Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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BNQ 20104
EXPERIMENT NO.
EXPERIMENT 4
EXPERIMENT TITLE
DATE
GROUP NO.
1) DR. NADIRUL HASRAF BIN MAT NAYAN
LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR/ TUTOR
EXAMINER COMMENTS:
ATTENDANCE/PARTICIPATION/DISPLINE
/5%
INTRODUCTION:
/5%
PROCEDURE:
/5%
/15%
ANALYSIS
DISCUSSIONS:
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS:
CONCLUSION:
/15%
/20%
/15%
/10%
/5%
REFERENCES:
/5%
TOTAL:
/100%
I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to
not accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in
it is true.
1) Group Leader
Name
:
Matrix No.
:
__________________________________________(Signature)
_____Yeu Ho Kiet__________________
_____AN140177___________________
2) Group Member 1
Name
:
Matrix No
:
__________________________________________(Signature)
____Kogulan a/l Subramaniam_____
____DN140115_____________________
3) Group Member 2
Name
:
Matrix No.
:
__________________________________________(Signature)
_____Jaayshini a/p Murugiah_____
_____AN140023___________________
1.0
OBJECTIVES
a)
3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1 Dryness Fraction
The dryness fraction is defined as the quantity of dry vapour present in any
wet vapour mixture.
3.2
Separating Calorimeter
This is mechanical process where the incoming steam to the calorimeter is
made through a series of obtuse angle the inertia of the water droplets causes
them to separate from steam flow. If
3.3
Throttling calorimeter
Consider a fluid flowing through a throttling orifice from higher pressure P 1 to
a lower pressure P2. From the steady flow energy equation, it can be shown
that adiabatic throttling is a constant enthalpy process. The wet steam before
the throttling will become superheated steam at the lower pressure after
throttling.
Where,
Where,
Since H1 = H2,
3.4
But the separating calorimeter has already removed WS water, therefore total
quantity of water is (WS + w) in wet steam (WS + Wt)
Applying this to the definition of dryness fraction
But w = Wt (1 Xt)
(3)
4.0
INSTRUMENTS /APPARATUS
5.0 PROCEDURE
1.
2.
outlet.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
The value from (c) to (f) parameter values should be checked about six times
during the course of measurement.
10.
11.
12.
6.1
Results.
Table 5.1 Observed readings
Parameters
Barometric pressure,
bar.abs
Separator: Steam
pressure, bar.abs
Average
1.013
1.013
1.013
1.013
3.513
4.513
5.013
4.346
1.0197
1.0197
1.0183
1.019
4.667
144
152
154
150
Throttle: Steam
temperature, oC
Separator: Amount of
collected water, mL
Throttle : Amount of
condensed water, mL
108
114
110
110.67
10
20
20
16.67
225
200
225
216.67
Parameters
Throttle: Specific heat at constant pressure, kJ/kgK
Separator: Steam pressure, bar.abs
Throttle: Steam pressure, bar.abs
Separator: Saturated liquid enthalpy, kJ/kg
Separator: Latent heat, kJ/kg
Throttle: Vapour Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Throttle: Saturated steam temperature, oC
Separator: Dryness fraction of steam, XS
Average
1.907
4.346
1.0192
617.45
2124.33
2675.83
100.12
0.9286
0.9784
0.9085
Xs = 216.67/ (216.67+16.67)
= 0.9286
Throttle:
Average difference in mercury level due to water = (5+5+4)/3
= 4.667 mm Hg
= 383.82 K
Average amount of condensed water, Wt = (225+200+225)/3
= 216.67 mL
From property table, using interpolation, P= 101.9 kPa, T = 383.82K:
Specific heat at constant pressure
= 2675.83 kJ/kg
Saturated steam temperature = (105.97-99.97)(101.9-101.325)/(125-101.325) +
99.97
= 100.12 C
= 0.9286 x 0.9784
= 0.9085
7.0 ANALYSIS
water, mL is 16.67 and the average value of throttle: amount of collected water, mL is
216.67.
Based on the results obtained, the average values of throttle: specific heat at
constant pressure, 1.907 kJ/kgK, separator: steam pressure, 4.346 bar.abs, throttle:
steam pressure 1.019 bar.abs, separator: saturated liquid enthalpy, 617.46 kJ/kgK,
separator: latent heat, 2124.33 kJ/kgK, throttle: vapor enthalpy, 2675.83 kJ/kgK,
throttle: saturated steam temperature, 100.12 C, separator: dryness fraction of steam,
Xs, 0.9286, throttle: dryness fraction of steam, Xf 0.9784 and steam line: dryness
fraction, X 0.9085 were calculated.
From the experiment, we can see that the dryness fraction for separating
calorimeter is lower than throttling calorimeter because in separating calorimeter the
steam is wetter. Temperature of in throttling calorimeter is higher than its saturated
steam temperature because it is already in superheated state.
8.0 DISCUSSIONS
Using the readings that were recorded in the lab the dryness fraction of the steam
could be found, using the theoretical equations. From the results obtained the dryness
fraction is 0.9286 at xs and 0.9784 at xt. The combined separating and throttling
calorimeter was found by using equation 7 where both xs and xt were multiplied to get
0.9085. Based on the results of the readings we obtained when conducting the
experiment in the lab, it can be said that using the readings that were recorded in the
lab, the dryness fraction of the steam could be found in regards with the use of the
theoretical equations from the thermodynamics textbook. From the results obtained,
the dryness fraction is 0.9286 at xs this showed us that at that point in time the
steam is 93% dry and 7% wet. We got 0.9784 at x1 so that showed us that the steam
is near to superheated because its value near to 1 at that point so the combined
separating and throttling calorimeters dryness faction was found by using the
equation where both xs and xt were multiplied to get the value of 0.9085. This shows
that the state of the steam is still wet because the value of the dryness fraction of
steam is less than 1. If the steam whose dryness fraction is to be determined is very
wet then throttling to atmospheric pressure is not sufficient to ensure superheated
steam at exit. In this case it is necessary to dry the steam partially, before throttling.
This is done by passing the part of steam from the steam main through separating
calorimeter as shown in figure. The steam is made to change direction suddenly, and
the water, being denser than the dry steam is separated out is measured at the
separator, the steam remaining, which now has dryness fraction, is passed through
the throttling calorimeter.
With the combined separating and throttling calorimeter it is necessary to condense
the steam after throttling and measure the amount of condensate (Ms).
It was observed that with increasing the boiler steam pressure there is increase in
steam temperature and when the part of the steam enters into the separating
calorimeter steam pressure before throttling is higher than steam pressure after
throttling. It is also observed that steam pressure decreases after throttling.
Corresponds to the steam pressure after throttling, from steam table it was noted that
steam temperature measured is greater than the saturation temperature. Therefore the
steam becomes superheated steam. From the measured values the various parameters
like dryness fraction of steam, enthalpy of superheated steam, equivalent evaporation
and factor of evaporation and boiler efficiency calculated. Steam calorimeters are
commonly used in process industries, power plants and other industries to determine
the quality of steam. Steam quality is a very critical parameter in steam applications
as the performance of steam processes depends on it. Conventionally, separating or
throttling or combined separating and throttling calorimeters are being used for this
purpose. An electrical calorimeter is a concept not well covered in literature, though it
has wide range of application and scope with accuracy and this may offset the
limitations of the conventionally used calorimeters. It is found that the proposed
concept can be applied conveniently to find the dryness fraction and can be validated
experimentally. In the present experimental work, therefore, electrical energy is used
to find dryness fraction of steam. The design of the system is based on fundamental
principles of thermodynamics. Mainly, steady flow energy equation has been applied to
derive the desired results. As per the requirements, specifications of various
components like steam generator, super heater, etc., have been decided. In the process,
electrical energy is used to make dry saturate from the wet steam in a controlled
manner, and steam parameters are recorded along with the heat supplied to the wet
steam. The key feature of the system is easiness of use without compromising the
accuracy. It is also found that this system can be used for a wide range of the dryness
fraction unlike conventional methods, which give results in a narrow range.
X = 0.70046
3. A calorimeter with heat capacity equivalent to having 13.3 moles
of water is used to measure the heat of combustion from 0.303 g
of sugar (C12H22O11). The temperature increase was found to be
5.0 K. Calculate the heat released, the amount of heat released by
1.0 g, and 1.0 mole of sugar.
showed that the theory is proven on counting the dryness fraction of the steam.
Performance analysis on separating & throttling calorimeter was carried out. The
following parameters were measured: Steam Temperature, Steam Pressure,
Exhaust Gas Temperature, Fuel Pressure, and Water Temperature after
Economizer at various conditions. Dryness fraction of steam was calculated. The
following conclusions were drawn under various parameters like boiler steam
experiments. This is due to varying data or reading that student get when
conducting the labs as that would make lecturers to mark the laboratory work
easier. That could also constitute to the improvement on the efficiency of the set
of apparatus as seen above calibration.
12.0 REFERENCE
1. Separating and Throttling Calorimeter. Retrieved from sakshat virtual lab:
2. Lab
http://iitg.vlab.co.in/?sub=58&brch=160&sim=1603&cnt=1
(Assessed on 28/11/2014).
manual thermodynamics. Retrieved from: http://jnec.org/Labmanuals/MECh/SE/SE-ET%20Lab%20Manual1.pdf.
(Assessed on 28/11/2014).
Signature/Tandatangan :
Name/Nama : DR. NADIRUL HASRAF BIN
MAT NAYAN
Signature/Tandatangan :
Name/Nama : PROF. MADYA DR. ANGZZAS SARI
BINTI MOHD KASSIM
Date/Tarikh :
Date/ Tarikh :