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Lesson9|

AneasypacedapproachtolearnSanskrit

Lesson9

SimpleSanskritLesson9
PostedonJune1,2012June24,2013byslabhyankar

SimpleSanskritLesson9

()|

MentionofpasttensewasmadeinthepreviousLesson8,
1. inthecontextofthequestion,Howmanypeoplewerethere??

2. alsointhecontextTheproposalwasacceptedbysomepeople.

|
3. Thereispasttensealsointhesentence

i.e.

puthisfootatthree

places.
4. AlsoinIhadwingsgrownonme
|

5. AlsoinInhowmanypiecesdidthewoodcuerbreakthelog?

?
Pasttenseinthesefiveexamplescanbeclassifiedinto2classes,
Insentences1,3and4thereisaverbinflectedinpasttense.
Insentences2and5,
(=wasaccepted)and(literally,wasbroken)areverbal
derivatives,whichservethefunctionofverb.Hencenoverbisexplicit.
Thisconceptofverbalderivative
isagreatconcept.Itmakestheconstructionsocrisp
andsimple!
Ascanbeseen,
(=wasaccepted)and(literally,wasbroken)havepassivevoice

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Ascanbeseen,
(=wasaccepted)and(literally,wasbroken)havepassivevoice
inbuilt.Suchverbalderivative
withpasttenseandpassivevoiceinbuiltiscalledas
PastPassiveParticiple(ppp).Eveninsentence4thereisappp
.Useofpppsisquite
commonplaceinSanskrit.Itisoftenreadilyrecognizablefromtheending.Theword

isitselfappp !
Inpassivevoiceactualdoer,thesubjectofactivevoiceismentionedwiththeprepositionby.For
example,
Theproposalwasacceptedbysomepeople.Thesubjectdoingaccepting(oracceptance)is
somepeople.Inpassiveitgetstheprepositionby.So,herewehavebysomepeople.
InSanskrit,functionoftheprepositionbyisservedbyThirdcase
.

areinThirdcase,hereplural.
In
?(Inhowmanypieceswasthelogbrokenbythe
woodcuer?)bythewoodcuer
alsoisinThirdcase.
Ascanbeseen,pppsareadjectives.
In
theppp
isadjectiveof.

In
thepppisadjectiveof.
Betweenadjectiveandqualiednountherule

applies.
AsIhavebeenemphasizing,in
thenounisatthe

beginningandtheadjective
isattheend.Butthatdoesnotmaer.Whichnounis
qualiedbytheadjectiveisobviousfromthefactthatbothand
aremasculine,
rstcase,singular.
Likewise,in
bothandaremasculine,rstcase,
singular.
Anotherinterestingpointaboutppp.Willtherebeapppofanintransitiveverb?Thequestion
arises,becauseinEnglish,therecannotbepassivevoiceofintransitiveverbs.Thisisnoproblem
inSanskrit!Acommonplaceexampleisofverbtogo.InEnglishtogoisintransitive.Sanskrit

fortogois.Itspppis.InSanskrittheplacewhichisgonetoorthewayorpathwhich

isgonebyaretakenasobjects.Forexample,forthesakeofunderstandingthecharmofSanskritI
wenttoschoolshouldbeputinpassivevoiceasTheschoolwasgonetobyme.Thenitbecomes
simpletoputitinSanskrit.|Sowehaveasweet,simplesentenceinSanskritfor
translationofIwenttoschoolbyusingappp,combiningthereinthepasttenseandthepassive
voice.
Thisbringstomindaninterestingquote
Thisquotehasbeendiscussedin
detailinLessonNo.58athttp://slabhyankar.wordpress.com(http://slabhyankar.wordpress.com.)/
Inthecontextofppp,wehaveinthisquotewhichisadjectiveof.Actuallythisquoteis
interesting,becauseexceptfor
,alltheother4outof5wordsaremasculine,rstcase,singular

=:masculine,rstcase,singularofnoun

=masculine,thirdcase,singularofpronoun

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=masculine,thirdcase,singularofpronoun
=masculine,rstcase,singularofppp
=:=masculine,rstcase,singularofpronoun
=masculine,rstcase,singularofnoun.Notethisisaconsonant(
)ending

,meaningpath,way
Meaningof
canbeinterpretedintwodierentways,dependingupon
twodierentmodesofsyntaxortwodierentsequencesforarrangingthewords.
1.
,=Thepathortheway,thegreatpeoplewent,is(thepath).
meaningTheway(togoby)istheway(bywhich)greatpeoplewent.
2.
=Greatistheperson,whowentthatway.
ThequoteisactuallyfromanepisodeinItistheanswergivenby

inreply

toaquestion?by,whoclaimedtobethemasterofalakeandwouldnotallow
thirsty
topartakeofthewater,unless
wouldanswerafewquestions.Complete
answerof
was

(MeaningScienceofLogicisnotdefinitive;thescripturesaremanyandvaried;thereisnoone
sage,whosesayingcanbetakenasthenorm;codeofrighteousconductisenshrinedincave(orin
mystery).Hencethewaytogoisthewayagreatpersonhasgoneby.)
Isthistoomuchofpppandthepassivevoiceinbuilttherein?Oneneednotbeoverawedbythe
passivevoiceofppp.Sanskritprovidesanoptionofanactivevoiceparticiplealso,andinpast
tense.ActivePastParticiple(app)isderivedfrompppbyaxingasuxtotheppp.For

exampleisappderivedfromppp.Theprocedureissimple.

Table91
Useofpppandapp
Englishactivevoice

Englishpassivevoice

Usingppp

Usingapp

Iwenttoschool

Schoolwasgonetobyme

Note
inthenounadjectivepairis
In

thenoun(orpronoun)adjectivepairis
.

Thisisperfectlyaccordingtothepassiveandactivevoiceconstructs.
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ismasculine,rstcase,singularof
.

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ismasculine,rstcase,singularof
.

isfeminine,rstcase,singularof.
,,,
seemtobesimilartogoneinEnglish.Howeverthereisadierence.In

Englishgoneisnotcompletebyitself,norcanitstandbyitself.Itisanappendageasinis
gone,hasgone,etc.Asagainstthis,,,,
wheninectedarecomplete;

theycanstandbythemselves.Theyareadjectives.IdonotknowwhatgoneisinEnglish
grammar.Possiblygoneisaparticiple.InSanskritdictionariesalsoismentionedasa
participle,pp,possiblyfollowingthestylesetbyEnglishgrammarians.
Trulyspeakingisanadjective

(.
..)
.

Certainly..
..isfarbeerrenedthanaparticiple.ThatiswhatSanskritisrened
!Note,
standsforPassive(Voice)
Bythattoken,is

(.
..).Note,
stands

forActive(Voice)
Havingsaid,goneisanappendageasinisgone,hasgoneetc.bringsintodiscussionthe
aspectthatinEnglishalltenses,Past,Present,Futurehavefoursubtypes,suchasPresentSimple,
PresentContinuous,PresentPerfectandPresentPerfectContinuous.Nowthatwearediscussing
PastTense,questionarisesaboutSanskritequivalentsofPastSimple,PastContinuous,Past
PerfectandPastPerfectContinuous.
Table92
SanskritequivalentsofPastSimple,PastContinuous,
PastPerfectandPastPerfectContinuous
No.

TypeofPastTense

ExampleinEnglish

Sanskritequivalents

PastSimple

Hewent

or

or

PastContinuous

Hewasgoing

PastPerfect

Hehadgone

or

PastPerfectContinuous

Hehadbeengoing

AscanbeseenthefourtypesofPastTensestilldonotcoverthePastTenseasin

ActuallythereisafundamentalconceptualdifferenceinSanskritconnotationoftypesofPast
Tense.ThisisonereasonwhymyattemptatgivingSanskritequivalentsforTypes2and4in
abovetableledmetocointhemidentical.
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ItcomestomindthatpossiblyEnglishtypePastContinuousimpliessomecontinuityofanother4/12

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ItcomestomindthatpossiblyEnglishtypePastContinuousimpliessomecontinuityofanother
actionapartfromgivenoneofHewasgoing.Forexample,Ashewasgoing,hisfriendcameby.

or
Thelaerstyle

whereinandarebothinSixthcaseiscalledasconstruct.

Ifoneactionhasalreadyjusthappenedandanotheractiontakesplace,e.g.Hewentandhis
friendcameby.orAfterhewent,hisfriendcameby,orAshewent,hisfriendcameby;then
onewouldsay,
bothareinSeventhCase.Thisis

Here,and
calledasconstruct.
Ascanbeseen,bothandconstructsareequivalentsofthesubclausesAshe

wasgoing,Afterhewent.Ascanbeseen,hewentisPastSimple.ButsignicanceofAfterin
AfterhewentisnotbroughtoutintheTypesofPastTenseinEnglish.
Weshouldbearinmindthateverylanguagehassomeuniqueconcepts.So,exactequivalentof
everyotherconstructinonelanguagemaynotbeavailableinanotherlanguage.
InSanskrittherearethreetypesofPastTense
1. (alsocalledas)e.g.Hewent(inrecentpast)
2. (alsocalledas)e.g.Hewent(longago)
1. Dictionarymeaningofisoutoforbeyondthesight(ofthespeaker).
2. Forexample,ifIshouldbetellingPandavaswenttoforest,thewaytosaywouldbe

3. InMahabharata,MuniVyasawouldhavewrien
using(or

)pasttense,becausehehadhimselfseenitall.
4. AtthisinitialstageoflearningSimpleSanskrit,oneneednotworrymuchaboutthene
dierencebetween(or)pasttenseand(or)pasttense.
5. Evenwhensayingso,itcomestomindthattheconceptof(or)pasttense,outof
orbeyondthesight(ofthespeaker)isimprobableforrstperson(I,we)andsecond
person(you)pronouns.So,inectionsin(or)pasttenseareirrelevantforthese
pronouns.Thatmakeslearning(or)pasttensealsosimple.Oneneedsto
primarilylearnthethreeinectionsofonlythethirdperson.
3.
(forwhichEnglishgrammarianshavegiventhenameAorist)e.g..UseofAorist

pastisrareinSanskrititself.So,oneneednotworrymuchaboutit,atleastatthisinitialstage
oflearningSimpleSanskrit.
AtthisinitialstageoflearningSimpleSanskrit,itisadequatetolearnonlythe(or)
pasttenseandthethreeinectionsin(or)pasttenseforthirdpersonpronouns.The
detailinghereisprimarilytoappraiseofthesedetails,sothatonewouldnotbecomeaskance,if
onecomesacrosstheseusageswhenreadingSanskritliterature.
Allinectionsin(or)pasttensehaveanadjunct.Now,hereisaninterestinglogic
thatcomestomindfortohavebeenchosenasanadjunct.Theleerisusedasanadjunctalso
tomakeopposites,antonymsofpositiveconcepts,e.g.(untruth,falsehood)isnegative,
opposite,antonymof(truth).Whenploingatimescale,ifweplacezerofornoworforthe
presenttense,everythingofthepastwouldbeploedonthenegativesideofzero.Sopasttense5/12

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presenttense,everythingofthepastwouldbeploedonthenegativesideofzero.Sopasttense
isnegativesidethesideofpresenttense.So,becomesagoodadjuncttoobtaininectionsin
(or)pasttense!
Itwouldbegoodtoenlistthree(or)inectionsandallnineinectionsin(or
)pasttenseforallthe25
slistedinLesson1and2.
Table93
Inectionsinandpasttensesfor16
slistedinLesson1
No.

Verbalroot

Meaning

Inectionsinand

togo

..

..
:

..

tosay,to
speak

..

..
:

..

tocome

..

..
:

..

togo
towards,to
gounto

..

..
:

..

++

toreturn

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..

..
:

..

todo

..

..

..

toeat

..

..

..

todrink

..

..

..

tobe

..

..

..

10

tobe,to
become,tobe
present

..

..

..

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tosit

..

..

..

12

tostand,to
halt,tostop

..

..
:

..

13

tostandup

..

..
:

..

14

togive

..

..

..

15

or

totake,to
receive,to
accommodate

..

..

..

16

toknow,to
become
aware

..

..
:

..

Beforeproceedingwiththebalance9
slistedinLesson2,weshouldmakenoteofsome

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Beforeproceedingwiththebalance9
slistedinLesson2,weshouldmakenoteofsome
interestingandimportantobservations.
1. Whereastheinectionofis

thatof+is
.Thisisbecausethe

adjunctisalwaystobeaxedclosesttothemainverb,i.e.aftertheprex
suchas.
Soisactually+
.Onecanappreciatethat+
becomes

2. Similaristhecasewith
1.
whichis+

2. whichis+

3. fortheverb
+.Itistobeappreciatedthat
is
.

3. Theseareallsandhis.Informationofverbforms,especiallyforforminginectionsof
verbswithprexes,itiscompulsorytoformthesandhis.
Table94
Inectionsinandpasttensesfor9
slistedinLesson2
No.

Verbal
Root

Meaning

Inectionsinand

17

tomoveabout,togoabout,to
conductoneself

..

..

..

18

tomeet

..

..
:

..

19

toread

..

..
:

..

20

tofall

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..

..
:

..

21

tosee

..

..
:

..

22

toleave,toforsake,tocastoff

..

..
:

..

23

towrite

..

..
:

..

24

toask

..

..

..

25

tohear,tolistento

..

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..

..

Withtheknownpronouninectionsandandinectionsof25
sasabove,itwouldbe
possibletopractisemakingmany,manysentencesinandpasttenses.Inectionsof
pronounsintheirrstcaseserveashandysubjectsforpractisingmakingcrispsentences.The
inectionsinrstcase,whichwehavealreadystudiedare
(..
)

(..
)

(..

.
)

(..
.)
(..

.
)

(
..

.
)

(
..
.)

(
..

.
)
(
)()

()

9. Thelistabovemakes66subjectwords.With25
sonecanmake1650sentencesinpast
tenseand
10. Leavingoutthe6subjectwordsinitems1and2,westillhave60pronounsubjectwordsand
25
stopractisemaking1500sentencesinpasttense,
11. total3150sentencesinandpasttensestogether!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Sentencescanalsobeformedwithotherpronounsas
,etc.and
suchas

,etc.
Thereisonemoreindeclinableofpasttense,averbalderivative

equivalenttotheEnglishconstructofafter+gerunde.g.aftergoing.Thederivativeis
obtainedbyaxingasuxandishencecalledas
However,ifthereisaprexwiththeverb,e.g.+,thenthesuxusedisnot.The

thenis

Allthe25
swehavebeenpractisingwithareofaclasscalledas
.Theotherclassof

siscalledas
.Whena
canbeinectedbybothclasses,such
iscalledas
.
Forthe25

swehavestudied
theirinflectionsinpresenttense,
theirinflectionsinimperativemood,and
inthislessontheirinectionsinandpasttenses.
Andwehavebeenintroducedtofourtypesof
s
pppi.e.

suchas

appi.e.

suchas

Useofa

suchastoobtainsomeequivalentsofPastContinuousorPast

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Useofa

suchastoobtainsomeequivalentsofPastContinuousorPast
PerfectContinuous

suchasor.Note,thatthesearecalledas

andrespectively.
Alltheseinectionsandderivativeswillbetherefor

salso.
Therewasalsointhislessonamentionofandconstructs,sincethereisa

tingeofpasttenseinthese.Theseconstructsdoneeduseof

suchasinsixthand
seventhandcases.
Thislessonthuspromptsthestudytoproceedtostudyof

s.
salsocalledas
Bytheway,therearemorevarietiesoftheseapartfromthefourtypesmentioned

s,sincetheyarecompulsoryininectionsof
shavingprexes.
Ofcoursewehavemuchmorecomprehensiveuseof
sinSanskrit.

!
oOo
PostedinLesson9,Lessons1to10Leaveacomment
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