Jibachha Publishing

JIBACHHA
ANIMAL HUBANDRY
First edition

Dr. Jibachha Sah

Dr.Prabhakar K Sah
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Index
1. Animal husbandry in Nepal
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Importance of animal husbandry
1.3 Organizational diagram of veterinary service in Nepal
1.4 Scope of livestock production in Nepal
1.5 Role of livestock in Nepalese economy
1.6 The different native livestock breeds in Nepal.
1.7 History of Livestock Development in Nepal
1.8 Constraints to livestock production in various-ecological zones
1.9 Most critical areas to improve production rate of livestock
1.10 Economic value of livestock farming

1.11 Livestock grazing system in Nepal

1.11.1 Transhumant system.
1.11.2 Sedentary system.
1.11.3 Stall-fed system.
1.12 Strategies for livestock improvement in Nepal
1.13 Livestock feeding system in Nepal
1.13.1 Limitation associated with feeds and feeding
1.13.2 Constraints in Animal production
1.14 Economic of feeding dairy cow
1.15 Utilization of waste in animal feeding.

1.16 Impact of climate change in dairy cattle

2. Taxonomy of farm animals

2.1 Definition of Taxonomy
2.2 Zoological classification of farm animal
2.2.1 Characteristic of Bos indicus cattle
2.2.2 different between Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle
2.3 Difference between ruminant and non-ruminant
2.4 Glossary of farm animal terms

3. Anatomy and physiology of farm animals

3.1 Skeleton system
3.1.1Functions of Bones
3.1.2 Classification of bone
3.1.3 Vertebral formula of common farm animals.
3.1.4Dentition
3.1.5 Articular system
3.2 Muscular system
3.3 Digestive system
3.3.1 Digestive system of ruminant
3.3.2 Digestive system of non-ruminant
3.4 Respiratory system
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3.4.1 Avian respiration

3.5Urinary system
3.6 Reproductive system
3.6.1 Male sexual organs and their function
3.6.2 Female sexual organs and their function
3.6.1.1 Structure and function of the bovine placenta
3.6.1.2 Mammary gland
3.7 Endocrine system
3.8Nervous system
3.9 Circulatory system.
3.9.1Foetal circulation
3.9.1 Animal blood
3.9.2 Avian blood
3.10Integumentary system
3.11Sensory system

4. Animal genetics
4.1 Cell structure
4.1.1 Animal cell
4.1.2 Plant cell
4.1.3 Difference between animal cell and plant cell
4.2 Cell division
4.2.1 Mitosis
4.2.2 Meiosis
4.2.3 Difference between mitosis and meiosis
4.3 Mutation

4.3.1 General character of mutation

4.4 Traits
4.5 Variations
4.6 Phenotype
4.7 Phenotypic variation
4.8 Genotype
4.8.1 Different between genotype and phenotype
4.9 Gene
4.10 Hereditary
4.10.1 Types of heredity
4.11 Mendelian Law
4.11.1. Law of segregation
4.11.2. Law independent assortment
4.11.3. Law of dominance
4.12 Lethal Factor
4.12.1 Typical lethal factor associated condition in cattle.
4.13 Sex chromosome
4.14 Heterozygous and homozygous
4.15 Different between species and breed
4.16. Implantation
4.17 Multiple Alleles
4.18 Linkage
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4.19 Sex determination system

4.20 Glossary of genetic terms

5. Animal breeding
5.1 Animal breeding policy in Nepal

5.1.2 Constraint of animal breeding in Nepal.

5.1.3Implementation Constraint in animal breeding policy in Nepal
5.2 Selection method
5.2.1Performance testing
5.2.2Pedigree selection
5.2.3Progeny testing
5.2.4Show ring selection
5.3 Choosing Traits for selection
5.3.1Heritability
5.3.2 Variability of the trait
5.3.3 Correlated trait
5.4 Factors Affecting Breeding Efficiency
5.5 System of breeding
5.5.1 Inbreeding
5.5.2 Outcrossing:
5.5.3 Crossbreeding Systems
5.5.4 Terminal crossing
5.5.5 Rotational crossing
5.5.6 Roto-terminal crossing
5.5.7 Grading up
5.5.8 Straight breeding
5.5.9 Hybrid vigor
5.5.10 Cloning
5.6 Heritability
5.6.1 Concept of repeatability

5.7 Scope of Animal genetics conservation in Nepal

Breed of Cattle & Buffalo

6.1 Nepalese Indigenous cattle breeds
6.1.1 Lulu, Achhami, Siri, Pahadi, Terai, Khaila
6.2 Yak & Chauri
6.3 Indian milk cattle breed
6.3.1. Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Gir , Deoni,
6.4 Dual Purpose breeds
6.3.2 Tharparkar, Ongole, Hariana, Kankrej,
6.5 Draught breeds
6.5.1 Malvi, Hallikar, Amrit Mahal, Kangayam,
6.6 Exotic Dairy Breeds
6.6.1 Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss, Jersey, Guernsey, Ayrshire
6.6.2Characteristics of Major Exotic Dairy Breeds
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6.7 Nepalese Indigenous Buffaloes Breeds

6.7 Lime, Parkote , Gaddi ,
6.8 Indian Buffalo Breeds
6.7.1 Murrah, Nili,- Ravi, Jaffrabadi,Surti,Mehsana,Nagpuri

Animal reproduction
7.1. Reproductive Hormones
7.2 The Estrous Cycle
7.3 Heat detection
7.4 Role of male in reproduction
7.5Sign of heat
7.6 Heat detection efficiency equations
7.6.1 Percentage of Possible Heats Detected
7.6.2 Percentage of Breedable Heats Detected
7.7 Heat detection index
7.8 Ovulation
7.8.1Ovulation period
7.10 Puberty
7.10.1 Puberty in the Female
7.10.2Puberty in the Female
7.10.3 Factors Affecting the Attainment of Puberty
7.11Spermatogenesis
7.11.1 Different between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
7.11.2 Morphology of Spermatozoa.
7.11.3 Semen abnormality related terms
7.11.4 Average semen volume in different animals
7.12Gamatogenesis
7.13 Fertilization
7.14. Gestation period
7.14.1 Abnormality during the pregnancy and prenatal period
7.15 Pregnancy diagnosis
7.15.1 Steps of Rectal Palpation in Cattle
17.18 Parturition
17.18.1 Stages of parturition
17.18.2 Role of hormone in parturition
7.19 Retained placenta
7.20 Postpartum recovery
7.21 Artificial insemination
7.21.1 Advantage and disadvantage
7.21.2 A.I. equipment
7.21.3 Artificial insemination technique
7.21.3.1 Thawing of semen
7.21.3.2 Loading the Al gun
7.21.3.3 Inseminating the cow
7.21.3.4 Artificial insemination timing in cattle
7.25 Cow artificial insemination record
7.22 Semen collection
7.22.1 Collection method
7.22.2 Use of an Artificial Vagina (A.V.),
7.22.3By Electro-stimulation
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7.22.4 Semen evaluation method

7.22.4.1Determining Sperm Numbers with a Hemocytometer

7.23 Embryo transfer (ET)

27.23.1Advantage of embryo transfer
27.23.2 Disadvantage of embryo transfer
7.24. Glossary of reproductive terms

Animal nutrition
8.1 Composition and classification of feedstuff
8.1.1 Carbohydrate
8.1.1.1 Classification of carbohydrate
8.1.1.2 Properties of Carbohydrates
8.1.1.3 Structure of Carbohydrates
8.1.1.4 Functions of Carbohydrates
8.1.1.5Types of Carbohydrates
8.1.2 Proteins
8.1.2.1 Characteristics of Proteins
8.1.2.2Properties of Proteins
8.1.2.3 Protein Classification
8.1.2.4 Structure of Proteins
8.1.2.5 Function of Proteins
8.1.2.6 Types of Proteins
8.1.3 Amino acid
8.1.3.1 General properties of Amino Acids
8.1.3.2 Functions of Amino Acids
8.1.3.3 Classification of Amino Acids
8.1.3.4 Structure of Amino Acid
8.1.4 Lipids
8.1.4.1 Characteristics of Lipids
8.1.4.2 Types of Lipids
8.1.4.3 Structure of Lipids
8.1.4.4 Function of Lipids

8.1.5Minerals
8.1.5.1Classification of minerals
8.1.5.2 General function

8.1.6 Enzyme
8.1.6.1Characteristics of Enzymes
8.1.6.2 Classification of enzyme
8.1.6.3 Structure of Enzymes
8.1.6.4Function of Enzymes

8.1.7 Vitamins
8.1.7.1 Water soluble vitamin
8.1.7.2 Fat soluble vitamin
8.2 Formulation of ration
8.2.1Types of ration
8.2.2 Feeding Standards
3.2.3 Desirable Characteristic of a Good Ration
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8.2.4Thumb Rules of Feeding Cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep and Goat

8.2.5 Principles of Ration Formulation for Different Classes of Animals
8.2.6 Method of ration formulation
8.2.6.1Pearson square method
8.2.6.2Trial and error method
8.2.6.3 Linear Programming (LP) Method.
8.2.7 Formulation of Milk Replacer and Calf Starter

8.2.8 Classification of concentrate

8.2.9 Classification of roughage
8.2.10 Different between concentrate & roughage
8.2.11 Different between concentrate & non roughage
8.2.12 Energy rich feed ingredients
8.2.13 Protein rich feed ingredients
8.2.14 Differentiate between essential and non-essential nutrients.

8.11 Classify nutrient

8.11.1 Water requirement for cattle & Buffalo
8.11.2 Carbohydrate
8.11.3 Protein
8.11.4 Minerals
8.11.5 Vitamins
8.12 Feed analysis
8.12.1 Proxymate analysis
8.12.2.Crude Protein Determination in Feed and Forages
8.12.2.1 Macro-Kjeldahl Method
8.12.3 Detergent Fiber analysis
8.12.4 Measuring the Dry Matter Content of Forages
8.12.4.1 Hand squeezing
8.12.4.2 Microwave method
8.12.5 Determine yield of forages.
8.12.5 Classification of feed
8.12.5.1 Nutrient content of some feed (Dry matter basis)

8.13 Energy
8.13.1 Gross energy (GE)
8.13.2 Fecal energy (FE)
8.13.3 Digestible energy (DE)
8.13.4 Metabolizable energy (ME)
8.13.5Urinary energy (UE)
8.13.6. Heat energy (HE)
8.14 Use of urea (NPN) in ruminant feed
8.14.1 Factors Affecting the Use of NPN Sources as Ruminant Feed
8.14.2 Use of NPN and bypass protein in ruminant diets
8.14.3 Constraints to application of the bypass protein .
8.14.4 Methods to improve the nutritive value of rice straw
8.14.5 Method of urea treatment
8.14.6 Practical guidelines for use of rice straw as ruminant feed

8.15Formulation of ration
8.15.1 Desirable character of ration
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8.16 Feeding balance concentrate mixture for cattle

8.17 Factor affecting digestibility intake
8.18 Anti-nutritional factor in feedstuff
8.19 Digestion in non-ruminant
8.20 Digestions in ruminant
8.21 TMR (Total mixed ration)
8.21.1 Advantage of TMR feeding
8.21.2 Disadvantage of TMR feeding
8.21.3Guidelines for nutrient concentrations in TMRs
8.21.4Recommended nutrient concentrations in TMRs for lactating cows
8.21.5Recommended nutrient concentrations in TMRs for dry cows

8.22MB (Urea molasses block) preparation

9. Dairy farm management

9.1 Housing system
9.2 Selecting of Site and Layout of Dairy Farm

9.3 Conventional Barn Cow House Systems

9.4 Comparison different housing system
9.5 Layout of dairy farm
9. 2 Calf pen house for young stock
9.2.1 Feeding
9.2.2Feeding dairy cattle and buffalo
9.2.3 Daily nutrient requirements for maintenance, pregnancy and lactation for cattle and
buffalo

9.2.4 Nutrient requirements of pre-ruminant cattle and buffalo calves

9.2.5 Daily nutrient requirement for growing dairy animals
9.2.6 Feeding dairy calves
9.2.6.1 Feeding dairy calves from birth to three months
9.2.6.2 Feeding dairy calves from three months to maturity
9.2.6.3 Feeding schedule (g) for calves up to three months of age.
9.2.6.4. Example of the growth production ration for a 200 kg animal
9.2.6.5 Feeding dry calf starters and roughages
9.2.6.6 Ration schedule for dairy animals from three months to maturity
9.3. Feeding dairy cow
9.4. Feeding dry cow
9.5. Feeding for reproduction
9.6 Care, management of pregnant animals
9.6.1 Steaming up
9.7. Care and Management cow after parturition
9.8 Care and Management of lactating animals.
9.9 Care and management of work Bullocks
9.10 Care and management of breeding bull
9.11 Management of calf
9.11.1Colostrum feeding
9.11.2Creep feeding
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9.12 Care and management Heifer

9.12.1Heifers 1218 months of age
9.12.2Pregnant heifers prepartum (2436 months)
9.12.3Replacement heifers
9.12.4Culling
9.13Feeding Systems of dairy cattle
9.13.1 Hay, Silage and Concentrate Fed Separately

9.13.2 Single Forage and Concentrate Feed Separately

9.13.3 Feeding Part of the Concentrate with Forage
9.13.4 Total Mixed Rations
9.14 Cattle age determination
9.15 Farm animal identification
9.15.1Advantage of identification
9.16 Restraint of farm animals

9.16.1Casting of cattle
9.16.1.1 Rope Squeeze
9.16.1.2 Burley Method
9.16.2 Calves restraint technique
9.16.3 Heifer restraint technique
9.17 Castrations
9.17.1Reasons for Castration
9.17.2 Age of castration
9.17.3 Banding method
9.17.3.1Advantages to banding
9.17.3.2 Disadvantages to banding
9.17.4 Burdizzo method

9.17.4.1. Advantages to burdizzo

9.17.4.2 Disadvantages to burdizzo
9.17.5 Surgical method
9.17.5.1 Advantages to surgical
9.17.5.2 Disadvantages to surgical
9.18 BCS (Body Condition Score)
9.18.1 System of body condition scoring in dairy cattle
9.19 Basic farm recording system
9.19.1. Organizing herd recording
9.19.2 Data handling and processing
9.19 3 Identification of cattle
9.19.4 Breeding records
9.19.5 Milk production records
9.19.6 Recording for health
9. 20 Vaccination
9.21 Dehorning/disbudding
9.21.1 Electric or butane hot dehorning
9.21.2 Chemical method
9.21.3 Advantage of disbudding
9.22 Drenching
9.23 Ringing
9.24Animal behavior
9.24.1 Feeding behavior
9.24.2 Breeding behavior
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9.24.3 Behaviour during sick

9.24.4 Excite by seeing strangers
9.24.5 Abnormal behaviors
9.24.6 Maternal-offspring behavior
9.24.7 Resting behaviour
9.25 Hoof trimming
9.26 Milking method
9.26.1Stripping Technique
9.26.2 Full-Hand Technique

9.26.3 Machine Milking

9.27 Dairy farm project plan

10 Forage and fodder

10.1 Classify grass
10.1.1 Forage
10.1.2 Fodder
10.1.3Different between fodder and forage crop

10.1.4Salient features of forage crops

10.1.5 Limitations/constraints of forage crops production
10.2 Classification of forage crops
10.2.1 Classification based on climate
10.2.2Classification Based on growing season
10.2.3 Agronomic classification
10.2.4 Classification based on life of crops/duration of crops
10.2.5 Classification based on cultural method/water
10.2.5 Classification based on cultural method/water
10.2.7 Classification based on economic importance
10.2.8 Classification based on No. of cotyledons
10.3 Importance and scope of fodder production
10.4 Constraint / limitation of fodder production
10.5 Importance of fiber for rumen health
10.6 Factor affecting the chemical composition of fodder/forages
10.7 Classification of feedstuff
10.7.1 Feed resources in Nepal
10.8 Types of forage
10.9 Forage and fodder production systems in Nepal
10.10 Major Limitations and Constraints in forage seed production in Nepal
10.11Fodder tree
10.11.1 Types of fodder tree
10.11.2 Species of fodder trees utilized in the hills of Nepal, and their lopping cycle
10.11.3 Estimated foliage production of fodder trees.
10.11.4 Nutritive value of some species of fodder tree leaves from the mid-hills of Nepal.
10.11.5 Recommended grass/legumes for the hills
10.11.6 Nutritive value of fibrous crop residues (dry matter basis)
11.1 Agroforestry and silvipasture system and its importance in Nepal
11.1.1 Silvipasture
11.2 Conservation of fodder/forage
11.2.1 Hay
11.2.2 Silage
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11.2.2.1 Major raw forage materials for silage making

11.2.2.2 Ideal crop for silage making
11.2.2.3 Kinds of silos
11.2.2.4Process of silage making
11.2.2.5 Quality of silage
11.3 Plant poisoning in pasture and their management
11.3.1 Plant Causing Nitrate & Oxalate Poisoning
11.3.2 Plants Causing Liver Disease & Sunlight Sensitivity
11.3.3 .Plants Causing Organ Failure
11.3.4 Plants Causing Cyanide Poisoning
11.3.5 Plants Affecting Cardiovascular Health
11.3.6 Management of toxic plant in pasture land.
11.4 Problem in pasture/rangeland improvement in Nepal.
11.5 Factors Affecting the Nutritive Value of Range Forage
11.6 Factors Affecting Forage Intake by Range Ruminants
11.7 Definition of annual and perennial forage
11.8 Difference between legumes and grasses?
11.9 Common legumes grass and their cultivation
11.9.1 Berseem(Trifolium alexandrinum)
11.9.2 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata )
11.9.3Lucerne (Medicago sativa)
11.9.4 Stylosanthese (Hedysarum hamatum )
11.9.5 Bean (LabLab)
11.10 Common annual cereal fodder and their cultivation
11.10.1 Oat (Avena sativa)
11.10.2 Maize (Zea maize)
11.11 Common annual cereal fodder and their cultivation
11.11.1 Sorghhum (Sorghum bicolor)
11.11.2 Napiers (Pennisetum purpureum)
11.11.3 Gninea grass (Megathyrsus maximus)

12.Goat
12.1 Taxonomy
12.2 Indigenous Goat Breeds of Nepal
12.2.1Chyangra,Sinhal,Khari/Aule, Terai goat,Barbari
12.2.2 Growth characters of indigenous goat
12.2.3 Reproductive parameters of indigenous goat breeds
12.3 Exotic Goat Breed,
12.3.1 Boer, Jamunapari, Anglo-Nubian, Beetal , Damascus,Saanen, Toggenburg, Black
Bengal
12.4 Goat management
12.4.1 Managing a pregnant doe
12.5 Housing

12.5.1. Rearing in mud floor

12.5.2. Deep litter shed
12.5.3. Elevated floor shed
12.6 Grazing system
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12.6.1. Extensive Grazing

12.6.2 Rotational grazing method
12.6.3 Semi-intensive
12.6.4 Intensive system-zero grazing-system
12.7 Feeding
12.7.1 Feeding of breeding does
12.1.2. Feeding does during the first four months of pregnancy:
12.1.3. Feeding does during the last one month of pregnancy:
12.7.4. Feeding does at kidding time
12.7.5. Feeding lactating does
12.7.6. Feeding non pregnant does
12.7.7. Feeding bucks for breeding
12.7.8. Feeding kids
12.7.8.1. Feeding from birth to three months of age
12.7.8.2 Colostrum feeding of kids
12.7.9. Creep ration
12.7.10 Flushing ration
12.8 Daily water requirement
12.9 Identification
12.9.1 Types of tag:
12.9.2 tagging hygienic:
12.9.3 Steps to tagging:
12.9.4 Tagging Precaution
12.10 Castration
12.10.1 Surgical method
12.10.2 Burdizzo (Emasculatome) Method
12.10.3Elastrator Method
12.11 Dipping
12.11.1 Pre-Dipping Precautions
12.11.2 Goat, Sheep Dip Pool Management
12.12 Vaccination
12.13 Breeding
12.13.1 Common problems associated with poor selection and breeding.
12.13.2 Selecting a good and healthy goat.
12.13.2.1 The buck (male)
12.13.2.2The doe (female)
12.13.2.3 Kids
12.13.3 Breeding Method
12.13.3.1 Different between inbreeding and line breeding
12.13.3.2 Different between cross breeding and back crossing
12.13.4 Sign of heat in goat
12.13.5 Sign of kidding in goat
12.13.6 Sign of kidding process
12.13.7 Raising Kids
12.14 Artificial insemination in goat
12.14.1Reproductive cycle of the doe
12.14.2 Time of insemination
12.14.3 Equipment need for insemination does with frozen semen
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12.14.4 A few key reminders concerning semen storage

12.14.5 Thawing the straw
12.14.6 Preparing Straws
12.14.7 Preparing Ampules
12.14.8 Preparing Straws:
12.14.9 Preparing the doe for AI
12.14.10 Goat AI technique
12.14.7.11 AI advantages over natural breeding.
12.14.7.2 Disadvantages of AI
12.15 Deworming

13.Sheep
13.1 Taxonomy
13.1 Indigenous sheep Breeds of Nepal
131.1 Bhyanglung, Kage, Baruwal, and Lampuchhre Dhorel
13.2 Exotic sheep Breed
13.3 Feeds
13.3.1. Flushing ewes
13.3.2. Feeding ewes during early and mid-pregnancy

13.3.3. Feeding ewes during late pregnancy

13.3.4 Feeding ewes at lambing time
13.3.5 Feeding lactating ewes

13.3.6. Feeding of ewes from the time lambs are weaned until flushing time
13.3.7Feeding rams for breeding
13.3.8 Feeding lambs
13.3.81 feeding suckling lamb
13.3.8.2 Colostrum feeding of lambs
13.3.8.3 Creep feeding for lambs
11.3.8.4 Composition of ideal creep feed
13.3.9 Feeding schedule for a kid/lamb from birth to 90 days:
13.3.10 feeding early-weaned and orphan lambs
13.3.11 Feeding from weaning to market
13.4 Daily water requirements
13.5 Shearing

14. Horse
14.1Taxonomy
14.2 Horse breed
14.2.1 Chyanta pony, Jumli,Mithun,Manipuri,Spiti, Zanskari
14.3Identification

14.3.1Microchipping
14.3.2 Freeze marking
14.3.3Hot branding
14.4Horse marking
14.5Restraint of horse
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14.5.1 Physical restraint

14.6Dentition
14.7Weight measurement
14.8 Glossary of horse related term

15. Poultry
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Taxonomy
15.3 Importance of poultry and poultry products
15.4Scope of poultry production in Nepal
15.5Constraint in poultry production in Nepal
15.615.6 Importance of chicken meat.
15.7 External body parts of a chicken
15.7.1 Part of digestive system of chicken
15.7.2 Reproductive organ of chicken
15.7.3 Formation of egg shell
15.8 Indigenous poultry Breeds of Nepal
15.3.1Shakin, Ghanti Khuile, Puwankh Ulte
15.9 Exotic poultry Breed Class
15.4.1 American class
15.4.2 Asiatic class
15.4.3English class
15.4.4Mediterranean class
15.5 Housing
15.5.1 Construction of chicken house
15.6 Feeding
15.6.1 Vitamin and trace minerals
15.6.2 Broiler feed
15.6.3 Layers feed
15.7 Watering

15.7. 1 Drinking-water quality

15.8 Hatchery Management
15.8.1 Biosecurity and hygiene
15.8.2 Egg handling, identification, and storage
15.8.3 Incubation
15.8.4 Hatchers
15.8.5 Cleaning and disinfection
15.8.6 Chick processing and vaccination
15.8.7 Record keeping
15.8.9 Maintenance and servicing of equipment
15.9 Sex Identification of Chicks
15.10 Chicks management
15.10.1 Brooding temperature
15.11 Layers management
15.11.1 Selection of good layers
15.11.2 Egg shell deformities
15.11.3 Egg shell structure
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15.12Poultry related glossary of term

16.

Pig
16.1 Taxonomy
16.2 Advantage of pig farming
16.3 Economic Importance of pig
16.4Constraints in piggery development in Nepal
16.5 Indigenous pig Breeds of Nepal
16.5.1 Jangali Bandel, Pygmi Bandel, Hurra, Chwanche, Bampudke, Pakhribas Black,
Dharane Kalo Banggur
16.6 Exotic pig Breed
16.6.1Newhampshire,Durock,Chesterwhite,Landrace,Yourshire
16.7 Comparison between native and exotic breed of pig
16.8 Pig Rearing System in Nepal
16.18 Factors influencing nutrient requirements in pigs
16.3 Pig Housing
16.3.1Mating Area
16.3.2Gestating Area
16.3.3Farrowing Area
16.3.4 Weaning (Nursery) Area
16.4 Feeding
16.4.1 Feed and Water Requirement for Pigs

16.4.2 Diet for sow gestation and lactation

16.4.3 Dietary Nutrient Requirements of Growing Pig
16.4.4Factors influencing nutrient requirements in pigs
16.5 Breeding
16.5.1 Systems of Breeding
16.5.2Purebreeding
16.5.3Inbreeding
16.5.4Linebreeding
16.5.5Outcrossing
16.5.6 Crossbreeding
16.5.7 Crisscrossing or two breed rotation
16.5.8 Three breed rotation or triple crossing
16.6 Selection of gilt
16.6.1 Criteria for Herd Replacement

16.6.2 Breeding gilt

16.6.3 Swine gestation table (115 Days), if bred Jan. 1April 30.
16.6.4 Swine gestation table (115 Days), if bred May 1August 31.
16.6.5 Swine gestation table (115 Days), if bred September 1December 31.
16.6Artificial insemination
16.7 pig management
16.7.1 Pig castration
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16.7.2 Pig identification

16.7.2.1 Tagging
16.7.2.2 Notching
16.7.2.3 Tattooing
16.7.2.4 Recording
16.7 Health management
16.7.1 Vaccination
16.7.2 Deworming

17. Rabbit
17.1Introduction
17.2 Taxonomy
17.3 Body part of rabbit
17.4 Scope for rabbit farming
17.5 The advantages of rabbit farming.
17.6 Limitation of rabbit farming
17.7 Rabbit breed
17.8 Sexing of rabbit
17.9Handling and restraint of rabbits
17.10Housing
17.11Feeding
17.12Breeding
17.13 Behavior
17.14Health management
17.14.1 Snuffles
17.14.2Coccidiosis
17.14.3Ear mites

18. Fisheries
18.1 Taxonomy
18.2Differentiation between fish culture and aquaculture
18.3History of fish farming in Nepal
18.3Scope of fish culture in Nepal
18.4 Economic importance of fish
18.5 Fish farming system in Nepal.
18.6 Anatomy of fish and their function
18.7 Select site for fish farming
18.7.1 Ecological factors
18.7.2 Biological and operational factors
18.7.3 Economic and social factors
18.8 Types of fish pond
18.9 Types of water quality in fish pond
18.10Different Types of Fresh Water Fishes
18.11Common fish species found in Nepal.
18.12Characteristics of brood fish
18.13 Differentiation of male and female brood fish
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18.14Different between monoculture and poly culture fish farming

18.15 Calculating Fertilization Rate, Hatching Rate and Fry Survival Rate
18.16 Diseases of fish
18.16.1 Common parasitic diseases
18.16.2 Common fungus diseases
18.16.3 Common bacterial diseases

19. Dairy production

19.1 Milk production in Nepal
19.2 Clean milk production
19.2.1 Step in clean milk production
19.3 Definition of milk
19.3.1 Composition of milk
19.4 Dairy Products preparation
19.4.1 Butter
19.4.2 Dahi(Curd)
19.4.3 Cheese
19.4.4 Ice cream
19.4.5 Khoa
19.4.6 Paneer
19.4.7 Kulfi
19.5 Nepalese standard of milk products
19.6 Factors affecting the milk composition of milk and its quality
19.7 Theory of milk secretion
19.8 Method of pasteurization
19.9 Physicochemical Properties of Milk
19.10 Flavor and off flavor of milk
19.11 Sanitization of dairy plant utensils and equipment
19.12 Pasteurization and homogenization of milk, packing and distribution of milk
19.13 Testing of milk quality
19.13.1 Platform Tests
19.13.2Organoleptic evaluation (OE),
19.13.3 Clot on boiling test (COP),
19.13.4 Alcohol test (AT),
19.13.5 Sediment test (ST)
19.13.6 Resazurin test (RT)
19.13.7 Determination of Activity (Titrable Acidity) of Milk
19.13.8 Determination of Fat in Milking
19.13.9 Determination of S.N.F. (Solid Not Fat) and Total Solids of Milk
19.14 Bacterial test in milk
19.15 Commonly used Dairy Sanitizers in dairy plan
19 .16 Use of Detergents and Sanitizers in Dairy Industry
19.17 Procedure for cleaning and sanitizing of dairy utensils:
19.18 Adultration test in milk
19.19 Milk born disease

20. Miscellaneous

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