PROIECTAREA SI CALCULUL

ELEMENTELOR DE CONSTRUCTII DIN LEMN

CERINTELE UTILIZATORILOR ISO 6241/1984 SI STAS 12400/85
STABILITATE SI REZISTENTA (FIABILITATE STRUCTURALA;
SIGURANTA LA FOC;
ETANSEITATE;
EXIGENTE HIGOTERMICE;
AMBIANTA ATMOSFERICE;
EXIGENTE ACUSTICE;
EXIGENTE VIZUALE;
EXIGENTE DE IGIENA;
ADAPTAREA LA UTILIZAREA SPATIILOR;
DURABILITATE;
ECONOMIE;

CERINTA DE FIABILITATE STRUCTURALA IMPLICA:

SIGURANTA STRUCTURALA;
APTITUDINE PENTRU EXPLOATARE;
DURABILITATE;

PROPRIETATILE MECANICE ALE LEMNULUI

FACTORI CARE INFLUENTEAZA PROPRIETATILE MECANICE ALE
LEMNULUI:
- CARACTERUL SI NATURA SOLICITARII;
- VITEZA DE INCARCARE SI DURATA SOLICITARII;
- STRUCTURA, DEFECTELE, STAREA DE UMIDITATE;
COMPORTAREA LEMNULUI LA DIFERITE SOLICITARI:
-

INTINDERE: (paralela cu fibrele);

- curba caracteristica are
caracter curbiliniu;
ATENTIE: dimensionarea se
realizeaza din conditia de
rezistenta;

COMPRESIUNE: (paralela cu fibrele);

- influenta defavorabila a defectelor si a slabirilor este mai mica decat in
cazul intinderii comportare plastica a lemnului la compresiune;
ATENTIE: dimensionarea se realizeaza in general la flambaj;

INCOVOIERE:
- ipoteze simplificatoare: legea Hooke + ipoteza Bernoulli;

- schema statica pentru incovoiere fara forta taietoare;

- distributia eforturilor unitare pe inaltimea sectiunii transversale;
-

STRIVIRE: (compresiune perpendiculara pe fibre);

- pentru s < p deformatiile sunt elastice si au valori mici (peretii
celulelor se comporta bine);
- pentru s > p deformatiile sunt permanente si au valori mari
(distrugerea peretilor celulelor);
- pentru s >> p cresc deformatiile (indesarea peretilor celulelor);
ATENTIE: in zona reazemelor nu sunt permise solicitari care sa
depaseasca p

FORFECARE:
- rezistenta la forfecare transversala t;
- rezistenta la forfecare paralela p;
- rezistenta la forfecare longitudinala perpendiculara perp;

CALCULUL ELEMENTELOR DE CONSTRUCTII

DIN LEMN CU SECTIUNE SIMPLA
Nt
at ( Rt )
An
Nt = forta axiala normata (de calcul);
An = aria sectiunii transversale, slabite;
at = rezistenta admisibila la intindere in lungul fibrelor;
Rt = rezistenta de calcul la intindere in lungul fibrelor;

INTINDERE AXIALA:

COMPRESIUNE AXIALA:

N
N cr

Nc
ac ( Rc )
An

= coeficient de flambaj;

2 EI
N cr 2 = forta critica de flambaj;
lf
E = modul de elasticitate al materialului;
I = moment de inertie al sectiunii (dispersia, ex.valori);
l f = lungimea de flambaj a barei (in functie de rezemari);
I
= raza de giratie;
A
l
Zveltetea se cuantifica prin f (coeficient de zveltete);
i
i

Pentru 75 se obtine 1 0.8(

Pentru 75 se obtine

Nr.crt.

1.
2.
3.

2
);
100

3100
2

Denumire element
Grinzi cu zabrele si arce
- talpi, diagonale si montanti reazem
- celelalte elemente
Stalpi principali
Stalpi secundari
Contravantuiri

Coeficient de zveltete maxim admis

a
Constructii
definitive

Constructii
provizorii

150
175
120
150
200

175
200
150
175
200

INCOVOIERE:
- SIMPLA
M

ai ( Ri )
VERIFICARE DE REZISTENTA:
W net
M = moment incovoietor normat (de calcul);
W net = modul de rezistenta net;
i = rezistenta admisibila la incovoiere;
Ri = rezistenta de calcul la incovoiere;
ATENTIE: daca sectiunea cea mai slabita nu coincide cu sectiunea in care
momentul incovoietor este maxim, se impune verificarea de
rezistenta si in sectiunea cu slabiri maxime!

VERIFICARE DE RIGIDITATE: f

Nr.crt.

Element

1.
2.

Plansee curente
Plansee pod
Acoperisuri
- pane, capriori;
- astereala;
Dolii

3.
4.

Sageata limita
Incarcari de
Incarcari de
lunga durata
scurta durata
L/250
L/250
L/200
L/200
L/200
L/150
L/400

L/150
L/100
L/300

In general, pe langa incovoiere apare si forfecarea:

l1

p lunga durata
q normat

stanga sus
M cap
. gr

dreapta jos
M cap
. gr
dreapta
Qasociat

dreapta
Qasociat
dreapta sus
M cap
. gr

stanga
asociat

QS b
a ( Rf )
bI b

Q = forta taietoare normata

stanga
asociat

stanga jos
M cap
. gr

M max l 2
EI

(calcul);
Sb = momentul static brut al
sectiunii;
b = latimea sectiunii;
Ib = moment de inertie brut
sectiune;
ATENTIE: verificarea este
necesara pentru grinzi scurte
(l/h<5)!
-OBLICA
VERIFICARE DE
REZISTENTA:

Mx My

ai ( Ri )
Wx Wy

VERIFICARE DE RIGIDITATE: f f x2 f y2 f adm

COMPRESIUNE EXCENTRICA (DREAPTA SI OBLICA)

- FORTA AXIALA DE COMPRESIUNE (pe pozitie deformata);

- MOMENT INCOVOIETOR ( M x ; sau M x si M y )
Ipoteza I

Ipoteza II
M Sy H
I
y

N ld
S y S yr

S y S yt S yr

ld

Nr ld
t
r
S x S x S x1 S x 2

S y S yt S yr1 S yr 2

S x S xr

M xI S x H

M yI S y H

M xI S x H
S x S xt S xr

Ipoteza III

Ipoteza I

Ipoteza II

calcul
x

Ipoteza III

M ycalcul

M M II M I

1
2 EI conventional
N ld , N cr
1
l 2f
N cr
My
N M
x
ai ( Ri )
A Wx Wy

M calcul M I M N ld e unde:
MI SH;
M II M I ;

calcul
x

M ycalcul

SARPANTE
TIPURI CONSTRUCTIVE SI ELEMENTE COMPONENTE
SARPANTE DIN CAPRIORI: - ALCATUIRE: perechi de capriori cu sau fara tiranti
orizontali de rigidizare;
- DESCHIDERE: 6.00m fara tiranti;
9.00m cu tiranti;
- STABILITATEA GENERALA: contravantuiri long.;
SARPANTE PE SCAUNE:

- ALCATUIRE: elemente verticale (popi);

elemente orizontale-longitud. (pane);
elemente inclinate (capriori);
elemente orizontale de rigidizare trans.
elemente inclinate de rigidizare transv.
- STABILITATEA GENERALA: contrav. long+transv.
- TIPURI: functie de deschidere, de pozitia elementelor
structurale verticale (pereti sau cadre);

CALCULUL ELEMENTELOR SARPANTEI

GRUPAREA INCARCARILOR
-

IPOTEZA I: incarcarea permanenta + incarcarea din zapada;

IPOTEZA II: incarcarea permanenta + incarcarea din vant (presiune) +
+ incarcarea din zapada;
IPOTEZA III: incarcarea permanenta + forta concentrata (1000N);
IPOTEZA IV: incarcarea permanenta + incarcarea din vant (pres.+suct.);

CALCUL ASTEREALA (sustine invelitoarea din tabla, olane)

- se determina incarcarile pentru o scandura de latime b;
- se calculeaza la incovoiere oblica pe doua directii;
- se verifica la deformatia maxima;
CALCUL SIPCI (sustin invelitoarea din tigla)
- se determina incarcarile pentru o sipca;
- se calculeaza la incovoiere oblica pe doua directii;
- se considera simplu rezemate pe capriori;
CALCUL CAPRIORI
- se considera simplu rezemati pe pane;
- sunt incarcati cu reactiunile din astereala sau sipci;
CALCUL PANE
- se considera simplu rezemate sau continue pe popi (ziduri, pt.cosoroaba);
- sunt incarcate cu reactiunile din capriori;
CALCUL POPI (elemente verticale sau inclinate, care preiau reactiunile panelor);

DESIGN AND CALCULATION

WOOD special items
User requirements - ISO 6241/1984 AND STAS 12400/85
stability and strength (reliability configurations;
fire safety;
sealing;
HIGOTERMICE REQUIREMENTS;
AIR TEMPERATURE;
ACOUSTIC REQUIREMENTS;
VISUAL REQUIREMENTS;
HYGIENE REQUIREMENTS;
Space-ADAPTATION;
Durability;
economy;
STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY requirement involves:
structural safety;
aptitude for service;
sustainability;
The mechanical properties of wood
Factors affecting the mechanical properties of wood:
- The character and nature of the request;
- SPEED LOADING AND DURATION OF THE APPLICATION;
- Structural defects when wet;
BEHAVIOUR OF WOOD TO VARIOUS APPLICATIONS:
- Stretch (parallel fibers);
- Characteristic curve curvilinear nature;
WARNING: the sizing is done in the condition of resistance;
- Compressor (parallel fibers);
compressive behavior;- Adverse impact of defects and weakening is lower than for
stretching plastic timber
WARNING: the sizing is done in general buckling;
- Bending:
- Simplifying assumptions: + Hooke law Bernoulli hypothesis;
- Static bending scheme without shear;
the height of the cross section;- Distribution of stresses
- CRUSHING (compression perpendicular to grain);
s- For <p deformations are elastic and are low (well-behaved cell walls);
s- For > p deformations are permanent and have high values (destruction of cell walls);

s- For >> p growing strains (tamping cell walls);

pWARNING: the supports are not allowed in the requests that exceed
- SHEAR:
t transverse shear strength;p parallel shear strength;perp perpendicular tensile shear strength;-

CALCULATION special items

WOOD sectional SIMPLE
axial:
NT = normalized axial force (computing);
Year = cross-sectional area, loosen;
at = permissible tensile strength along the fibers;
Rt = design strength of tension along the fibers;
axial compression:
= Coefficient of buckling;
= Critical buckling strength;
= Modulus of elasticity of the material;
= Moment of inertia of the section (dispersion, ex.valori);
= The length of the buckling of the bar (per bearing);
= Radius of gyration;
Slenderness is quantified by (slenderness ratio);
To obtain;
To obtain
Nr.crt. Name element slenderness coefficient maximum admissible
Construction definitive temporary buildings
1. trusses and arches
- Feet diagonal mullions and support
- Other items
150
175
175
200
2. main pillar
120 secondary poles
150 150
175
3. Bracing 200 200
bending:

- Simple
VERIFICATION OF STRENGTH:
= Normalized bending moment (computing);
= Net modulus;
= Allowable flexural strength;
= Bending resistance calculation;
CAUTION: If the weaker section section does not coincide with the
maximum bending moment is, it requires verification
weakening resistance and maximum section!
CHECK rigid:
Nr.crt. Element Arrow limit
Loads long loads brief
1. Current Plansee L / 250 L / 250
2. Plansee bridge L / 200 L / 200
3. Roofs
- Purlins, rafters;
- Deck;
L / 200
L / 150
L / 150
L / 100
4. Valley gutters L / 400 L / 300
In general, besides bending and shear occurs:
= Shear normal (calculation);
= Gross section static moment;
= Width of section;
= Gross moment of inertia section;
Attention: Verification is required for timber (l / h <5)!
-OBLICA
VERIFICATION OF STRENGTH:
CHECK rigid:
eccentric compression (right oblique)
- Axial force of compression (positions deformed);
- Bending moment (or,
where:
;
;
,;

Sarp
Construction types and parts

Snake deer - Composition: pairs of rafters with or without tie rods

horizontal reinforcing;
- OPENING: 6.00m without tie rods;
9.00m with tyrants;
- Overall stability: long bracing .;
Framework on chairs - Composition: vertical elements (props);
-LONGITUDE horizontal elements.
(fried);
inclined elements (rafters);
trans horizontal reinforcing elements.
Transvit inclined reinforcing elements.
- Overall stability: Contrave. + Transvit long.
- Types: Depending on opening the position element
vertical structural (walls or frames);
Roof truss element computations
CHARGING GROUP
- ASSUMPTION I: permanent load + snow load;
- ASSUMPTION II: permanent load + wind loads (pressure) +
incarcarea of snow; +
- ASSUMPTION III: permanent load + concentrated load (1000N);
- ASSUMPTION IV: permanent load + wind loads (pres. + Suction.)
CALCULATION sheathing (maintains the covering sheet, tile)
- Determine load a board width "b";
- Calculate the bending oblique in two directions;
- Check the maximum deformation;
CALCULATION SIPC (maintains the covering tiles)
- Determine loadings for stickers;
- Calculate the bending oblique in two directions;
- Consider simply supported rafters;
CALCULATION deer
- Consider simply supported the pane;
- Are charged with the reactions of boarding or strips;
CALCULATION PANE
- Consider simply supported or continue on props (walls, pt.cosoroaba);
- Are loaded with the reactions from the rafters;
CALCULATION POPI (vertical or inclined elements, the reactions that take purlins);