Thematic Relations ¢ @-roles te epon ath Cons (99 iit tar eS Tay De Gms tn Unive of Clg Pen cape ger nos ed or cena 72 nem) Argument Structure “The argament structure of aprdat is desived feoen the ming ofthe predicate. Te argument asteuctue determines how ‘many participants are minimally involved in the state or activity expresved by the predicate. These ib an esta argument (usally the obj), and there can be intoeal axgassents (to siplment # give [DP, DP, PP] The veib GIVE selects theee asguments (the extn agumentin ales) ‘Subcategarization Frame It specifies the complements (Le shat) ofa verbal predicate, ie. the obligatory constsaents whic merges eplomnt in a VP. These obligatory constinuens ace the itera! agen, and each of them wil be assigned a Oerole (.e. a semantic ar thematicsole), which characterises the rename natace ofits participation inthe argument stacture ofthe predicate O-Critesion (ie thematic csiterion) ‘The Gonereset & Binding theory porate the existence of two types of structure (oc lad of sepeesentation) & Detructoe fe, dp ctucrase]-> determines argument strcture and O-oleasignasent S-srucrre foe sli stncrre] > represents the actaal word order of the sentence ae uttered, 6-roles reassigned ia D strut .Cetesion (Ext approximaten) 1 at D-stretace, every DP with arya must ceceive a @-0le 2 a DP can only receive ome @-role (eit cannot be assigned two diferent les by two diferent predicates) [Every efesing DP must bear only one @-cole. The O-coles ae assigned to DP-positions, rather than to specifi DM's. The @-ctterion holds a all eves of sepresentation (Ds, $-h Logical Porm, thecefoe, once a DP receives a Groe, it stains it, ‘even when moved. This chins foxmed by a DP and any ace (e. ies, in Minimalist terms) coiadexed with it. The tal of the chan is an occupied thematic position t D.sirucrre, hats a position ocenpied by a trae oe apy at S-strutare cites ey ir mete an al he poston mst hon oepied bys DP a Dac) nie wm that Glenn etre. (ising verbs: st Doct, “Das” occupies + Bpuion, ea nen thematic psn) ‘Dando ath ke oni iD sec, “bus capi Boe’ cane ee Ts ikely that Kely will win, 1 seems (tha) Teacy wea't come tonight these examples, the grammatical subject “i” is nota ryorng DP, ace only a «“placeholdes”, because Bngish sentences miust have an overt subject. In Spanich, on the contrary, all vest pronouns ae referential (he expletives ace ml BES probable que gane Kelly 1 Pasece que Tracy 90,¥a « venir ets noche, Projection Principle: lexical information ie pntadinlh presented Extended Projection Principle: ll sentences must have an overt subject licensing the predicate ‘Thematic relations ‘AGENT | dcr of sn action w/ volition Jef FORCE | Judo hie Emly. [iv lools w/issas to PATIENT | undesgoer an action #"The dog bit the child afc ox efced 1 aye panting, the ome door THEME [what moves or Toasted = The children gave a book to Perr what is produced o* moved Jin ses/heass looks a/istens to it RECIPIENT | goal sentient devsnation = Mary wi en some beast lower ot he mos 'BENEFACTIVE | foc whone benefit something ir done [1 bought lowers fox my awa LOCATION | place where something is The book remained on the bie ‘GOAL | entiy toward which something moves | Paul me hone too Inte lt night Bats went from angry eo furious ‘SOURGE | caiiy fom which something mover | « They took the pictse off he wall TEXPERIENCER | who fede or perceives Fi nesses bids Tu scems to medhat the works re mixed up PERCEPT | entiy operenced 3 Itseemed oo that dere woald not be any more Food or peroeived ina haz ses the Bie INSTRUMENT | object with whick somethings done [+ We won't open dat door ih tis Key "Each shat relation can oeut in many positions in a sentence. Therefore, given only it suet postion, ceaaot be protic which thematic selason a given DP wil have, we need to kaow what che verb mens. Th Exial entry foreach vexb wll have 1 {pray how nay Nei sta wich NO pa whch homme ton ms Thematic relations FOTOCOPIADORA =, CEHCE AGENT -nintor ofthe akin / capable of olen (sit) of deberat scion 243k Agent without volition: FORCE «edb bic Ely + Ginny accieataly broke the pass. 1 Without meaning , Fed insulted his sie. 1 The sarthuahedestcoyed every ing the Haitians owned. (Pera)PATIENT -an entity which undergoes an action The dog bit cla «The axcow hit he apple INSTRUMENT -the object with which an action is performed, 1 We at twit « uj + This fy wil open that door (depending ca the point of view, this fay = FORCE] BENEPACTIVE -the one for whose benefit the event took place ‘# Thooght these Bowers foe 2h * Lcooked ber dinar. EXPERIENCER -the individual who feels or perceives the event + Alon kes cookie. f Fescems to a thatthe words age mixed up, «+ Jenny sae the eclipse. + Par docsalt know Mary PERCEPT -an entity which is experienced or perceived Sreg saw He gut ‘ Iescemd to Olives that re would not be any mere food ‘THEME -what moves or what is located where deseribed ‘motion ot location may be abstract of concrete ~> verbs of motion or location. ‘Also: default chematie role -the label to give when no other label seems fit 1 AMy miei encemonsly industrious, © Th an went stsigh to the immigsation office. + Pacer stayed ange + The man stole «ar # The childeen gave aboot to Peter, ¢ Sue kept se bok. LOCATION -the place (concrete of abstract) where something is “Annie sayed in La Pat, ‘Annie finaly arived in Asaterdame. © Annie stzyed ang 1 Anis kept all he gloey for herself GOAL entity toward which motion (concrete or abstract takes place ‘Betsy went from Montiel to Toronto. © Betsy went fom angry to fous 1 Betay put the flowers in tha, SOURCE -entity from which motion (concste or abstae) takes place ‘Jon went fram Moninalto Toronto,» Joln went from aygy to Fcous. 1 Blue Bel has semoved certain ice cream products frum sores RECIPIENT. -this isa subtype of the goal thematic relation. ‘With verbs denoting change of possession, such as give, donate, and receive, eg: # We gave Gorgea present. 1 Mary xeceived flowers feos Walle Accoiding to its lexical entry, the verb ea takes an agen nd 2 dame: Sate the ale Lesialentey: DP, eatDP; “> DP\= aga, DP3= shame Or eat Ginlies > extemal argument] foc certain author, the relation between DPs ina sentence and thematic roles is not one-to-one single DP maybe interpreted a8 bearing more than one of the emai ks Iisted above, Su stole a book fromm Elen Katie jasnped into tb soer agent theme source ‘heme oil po agent Si sold a car to Mike for $2000 agent ouice theme goal peal cure theme Bach of thse examples exprortes two related events: () the tranafer of property f2om the agit to another individal, and () the transfer of some property fiom the other ixividaal to the ag Adequate theory of thematic elations 4. Which thematic soles can be combined with which others? Why some combinations ae ot possible? 2. Which thematic soles can be assigned optionally? What determines whether or not they get assigned? 5. Whats the selation between dhe meaning of a lexical item and the kt of thematic zoles seassigas? ‘Can one ofthese be predicted ca the bass of the other? ‘Desiing thematic es Ie there anything more tothe meaning ofthe ves than the ist of shmu re associated with i? “The lable vento Pbeate relaxes abbzevtions the conteat ofa that most be derived from anappraprate taps ofthe meaning ofthe esa ism assigning at oe Jackendof proposes to TIERS inthe “coneepmalstuctae” ‘Thana cr information about spatial relations between sha sires sls ations © aie tiee—> information about nbs (oe wba i acting upon wha’ (or man) “The el of ape encompaces tre things, with diferent desees of iy sex of lexical entries -one for each word- «phonological information ~> pronunciation + momphological informasion — Gecegulcies « cemanti information -> meaning + syntacsc information ~> categories, restrictions -categoral specification: syntactic dstinesvefeatares “strict robestegortation statements: ayatictc categories inthe lexical ite’s content 0 gsi zoe assigned co the items inthe context ‘The semantic properties of the clement in the context are eliminated because they can be made to follow feom the O-ge. ‘The information in the O-gsid may be derivable from the semantic representation Be ge HY] [NP PF] logent/source, theme, goal/eecipiens) [SEMANTIC REPRESENTATION) Both phase structure and strict subeategorization statements contsin information about the rye of phrate categories a Janguage has ~> this degsce of sedandancy suggests that either one os the other should be eliminated from the grammar ‘Which on can be predicted on the basis of che otbex? Information in Phaase Serer C Information io the Stic Sub. Statements = atleast in X" redundant information ‘Some sedandacy berween strict subcetegorzaion statements & Bg ‘comparison: strict subeategorzation statements (with Q-gid) one less element than O-ged if the verb assigns role tots subject ~categorial information sometiaes predictable there, patient, agents sometimes not location--order in which the elements Some general statements might provide the information for al tems Lexical head ofa category in English: leftmost element inthe immediatly dominating X° ‘Tae cole of Khar Theosy abandonment of individual phrase structure = consuain on tee stevctures (a condition on representations) Tchas no toe a the gramnnit taf asa set of wel-formednest conditions on phase stuctare rules Synmetie steuentes ate projected from the lexicon io accordance with the principles of X-baetheocy Every X emt be the head of an Xow ‘Beery Kms must have 2 head of category X ‘Every non-maximal X» must be dominated by Xe (except X? which may he dominated by X2) ‘Xie left (ight) peripheral io X° XC is left (ght) pesipheral ja 3 ‘The Bigs can cary the following infoemnation How many Se which @-ole ae arguments of X Which if any- are external Which are asigned direcly ‘Which are optional Head of & INFL.— deteemines the Sniteness (tensed or infinitive) of the dause If neither NP nor VP is bead ofS, why ace these elements obligatory? + semantic well-formedaess & morphology ‘wel focmed propositions: a predicate &itsaegumnents Why a VP? Mosphology of INFL_ > featues of fnitencs i tense], tense | past] +> afi in the verb (must be attached to stern) > features of person & muses >in subject NP "Eglsh syntactic categories have the sewcture shown hee: x