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Behaviorism
General Overview
Classical
Classic conditioning
Conditioning Process primarily focuses on
the ability to use
stimuli to create
involuntary responses,
such as blinking and
salivating (Pavlov,
1927)

Classic conditioning
focuses on
individuals
involuntary responses
when a stimulus was
used (Windsor,
Murrell, & Jackson).

Classical
Conditioning
(Pavlov) Findings
Watson Findings
Operant
Conditioning

It is defined as a type
of learning where a
learners behavior is
changed by the
consequences that
follow (Windsor,
Murrell, & Jackson,
pg. 34).

Operant conditioning
deals with an
individual changing
his or her behavior
based on the
consequences that
may follow (Windsor,
Murrell, & Jackson).

Reinforcement

Anything that
strengthens or
increases the
likelihood that a
behavior will
continue (Windsor,
Murrell, & Jackson,
pg. 34).

A reward is given to
an individual to
reinforce the correct
behavior; in doing so,
it increases the
probability the
behavior will continue
(Windsor, Murrell, &
Jackson).

Punishment

Anything that might

weaken or diminish
the likelihood that a
behavior will
continue (Windsor,
Murrell, & Jackson,
pg.35).

The opposite of
reinforcement.
Punishment often
weakens the unwanted
behavior due to
consequences
(Windsor, Murrell, &
Jackson).

Schedules of

Continuous and

Every time an

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Reinforcement

intermittent schedules.
With continuous
reinforcement, the
behavior is reinforced
every time it takes
place. With this type
of schedule, the
individual learns to
expect the reward
every time the
behavior takes place.
With intermittent
reinforcement, the
behavior is reinforced
only periodically.
With this type of
schedule, the
individual is not
aware when the
reinforcement will be
given (Windsor,
Murrell, & Jackson,
35-36).

individual partakes in
the correct behavior,
he or she will be
rewarded; this is
called continuous
reinforcement.
Intermittent
reinforcement is given
at random, forcing an
individual to partake
in the correct behavior
every time in order to
receive a reward or
reinforcement
(Windsor, Murrell, &
Jackson).

Social Learning
Theory

The social learning

theory perspective
involves the
interaction between
individuals and
others (Windsor,
Murrell, & Jackson,
pg. 36).

According to the
social learning theory,
individuals learn a
large amount of
behaviors and skills
through the
observations and
interactions of other
people (Windsor,
Murrell, & Jackson).

Learned helplessness
develops when an
individual responds
passively to an
adverse stimulus
rather than escaping
and avoiding it
(Seligman, 1975).

An individual with
learned helplessness
states the individual
will passively respond
to the environment
and develop the belief
that the situation
cannot change leading

Bandura Findings
Learned
Helplessness

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to the development of
low self-efficacy
(Windsor, Murrell, &
Jackson).

Optional Extra

Notes