ebtekiov — yTOUIN; Edtéviog — DVMAN; Edtokwog - OYUN oy WAN. WS — in Ebvouos — OWS; Evgbdestos — OY ; Ebtganéhos - OTE T2I8. — in Evtokuos - OASUAN/OIIMDN; and perhaps EEG - ]TOPDN. 2.2.2 2 —The letter 2, both with or without dagesh (instead of 5, both with or without dagesh) sometimes transliterates the Greek 1 and «p. This may be saying something about pronunciation at the time. Kutscher suggested it is associated with Galilean Aramaic.” The following examples are found in the corpus: 17738 DIOP DN (="Auepunhos); O1D7P (=Kieomdis and see also KhedBuos). This interchange is obviously influenced by Hebrew pronunciation at the time, as is evident in Semitic name variations: S°T-8DOM; SMAI; 7 TDOM, "NODP-"NODIP. 2.2.3 3-Only> (never™) is used to transliterate x. Thus O1DQUO"S transliter- ates “lotopayos; OD7P"2 transliterates Nixagyos; and O10 transliterates Loupoarxos. 2.2.4 %— Occasionally ¥ transliterates the Greek 0. In this corpus the following examples of this phenomenon are documented: *AAé§avdooc-] TEP 78; *Agiotwy-jWEIN; “AguotoPovhos-"7"IWSN. This phenomenon can be ex- plained as part of a process where the S is pronounced more and more like aD, as for example with the name ]180-[12S. 2.2.5 D - When transliterating the Greek o/s the usual Hebrew letter is 0, but is also evident.*! In corpus the following examples are found: W228 (= *ABqvayogas; NODAS (—'AdekGc; DLT (=Aovideos); [PUPEN (=EdEa); WIMEN (=Edqpodwios); WI (=Nou0s). In some cases a Semitic name is written with aW instead of aD - 820 (instead of 820). We also have the case of S2W-N2O1D, where both versions are recorded. 3 For a linguistic discussion of this phenomenon see Mussies, “Jewish Personal Names,” 250-1. ® See Kutscher, Hebrew and Aramaic, 179. * See also Kutscher, Hebrew and Aramaic, 12. +" See Kutscher, Hebrew and Aramaic, 35.2. Transliteration and Orthography 21 The Aramaic name 17200, transliterated into Greek as Maoufidha, is also docu- mented as 772072. 2.2.6 rn — Traditionally Mi transliterates 0 and ® transliterates t from Greek to Hebrew. However confusions also occur (see above 2.1.2.3). The following are found in this corpus: POUT (=AociGeos); CWC (=N600s); TWIE (eTlavBijgus). And vice-versa: snON (=Troheuatog); COTMES-ORTMS roh{os). 23 Greek variations: Some scribal and orthographic phenomena which are internal to Greek, or which are influenced by Semitic scribal practices also influ- ence the way names are recorded in this corpus. The following prominent exam- ples are evident in this corpus. 2.3.1 Theophoric Variations ~ ©ev is Doric and Ionic for eo (Oeds) and often supercedes it in the onomastic tradition. Apparently, Jews in Palestine also knew this variation. In this corpus the following examples are documented: Oevdéc (O2d8wo0e), Oevdiwv (Oeddotos), evd6rov (Oedsor0c), OevdHoa (@e0869a), Oevuvas (Oevpvaotos). 2.3.2 Iotacism — One of the most common features of Koine Greek is iota~ cism.® This phenomenon is already evident in many of the name variations found inour corpus. However, it is not clear from this corpus that it is always t replacing other vowels (2, n) and not vice versa. The typical Greek examples in this corpus include: ‘a. The interchange of ¢ and et: Aivéus for Aiveiag on the one rand, and @eheiov for @ehéos on the other. b. The interchange of et fort: ’AeSeiulaxoc] for AkeEiwaxos; Egas for Eigas; Elqwyeveia for Iquyévera: Necdvng for Nuxvng; Temerozios for Tyijotos; Pethov for dikwv. c. The interchange of n for t: Zeat)hoc for Zwihos. d. The interchange of et for n: Teyreraeiog-Tysrjotos on the one hand and “Héeia- “Hija on the other. This phenomenon is also evident in the transliteration of biblical and other Semitic names into Greek. The following variations were recorded in this corpus: a. vand e: Beviaiv-Bunapiv; Bogxeoc- Bogus; Ehuaibeg"Ehedtao. b. 1 and et: ‘Avewds?Avwas: "Edstebgo[s]“Ekuitgos: ‘Ideigos-"Idigos; ElovSa-Tovda; Tovded-lovdid; ‘lwageiB-lwagif; Oveias-’Oviag; Zahapoet- ov-Zahapouwy; Tapeiga-Lagiga c. Land 1: "Twaryroc-Taoistog: Mavénnoc-Mavainov; Eqpiy-Zydy. d.te and 1: Taeg-Taig; Magiedyn-Magudyn. One case of the interchange of . and et is recorded for the La:in name Africanus: "Aqgernavds. * See LSI, 796. © See e.g. BRC. Atkinson, The Greek Language (London) 30.22 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE 2.3.3 Vowel Interchange — Other vowel interchanges are also evident in Greek names and in transliterations: 2.3.3.1 w and o: In some cases, w appears to be the standard vocalization, but it may occasionally be replaced by o. In this corpus the following examples are found: Netxdvog (=Netxcavag); tho (=A); and vice versa: Awo[iOeos] (=Aovibe0s); Oeosmorov (Oeoddou0s); in the case of the name KAgonGg the version KAwmdis replaces the diphthong eo. This phenomenon is then carried over to transliterations of biblical and other Semitic names: "lokgov (= "lwtgov); lové (=lwoé); Titov (=Einwv); or vice versa: Iwvdov (= “lovdov). In the name "210 ov replaces w (TwBias/ Tovfias). 2.3.3.2 1 and e: The interchange between these two vowels is only found in transliteration. In some cases, appears to be the standard vocalization, but it may also be replaced by e, see: Ieaotg (="Inoots); “Iwoé (="lwor); Mvaceou (=Mvéonov); Zeh{ule (=Zehapn); baPers (=4Bne); and see also Anoveic- Aevis; ZeOt-Enrod. 2.3.3.3 9 and a: Occasionally standard 7, transliterations are replaced by an at: ‘lasoovou (="Inooovou); Iwva0as (= IwvéOns) (in the case of Twévvng, when we find "Iwdvvag we assume it is a woman — Joanna); and vice versa: “lovdng (= ‘Tovdas); mows (=laeoov). In the case of Baoéac-Bnoss it is not clear what is the conventional orthography. 2.3.3.4 Some interchanges of vowels come without any logical explanation. Such are for example: "lav8a -"lobdac; Eupawv ~ Ziwwv 2.3.4 Double Consonants - There is some confusion in the use of a double or single consonant in Greek. This corpus is replete with examples of names being documented either way: Kogaivou (=Kogaivvos): Oabaiov (=Oaddaioc): Kugidn (=Kugidha); Manos (=Méxxos); EaPiwv (=EafBiov); or vice versa: "Aupnddder (="Aupixhos); "AgguotyBdka (="AguotoBovAn); Ke@adhiov (Keqadiov). The same problem arises with transliterations from Hebrew. Usually the literary sources retain the double consonant to indicate a dagesh (emphasis), but they are not consistent, and the epigraphic sources are certainly very diverse. The example in this corpus are: ’AdSav (='ASdc="78); “Apia (“Auuia=8OX); “Avis 371); (“A]wvavog (="Avavos=]I); Bavvous (=Bavous); Oevvas TT) ‘Teddobv (=Tovdav=7 717"); Iwavas (=Iwavvac= mnvyqim); b 2%); "TaxxdBlov] (="loxwBov=2P)"), MaS@aioc aBaioc/MarBatoc=7NN2); Maguduyn (=Maguéyn=o"7); Meodkapos loadhhapoc=2' U2); EdbSwxos (=Zddwxoc=PV TS); Eahadéov (=LapParatos =I); ‘PeBéxa (‘PeBéxxa=TPI7); Bdgga. (=Ldga=!7W). 2.3.5 Declensions — Declining names correctly was obviously a problem for foreign Greek speakers and scribes. Some names in this corpus display an elabo- rate declension, indicating a misunderstanding of the entire system. The following examples are present: P'aiwvog (Gaius L/M); Adheoog (Doles L/M); Tobdatos2. Transliteration and Orthography 23 (T7T B/M); Gewveoou (ATTN B/M); *Iaooovov (DOT B/M); "Iwavijov (7: B/M); Atovdidos (19 B/M); Magtédos (2°72 B/F); Maguaniyvou (72 B/F); Sahapncive (78090 A-H/F); Zpovadng (1220 B/M); Tewsvoeiovos (Tyn}- ovog G/M); Pidovtdw (Pikwy G/M). 2.3.5.1 One distinct form of declension is an additional t or € which makes the impression that the name refers to a sort of tion. The examples are as follows: *Ahekavdoeus éFavdg0s); “AkeSaiog (="AAEEaVEQ0<); "Auotivos (@Apiotwv); Beovixeos (=Begevian): Oeodotinvos (=Oeddor0s); Midads {=Midac). Some of these forms are recognized names in Greek but the phenome- non in general is interesting, because itis also evident in the Greek transliteration of other names "Inciov (=2W1T" B/M); lovétov (=7717" B/M); “Twoiov (=O B/ M); Aqyaviwvos (=Aayavias S-G/M); Magueos (=Marcus L/M); Zaging (=770 B/F). 2.3.6 Feminine Suffixes — Both a and y are Greek feminine suffixes. However, obviously a is nearer to the Hebrew suffix 77. Thus, the female suffix 1 is occasion- ally superceded by a in this corpus, The following examples are available: “avinjova (='Avtyovn); “AgiotoBowha (= AguatoBothn); Kugiin (=Kugihw). 2.4 Semitic Suffixes: This last phenomenon associated with Greek orthography introduces us to the issue of suffixes. A suffix is an important discriminating element in names. A careful analysis of a suffix can teach us much about the name’s origin and transformation. In the following lines various forms of Semitic suffixes will be discussed and analyzed. 2.4.1 * — Perhaps the most common feature of names in the period this study discusses is the * suffix. This occurs when older names are transformed in this way, and when new ones are created as such. Thus, for example, biblical names are abbreviated or altered in this way by cutting off any other suffix or ending and adding” or “¥ instead. This phenomenon is already attested in the Bible,** but even there it appears to be part of an Aramization process the Hebrew language under- went.*5 The phenomenon in our corpus is documented repeatedly, and is divided into various categories. 2.4.1.1 In our corpus many of names can be verified as abbreviations because the documents bear out both the full length the abbreviated version. For “N7 (=f) and “OY (=/07) this can be unequivocally proved (see the proof in each case under the name itself). { have, thus, decided to record the abbreviation as a variation of the name rather than separately. The examples for this in the corpus are: "28 (=82N S-H/M);°0°728 (=OT728 B/M); ‘US (=D1UI8 B/M); DONS S (=7YOR® B/M); "12 (=7722 B/M); °P73 (=S8P1I3 S-H/M); "872 (8772 S-H/M); ROT (ST 3T BM); spon (empon BM. In (= B/M); *SAN/AY (STI B/M); "IN? (=I? B/M); “SAPPY (=p B/M); “SIP (=I B/M); "OT “ Noth, /PRGN, 38-40. * Zunz, Namen, 3~4; Cohen, “Shabtai,” 14; and see also Lidzbarski, Ephemeris 2, 11-8.24 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE ~ 200 CE OY B/M); "122 (=7191 B/M); "72 (=870 S-H/F); "NA (=n B/M); "NMI "2 B/M); "812 ( (=7ENow S-H/F) WISP (= 7872 B/M); WOO WON WAY B/M); ON (=a B/M). 2.4.1.2. Some of these names are also recorded in Greek, see: AaBai/"AaBaet (AN); Ehaliog/"Eheatos (YR); Bavéas/Bavvous (12); Zaxzaios/Zaxxatos CNDN); lawatios CNP); ‘lwoias/*Iwor/Twoé/ “loot (01); NarBatos (87); Lapaios/Tapaiac/Zovuatog/Zepaiov C82). 2.4.1.3 Names of this sort, some biblical, others probably Aramaic, which have no Hebrew original are also recorded, see: “TS7TN ; “TINTNTS (B/M); “ITS; 728; 903 (B/M); 23; D1, PIA. WT: a NOTIN; SIT; VT ORT: 22; NT; ROTI, ROM, RATTAN ROT ITM: w8VDM; torr; PBT TTOMT, “RIIQUTT; “NTED: *SITIPNAT: NTI; 7B; ARO; PTD DS NIDD: NANDD, TY; TMD; "WD; "IN"D; NPID; ODIPPNOBIP; *NOTPPROTIP “TP; NB; "AW (B/M); “yw; "BW; "NBT. 2.4.1.4 Some of these names are also recorded in Greek, see: BaBelus (*723); Asivatog (XI); Aeigeog CB"); Xakper/’Adpatos CDYM); "Aoapwvatos ceaom: Maat (71a); NedeBalos (*8I7}); bABNs/ Papeig CAND); Lovldajos c71@). 2.4.1.5 Some such names, recorded only in Greek, probably stem from the same sort of forms: Atyatos (perhaps *2""1); Kevedaiog (perhaps "87:P); TaSuaiov (per- haps *8O1D). 2.4.1.6 Some Greek names, used frequently by Jews, seem to have acquired this form: Aacoiwy probably represents an Aramicized version of Aoci®eos; ©cSdaios probably represents an Aramicized version of Oe08da.0¢ or Oed80t0s or @ed8wg05. 2.4.1.7 Likewise, Greek and Latin names transliterated into Hebrew acquire this sort of suffix. The examples in this corpus include: *71217M08 (='AquotéBovhos); "SMOTT/OT (=AociBe0s); "RINT (=Awgd8eos); "PIPNP2 (=Nixdvog); "TOE (=flavereas) ‘NTH (=Oeoddai0c, Ozddotog or ©e68«gos); The Latin example is *2'1 (=Gabinus). 2.4.1.8 These suffixes are sometimes written with a’ and sometimes with °S. It has been suggested that the "S suffix is Babylonian, while the ” suffix is Palestin- ian.*6 However, this corpus indicates that the distinction is not always so clear-cut. The examples in this corpus are: "NTR2TIN; "NDT; "NO'TM-DAM; "WIV"; SNMP; RT LP; NPIOP]; (NTIS NO-NO; TNIDLTD; *ROTIP-OINP; *SNW-N; -NT-"0D. 2.4.1.9 In some cases this sort of abbreviation is extended with an extra” in the middle of the name. Forms of this sort recorded in this corpus are "778 M);"O'S (PORSION); "DB CAVSTIW); WW (SOW=28IW); "DO (= * See Kutscher, Hebrew and Aramaic, 79-81.2. Transliteration and Orthography 25 2.4.2 8-Amore typical Aramization indicator is the suffix 8. Itis used in many instances and variations. 2.4.2.1 Long names (biblical, Greek, Latin, Semitic) of three or more syllables (but also shorter names of two syllables) were abbreviated or transformed by appending 8 instead of one or two final syllables. This corpus includes the following examples; W778 (“Ooviac G/M), STS (=TI8 B/M); NODS (FAMEavdQ05 G/ 3 -vdepiag G/M); 822 (="23 B/M); 802 (="02 BM}; som (aon oat8e0g G/M); N70 (= B/M); SITY (=]277 B/M); ROT (OY oydg G/M); 8°01 (=Lollianus L/M), 8713 (= B/M); STE] (enB) S-H/M); 8729 ("72 B/M); SDIB (=MavOfjoas G/M) RIP (=Kotvos Gi M) NOTE GRUP S-H/M); 8TMP (2O7NTP S-H/M); NH (=OabSaitos G/M), 2.4.2.2 Other names spelt with this element are Semitic, mostly Aramaic names. This corpus includes: SIN; 87'S; NIB (S-H/F); WION; WANS; NTIS; 8D (S-A/F); NPT: NODA, NTS; NTI; NTT TTS BDI NT (S-H/F), 8173; 87TH; Roos: NIT NDT; NOT SDT, SPT NPT; NBT NTE REMIT REIT NOT: DOT, RFPIO (S-H/E), RTD; RAND; NPD (S-H/FY; WT; BIT; NT: RTD SrbD, 80ND; ND (S-H/F); NAD (S-H/F); NDE, 87; NTT NPS; NWI (S- H/B), 82D; NTIIO; N'DIO; NIP"; NPD; NTBO; NOI; NITY; N7OW; RO" STE; NOO'P; NE'P; SSOP; NIIP; NTNP; RIYP; NTP: pomp; 827; NDE 800; SPIRO; NPT; NNN. 2.4.2.3 The letter 7 is used in Palestinian Aramaic in the same way that § is used as a suffix in Babylonia.” Thus we find many names in which the two are interchangeable: 72¥ (SIN S-H/M); TASMAN (NOS S-H/F); TIA (N23 S-H/ F)PDa (NYS S-H/M), 7713 (NG S-H/M); TOM (=82"T S-H/M), 120 S000 B/M); TWIN (=8O7N B/M); TINY GIT B/M; NITY S-H/F); TET (=P SCT B/M); IND (NIN S-H/M); 7203 (|8INND-NIND S-HM); 77" (RO"A S-H/M); 7713 (878 S-H/F), 7D (S79 S-H/F), T7268 (=87200 S-H/M); PT (9°72 S-H/M); 7727 (837 S-H/M); 775U (=8TEO-TBW B/F). A special case is Trsnioy (=]7'00W S-H/F). This is also true for Greek names: soramr (= Ave hog G/M); TEDEN ('Anoddoyévng G/M); 77P3 (=Nixdhaus G/M); TTD (<@ad8aios G/M); and for Latin: [NP (=Cererius L/M). 2.4.24 Other names spelt with this element are Semitic, mostly Aramaic names. This corpus includes: MP"IN; TIA; THI; Toya, Ma, MPT TTT; TOT mbnen; mebdaa mm; Mwy; NOW; TDD; TT IIB; MWB, TATNNB; METS; TPs TIMP; To; MAD; TIAN; Tah; TH 2.4.2.5 One specific form of Aramization indicated by the ® suffix is the abbre- Viation of theophoric names with 77 into 7 or ®. The form is already documented in First Temple Hebrew seals, e.g. 8P'71T for Tpion§8 BDO? for 720.” In this 7 Kutcher, Hebrew and Aramaic, 178. “8 CWSSS no. 155. 49 CWSSS no. 1028. Noth (IPRGN, 38) noticed this phenomenon but made no distinction between it and the phenomenon documented in 2.4.2.26 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE — 200 CE corpus the following cases have been documented. TW: P22); 1 (=D); PIN (=P IT), 170N (= 7OM); TANT (=a); 7291 (= S-H/M); 7a THM; 77 (STI); MAW (=T PDD), 2.4.2.6 In the same vein, one form of Aramization seems to have been the obliteration of the theophoric element with a change of pronunciation, like 77237 and 8Y'31.5° The examples recorded in our corpus are S772} (=77731); IM), SAD (STAND); SPP (sTIPV=NPY); STD (ETD), STAD aD). 2.4.2.7 The Aramicized 8 suffix not only abbreviates, but also replaces the 7 in obvious biblical names. The replacement of the Hebrew 7 by 8 is aclear indication of Aramization. This is recorded in the instances of many biblical names, e.g. savas (=TaDD); NTS (SITTIN S-H/M) 8°22 ( "72 (=TPIDI) SPIT (= PIN); SPIN (MPoN) wn (== S-H/M); 8 uM; Sw TM); SOM? (eT); NIPY pY=Npy); wa POTD); NMA (=P S-H/M); SPIE (=P Ty); 8700 (eT Daw), STN (=nrnh). 2.4.2.8 The Aramaic suffix is also used as the feminine Greek suffix when Greek feminine names are transliterated. The following examples are found in this corpus: NTN (="A yan); NOT73 (=Bahodun); 8277 (="Edévn). In other cases i7 is used: TTS (="18n); TP (=Kugia); MDM (=Ocogiha). 2.4.2.9 In some cases the 8 Aramaic suffix, rather than constitute an abbrevi- ation, is in fact an extension of a biblical name. The following cases are recorded in this corpus: NOU8 (=D08 S-H/M); 82173 (= 717); NUT (=}IT); 87D (=2'9>); 377 (272); SOTA (GAD); SOM) (EOIN); NUIP (=7IP S-H/M); 817 =}2771=]287); 7277 (=7'7W). Some examples are also found in Greek: 8217 (=Aaxwbv); TOP] (=Nixos). 2.4.2.10 The Aramicized ¥ suffix also influenced the way Greek names were written in Palestine, Several Greek names, abbreviated in this manner, are record- ed by Pape,°! for which there are only Jewish or eastern (Aramaic) candidates. In this corpus the following are recorded: "AdeStic (="AAEEavdgos / AkeSdvdea); *Avtinag (=Avtinatgos); Awgds (=Awed8e_os), with even the Hebrew O717 representing this form; @evddas (=@ed5wgos); Oevuvas (=Oetpvactoc); KAe- ons (=KAgoxatgos); Ewods (=Zwoinatgos): Lopas (=Lwpavys). 2.4.2.1 In some cases the suffix in Greek becomes even shorter and more akin to the Aramaic. The following examples of this phenomenon are recorded: Ahe&a (AheEavdgos); Padacd (=Pahaiomys); Zyva (=Zivewv); @ad5a (=Oaddaioc); EYAA (in Coptic characters=Oed3wQ0s); Khwnd (=Kieonds); Tavera (=Havérgas); Moku (=TtoAepatos). ® Zunz, Namen, 22. 51 WGE. % See also Letronne, Revue Archéologique 1 (1844),2. Transliteration and Orthography 27 2.4.2.12 Also apparently under the same influence, there are several examples in this corpus of Greek names traditionally spelt with os that are here spelt with as. These are: “Agdéhas (="Agdahos); Papathas (=Tapdhoc=28"703 B/M); Kaigas (=Katigos); and perhaps Ilowtés (=Ig@tos). 2.4.3 ]- Many names in this corpus end with ], 1), |" or]. This phenomenon is already evident in the Bible. In the case of biblical names, the simple] ending is an integral part of the name (]M, 737, JH", j271? in this corpus). However, Noth had noted that [1 is a suffix, acting as a diminutive (]) 7377, ]1220 in this corpus).*° Thus the suffix could be of Semitic origin * However, it is of interest to note that the |) suffix is also clearly Greek (Agiotwv; ‘Agtéuwv; Téquv; Aduwv; Aaooiwy; Zio; Qevdiov; Téowv; Kado; Kepadkiov; Mégtav; Mvqpov; Havdeiwv: LaPPiov; Tredtwv; Tipwv; Tovpwv; Paidwv; Didov in this corpus alone), and could likewise be perceived as a Hellenization. It is not surprising that we find these ending in the case of many names. 2.4.3.1 The following Semitic names were found to conform to this pattern: The | suffix: [17; [9A; JBO7P. The 7) suffix: ;YOTN; J12D; PY; PB; PES. The ]? suffix: PAN; 1-792; PAN; POPs POPs PPI. The }? suffix: jPENND; |VIIW; sno. 2.4.3.2 However these serve not only as a suffix. In some perfectly good bibli- cal names and in other Semitic names as well we find this suffix appended to a name or replacing the original suffix. The following examples are recorded in this corpus: ["POFTPI YA (=P S-H/M); [V7 (=8 NT? S-H/M); PIT (MPI BM); UTP (=]aT B/M); PM (TAN BM); PHT ATY (ST BM = this form is also available in Greek characters "lovSov/IeS8obv/ “Tovdav); rT (<7 S-H/M); DIP (SOP S-H/M); |27 (829 S-H/M); 1170-2170 BF). 2.4.3.3 The phenomenon is also found in cases where Hebrew characters trans- literate Greek names. In some cases this is to be expected: j 7028 (=EtteMov); PROTOSS (© ’Agiotwr); [172 (Téowy)s PHU (@Ziivew); PEI ‘g6pwr); TO G ‘Taswv); TWA (=Métewv); TTA (=Maguv); 1p (-Kédwv). However, in other cases, this transliteration is completely unwarrant- ed: [TIEPON (CAAEavSg0s); [TEPES (Eka); POT (=Aoaibe0s); 02 (=Niooc); [Y2"7P3 (=NixdSnpios); JOP (=Nixos); MANTA (=Tétgog); 7D (-Tagd0g); ]PD7M (=Oed8ot0<); JN (=Oaddaioc). 2.4.4 Other Semitic Suffixes — Other Semitic, apparently Aramaic suffixes are also evident as repeating themselves in this corpus. 2.4.4.1 OY/\ ~The suffix 5 is, in principle, feminine. The corpus includes the following examples: 17”, MAD7D, 127729, MMIP. However, it is also re- 53 IPRGN, 38. 5 See Kutscher, Hebrew and Aramaic, 55.28 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE corded occasionally for males. In this corpus the following example is clearly evident: MSI. Because of the suffix, some unclear names were specifically identified as feminine, although without justification in my opinion, and are there- fore recorded in this corpus under S-H/M: "03, POI, TIAN. In some cases no attention has been paid to the suffix, see MN, INP, Mp. Sometimes the suffix D is also female, as in M720, PUBS, ADD. Here t00 we have exceptions: PEN, NOW, which are male 2.4.4.2 M—In some rare cases the feminine plural suffix ™ is found in names. The following examples are found in this corpus: 172773; Ioxague8; Kaovow and Magyéhw80s. 2.4.4.3 0 —In other rare cases the masculine plural suffix 0” is found in names. The following examples are found in this corpus: O°712, 0°92 (=87"2), ODN, orm, 2.4.5 Other Ethnic Suffixes — Two other suffixes identified in this corpus can usually be more clearly ethnically associated. 2.4.5.1 Nabatean — Although the Nabateans also spoke a Semitic language, one name suffix stands out as specifically Nabatean ~ the final 7.°> Although such names are already documented in the Hebrew Bible, their appearance there is very rare.5® Names ending with a} could, thus, have been given or corrupted under the neighboring influence of the Nabateans. In this corpus the following examples are found: O"8 (P/M); YO (S-H/M); TTat (=7°731 B/M); 17 (S-H/M); 1377 (@5DM S-H/M); 12° (=P B/M); 1979 (=72'773 S-H/M); W2"O (=]1AW B/M); 370 (S-H/M); 19°9D (S-H/M); 1DIPP (=Kheonds G/M); PIV (="30 'BIM). 2.4.5.2 Persian — Names recorded in Hebrew with a7] suffix are most likely Persian and recorded as such in this corpus, see "]7V, 772. and see also 7275 (B/ M) and 771 (S-H/M). 2.5 Other Phonological Phenomena: Other transformations of names also oc- cur in this corpus. 2.5.1 The Decline of Gutturals ~ One of the marked occurrences is the decline of the gutturals in late antique Jewish Hebrew and Aramaic.>’ In this corpus several examples of this tendency are available. a. The change of 8 with 7: 7hU'77 (=T1D08 B/M). b. The change of M with 7: ‘P90 (=7p'77 B/M); ONT (=n App/M).* c. The change of 8 with T1: OPEN (ON DS=Appia L/F). Perhaps also ]"28 (=]]7 B/M). d. The change of N with 2: 8"Y (=N"H S-H/M) e. The drop of the §§ altogether: J279 (=]2087 B/M). 53 See Cantineau, Le Nabatéen (Paris 1930) 165~! 9 56 Noth, IPRGN, 38. 57 Kutscher, Hebrew and Aramaic, 35, 209-26, discusses the issue but is not so decisive as Naveh, “On Formal and Informal Spelling of Unpronounced Gutturals,” SCI 15 (1996) 263-7. 58 In light of the fact that these letters look so similar graphically, perhaps these two cases have been read incorrectly (they both read by the same epigrapher ~ Naveh, see Mas nos. 420, 429).2. Transliteration and Orthography 29 £. The drop of the 2 altogether: 120 (=! B/M); 7 (=TY7 B/M). 2.5.2 Decline of the Prefix —The Palestinian Hebrew/Aramaic dialect tended to drop the prefix in many words and names, as is evident from tae best Palestinian manuscripts.°? In this corpus the phenomenon is documented, however, only for the name TOMI (= TONY). 2.5.3 and 1— Phonologically, the letters and 1 are interchangeable. In this corpus the following two examples of this phenomenon can be found: D>" (=|">" BIM); 7172 (=mI78 B/F and also as Zahwp=Zahwv). The same phenomenon seems to have spilled over to one Latin name: KivBeg (=Kiufeg). 2.6 Transformations of Biblical Names: Biblical names also undergo various transformations in later times. Some of these transformations are already evident in the Bible itself, but become more marked with the passage of time. 2.6.1 Some names are recorded in this corpus by a short anc longer form, such as HD58 and 7H". Noth has shown that these differences are inconsequential, since often in the Bible the two forms are used for the same name.*! The examples of such names found in our corpus, which are already noted in the Bible, are: cw and OYFw"2N (e.g. 1 Kgs 15:2, elsewhere designated DY7028); pos and DW"ON (e.g. 2 Sam 5:15 elsewhere YOUN, e.g. 2 Sam 5:16); HY7N and spyvbe (e.g. Gen 15:2). The variant J1278-|APON is not recorded in the Bible. 2.6.2. The clearest form of abbreviation of a biblical name is the loss of an entire element from it, usually the theophoric element. This abbreviation of names is already evident in the Bible.®? Our corpus consists of the following examples for this phenomenon: PIN (=7/PIT); WM (SATIN); TH (ATM), PIT (ANI); finn (=7°1N) and perhaps also JES (S-H/M) (=i7253). The case of TUPL-OPY in this corpus is reversed. Also In Greek, note OD 78 (="AhéSav5gos). 2.6.3 Likewise, as a prefix, the Bible acknowledges the long form 17 and the shorter form 1. These variations are also found (and even expanded®) in our corpt ImWT-TINT (S-H/F); pnw 75, parr; F007" Er; TWBLIT NDT: opr 2.64 In his listings, Noth noted the form 71> as an abbreviation. Some examples of this form are found in our corpus. If the more complete form of the name is found, the WP forms are listed under it. If not, than they are listed under the abbreviated form. The former include: "177 (=1°77); Nat (=772); "7B (7B). The latter include 2M; 217". In the case of the full name TAPY, although it appears several times in our corpus, in the Bible cnly the abbreviated form 21P 8 is mentioned. 3 See Zunz, Namen, 22; Kutscher, Hebrew and Aramaic, 82-4. ° Kutscher, Hebrew and Aramaic, 180. ® Noth, IPRGN, 33-4. ® Noth, [PRGN, 73; Lidzbarski, Ephemeris 2, 7-10. © See lan, Lé¥onénu 52 (1988). IPRGN, 38; and see also Lidzbarsk, Ephemeris 2, 20-1.30 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE 2.7 Scribal Errors: Many of the names recorded in this corpus are falsely spelt due to a scribal error or practice. Some of these errors can be traced to specific patterns. These are described here. 2.7.1 Loss of letters ~ Often letters fall out in the scribal process. Our corpus records the following cases in Hebrew: ]71SPUN (=] TSP N="AREEavb006 G/M); W728 (=2TNR="AGnvaydgas G/M); "ON (="O°R=]O7 B/M); *PId (=PII= Begevinn G/F); OMOT (=OMOT7=AcaiGeos G/M); "371 (= S-H/M); TUT (STTT B/M); INN? (SITRY B/M); IAT (= B/M); HIT ANT (=| B/M);*]077 (=*]007 =] B/M); ]7" (=]TV=STTIT B/M); 710" (=O =|" B/M); MPI (STpPIT=TPI B/M; TO" dow G/M); 700" (= 78D" B/M); TH? (== TOR B/M); JO3 (=]IEIsNigos G/M); 7°43 (=T7N B/M); OTP (07737 =Cunerius L/M); ASO (=78W B/M); DW (=DOIT B/M); Ow (=moI>w B/ F); ]2QW (=]1YNW B/M). Also in Greek: ‘Attyéva (="Atwydva G/F); Fahad (=Fakaod=Takatomns GMM); Annagys (=Annaoxids G/F; Iodtov (=lovdtov=iT77" B/M); lotgov (=Io- Cagov=T2" B/M); Kaova (=Kagooa=Karsas P/M); Magauy (=Magueyn=2"19 BF); Zéohoc (=Zéovhoc=718W B/M); Zehaciwv (=Tehapoiwv= [73070 S-H/F). 2.7.2 Additional Letter — In a similar vein, occasionally the scribes add unnec- essary letters to names. The following examples are found in this corpus: PM{7}3” (=p B/M); A(T} (=TAT B/M); (1}71Dwe" (ID B/M); S111) (28719 (B/M) } (1) Rw (=p WAW B/M); "I{w} dxwBos (=3P2" B/M); {I} Kagzia (Kagmia G/F); (1) KAwéig (=Claudius L/M); 3{v}ivw[vos} (=)8N0 B/M); {1} Zhaw/Takw{ 0} (=O90 B/F). 2.7.3 Letter Displacement — Both in Hebrew and in Greek, letters are sometime displaced. This happens either when a scribe is not very careful, or when the correct form of the name is not very clear. In our corpus the following examples occur: OY IIIWO"R (=O17ITIOON="AgrotsBovhos G/M); PUTO’ (=|WOIN =Agiowwv G/M); "8227 (="82777 S-H/M); 707 (="01=Aovideos G/M); OP 17 (=0xP Wi=Hyreanus P/M); 857 (=8O"OT S-H/M); 13° =CIW=T ND B/M); FIOM (=]OuT=|Or B/M); Dw (=]WNW B/M); Kogaivos (=Kogidvos G/M); Aeatag (=Ekatag=tY% B/M); Magar (=Magta=N70 S-H/F); NeBedatog (=NebeBaioc="817] S-H/M); NixoprSng (=Nixd8nnos G/M); Thaw (=Tako =obu B/F); Zeaduciv (=Zehopoiv=]1S020 S-H/F). 2.7.4 Graphical Similarity — The letters 71 and“ are graphically very similar and often appear to the reader to be the same. This similarity is responsible for a great many misteadings in epigraphy. In our corpus, however, the influence of this change is not very decisive. We find the following examples: 0""13=0"73 (S-H/M); TINSTIN (B/M); *2NT="8ITI (S-H/M); "NUTIP="NOTP (S-H/M); POO? =]"D (Aoci®eos G/M). . This may also be true for other letters: (7 and 7; 1 and; and O, but this corpus displays no meaningful examples of these. 2.7.5 Final and Medial Letters — An interesting phenomenon is the use of final2. Transliteration and Orthography 31 letters (], 0, 7) in medial positions and medial letters (©, 2, ¥) in final positions. This says something about the fluidity of the letter orthography at the time. In our corpus the following examples are evident: a, Final letters in a medial or initial position: SOTAN (=NCDOR=AAEEavdQ0¢ 7 BM); TIT (=TuN BM); 770 (= N=0"70 B/E); NTIND B/M); 8]279 (=82377=72987 B/M); Pow (=Psnw=yrsA5w S-H/F); POW (=719NW B/M). b. Medial letters in final position: OMT (=OM=CNNT App/M); BO (=F}01T =F] B/M),0°70 (=0°70 B/F); 710 (=WO=[NW BM); Sp (=79P S- HIM); nbwharD (=019w B/F); NUNw (=pwAw B/M). In one case an entire name is written the wrong way around (W710). placing the final D in an initial position. 2.7.6 Letter Reversal ~The Phenomenon of names being written backwords is sometimes evident in the epigraphic record® and also twice in this corpus: Nadvot (=lovédv); 0719 (=219W). This may be the result of the confusion between Greek and Hebrew, being written in opposite directions. 2.8 Alphabets: The standard alphabets used by the Jews at the time this corpus reflects were Hebrew (in its Aramaic, square letters form) and Greek. Even Latin names (arranged in this corpus alphabetically according to the Latin alphabet) are mostly recorded in these alphabets. However, some epigraphic material, and some remote literary sources, have come to us in other alphabets. The first column in the corpus also records the alphabet in which the name is recorded. 2.8.1 Ancient Hebrew: The use of the ancient Hebrew script in Second Temple and later documents is rare but not unheard of.® In this corpus, when the phenom- enon occurs, the fact is stated in a footnote, even if the column remains empty. 2.8.2 Latin: Very few inscriptions in Latin documenting Jews were found in Palestine, see notably Iohan{n]Ja (=I S-H/F); Iosepu (=7]0Y B/M); Marion (=Maguov G/M). Some Latin historians (principally Tacitus) and some Greek apocryphal texts have only been preserved in Latin. The persons recorded in them are transcribed in column 1 in Latin, 2.8.3 Syriac: Other apocryphal Christian texts were preserved only in Syriac. Since the Syriac alphabet looks different from the Hebrew one but has an exact corresponding number of letters, the Syriac is transliterated here into Hebrew characters and only in the footnotes is the Syriac script indicated. 2.8.4 Coptic: Other apocryphal Christian texts were preserved only in Copti They are presented in column 1 in the Coptic alphabet. 2.8.5 Arabic: One apocryphal Christian text has only been preserved in Arabic. Also one person mentioned by the Greek physician Galen is preserved only in the ‘J. Naveh, “Lamp Inscriptions and Inverted Writing,” [EJ 38 (1988) 36-43; and see also YOR (= FY) in Cl no. 1389. & See Naveh Early Alphabet, 112-24,32 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE — 200 CE Arabic translation of one of his books. The persons mentioned by name in these compositions appear in column | in Arabic characters. 2.8.6 Slavic: One version of Josephus’ BJ has been preserved only in Slavic, displaying several persons not mentioned in the Greek Josephus. These persons are registered in column 1 in Slavic characters. 3. Description In column 2 some form of identification of the person mentioned is given. The identification, however, is personal and historical, i.2. it refers to the person himself and not to the circumstances in which he was discovered. This means that if a person is mentioned on a document with no more than a name, column 2 will be vacant. In the following lines I shall outline the ways in which a person is identified.” 3.1 Family relationships: The most common identification is mention of a family relationship, particularly parent and child, with a cross-reference to the other person (e.g. Jacob [7] ’s son). This means that Jacob listed no. 7 in this corpus is this person's father). With the help of such identifications a network of family ties can be established with this corpus and kinship patterns may be explored. In this context specific forms of name bestowal within the family are examined. The following results have emerged from this study. 3.1.1 Paponymy: One of the most common naming procedures of the time was after the grandfather. This phenomenon is best documented for the Hasmonean family (the biblical names 2717; 777M; [Ma and the Greek names “ANéEavdgos; *AguotéBovhos; “Yoxavds passing from one generation to another) and in the Herodian family (the names “Avtixotgos; ‘Howéng; Agrippa). In these families we also find women’s names passing from grandmother to granddaughter (0°72, J7sn0W, AkeEdvdga; Begevinn; Kimgos). Other families that display this pat- ter are 1. Josephus’ family (where the names 7'TIN2 and *[OY' are passed among several generations); 2. the high-priestly Zadokite, family (71M and IY); 3. the high-priestly Hanan family (j371); 4. the patriarchal family (8712 and }\2W), 5. the family of Rabbi Yose (the name 875771); 6. the family of Rabbi Eliezer (the name OVP); 7. the family of M302 ja OUND SIN (the name MII); 8. the family of SOT J sys Capos and 807); 9. The family of ‘8707 pm (A@gd0e0s); and perhaps 10. the family of SIP? (the name YW); 11. the Kalon family (YAW); 12. the family of "PWS I PLAW (Asna P/M); Babatha’s family (71177). % ‘See also 8.J.D. Cohen, “The Rabbi in Second-Ceniury Jewish Society,” in W. Horbury, W. D Davies and J. Sturdy (eds.), The Cambridge History of Judaism II (Cambridge 1999) 926-7 (922-77). % See Klein, L8onénu 1 (1929) 327-9; Hachlili, BY 17 (1984) 192-3.3. Description 33 3.1.2 Patronymy: Aside from the more typical procedure, where a name is passed from grandfather to grandson, a son bearing the same name as the father is not unheard of among Jews in Greco-Roman Palestine.® I have noted in the footnotes this phenomenon whenever it occurs. 3.1.3 Other Relative ~ There is also evidence of persons being named after other relatives, for example, uncles or great-grandfathers. This is particularly evident in this corpus for the Hasmonean and Herodian families because we know much more about them than about other families.” Here too I have noted in the footnotes this phenomenon whenever it occurs. 3.1.4 Siblings — Despite the fact that the pool of names from which Jews chose their names was limited, it does not appear that they named two siblings by the same name. The only examples in this corpus which suggest such a phenomenon can be explained in other ways: Mariam nos. 8 and 12 (depending on how one punctuates the text); Joshua nos. 4 and 5 (one is probably a scr.bal error); Salome no. 46 and Shelamzion no. 18 (these are probably different names, as in this corpus). Only two (or more) of Herod’s sons (Herod nos. 3, 4, 5 and 12) bear the same name, and they were born of different mothers. Also in this family, the name “Herod” seems to have become a family name. 3.2 Titles: Often persons are identified in column 2 by the title they bore. The following titles were identified and require short discussions: 3.2.1 BIS - The word 83S denotes both a personal name (see under S28 S-H/ M), when appearing by itself with relation to a person, and a title indicating a position of honor in the community represented in rabbinic literature, when ap- pearing together with a personal name.”' Although the title was apparently univer- sal, it is interesting to note that some names mentioned in rabb:nic literature, such as ’O1", SSW and “358 lend themselves more easily to this title than others. 3.2.2 $8 — Like NN, NON is a personal name but also an honorary title, carried by various women in the period.”” 3.2.3 Elder - The titles 828 and NON denote old age, or at least a position of older age compare to whoever is addressing them. Other such titles are also evident in this corpus. I have used the designation “Elder” to signify those de- scribed as }PT; 820; ngeoPttegos. 3.2.4 Lesser —Just as some titles denote the relative advanced age of a person, so other titles may suggest the opposite. I use the designation “lesser” to signify those described as ]UPT; vewrégas. 3.2.5 Priests - The identification of a person as a priest was of major impor- tance at the time. When such a title is added to the name, I record it in column 2. © See Hachlili, EY 17 (1984) 192-4. 7 Hachiili, EI 17 (1984) 193. 7 See M. B. Lerner, “Inquiries into the Meaning of Various Titles and Designations. . “Abba,” Te'uda 4 (1986) 93-113 (Hebrew). See Lemer, ibid., 99.34 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE ~ 200 CE Of special interest are persons who are designated “high priest.” Some persons mentioned by this title are found in the sources (particularly rabbinic literature) but are unknown to our other, more historically reliable sources on the high- priesthood and the persons who occupied that office, primarily Josephus. This historian appears to present a closed list of high priests for the Second Temple Period. The others bearing this title may be fictional. On the other hand, the title may suggest that the person had belonged to one of the high-priestly families.’3 The persons of such title include: FMP J2 Iw, MON 7a wWwS, DRwAW" MnP 72, SP72 TaD ws Awe", Owulp and “S82, of rabbinic literature; 7 [JT on a Masada Ostracon; Aev[ets] of an apocryphal Gospel preserved on a papyrus; Aonvac mentioned by Zosimos and Néog mentioned by Josephus. 3.2.6 Place Name ~ Some persons are identified by their place of origin. Usu- ally when this happens I have indicated in a footnote how the place name is used. Occasionally, however, it is not clear whether a name is a place name or a personal name. In the latter case, I have included the name in the catalogue, indicating my doubts about the authenticity of the name (see below, section 6 in the introduc- tion). One form of place name that could initially be mistaken for a second name has been identified here and thus does not feature among the names. These place names are words that appear after a person’s name and end with 78. The example in this sample include T8772 SIN (=of Bira); TNNY] THOR (=of Nayot); DES FNOPA (=of Migsha); T82O 7M (of Sheba); N*N& VDT" (=of Ono); jN" TSP 1PTT (=of Haqua); 818 WT (=of Azob); 8"210AP IP" (=of Amson); AP" TSDTMP (=of Qarhah); 813°O [LNW (=of Sikhnin). 3.2.7 Nameless Women ~ Women are sometimes mentioned in the documents without being named. Obviously, such persons are not included in this catalogue. However, one form of identifying women actually adds more male names to the catalogue, namely their identification as family members of named males. Two such women are mentioned on ossuaries (wife of Eleazar no. 86 and wife Mattath- ias no. 30), and one such women is mentioned in a rabbinic document (the wife of Yonah no. 2). One specific group of finds should be mentioned in this connection. A number of ostraca from Masada clearly record women, although their purpose is obscure. Many of these women are recorded only by their husband’s, or father’s name. > 3.2.8 Sectarian Affiliation — Sometimes a person is identified in this corpus by his sectarian leanings. Thus s/he may be identified as a Pharisee, a Sadducee or an Essene.”* The Essenes should not necessarily be identified with the Dead Sea (Qum- ran) Sect. Names are rarely documented for members of the Qumran community.” ® See Stern, “Aspects of Jewish Society,” 601. N ™ See Naveh, Mas 1, 21-2. 2 For a comment on the names of Essenes, see Ilan, EY 19 (1987) 241, a. 15. % On this issue see further E. Eshel, “Personal Names in the Qumran Sect,” in A. Demsky, J.A. Reif, J. Tabory (eds.), These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics 1 (Ramat Gan3. Description 35 3.2.9 Christian Affiliation ~ Christians who converted from a pagan setting, even in Palestine are not considered Jews. However , all persons who converted to Christianity from a Jewish background received their names in a Jewish context and are thus considered Jews in this corpus. Of special interest is the list of bishops, who, according to Eus, EH, initially headed the Jerusa‘em Christian community. Eusebius submits that they were “Jewish”, i.e. either belonging to a Christian community which saw itself as part of its parent Jewish community, or at least born to Jewish families. They are, therefore included in this catalogue and listed in column 2 as “Jewish Bishop.” 3.3 Verifying Identifications: Occasionally one person is recorded in more than one document. In cases such as that of Judah Maccabee, documented both in 1 Mace and in 2 Macc and in Josephus (see under Judah no. 4), the identification raises no problems. However not all cases are so straightforward. Thus a Nicanor is reputed, according to rabbinic literature, to have made gates for the Temple and come from Alexandria with them. He is usually identified with the person whose burial ossuary was found in Jerusalem, and who designated himself on his ossuary “the maker of the Gates” (see under Nicanor no. 2), although this identification has not been accepted by all.’” Weighing the evidence, I have decided to accept it. Unlikely identifications have been rampant and have been particularly popular at the beginning of the twentieth century. Thus S. Klein was over-enthusiastic for identifying epigraphic personages with literary ones and most of his identifications are rather tentative. Thus for example, he identifies all persons mentioned in the Bnei Hezir inscription of the Kidron Valley as the priests of the House of BonOéc of these names mentioned in Josephus.”* I have tended to reject all his identifications. Furthermore, I have not tended to accept all other proposed identifications either. Thus, for example, it has been suggested by many that Judah son of Hezkiah (Judah no. 9) the bandit leader, be identified with Judah the Galilean (Judah no. 10), founder of the Fourth Philosophy, according to Josephus. I, however, have rejected this identification because of the great popularity of the name Judah.” This last example leads me to point out one of the shortcomings of this collec- tion. The issue of popular names is a complex one, and may cause many distor- tions. Thus, for example, when a rare name appears three times on three different ostraca from Masada (J am referring in this case to a 8279 “12 (Qarzala no. 2), I assume they all refer to the same person. How many people of that rare name could be found on Masada? On the other hand, when a common name like }177” repeatedly appears on ostraca from the same site (Yohanan nos. 119-28), rather 1997) 39-52. And see now also T. flan “Names and Naming,” Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scroils 2 (Oxford 2000) 598-9. 7 See Schwartz, HUCA 62 (1991). % Klein, Corpus inscriptionum, 14~6. His other identification are found mostly in this thin volume but also elsewhere. I have referred to his ideas with citations wherever pertinent. % On the discussion of identification, including references to many cases mentioned in this corpus see Ilan, Integrating Women, 218-23.36 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE than assume they refer to the same person, I take each one to refer to a different person by this name. I am aware of the distortion such an attitude creates, making the provenance of the common name appear even greater than it was, but I find no way of combating this flaw except to warn the reader against it. 3.3.1, Documentary Papyri —The Masada example just pointed out may refer the reader to the specific difficulties governing the identification of persons men- tioned in the documentary papyri. The assumption that a person’s name will be repeated in them several times is based on the fact that often several of them belonged to the same individual, who had dealings with the same people, in the same locations and in the presence of the same court of law. Thus not every ]}720 mentioned in these documents should be considered a new person. Sometimes the identification of one with another is not difficult: the name is rare, the combination of father and son is the same, the title the person bears repeats itself, sometime even the writing can be identified as emanating from the same hand. Some of the specific problems of the documents are now outlined: 3.3.1.1 The identification of a witness in two separate Judaean Desert docu- ments as the same person results from the frequency with which one finds the names of the witnesses repeating themselves in the Se and PYadin papyri. Since most of the Se documents and all PYadin papyri belonging to the Babatha archive can be traced to pre-132 CE Nabatean Maoza,®° we may assume that “witness” was a profession adopted by literate persons in Maoza. Customers of the court hired their services and their number was limited.*! 3.3.1.2 Itis interesting to note that three of the witnesses present in document Se 8a (134-5 CE) have the same names as those on PYadin 19 (128) (127 ATT) and 23 (130 CE) (9AW 7 ars and [S}AnA 73. “aDdR). Since one set of documents was written in Maoza and the other in Kfar Baru, one under a Roman court of law and the other under a Jewish one, it is necessary to assume that the court personnel were mobile, and that they continued in their occupations under the new Jewish regime. 3.3.1.3 The names Mh/2 V2 PIM and PIT 3 HN were found in two docu- ments®? and both names are written with the same orthography not common in these documents (MN for MMM; PIM for PIM). However, these cannot be absolute deciding factors for the persons being the same, since the father-son relationship in the documents are reversed. mT % See Cotton & Yardeni DJD 27, 1-6. 81 See Ilan, “Johana bar Makouta.” 82 With perhaps a common provenance, see Cotton & Yardeni, DJD 27, 6, 283, 315.4, Find 37 4. Find Incolumn 3 I describe the find on which the name was found. This means that the column is only full in cases of names recorded on archaeological artifacts, and not in cases where they were found mentioned in literary sources. The finds are recorded as follows (and also in this order under each name). 4.1 Ossuaries —The find which records the greatest number of Palestinian Jews are the special secondary burial casks made of limestone, unique to the Jerusalem region — ossuaries. Occasionally ossuaries were also found in other parts of the country, but such occurrences are rare. Ossuaries were produced in Jerusalem, and soon after the destruction of the Second Temple fell out of use.%* In this column the following details are recorded regarding ossuaries: place of find, date of find and the name of the archaeologist who discovered the ossuary. 4.1.1 One unique find in this category is an ossuary lid from Bethphage, on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. Most ossuaries list only the name of the deceased, but this ossuary lid contains a list of names, probably of workers in an ossuary factory, and lists their pay. The list has many interesting aspects.** For this corpus it is important to note that some names appear twice in the list, but they obviously refer to the same person paid twice. 4.2. Other Epigraphical Evidence from Jerusalem — Not much more evidence from Jerusalem has come up but excavations have also unearthed a few ostraca, seals and inscriptions that can be dated to Second Temple Jerusalem. These are listed after the ossuaries. The description of the finds follows the same pattern as that of the ossuaries. 4.3 Epigraphical Evidence from the Rest of the Country — Most of the greater concentrations of inscriptional onomastic evidence for Jews from Palestine (Syn- agogue inscriptions,*® the Beth Sha‘erim cemetery,®® The Jaffa cemetery*” and the evidence from Caesarea®’) date from a period later than this corpus. I have only included here inscriptional evidence, as well as coins, seals and ostraca that are either clearly dated, or come from the hill country of Judaea, which ceased to be occupied by Jews after the Bar Kokhba revolt (135 CE). The description of the finds follows the same pattem as that of the ossuaries. 44 Epigraphical Evidence from Abroad ~ Some Palestinian Jews are men- tioned in documents from locations other than Palestine. These include Papyri ® Rahmani, C/O, 21-25. * Naveh, IEJ 40 (1990). 85 Naveh, OSM; Roth-Gerson, GISEI. * Beth She‘arim. * CIJ nos. 892-960. 8 E.g. A. Negev, “Inscriptions hébraiques, grecques et latines de Césarée Maritime,” RB 78 (1971) 247-63.