ENGLISH NON-FINITE VERB FORMS (© Jose Luis Stamboni, 2008, 2015 THE GERUND. A gerd is a verb with non-finite ~ing inflectional mosphology. In keeping with its verbal nature, the gerd denotes actions or states of being. Gerunds share the same syntactic distribution as (DP/NP) oun constcuctions, i. they occupy some positions in the sentence that a ‘xox construction’ ordinarily would, Gerund TP versus Gerund DP 2. A genendial TP takes as its complement a VP headed by a lexical verb which gets —via affce hopping a non- finite -ing inflectional morphology. This TP has the same syntactic distribution as a noun construction, but the verb will retain its verbal behaviout and, if transitive, it will allow an objectie-case DP complement as its direct of indirect object, as well as adverbial adjuncts: : The gerund TP is the SURJRCT Of the sentence — * finding = transitive gerund Einding a necdle in a hapstacke = PRO = embedded subject with arbitrary/ generic reference would be easier than what we've trying t0 do, | a needle = dixect object in the event denoted by the gerund + in a baystack = prepositional adverbial adjunct + being = unaccusative gerund ‘ Being the boss made Jeff fel uneasy. PRO = embedded subject with cataphoric reference the boss = nominal predicative ‘The gerund TP is the NOMINAL PREDICTIVE of the sentence Scorer HaeeeenrER EE dying = unergative gerund ee = PRO = embedded subject with anaphoric reference ‘ing ta issonttaente to bis condttnents = orientation adjunct to ‘The gerund TP is the DIRECT OBECT of 4 wansitive vesb ny/ (CE. med) = possessive determiner in Spec-VP position 1 bape that yon appreciate * ofering = ditransitive gerund noc oflving sou this opportanigy. * you = indirect object of the event denoted by the gerund = this opportunity = dicect object of event denoted by the gerund = ‘The gerund TP is the COMPLEMENT of preposition jar = ‘monotransitive gerand direct object of event denoted by the gerund «10 avoid work = infinitive TP as adjunct of Purpose You might get in troxble for faking an illness to qonid work. b. Some germdial constructions are DP's in which the complement of D® is a fully nominalised VP. Nominalised transitive gerunds detransitivise, becoming unable to select an oljecine-case complement without the intecvention of a preposition (usually of). Nominalised gerunds admit attributive-adjective ‘modification’. ‘The gerundial DP is the Comer EiveNT of the preposition of their] *(cf. them) = possessive determines in Spec-DP position Tin tired of sir pointless questioning, |" pointless = adjective in Spec-FP position = questioning = fully nominalised detransitivised gerund ‘The gerundial DP is the subject of the sentence * the = determines in head-DP position Fee “i "Bacerpensive, |* making = fully nominalised detransitivised gerund oP Ntakang Pati sta specie.) | of = preposition inserted for case assigning purpose CEHCE " “Titanic” = DP complement to genund via preposition of rep of Folios 6, oreFurther examples: 1. His drinking of alcohol will drive all of us crazy. 2. A atting of debts will be required. (cf. *a settling debts) Like noun consteuctions, gerads can be arguments (subject, abject) or nomina! predicatives in English sentences: 3. Smoking costs a lot of money. 4, [don’t like wnting 5. My favourite occupation is reading Due to their verba/ nature, gerunds can have their own direct object, in which case, the whole expression (gerund + object] can be the subject, the object, or the predicative of the overall sentence. 6. Seaoking cigarettes is dangerous, 7. don’t like siting htters: 8 My favourite occupation is reading detective storit. Gerunds as complement to prepositions: if we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerimd Teis impossible to use an infinitive after a preposition: 9. L-will call you after arriving a the office 10. Please have a drink before deaving. 11. Lam looking forward to meeting yon. 12. Do you object to aarking late? 13, Tara always dreams about going on boliday Notice that we could replace all the above gerand: with noun constructions (ie. DP?s): 14, Iwill call you after 2g coriual at the afte 15. Please have a drink before, your departure 16. [am looking forward to our ach. 17. Do you object to this ib? 18. Tara always dreams about holiday Gerunds with pass meaning: when a gerundial TP occurs as complement to the verbs need, require and ant, the gerund takes on a parsiw meaning, 419, Thave three shirts that need mashing. (need to be washed) 20. This letter requises signing. (needs fo be signed) 21, The house wants mpainting, (needs to be painted) Lexical verbs followed by gerunds: when a transitive verb selects a non-finite construction as its complement, this non-finite construction is often an infwnitieal TP, eg: I want to cat But sometimes the non-finite construction is 2 gerundial TP, c.g. I dislike eating: The choice of TP type depends on the matrix verb. Here is a list of verbs that usually select a gerandial'TP as their complement: admit deny [forgive _| Bosipone appreciate detest give ractise | avoid dislike imagine uo (can’t) ba endure involve report can't) stand | enjoy eave o resent carry on escape Eke risk consider excuse mention suggest defer face mind ___| understand delay nish miss Examples: 22 Sheisconsideing bing es 23. T fancy, 2A. Lean’ belp falling in lew thon 25. Lean’t stand not seine you 26. Once again T have put off mriting my article to the very last minute.INFINITIVE or GERUND? The difference in the morphology of gerumds and infinitive is clear just from comparing the following lists: GERUNDS: sminoming boping, telling, eating, dreaming INFINITIVES: to swim, to hope, to tel to eat, to dream ‘Their distribution may overlap. Gersnds always occut in positions usually occupied by so constructions, infnitivs sometimes also take these positions. Deciding which to use can be confusing in many situations, especially for people whose first language is not English. Confusion between gerunds and infinitives occurs primarily in cases in which one or the other occurs as the direct object in a sentence. In English some verbs take gerundial TP's as verbal direct objects exclusively, while other vetbs take only infinitival TP’s, and still others can take either. Many such verbs are listed below, organized according to which kind of object they take. ‘Verbs that take only infinitives as verbal direct objects intend fearn need neglect Examples: 2, I hope to go.on a-vacation soon. (not: I hope going on a vacation soon.) 3. He promised to go on addict. (aot: He promised going on a diet. ) 4. They agreed to sign the treaty. (not: They agreed signing the treaty.) 5. Because she was netvous, she hesitated to speak. (ef. "Because she was nervous, she hesitated speaking) 6. ‘They will attempt to resuscitate the victim. (cf. *They will attempt resustitating the victim.) Verbs that take only gerunds as verbal diez objets | VT ATP conamuctons admit detest ech on recall e/ get acustomed 10 appreciate hike mind recoremend be ford of | avoid enjay amiss regret | be/ get tind of be/set throsgh | _ finish posipane risk be/ get used to consider ge up practice || stop (gat) || VP constzuctions delay (can’d belp | put of suggest approve of ee quit tolerate feel like Examples: 7. They always aonid drinking before driving. (cf. *They always avoid to drink before driving) 8. I recall asking her that question. (cf. “I recall to ask her that question.) 9. She put off new jacket. (cf. *She put off to buy a new jacket) 10. Mr. Allen eyigys cooking, (cf. *Mr. Allen enjoys to. cook) 11, Charles Aeeps calling her. (cf. "Charles keeps to call her.) [Note: if keepis categorised as an appecteal anatar, the non-fisite veth following it might be categorised asa prsmt partic remember continue hateExamples: 12, She has continued to wotkat the store. / She has continued working at the store. 13, They Fe to goto the movies. / They like going to the movies. 14. Brent started to walk home, / Brent started walking home The verbs forget and remember change meaning depending on whether the object is a gerund ox an infinitive 15. Jack forgets to-take ont che cat. (He regularly forgets) 16. Jack forget taking/having taken out the cat. (He did it, but he doesn’t remember now) 17. Jack forgo! to takeout the cat. (He didn't do it) 18. Jack forgot taking/having taken out the cat. (He did it, but he didn’t remember sometime later.) 19, Jack reownrbers to take out the cat. (He regulatly remembers to do it) 20. Jack remembers taking/having taken out the cat- (He did it, and he remembers now.) 21, Jack remembered to take out the cat. (He didn't forget that he bas to do it) 22. Jack rl ig ving taken out the cat. (He did it, and he remembered sometime later) Some sensory perception verbs select an ECM non-finite TP complement headed by either a gerund or an aminflected dae form (ie. 2 bare infinitive). The gerund in non-Einite TP’s expresses an imperfective continuous aspectual value, whereas the bare infinitive expresses a point-in-time perfective aspectual value. Stil, sometimes the bare infinitive can indicate inperective continuous action if point-intime action does not make sense in the context. Note: sometimes the bare infinitive might seem unconventional, so itis safer in most cases to use the gerund version. Examples: 23. She saw them jumping on the bed. (jmperfective continuous progressive event) 24, She saw them jump.on the bed. (point-in-time perfective event) 25, Tom heard the victim shouting for help. (imperfective continuous progressive event) 26. Tom heard the victim shout forhelp. (poins-in-time perfective event) 27. The detective noticed the suspect biting his nails. (imperfective continuous progressive event) 28. ‘The detective noticed the suspect bite his nails. (peint-n-time perfective event) 29. We matrbed bio playing basketball. (imperfective continuous progressive event) 30. We watched him play basketball. (imperfective continuous progressive event) BL We el smell the pic aking inthe chen, Grperfectve continuous progressive event) 32. We could smell the pic bake in the kitchen. (impesfective continuous progressive event) 33. [éllmy heart pumping vigorously. imperfective continuous progressive event) 34. Lyélt my heart pump vigorously. (imperfective habitual event [semelfactive)) INFINITIVE or GERUND? A) adbise, recommend + INFINITIVE/GERUND (He adbised me to apply / advied © apphiing) allow, permit + INFINITIVE (They allowed their neighbours to park the car short) + GERUND (He allows © parking bere | We don't permit © smoking) + GERUND (smiddle/passive) (Te grass raguirs/ needs] wants cxtting (The grass reqnires/ needs] wants to be cad) ©) regret, remember, forget + GERUND if event earlier than matrix V (I regret spending/ baing spent $20) + INFINITIVE if event later than matrix V (TW! reget to spend $20) (remember eating a lot then | Vl remember to ring Bill on Friday) GERUND (He denies having stolen the mony / He admitted taking bribes) INFINITIVE/GERUND (He enjoyed) preferred loved to do it doing i GERUND (1 dike enioy doing it) | INFINITIVE (1 kke/ think it ase to doit) INFINITIVE (He cared to see ber / Wend you cre to bave a drink?) for+ GERUND/DP (He cared for seroingg him / Hl cared fora cup of ted) GERUND {negate / interrogative} (He dit care seeing [StAT8] her around) B) eed, rguire, want D) deny, admit E) ove, bate, enjoy, prefer F) dike (would like TO do if] G) care teetaTHE INFINITIVE (Di Bets; Buergo 1988 — English Grammar Il - Unit 6: NON-FINITE VERBS] A verb is finite when it is dinited by a subject. Finite verbs are marked with person, munrber [1] and tense (time [2)/ aspect/ modality {3]/ voice). [1] There is person and number concord between the subject and the finite verb: I like /she likes: be reads/ they rad [2] Finite verbs show (prestnt/past time/tense distinction, e.g: She seems tired. { She seemed tired But this distinction is not apparent (ie. morphologically realised) in sanariable verbs: shut/ ent] pu] bitf et let [3] Finite verbs have mood (an expression of the speaker's attitude): Indeatve/ Subjective Imperative ‘There are 4 different kinds of non-finite verbs: INFINITIVE, GERUND, PRESENT PARTICIPLE, PAST PARTICLE, Unlike finite verbs, they have no person number or mood distinction, and are not limited by an overt subject Some non-finite verbs can occur in fens fie. aspecl| formation following auxiliary verbs. Some non-finite verbs can express soi (active or passin) and time (present or pas} voice: 10 call to be called time: to call— to have called ‘They all derive from verbs and retain their verbal nature, even though they can “function” like ‘modifiers’ (Le. attributively/reduced relative clauses) or ‘complements’ (ie. predicatives). They allow many important constructions which afford variety of style, the result of the use of these verbs is the abridgment of structures: He told me to setum soon. (abridged/reduced declarative noun clause — that I should return soon) T hope so find your watch before inch time. (abridged/reduced declarative noun clause — that I can find.) ‘They hate [zs waiting here for hours). (abridged/ reduced declarative noun clause that ne should wait.) Axrived at the station, he found {rhe zrain gone]. (1: reduced adverbial clause of time + whem be arrived.) (2: dnd) I met Jane walking home. (abridged/reduced adverbial clause — when I nas walking bome) They got up so early to catch the train. (abridged/reduced adverbial clause of purpose + so that they could.) ‘The boys playing neat the pool are Danish. (abridged reduced relative clause <— who are playing... ‘These are clothes to be worn in winter. (abridged/reduced relative clause — which can be worn...) ‘The grandis a verb form that can be replaced by WHAT: She Gkes reading = She likes what? The Tnfimitive (core 0. cosmo Ks (93) Te is a werbal noun which for many centuties has been acquiting more and more verbal force. The to is now often not felt 2s 2 preposition but rather as part of the infinitive. It used to be a preposition in the past. FORMS of the INFINITIVE Tecan be marked, e.g.: He doesn't nant to get sf. Te can be unmarked or bare, eg. [saw them come hom. Tt can also be negative, e.g.: I have told them not to smoke. ‘TENSE and VOICE: INFINITIVES are described as presen-actin; present passive; pefe-active penfct-passve stan i0 A Grammar te Eeghib Lexa Boston, DC, Heath & Company, 1995) TENSE ‘ACTIVE VOICE _ PASSIVE VOICE PRESENT | Jo protect 10 be protuted penFEct | fo have protected | to have been profeced Ithas no special fotm to indicate MOOD. PRESENT TENSE Indicates different points of time with reference to that of the principal verb: (cf. B. Comsie's “telative tense”): © [want to eatan apple. (Present/ Future) * wanted in eat an apple. (Past/Present) * Las foolish to-doit (Past) * Ttowas the fifth case of measles to occur. (Past) PERFECT TENSE Indicates time before that of the principal verb: She was very pleased to have finished her work eatly. (ie... that she had finished her wotk..) He couldn’t remember to have seen them before. (Le... that they had seen them...) SUBJECT of the INFINITIVE In the original infinitive construction, the subject was not expressed but was contained in some noun ot pronoun in the main clause. So, from the beginning, the subject was not a part of the infinitive construction.In the course of time, people began to give the infinitive a subject of its own, when there was no noun ot pronoun in the principal clause which could serve as a subject. The subject was put before the fo form and for was used as 2 formal sign of the introduction of this new element. SUBJECTS: CURME'S DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE [_ GENERATIVISM the infinitive has the same subject as that I want to smoke | of the finite verb He hikes to swim. PRO + Control the infinitive has a different subject than The parcel was too heavy transitive that of the finite verb for me to lift complementiser Yor” the subject of the infinitive is an ‘objective’ They have seen us arrive. ECM pronoun ‘fanetioning’ as a direct object L have told her to wait here Object-Control ‘ It is useful to learn languages. arbitrary PRO generalised subject (indefinite) Pe premmrpagidl Baers USES (syntactic ‘functions’ of the infinitive) NOMINAL use: "as subject: To reach the end may not be easy. ‘= as subject in extraposition: It will be convenient to have a revision = as object: [prefer as object to a preposition: I don't know what I did that summer except read. as “object” (Le. ombedid subject in extsaposition: They found it amusing to watch the match #95 “subjective complement” (ie. predicatin): Our decision is to remain here. = as “objective complement” (je. embedded prdicat): T saw them play in the garden. ADJECTIVAL use: ‘= as ‘modifier’ of noun or pronous: There is nothing to buy at.this shop. She has got some letters to type. ADVERBIAL use: a5 ‘modifier’ of an adjective: She was ready to leave a5 ‘modifier ofa verb (Le. purpose adjunct: Thave taken a piece of chalk to write on the board. as ‘modifier of a sentence (ie. free agnc): To tell the truth, they were not pleased with that decision. ‘To begin with, To be frank, OMISSION of ‘TO’ When we have a series of infinitives, 10 is used only the first time: "He seems unable 10 speak or move or eat. + You never want to change things, or think, or go-ahead. SPLIT INFINITIVE ‘The 70 is separated from the infinitive by an adverb. The insertion here of the adverb between the 70 and the verb is considered grammatical; it is also considered bad style, although in some cases it can't be avoided: Part or our job as teachers is to really understand our pupils’ personal problems. ‘© She made an effort to finally believe it INFINITIVAL CLAUSES may have 3 kinds of SUBJECT: ECM verbs (We want [bin to speak.) —> OVERT “ BM C "for" (L would prefer [for the lock to be changed].) > OVERT Control verbs (We tried [PR0 to speak) > CovERT: b. PRO orci verbs (They've told you [not PRO to use that gadget],) + COVERT Reduced Clause of Purpose (We didn’t come here [PRO to fight}) ~» COVERT ¢ deleted Copy» (infinitival TP dominated by MODAL. auxiliaries have/be/ onght/ etc:) —» COVERTPRACTICE Complete the prepositional phrases in the following sentences using a gerundial clause (6g: I’m good at MENDING things.) She left the toom without.. He saved up £1000 for a holidy by. 1 sometimes worry about not... I stayed in bed all day instead of... Pm looking forward to. ‘Thank you for. Tm thinking of. 1 have difficulty in.. Tm very interested in.. Se AWARENESS Complete the following sentences providing a suitable predicate (eg: Working in a cool mine iS DANGEROUS BUT WELL PAID.) 1. Being self-employed 2. ‘Taking regular exercise... 3. Finding a good job these days. 4. Learning a foreign language. 5. Living in a big city. 6. Travelling by air. Complete the infinitival clauses in following sentences (cg: Iti easy to BIND CHEAP PLACESTO FAT) It can be expensive to... If you haven’t got much money, it’s impossible to... ‘When you travel abroad, it’s important to. When you're old, it can be difficult to... How do you do? Pleased to... 6. Twas surprised to. Using the prompts below, provide grammatical syntactic constructions containing gerunds and infinitives (eg: ‘stop’ > HE STOPPED wi ACCOUNTANT) If more than one option should be possible, provide both examples. managed didn’t enjoy couldn't afford interested in decided used to finished were thinking of decided no to 10. doesn’t regret U1, prefer yertaweepe English Participles A PARTICIPLE is a verb that carries non-finite -ixg or -m inflections and sometimes has the same distribution as an adjective. Patticiples are verbs and therefore denote actions or states of being. However, when they take syntactic positions usually occupied by adjectives, participles modify nouns or pronouns. There are two types of patticiples: present participles and past participles. Present patticiples end in -ing. Past pacticiples end in -1, -en, ed, -d, or +, as in the words seen, eaten, saved, asked, dealt 1. The crying baby had a wet diaper. 2. Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car.3. The burning log fell off the fire 4, Smiling, she hugged the panting dog, A pasticipial TP takes as its complement @ lexical VP headed by a V with some participial inflection. This VP tay include its internal argument-noun-constructions, ie. ditect or indirect object of the event, action or state denoted by the participle, locative complements, adjuncts, or some secondary non-verbal predicate as its complement: "The participial TP is a topicalised Free Adjunct in the sentence. Removing his coat, Jack rushed o the river. | = Remosing (teansitive present participle) his coat (direct object of event denoted by the participle) , = The participial TP is topicalised Free Adjunct in the sentence. ee rene comatt Tamim) 6 saving been (unacousative perfect present patcipe) sii a gymnast (nominal predicate) = The participial TP is an ECM complement clause to natced + walking (onergative present participle) + along the shoreline (adjunct of place prepositional phrase) = "The pasticipial TP is an abridged restrictive relative clause ; adjunct to the NP headed by children. Children introduced to music carly deseo? Ya ineroduced (transitive past participle) strong jntelectual sil = to:music (locative complement prepositional phrase) Delores noticed ber consin walking along the shoreline = early (adverbial adjunct of time) In order to prevent ungrammaticality, a participial free adjunct TP must have its PRO subject coindexed with the matrix subject. 5. *Casrying a heavy pile of books, his foot caught on a step. 6. Carrying a heavy pile of books, he caught his foot on a step. In the first sentence there is no clear indication of who or what is performing the action denoted by the participle camying, Certainly foot can’t be logically understood to be the external argument of carrying. This situation is aa example of a dangling modifier extor since the modifier (the patticipial TP) is not predicating anything about a specific argument ia the sentence and is thus left “dangling”. Since a person must be doing the camping for the sentence to make sense, 2 DP that refers to a person must be the subject of the matrix sentence, ¢-commanding the trace of the topicalised free adjunct. When a participial free adjunct TP has been topicalised, a comma should be placed after the TP. 1. Aniving at the store, I found thet it was closed. 8. Washing and polishing the car, Frank developed sore muscles. Abridged non-restrictive relative clauses may surface as participial TP’s, but they should always be set off with ‘commas, since the information they convey is not required to restrict the reference of the DP it modifies. 9. Sid, watching an old movie, dified in and out of sleep. 10. The church, dstryed by a fire, was never rebuilt, Conversely, if the pasticipial TP is an abridged restrictive relative clause, no commas should be used: IL. The student carning the highest grade point average will receive a special award. 12. The guy searing the chicken costume is my cousin If 2 participial TP occurs in end position, a comma precedes the TP only if its PRO is coindexed with the matrix subject, but not if the participle follows its own ECM overt subject: 13. The local residents often saw (Ken wandering through the streets). (ECM 'TP = internal argument of sa») 14, Tom nervously watched (the wornan), alarmed by her silence. (TP = non-topicalised free adjunct) A) begin, start, continue, cease + PRESENT PARTICIPLE/INFINITIVE anajsing, swimming / to analyse, to swine except — stative verbs: + to Ano, to reali, to understand, to low, 0 lke, 10 se, t0 conceive B) see, hear, watch + PRESENT PARTICIPLE/INPINITIVE (J saw hin Jeave {complete)/ leaving {paxtal)) C) attempt, intend + usually INFINITIVE (Don’t attempt to do i)Gerunds ¢> Participles Gerunds share the same syntactic distribution as ‘nominal constructions’, either following a determiner (1), i. as a consequence of ‘conversion’ into a non, or as the main verb in a non-finite clause (2-6): 1, Thank goodness the hammering has stopped. SUBJECT 2. Choosing the prettiest girl in the competition proved very difficult. SUBJECT 3. He regretted having picked Jones as captain of the team. V-OBJECT 4, He denied having been told to service the engine before take-off. V-OBJECT 5. Ch the factory means putting people out of work. SUBJECT / PREDICATIVE 6, He felt very flattered at being considered the best man.to take on the chairmanship of the society. P-OBJECT Patticiples, in turn, either shere the same syntactic distribution as attributive adjectives (7-8), or appear as the main verb in reduced (ie. non-finite) restrictive relative clauses (9) and in redwed adverbial clauses of cause, time, condition or manner (Le. free adjumets) (10-17): 7. Two men were trapped in the blazing house. 8. After last night's gales, some roads were blocked by fallen trees. 9. The thieves took two leather bags containing confidential data. (cf... which contained confidential data 10. He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with ali, members. [cf. because he was considered insufficiently popular. 11, Having picked the team to mect India in the final test match, the selectors now have to wait till Tuesday. [ck because/ since they have picked.) 12, Having heen told that bad weather was on the way, the climbers decided to put off theie attempt on the Eiger until the following week. [cf when/ because they were tld.) 13, Having teccived theic final medical check, the astronauts boarded their spacecraft. {cf whem they had received ‘her final medical cbc] 14, Given time, he'll make a first-class tennis player. [eff be é given time.,] 15. Seen in this light, the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose. [ef. tis seem in this light..] 16, Parts of an aircraft fell onto a Somerset village today, narrowly missing a group of children. [cf. ir such a way ‘that it narromy missed a group of children 17. Choosing his words with care, the speaker intimated that the Government was mistaken. [ef. ar be chose his words with care. As can be seen in examples (3), (8), (9) and (10) above, in both gerundial and present-participle reduced clauses expressing perft aspect and paisive oi, the present participle combines with the past participle due to the fact that, in such constructions, auxiliaties hare and be, naturally select a verb phrase with past participle moxphology. Even amongst native speakers, it is frequent to find UNGRAMMATICAL SENTENCES in which the PRO-subject of the participial free adjunct is not coindexed with the matrix subject: 18, *PRO, Standing in the middle of the crowd, the sense of frustration and anger, could be plainly felt. 19. PRO, Standing in the middle of the crowd, one, could plainly feel the sense of frustration and anger. However, in constructions where the PRO-subject of the reduced patticipial clause encodes arbitrary ot generic reference, the embedded and matrix subjects need not be coindexed. This happens when the jfee adiunct is not a fronted VP-adjunct but a digiunct with epistemic-modal meaning related to the degree of commitment of the speaker to the truth of the matrix-clause proposition: 20. PRO Judging from recent events, the Government appears to be gaining in populasty 21. PRO Taking everything into consideration, he did quite well 22, PRO Strictly speaking, the Isle of Man is not patt of the United Kingdom. 23. PRO Regarding the question of absenteeism, a sense of responsibilty seems to have been lacking in some workers, ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTIONS: In ABSOLUTE constructions the patticipial clause contains an overt subject (with nominative case morphology): 24. The holidays being over, we must now get down to some hard work. 25. England is experiencing its hardest winter for years, some areas having Jain under six fect of snow for nearly two months.OTHER REDUCED ADVERBIAL CLAUSES with participles: 26, While fying over the Channel, the pilot saw what he thought bo be « meteorite. 27. Uf taken literally, the sentence is nonsensical. Because these reduced adverbial clauses are VP-adjuncts, they can also occur int si not topicalised as above. 26. The pilot saw what he thought bo be a meteorite while flying over the Channel. 27. The sentence is nonsensical if taken literally. Notice, by the way, that reduced participial relative clauses cannot be topicalised on any account: 28, The class later discussed several points asising from. the lecture 29. *Aising from the lecture, the class later discussed several points. PRACTICE, a. Provide reduced versions of the following adverbial clauses: 30. When the shop assistant discovered that he bad a talent for music, he gave up his job to become a professional singer. [> Discovering that he had a talent for music, the shop assistant gave up bis jab...) 31. As he had witnessed the erime, he was expected to give evidence in coust. (-» Easing witresed the crime, ..] 32. When the editor learned that his newspaper had been taken over by a rival publisher, he resigned from his position. [> Hanne earned that hit newpaper had been taken over by a rival publisher, the editor resigned..] 33. The demonstrator, who protested violently, was led away by the police When I visit a strange city, I like to have a guid-book with me. 34, I declined his offer of a loan and said that { don't like owing people money. [+ the in people money, I declined.) b. Join the pairs of sentences using partiziples (make any necessary changes in word order) 35. The employers issued an ultimatum. They threatened all workers with dismissal if they didn’t return to work by the following Monday. —> The empleyers issued an ultimatum, threatening. all workers with dismissal i they dia’ turn to work by the folowing Monday. 36. [ was away at the time of the disastrous floods. I could, therefore, do nothing to help with salvage work. —> Being away at tha tome of the disastrous floods, I could de nothing to belp with salvage work. 37. found I had wasted my time going to the sale. The best bargains had already been snapped up earlier in the day. > The best barns having already been snapped up earlvr in the day, I found I had wasted my time going to {he sale, = ABSOLATTE CONSTRUCTION 38. The rescue party decided that it would be hopeless to carry out a search while the fog persisted. They put off their rescue bid until the next day. —> Having decided that it would be hopeless to cary out a arch while the fg persisted, the rescue erty pad off their rescue bid until the next day. (bid = offer REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES a. Change the second sentence of each pair into: (2) a finite non-restrictive relative clause; (b) a participial reduced non-restrictive relative clause. 39. The British ambassador to Paris said that the destinies of France and Britain were indissolubly linked. He made his first public speech as ambassador yesterday. @) The British ambassador to Paris, who said that the destinies of France and Britain were indissolubly linked, made his first public speech as ambassador yesterday. (©) The British ambassador to Paris, making his first public speech as ambassador yesterday, said that the destinies of France and Britain were indissolubly linked cf Making his first public speech as ambassador yesterday, the British ambassador to Paris said that the destinies of France and Britain were indissolubly linked. [NOTICE that the constituent which occurs as a nom restrictive relative clauce withing the matrix subject can be interpreted as an adverbial cause of tine when fronted} 40, The independent television authority has to ensure that the independent television companies maintain adequate standards. It was set up in 2004.(@) The independent television authority, which was set up in 2004, has to ensure that the independent television companies maintain adequate standards. (b) The independent television authority, setup in 2004, has to ensure that the independent television companies maintain adequate standards. 41. This new hostel will be opend next month. It accomodates 200 students. (@) This new hostel, which accomodates 200 students, will be opened next month. (b) This new hostel, accomodating 200 students, will be opened next month, 42. The new fieightliner trains catty forty-two containers. The trains are made up of twenty-one container ‘wagons. (@) The new freightliner trains, which are made up of twenty-one container wagons, catry forty-two containers. (©) The new freightliner trains, made up of twenty-one container wagons, carry fosty-two containess. 43. The invasion was completed within a matter of days. It was carefully planned and skilfully executed. (2) The invasion, which was carefully planned and skilfully executed, was completed within a matter of days. (b) The invasion, carefully planned and skilfully executed, wes completed within a matter of days. 44, Our new houses should satisfy the most discriminating purchaser. They ate built to the highest standards and range in price from 9,000-18,000. (@ Our new houses, which are built to the highest standards and range in price from 9,000-18,000, should satisfy the most discriminating purchaser. (b) Our new houses, built to the highest standards and ranging in price from 9,000-18,000, should satisfy the most disctiminating purchases: b. Cram up the information conveyed by a series of simple sentences into a single complex sentence. 1. No one was watching. The thief first made sure of this. He climbed up a drainpipe. He climbed up to a window on the first floor. He succeeded in entering the house through the window. He was not observed Having first made sure that no one was watching, the thief climbed up a drainpipe to a first-loor window through which he succeeded in entering the house unobserved. 2. Thad the opportunity of spending my holiday at sea. I had no experience of sailing, Nevertheless, I decided to take the opportunity. Some friends of mine invited me to join them. They were very keen yachtsmen. They wanted to sail round the British Isles. Despite the fact that I had no experience of sailing, I decided to take the opportunity of speading my holiday at sea when some friends of mine, who were very keen yachtsmen and who wanted to sail round the British Isles, invited me to join them. 3. The English queue up for public transport. They do so in an orderly way. Visitors from the Continent are surprised at this. They innocently join the front of the queue. They do this when they first arrive in England. Angry glates ate given them. They cannot understand this ‘Visitors from the continent are surprised at the orderly way in which the English queue up for public transport and they cannot understand the angry glares given them when, on first arriving in England, they innocently join the front of the queue. 4. The Pilgrim Fathers were a group of English Puritans. ‘They first spent some years in exile in Holland. They id this to escape religious persecution. They later sailed to America in the Mayflower. They established a colony at Plymouth in Massachusetts. Escaping religious persecution, the Pilgrim Fathers, who were a group of English Puritans, first spent some yeats in exile in Holland and then sailed to America in the Mayflower, establishing a colony at Plymouth in Massachusetts Hving spent some years in exile in Holland, the Pilgrim Fathers, who were a group of English Puritans escaping religious persecution, sailed to America in the Mayflower to establish a colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts. aFree Adjuncts ¢ Absolute Constructions A Free Adjunct is a topicalised (Le. fronted) adverbial adjunct realised by a non-finite or verbless clause, whose subject must be controlled, and have the same grammatical features, as the subject of the main clause: 15, Being skefy, he left the class caslier than uswal, Como tenéa sneha, se Fue de la clase més temprano que de costumbre An Absolute Constructions is « similar structure to a free adjunct, except that its nominative overt subject is not (¢eferentially) coindexed with the subject of the main clause: 16. Christmas day being a boliday, the shops were all closed, Como ol dia de Navidad ¢s/ fue feria, los negocios estalvan /estuvieron cerrados. Both of the above English structures, as well as their Spanish equivalents (gerundio concertado and gerundio absoluto) may express relations of MANNER: 17. Smiling Bappily, Ana showed me her new car, —> Sonrienda algrementt, Ana me rmostré su nuevo auto. CAUSE/REASON: 18, Being bored, John fell asleep. —+ Como estaba abmride, Juan se dutoni6.” CAUSE/MEANS: 19. Having dinner in a bury, he managed to attive on time. Hlabiendo crnado de prisa, logré Uegat a tiempo. CONDITION: 20. The weather belping, we will go for a walk. > Sil tiempo nas ayuda, iremos a caminar. CONCESSION: 21. Though conning late, you can attend the course. —> Abin legando tarde, podsis asistie al curso. So, the present participle may also occur in Free Adjuncts and Absolute Constructions, as alternatives to adverbial subordinate clauses. Bot types of structure can be translated into Spanish by constructions with Seco’s Gerundio Concertado and Gerundio Absoluto respectively. 22. Not being abl i lift te case, Lasked my brother to do it. (Free Adjunct) No siendo capas, de Ioantar la vali, We pedi a mi hetmano que lo hiciera. (Gerundio Coacertado) 23. The horse being tired, oux pace was slow. (Absolute Consttuction) Exstando cansado el caballo, nuestro paso era lento, (Gerundio Absolute) In Spanish, the use of non-finite constructions with gerendio may often result cacophonous or nonstylistic, being advisable, in such cases, to use 2 finite structure instead, plus some accurate indicator of the illative meaning of the clause: 24. Camo el caballo estaba cansado, maestro paso era lento. 25, Wishing to travel to Rio rightway and baving no monty for the train fare, he decided to hitch a lift. Free Adjunct) Como deseaba viajar a Rio de inmediato y no tenia dinero pata el pasaje de tren, decidié hacer dedo. In Spanish, the simple gervndio indicates simultaneity, whereas the compound gerimdio denotes anteriority. That is why Seco’s genundio de posterioridad should be avoided. 26. He entered the cinema, seating himself in the first row. ?Entré al cine sentndose en la primera fila. ‘The use of simple gerundio in (34) may sender the sentence ambiguous. The insertion of a temporal adverb like ago, or the use of sentence coordination may be useful in these cases. 27. Batzé al cine sentindose luego en la primera fila. / Entré al cine, y se senté en la primera fila So far we have referred to the ing- form as present partiiple, expressing ducative aspect, but the ing- form in its gerundial behaviour —ie. with nominal distribution should be transferred into Spanish either by a finite clause with its verb carrying subjunctive mood inflection, an infinitive TP, ot even a noun construction. 28. Her husband’s #ncontraled drinking, exasperated het. El hecho de gue su marida bebiera de manera desmedida la desesperaba. La desesperaba la desmedidaaftcion a la bebida de su marido.29, The dinnet was spoilt by their arriing so late. Ell que se retrasaran tanto estroped la cena. Sw enorme retraso esteopeé/azruiné la cena. Evidence of the noun use of the English gerund: ~ An adjective modifying the gerund: uncontrolled drinking - Possessive pronouns preceding the gerund: 30. Please, say nothing to Mark about my being 10 fond of him. ~ Indefinite articles preceding the gerund: 31. You could not make out what the preacher said anymore on account of dhe shouting and crying. - Noun- and proper name- constructions with genitive case inflection: 32, Federico was pleased by Charles’s making a joke. Sometimes, patticularly when indefinite pronouns with genitive case inflection are involved, the possessive and the gerund create an awkward combination: 33. Lwas shocked by someone’s making that remark. (incorrect) ‘This can be improved by the use of a finite clause instead: 34, Twas shocked that somebody mould make that remark, The English verb like may select both an infinitive fo-TP as its complement, or a gerundial TP, denoting a different meaning in each case. However, this distiction cannot be made explicit in Spanish, unless other resources are used: an adverbial phrase may disambiguate such structures: 35. like smoking. —> Me gusta fumat. 36, Ike to smoke. — Me gusta fumar (e.g. después de las comidas).. “I like smoking” denotes enjoyment of the activity of smoking in a general sense, whereas “I like to smoke” denotes a choice and/or a habit in particular circumstances. Any addition of an adverbial adjunct ot any other expression in order to disambiguate the above structures must take into account the context. Participles and Gerunds. Explain the categotial status of these non-finite forms a. She's suiting @ biography of Diana Spencer. Most of her writings are based on statements from well-known people. Her books are known all over the world. (7. praent participle) (2. grand: conversion, N) (3. past participle: compriton,atributioe A) », Tm intezssied in modern art, Cubism has akways interested me. (I. part parteple conversion, predictive A) (2. past partcbl) ¢. Itis very disappointing news. foresent partie comeersion, attribative A) ‘The news that the lecture had been called off was very disappointing, (1. past partsipl) (2. present participles conversion, A) Everybody was very disappointed when they leased about it. (ast part: inversion, ped AA) 4. Every plant is beginning to fade. (prsent paticph) ©. A faded rose is not so pleasing as 2 blooming daisy. (7. past parle: atiib A) (2. present participle: conversion, pred. A) (poset bartcple conversion, aire A) £. "The rose in your hand is more faded than the one in mine. (bas part, aomerson: A in comparative stots) & Having finished all the work given him to do, he seemed more pleased with himself than usual. (7. pres part AUX; 2, past part). past part: pas) (4, past par: conversion, Ain cagpanative rte) 1. The convicted murderer broke out of prison yesterday. Having been convicted of more than one crime, he had many years to seeve. (1. past part: conversion, attrib A) (2. pes part. AUX, 3. past part AUX, 4. past part) Great things sometimes result from emall beginnings, (grwnd: conversion: N + pleral) was much pleased on heating of yout success. (1. past partzpl, 2. gerund) . Do you mind my opening the window? (grad) Do you mind me opening the window? (pres par) Seeing is believing, (1. gerand) 2. gerand) his voice with the deepening of the darkness, he continued humming a tune, (1. pres. part) (2, gerund) (3. res part) Thope to be seturning home at this time tomorrow. (os. part) >. His house was built very well, but itis not enough for a house to be well buils it should also be well planned. (par parti all three cases) "The shades of night are falling fast. (pres part) The ending of a word is sometimes a suffix. (jeread: coneerson: N) ‘Tam tired of swimming; I have been swimming for the last hour or more. (1.gmd) (2. pre part) T enjoy swimming and tennis. gerwad) woop porTn translation training courses, teachers speak about two different uses of the Spanish ‘gerundio’, both corresponding to the English Prsent Partcple. One is ADVERBIAL and corresponds to English free agieats, and the other is ADJECTIVAL and corresponds to English ‘reduced relative clauses’. The first one is called ‘explicativo’ and the second one is called ‘especificativo’. Although these labels sound quite arbitrary and obscure, the RAE norm states that the adverbial use of present participle clauses in Spanish should be avoided unless it denotes an action which precedes in time or is simultaneous to (but does not follow) the action denoted by the matrix verb; whereas the adjectival use should be doworight avoided and replaced in all cases by a finite restrictive relative clause. Only on titles of art pieces is the adjectival use allowed. Free adjuncts: Empujando la puerta, Pedro dejé encerrados a los ladrones. [‘empujar’ precedes ‘dejar encerrados’] *Pancho Castillo nacié en 1807, muriendo en 1839. [‘motis? does not precede ‘nacer] Reduced Relative Clauses: Se mudé a una.casa mirando al mar. {cf. “Hombre mirando al sudeste”] NOTE: with perception verbs and with seraccasatice verbs, particulatly in existential sentences, the adverbial use of present parlviple clauses is correct because it denotes a simultaneous event 37. Pedro leg6 cantando. 38. Pedro fue dermiende todo el viaje. 39. Vio a dos mujeres danands ropa en elrio. 40, Habia un hombre zontando dineso. (arguably, this illustrates the adjectival use of prevent participle clauses} After aspectual serniauxiliaries, the present partiple is correct: ‘quedarse durmiendo / ir llegando / ir acomodéndose / venir sintiendo dolores / terminar bailando Verbs of involuntary perception (see, hear, feel, smell, taste) Psychological verbs (hint, know, bli, etc) Verbs of possession (ov, possess, belong, ctc)) Verbs of emotion (like, dislike, bate, ove, adore, etc.) Auxiliary verbs (can, may, must, have, be, etc.) ‘Those verbs ate found in stative sentences, which are considered to fall within the boundaties of both, passive and active forms. All this could be attributed to the fact that it is not the subject who produces the action but it is the action that affects its subject. However, some stative verbs may be conjugated in any tense, in an active form, including the progressive— in idiomatic expressions. These examples clearly show that in many cases we may have to transfer the English progressive forms into completely different structures from those that are typically used in the target language. AA, Please tell me if am being-a nuisance. —> Si te molesto no dudes en decitmelo. 42. You will be hearing from us. —> Recibirés noticias nuestras. In Spanish, the use of the present perfect, in those cases where the action continuous in the present, is not so common as in English. In its place, itis usually preferred a verbal periphrasis with venir o Mevar + gerundio. 43. Thave been waiting for you the whole moming, > Venimos/Llevamos esperindote toda la mafiana. The English past peyet continvons tense is usually translated into Spanish by the imperfective form of the verb in the construction estar/Jerar + gerundia, when the action expressed has been interrupted: 44, We had been waiting for you for ovo hours when the unexpected happened. (Hacia rato que) levibamos/te estabamos esperando cuando sucedié algo inesperado. English has 2 wide range of resources to express the futurity: wwill/shall + bare infinitive will shall + be + present participle be going + infinitive be + present participle simple present be + foinfinitive be about + fo infinitiveAll these forms may be transferred into Spanish by the future and the present tenses of the Indicative Mood or by the imperfective aspectual construction r+ gerundio: 45, L will finish this letter and then you can tell me what happened. Termino esta carta y me explicis lo que pas6. Jn English, the present participle may be used in abridged restrictive relative clauses. In Spanish this use of the gerandio is not accepted (Seco’s genundia especificatia). So, a finite relative clause is preferred: 46, The git] ctossing the street is my sister. / *La chica cruzando la calle es mi hermana, (incorrect) La chica que esti cruzando la calle es mi hermana. (cozzect) Some exceptions are accepted in Spanish, though, like elliptical structures commonly found in titles of literary ot pictorial works, In these cases, the gerundio occuts in an auxiliary-less construction expressing imperfective aspect (cf. gerundio en oraciones nominales): 47. Hombre mirando al Sudeste. -ING COMPOUNDS with incorporated argument baby-sitting {causative unaccusative object} backpacking [location adjunct] backslapping [locatum object] habit-forming lergative object] horse-trading {locatum object} housecleaning llocatum object] money-making {locatam object) running water {anergative subject] sleeping beauty [unergative subject] [sleeping = durmiENTE] skeping pill {anergative adjunct] (sleeping = (para) DORMIR] walking stick {unezgative adjunct] washing machine |locatura adjunct (insteument)] [washing = (para) LAVAR] gf washing machine locatum subject] {washing = lavadORA] agent suflis] NT PARTICIPLES abundante | abounding [abundant | alarmeate | alarming ardiente [burning [ardent | bummer buillante | shining | brilliant caminante [walking |__| walker cantante | singing singer cortiente | running | current | ‘stimolante | stimulating estudiante | sudying | stadent ferviente fervent Gatificante | gratifying hisiente | hurting interesante | interesting | intrigante | intriguing insitante | imitating — | iitant Taburante | working ‘worker pendiente | pending | pendant recaleitrante recalcitrant reluciente | gleaming sirviente [serving | servant | server sontiente | smilinABSTRACT EVENTS | INFINITIVE | PRESENT PARTICIPLE | NOUN fatener atinente atinencia carecer carente ‘carencia creer ereyente ‘ereencia__| *ereedor diferir (injdiferente (in)diferencia ignorar ignorante ignorancia importar importante importancia | importacién pacer waciente paciencia pertenecer pertinente ertenencia | perinencia juerer ‘querencia saber Sapiente sapiencia | sabedor tener teniente tenencia | tesedor tolerar folerante tolerancia OTHER VERBS adheri | cadberente adhesion Eladherie| finjcoberente cohesién fe. agir| agente actor ascender | ascend(iJente sscenso descender| ___descend(iJente Gescendencia_| descenso disigir | dirigente drigencia | divector/direocion To indul Indulgente indulgencia ingerir ingerente ingesencia Mactar Jactante lactancia perseverar erseverante perseverancia *relevar relevante relevancia | rlevamiento i. safir (injsuficionte (in)suficiencia tender tendiente tendencia _| *tendedor erente gereacia | gerenciamiento aburrie aburrimiento | [argiie aigamento ‘conocer conocimiento | [impedir impedimento | entender eatendimiento | [compartir compartimento padecer padecimiento pensar pensamicnto razonar Fazonamiento sentit sentimiento suftir suftimiento | abastecer abastecimiento | [elevar_ elevamiento / elevaciéa alzar alzamiento | | rendir rendimiento / rendicion asentar asentamiento | | mandar mandamiento / mandato asentir asentimiento | | encantar encantamiento / encanto fnjoumplix | Gia)cumplimiento | | entretener entretenimiento entrenar | __ entrenamiento See Inundir hundimiento | a mover movimiento relevar zelevamiento FF seguir seguimientoGO + GERUND Many expressions with the semi-auxiliary verb go followed by a gerd are semantically concerned with physical activities, sports and recreation, e.g: go dancing: go shings go running. Complete the following sentences with go plus a suitable gerund. I yesterday, but T dido't buy anything. aaa by the river tomorrow, but I'm sure I won't catch anything Whenever there's enough snow, we every weekend, If had enough money, I'd buy a yacht and in the Mediterranean, We had a lovely holiday; we every day; the watet was lovely. vaene Complete the following sentences with a verb from the list below in either the gerund ox infinitive form, tarn{ look after| miss[ leave] pay work] visit/ save] buy] stay findf redecorate/ be able/ overdraw/ go Jane’s a urse, but she’s trying a new job. Although she enjoys people, nursing is not ‘very well paid, and she cannot afford all her bills. She finds ie impossible to live on such a low salary without her account at the bank. Her flat needs and she would like 2 car. ‘She managed ‘enough last year for a short holiday by some extra money in her spare time, and this year, she’s hoping. some friends in France. She has stopped to the theatre, which used to be one of her greatest pelasures. She’s thinking of in America, where she could earn a higher salaty in a private hospital, but would prefer in this country if possible. She likes, to see her parens whenever she wants to. A friend of hers went to America after university, but began. her friends so badly that she had to come back. T have lost confidence in (any of the existing political, militaristic societies having the ability to comect their paths toward a sustainable way of life) Aunque la interpretacién del ejemplo resulte algo complicada, el complemento de ‘in’ (Juego de ‘confidence’) es una gerundial clause cuyo niicleo es ‘having’, mis un overt subject ‘any of the existing political, militaristic societies’. Esto podria ser evidencia en favor de la hipétesis de que el complementante ‘for’ no existe, sino que se trata de una preposicién insertada en construcciones infinitivas para asignarle caso objetivo al sujeto explicito. Dado que ni partidples ni gersmdr admiten que sus overt subjects sean introducidos por ‘for’, cuando estos verboides tienen sujetos explicitos -vg. en las Absoluts Constructions, dichos sujetos vienen marcados por defecto con caso nominative, por lo tanto podria postularse que, en este tipo de casos, el sujeto explicito obtiene marca de caso objetivo (ECM) de la P que lo precede en la sintaxis. Si imaginamos la realizaciOn pronominal del sujeto del ejemplo, pensariamos en THEM y no en THEY. ‘The concert opens when the curtain is raised to reveal Wilson, the confused yet charismatic focus, perched on a stool cosseted by his singers. After the interval comes Smile, the music that precipitated Wilson’s mental decline. Note: the infinitival clause in the first sentence is not a purpose adjunct, but it denotes an event which is simultaneous to the one denoted by the verb in the adverbial clause of time. The past pertcples in bold are main verbs in passive reduced relative causes, ee PRO-FORMS: John likes tennis, and so do I. | He's been to America, and so have I. He doesn't smoke, and neither do I. | He didn't go out last night and neither did I. He's married but I'm not @. | He can speak Geemen but I can't 0. SUBJECT QUESTIONS: Who wrote Macbeth? | Who was the first to arrive in class today? | Who is absent? | Who can speak the most languages? | Who comes to school by car? | Who has had a holiday recently? | Who's got children? | How many of you smoke? | How many of them read a newspaper every morning?DESCRIBE the NON-FINITE VERBS in the FOLLOWING SENTENCES: 1. We couldn’t hear (him moving in the dark room). PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ECM) 2. She saw (the git] shaking the umbrella as she closed it down). PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ECM) 3. T can't remember (to have seen [them planning their activities togetherl). INE: D.O. /PRESENT PPLE: ECM 4. Do you mind (us smoking here)? PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ECM) [Buergo would say it’s a gerund} 5. Do you temember (:hem deciding what to do with the money)? SAME AS (3) 6 2. 8 9. ‘They take it in turns to have (their jobs guessed). PURPOSE INFINITIVAL CLAUSE/PAST PPLE. (ECM) A man sat leaning against the wall, his face hidden under an old hat. PARTICIPLES (ADJUNCT/ABS.C) Stella stood listening to thar fantastic story, her eyes shining with exultation. PPLES (sDJUNCT/ABS.C) . ‘The rooms were left upset by the recently parted visitors. PAST PPLEs. [Leawe/Find the room upset ()) 10. There was nothing left to be commented. PAST PPLE. REDUCED R. C. / PURPOSE INFINITIVAL CLAUSE, 11. He went out slowly, his eyes looking here and there. PRESENT PARTICIPLE: ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION 12, More diseases being cured, people live longer. PRESENT PARTICIPLE: ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION 13. Followed bya Reading Free Practice, the unit fills into two sections. PAST PARTICIPLE: FREE ADJUNCT 14.. Introduced at the beginning, this practice can be excelent... PAST PARTICIPLE: FREE ADJUNCT 15. Being followed by a dog, the old man decided to stop there, PRESENT PARTICIPLE: FREE ADJUNCT 16. Students make decisions round the class, adding a reason each time. PRESENT PARTICIPLE: ADJUNCT 17. Students expected to have covered the basic forms should try a remedial practice. PAST PPLE. RED. R. C. 18. Every article going overseas, wrapped with paper should pay this tax. PRES. + PAST PPLE. REDUCED R.C. 19. Michael did his best to shake ssion off. PURPOSE INFINITIVAL CLAUSE 20. We need books to encourage free discussion. PURPOSE INFINITIVAL CLAUSE (?) 21. Itis a good exercise [for students to prepare what they want to say]. PURPOSE INFINITIVAL CLAUSE @) 22. She is happy to have found such a nice place to live in. INFINITIVAL CLAUSES (A-COMPL./REDUCED B.C.) 23, It was impossible (for teachers to have used so many technics). INFINITTVAL CLAUSE 24. Thinking too much was unwise. GERUNDIAL CLAUSE: SUBJECT 25. I can’t remember taking photogtaphs duting the trip. GERUNDIAL CLAUSE: DIRECT OBJECT 26. She stopped werping over the dog, being too occupied with quatrelling with her hushand. G/prp-ra/G* 27. That is the least I can do /o carry on the job of making the world a happier place ia live in. INF/GER/INF 28. It deals with ways of describing what you and other people do. GERUNDIAL CLAUSE: P-OBJECT 29, When I get tired of travelling, I’m going to start looking fora jab. GERUND: P-OBJECT / GERUND (?) 30. Check comprehension by asking students to explain the meaning of some of the key words. GER. C:D.03). 31. Letit be done at once. PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE, 32. Teis always used at the beginning of the sentence. PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE 33. The mediterranean is getting more polluted. PAST PARTICIPLE: PREDICATIVE *According to Buergo, “weeping” in “stop weeping” is a GERUND / SEE ALSO 4-5FOR FURTHER RESEARCH & TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR (Mary Dunée Buergo 1988) GERUNDS IN SYNTAX SUBJECT Reading after dinner has been his amusement. tis dangerous driving at such a speed DIRECT OBJECT Begin telling me the story. Do you mind giving me the photo? ‘OBJECE TO PREPOSITION ‘The room bore the evidence of being used as a studi He prid attention to creating suspense. [vizhin INDIRECT O8J8CT] PREDICATIVE [BQUATIVE SENTENCES = WHAT?] ‘The point is choosing the right time. ‘The best thing will be watching the instructions, ENBEDDED PREDICATE IN ECM Thate {shear complaining} Would you mind {me coming}? NN ‘MODIFICATION? walking stick | swimming poo! | lightning rod | sleeping bag PRESENT PARTICIPLES IN SYNTAX SUBJECT The dying were removed from the building. DIRECT OBJECT He helped the living as much as he could. OBJECT TO PREPOSITION It was far from the living. He paid attention to creating suspense. [within INDIRECT OBJECT] ONDARY PREDICATE [ADJUNCT of MANNER = HOW?] He attived smiling at everyone He stood listening to a tune. EMBEDDED PREDICATE IN ECM Theard {ter passing through} I saw {hin climbing up the ladder} Don't keep {/er waiting} NOUN ‘MODIFIER’ ‘The boy (diving the car) is Tom. 1 found nobody singing. running water | passing stranger | sleeping beauty VERB/SENTENCE ‘MODIFIER’ free adjuncts / absolute constructions Reception was a great place io meet peopl, men, on the way up, Reception was a great place {(in which) to meet people (1), [(who were) men}, on the way up (2)] (1) Non finite Restrictive Relative Clause | (2) Reduced Restrictive Relative Clause? ‘Valerie had had several dates with men (/WHTOM] she had met at work). (Restrictive Relative Clause] juanstamb@yshoo.com: Tuesday, 7# July 2015 23:33 - Bien, aungue "on the way up" es adjunct de ‘meet; "men" es la ‘inica palabra que tiene esa reducida, es un predicado nominal de tipo "sorta", hipénimo de ‘people. Para las dos clauses ‘que vos indicés tengo hipétesis distintas: (1) fo met people podria sex adverbial, digamos, como de parpore; Ia oracién es atributiva de nivel individual (0 sea, corresponde al verbo "see" en castellano: Ja apsién ERA/*ESTABA 11 gran lugar, El purport restringe el alcance del predicado de nivel individual, que tiende a predicar atributos permanentes de una entidad, ‘como sex ate, bajo, blanc, negro, etc. En: Reception was «great ple fo meet people, amen on the way xp. "Men" es Ia Sinica palabra OVERT de la Redused Relative, "om the way up" es un adjunto del vesbo "meet" (mec! paple ow the may xp = el lugar donde veia/conocia gente), en realidad, después de "men" deberia haber otra coma.