qarTveluri memkvidreoba (akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi

institutis perioduli samecniero Jurnali) tomi XII, gv., 63-67

irma gogoliZe

brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekruleba da

baTumis olqis sakiTxi

saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoria, romelic baTumis olqSi

erTiandeboda, geopolitikuri da strategiuli mdebareobis gamo didi
xnis manZilze warmoadgenda davisa da uTanxmoebis obieqts saqarTvelosa
da regioniT dainteresebul saxelmwifoebs Soris. politikuri procesebis
Sedegad (romanovebis imperiis daSla, brest-litovskis sazavo
xelSekruleba da misi Tanamdevi diplomatiuri kampania, pirvel msoflio
omSi germaniisa da misi bloki saxelmwifoebis kapitulacia) baTumis olqi
sxvadasxva saxelmwifoTa politikuri da samxedro dapirispirebis obieqti
gaxda. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiamde aq erTmaneTs
enacvleboda ruseTis, TurqeTis, germaniis, didi britaneTis interesebi.
1917 wlis saxelmwifo gadatrialebam ruseTSi seriozuli
politikuri cvlilebebi gamoiwvia kavkasiis geopolitikur regionSi.
social-demokratiuli, daSnak-ciutunis, musavatis, socialist-
federalistTa da eserTa partiebis koaliciis principze amierkavkasiis
komisariatis SeqmniT amierkavkasia oficialurad gaemijna bolSevikur
ruseTs, Tumca, miRebuli deklaraciis Tanaxmad, komisariati
uflebamosilebas inarCunebda ruseTSi kanonieri xelisuflebis aRdgenamde.
amierkavkasia damoukidebel saxelmwifod ar cxaddeboda, radganac
damoukideblobis gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTis kavkasiis armia
frontis xazidan moixsneboda, rac saSualebas miscemda Turqebis agresiul
miswrafebebs samxreT kavkasiaSi, an ruseTis armia Tavad moaxdenda
regionis okupacias (a. silagaZe, v. guruli, 1998, gv. 26). damoukideblobis
gamoucxadeblobam uaryofiTad imoqmeda saerTo politikur
mdgomareobaze.
mZime samxedro-politikur viTarebaSi aRmoCenili bolSevikuri
mTavrobis umTavress amocanas msoflio omidan saswrafod gamosvla da
qveynis SigniT Zalauflebis SenarCuneba-ganmtkiceba warmoadgenda,
risTvisac igi wavidoda teritoriul daTmobebze rogorc dasavleTiT,
aseve - samxreT kavkasiaSic. 1917 wlis 15 dekembers brest-litovskSi
gaformda droebiTi dazavebis xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmadac Sewyda
samxedro moqmedebebi ruseTis dasavleT frontze. 1917 wlis 18 dekembers
erzinjanSi amierkavkasiasa da osmaleTs Soris dadebuli droebiTi zaviT
saomari operaciebi Sewyda kavkasiis frontze da dadginda sademarkacio
sazRvari osmaleTsa da amierkavkasias Soris. erzinjanis xelSekrulebis me-
12 muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu ruseTsa da centralur saxelmwifoTa Soris
daideboda zavi, misi yvela punqti misaRebi iqneboda kavkasiis
frontisaTvis (dokumentebi.., 1919, gv. 21).
 ruseTTan zavis dadeba germaniis da misi mokavSireebis, saxeldobr,
osmaleTis interesebsac pasuxobda, radganac uaneqsio da ukontribucio
zavi samxedro marcxis winaSe mdgar osmalTaTvis realuri saSualeba iyo
erovnuli damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad (o. gigineiSvili, 1982, gv.
143). kavkasiis geopolitikur regionSi Seqmnili politikuri viTareba
xelsayreli aRmoCnda axalgazrda TurqTa interesebisaTvis. maT miecaT
SesaZlebloba ara marto daebrunebinaT ruseTis mier okupirebuli
anatoliis teritoriebi, aramed ganemtkicebinaT poziciebi kavkasiasa da
centralur aziaSi. osmaleTis samxedro-politikurma wreebma, Tavisi
politikuri interesebidan gamomdinare, 1918 wlis 14 ianvars amierkavkasiis
mTavrobas oficialurad SesTavazes molaparakebis dawyeba, xolo
paralelurad brest-litovskSi mimdinare sazavo konferenciaze delegacia
gagzavnes. sagulisxmoa, rom TurqebisaTvis xelsayreli politikuri
viTareba iqmneboda, radganac amierkavkasiis saxiT maT urTierToba
uwevdaT samxedro TvalsazrisiT sust, xolo politikuri TvalsazrisiT
naklebad myar gaerTianebasTan. maTi Semdgomi nabiji unda yofiliyo
amierkavkasiisaTvis ,,damoukideblobis" fardis Seqmna, radganac am
ukanasknelTan molaparakeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis mixedviT
kanonieri yofiliyo (o. gigineiSvili, 1963, gv. 158). aseT pirobebSi
osmaleTis imperia advilad SeZlebda misTvis xelsayrel pirobebze
daeTanxmebina damoukidebeli amierkavkasia, romelic ukve seriozul
winaaRmdegobas veRar gauwevda.
1917 wlis 22 dekembridan 1918 wlis 3 martamde brest-litovskSi
mimdinareobda molaparakeba, erTi mxriv, sabWoTa ruseTsa da meore mxriv,
germanias, avstria-ungreTs, osmaleTsa da bulgareTs Soris, saboloo
zavis pirobebis SesamuSaveblad. konferenciis pirvelsave sxdomaze
sabWoTa ruseTis delegaciam germaniis bloks samSvidobo xelSekrulebis
safuZvlad SesTavaza 6 muxlisagan Semdgari programa. mesame muxlis
Tanaxmad, erovnul jgufebs, romlebic omamde ar sargeblobdnen
politikuri TviTmyofadobiT, eZleodaT SesaZlebloba TviTonve
gadaewyvitaT ama Tu im saxelmwifosTan mikuTvnebis sakiTxi, an kidev
referendumis gziT gamoecxadebinaT saxelmwifoebrivi TviTmyofadobis
Camoyalibeba. meoTxe muxli formulirebuli iyo Semdegi saxiT: sxvadasxva
erovnebiT dasaxlebul teritoriebTan damokidebulebaSi umciresobis
uflebebi daculia kanonebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen umciresobis
kulturul da erovnul TviTmyofadobas da SesaZleblobis farglebSi
administraciul avtonomiasac (diplomatiis istoria, 1965, gv. 75-76). am
programidan gamomdinare amierkavkasia da saxeldobr, saqarTvelo
strategiulad mniSvnelovani regionebis dakargvis safrTxis winaSe
aRmoCnda, radganac konferenciaze Turqebi Seecdebodnen gadaeWraT
TavianTi teritoriuli pretenziebi samxreT kavkasiaSi.
brest-litovskis konferencia daZabul viTarebaSi mimdinareobda.
germaniisa da misi bloki saxelmwifoebis ultimatumiT (9 Tebervali)
sabWoTa ruseTs unda daecala okupirebuli teritoriebi (baltiispireTis
qveynebi). 23 Tebervals sabWoTa mxares warudgines axali ultimatumi,
romlis mixedviTac am ukanasknels unda daebrunebina TurqebisaTvis
anatoliis provinciebi. Turqebi amiT ar dakmayofildnen da scades zavis
pirobebSi SeetanaT ara marto mimdinare omis dros ruseTis jaris mier
okupirebuli teritoriis dabruneba, aramed 1877-1878 wlebis omamde
arsebuli ruseT-osmaleTis sazRvris aRdgenac (o. gigineiSvili, 1963, gv.
177). sabWoTa delegaciis meTauris l. trockis gancxadebidan gamomdinare,
romelic adasturebda ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi amierkavkasiis darCenas,
teritoriuli pretenziebi, romlebic Turqebs gaaCndaT, moekiTxeboda
bolSevikur ruseTs (trapizonis konferencia, 1998, gv. 15). konferenciis
sawyis etapze germaniis delegacia moiTxovda osmaleTisaTvis anatoliis
provinciebis dabrunebas, xolo Semdeg osmaleTis delegaciam, isargebla
ra Seqmnili viTarebiT, ruseTis mxaris sisustiT, wamoayena Tavisi
pretenziebi samxreT kavkasiis teritoriebze, rasac mxari dauWires
germanelma diplomatebma. 1 marts samSvidobo xelSekrulebis teqstis
saboloo variantis wakiTxvisas aRmoCnda, rom Turqebis sasargeblod
Setanili iyo cvlilebebi (n. zosiZe, 1995, gv. 18). kerZod, ruseTs jarebi
unda gaeyvana ara marto anatoliis provinciebidan, aramed yarsis,
artaanisa da baTumis olqebidanac da am olqebis Semdgomi bedi
TviTgamorkvevis gziT unda garkveuliyo.
saWiroa, mokled SevexoT sakiTxs, Tu ram ganapiroba osmaleTis
politikis gaaqtiureba kavkasiaSi, kerZod saqarTveloSi. 1913 wlis
bolosaTvis osmaleTis imperiaSi damyarda axalgazrda TurqTa
diqtatura. axalgazrda TurqTa programa Turanizmi, anu, rogorc mas
xSirad uwodeben _ panTurqizmi, rogorc politikuri mimdinareoba,
Camoyalibda XIX saukuneSi, xolo osmaleTis saxelmwifos warmmarTvel
ideologiad gadaiqca pirveli msoflio omis win. Turqebma TandaTanobiT
dakarges interesi yvela im teritoriis mimarT, romelic maTi
warmodgeniT ar iyo Turquli da ar imyofeboda Turquli modgmis
xalxebis damakavSirebel gzebze. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos sakiTxi
Turqizmis Teoriis praqtikuli realizaciisaTvis prioritetuli
aRmoCnda. osmaleTis sazavo pirobebis proeqti, romlis miRebasac brest-
litovskis konferenciaze cdilobda osmaleTis delegacia, mTlianad
gamoxatavda Turanis interesebs. igi iTvaliswinebda artaanis, yarsisa da
baTumis olqebis gadacemas, anu 1878 wlamde arsebuli ruseT-osmaleTis
sazRvrebis aRdgenas, kavkasiis saxelmwifo damoukideblobis cnobas,
erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis uflebis gavrcelebas ruseTSi mcxovreb muslim
xalxebze (o. gigineiSvili, 1963, gv. 168]. niSandoblivia, rom brest-
litovskis konferenciaze baTumisa da baTumis olqis sakiTxi swored
osmaleTis delegaciam dasva da moiTxova regionis osmaleTisaTvis
gadacema.
cxadia, amierkavkasiis delegacia SeZlebda konferenciaze Turqebis
pretenziebis usafuZvloba daesabuTebina, magram komisariatma oficialuri
delegacia brestSi mimdinare molaparakebaze ar gagzavna. bolSevikuri
ruseTis mTavrobam, ramdenadac amierkavkasias ganixilavda ruseTis
ganuyofel nawilad da ar cnobda amierkavkasiis xelisuflebas, ar miiwvia
misi delegacia konferenciaze monawileobis misaRebad (al. bendianiSvili,
2001, gv. 289]. vehib-faSam mowveva gamougzavna amierkavkasiis xelisuflebas
brest-litovskis molaparakebaze monawileobis misaRebad, am ukanasknelma
es mowveva upasuxod datova (iqve). brest-litovskSi amierkavkasiis
delegaciis Causvlelobam umZimesi Sedegi gamoiRo. marTebulad aRniSnavs
al. bendianiSvili, rom sazavo konferenciaze amierkavkasiis mTavrobas ar
ucdia Tavisi interesebis dacva, ,,arc sabWoTa mTavrobas, mis delegacias
gamoudvia Tavi Zveli ruseTis am samflobeloebis SenarCunebisaTvis,
dasaSvebad miaCnda misi daTmoba TurqeTisaTvis" (al. bendianiSvili, 2001,
gv. 91]. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom konferenciis msvlelobas Tvalyurs
adevnebda ,,saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis komiteti". radganac
amierkavkasiis oficialuri delegacia ar eswreboda molaparakebas, amitom
damkomma garkveuli nabijebi gadadga, raTa ar daeSva saqarTvelos
ZirZveli teritoriebis dakargva. baTumis olqis sakiTxis wamoWrisTanave,
romelic mxolod konferenciis meore etapze gadaiqca ganxilvis Temad,
komitetis wevrebma werilobiT mimarTes germaniisa da misi mokavSire
saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebs, sadac asabuTebdnen, rom baTumis olqi
warmoadgenda saqarTvelos istoriul teritorias da, amdenad, masze
saubari qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevad aRiqmeboda (m. sioriZe, 1998, gv.
103). miuxedavad aseTi aqtiurobisa, ,,saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis
komitetis" wevrebis cda, daecvaT saqarTvelos interesebi brest-
litovskis konferenciaze, uSedegod damTavrda (m. svaniZe, 1996, gv. 299].
1918 wlis 3 marts xelmowerili brestis zavis me-4 muxlSi naTqvami
iyo: ,,ruseTis jarebi dauyovnebliv toveben yarsis, baTumis da artaanis
olqebs. ruseTi ar Caereva saxelmwifo samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso
samarTlis urTierTobaTa axal organizaciaSi, piriqiT, miscems saSualebas
am olqebis mosaxleobas mezobel saxelmwifoebTan da gansakuTrebiT
TurqeTTan TanxmobiT axali wyobileba daamyaros" (dokumentebi.., 1957, gv.
, 121). maSasadame, xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, am olqebis Semdgomi bedi
TviTgamorkvevis gziT unda garkveuliyo mezobel saxelmwifoebTan,
gansakuTrebiT osmaleTTan SeTanxmebiT. Tumca am formulas arsebiTi
mniSvneloba ar hqonda. es iyo fraza pirdapiri aneqsiis SesaniRbad, rac
germania-osmaleTis bloks sWirdeboda (o. gigineiSvili, 1963, gv. 179). imave
dRes gaformda ruseT-osmaleTis damatebiTi SeTanxmeba, romlis ZaliTac
ruseTi valdebuli iyo gamoeyvana Tavisi jarebi okupirebuli
teritoriebidan. SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebda imasac, rom ruseT-osmaleTis
sazRvrebi unda aRdgeniliyo 1877-1878 wlebis omamde arsebuli saxiT.
amierkavkasiis xelisuflebam saprotesto notebiT acnoba brest-
litovskis konferencias da masSi monawile saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebs, rom
ar scnobda brestis xelSekrulebas. amierkavkasiis mTavroba darwmunebuli
iyo, rom osmaleTTan diplomatiuri molaparakebiT SeZlebda sadavo
sakiTxebis mogvarebas. Tumca protesti dagvianebuli aRmoCnda, radganac
Turqebma, moadgnen ra amierkavkasiis sazRvrebs, moiTxoves yarsis, baTumisa
da artaanis olqebis dauyovneblivi dacla.
 1918 wlis 15 marts, ruseTis sabWoebis meoTxe yrilobam moaxdina
brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis ratificireba. amrigad, konferenciaze
miRebulma gadawyvetilebebma realuri safrTxe Seuqmnes rogorc
saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas, aseve baTumis olqis Semdgom
politikur stabilurobasac.

damowmebuli literatura

a. silagaZe, v. guruli, 1998 - a. silagaZe, v. guruli, saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena 1917-1918, Tb., 1998.
al. bendianiSvili, 2001 - al. bendianiSvili, saqarTvelos pirveli
respublika (1918-1921 ww.), Tb., 2001.
o. gigineiSvili, 1963 - o. gigineiSvili, Turqizmi da osmaleTis
sagareo politika, Tb., 1963.
o. gigineiSvili, 1982 - o. gigineiSvili, narkvevebi osmaleTis
istoriidan, Tb., 1982.
diplomatiis istoria, 1965 - Èñòîðèÿ äèïëîìàòèè, Ò. III, Ì., 1965.
dokumentebi.., 1919 - Äîêóìåíòû è ìàòåðèàëû ïî âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêå Çàêàâêàçüÿ è
Ãðóçèè, Òô., 1919.
dokumentebi.., 1957 - Äîêóìåíòû âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêè ÑÑÑÐ, Ìîñêâà, 1957.
n. zosiZe, 1995 - n. zosiZe, politikuri situacia da erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba aWaraSi 1918-1920 wlebSi, baTumi, 1995.
m. svaniZe, 1996 - m. svaniZe, brestis zavi da saqarTvelo, qarTuli
diplomatia, weliwdeuli, t. 3, Tb., 1996.
m. sioriZe, 1998 - m. sioriZe, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti,
baTumi, 1998.
trapizonis konferencia, 1998 - trapizonis sazavo konferencia
(dokumentebis krebuli), gamosca da winasityvaoba daurTo n. zosiZem,
baTumi, 1998.

IRMA GOGOLIDZE

BREST-LITOVSK PEACE TREATY AND THE QUESTION

OF BATUMI ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT

The situation that developed after the Russian revolution of 1917 in the geo-
political region of the Caucasus turned out favorable for Turkey. It faced the reality that
offered a unique opportunity not only to claim back the Russian occupied Anatolia
territories but also to strengthen its positions in the Caucasus and the Central Asia. At the
Brest-Litovsk conferences (held in 22nd December, 1917 and in 3d March 1918) the
Ottoman delegation took advantage of Russia’s weakness and put forward the claims for
the territories of the Southern Caucasus. According to Brest Treaty Russia was to
withdraw its military forces not only from Anatolia territories but from Qars, Artaani and
Batumi administrative units as well; as for fate of these administrative units it should be
resolved by way of self-determination of their populations.
Obviously, the delegation of the Trans-Caucasus could prove the groundlessness of
the Turkish claims at the conference, but the commissariat did not consider it necessary
to send its representative at the negotiation; in other words, the Trans-Caucasus
government made no efforts to defend Georgia’s interests at the official surrender
conference.
In the 15th, March, 1918 the Fourth Congress of the Russian Council ratified the
Brest-Litovsk Treaty. The decision made in Brest-Litovsk put Georgia’s territorial
integrity at stakes and threatened the stsbility of the Batumi administrative unit.