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The Language Of

Medicine
9 edition
th

Davi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7
Urinary System

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter Goals

Name essential organs of the urinary system and


describe their locations and functions.

Identify common pathological conditions.

Recognize how urinalysis is used and interpreted as


a diagnostic test.

Define urinary-system-related combining forms,


prefixes, and suffixes.

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Chapter Goals (contd)

List and explain clinical procedures,


laboratory tests, and abbreviations that
pertain to the urinary system.
Understand medical terms in their proper
contexts, such as medical reports and
records.

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Chapter 7
Lesson 7.1

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Introduction

Nitrogenous wastes

urea
creatinine
uric acid

Kidneys

Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine


Maintain proper balance of
Water
Electrolytes
Acids

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Introduction (contd)
Kidneys also secrete
Hormones

Renin: enzymatic hormone important in


adjusting blood pressure

Erythropoietin: hormone that stimulates


the red blood cell production in bone
marrow

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Anatomy of the Major Organs


Organs of the
Urinary System
in a Male

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Anatomy of the
Major Organs (contd)
Organs of the
Urinary System
in a Male

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Anatomy of the
Major Organs (contd)
Female Urinary System

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10

Anatomy of the
Major Organs (contd)
Female Urinary System

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11

QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is voiding?
A. nitrogenous waste
B. urination
C. outer section of the kidney
D. triangular area in the bladder

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12

How Kidneys Produce Urine

Blood enters kidneys


through right and left
renal arteries

Arterioles carry
blood to capillaries

Glomeruli filter blood

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13

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)

Blood enters kidneys


through right and left
renal arteries

Arterioles carry
blood to capillaries

Glomeruli filter blood

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14

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)


Glomerulus & Glomerular /Bowman Capsule

Blood passes through


glomeruli
Glomerular (Bowman)
capsule surrounds
each glomerulus
Renal tubule is
attached to each
Bowman capsule

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15

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)


Glomerulus & Glomerular /Bowman Capsule

Blood passes through


glomeruli
Glomerular (Bowman)
capsule surrounds each
glomerulus
Renal tubule is attached
to each Bowman capsule

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16

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)


Three steps in the
formation of urine
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

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17

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)


Three steps in the
formation of urine
Glomerular filtration
2.Tubular reabsorption
3.Tubular secretion
1.

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18

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)

Glomerulus and
a renal tubule combine
to form a unit called a
nephron.

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19

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)

Glomerulus and
a renal tubule combine
to form a unit called a
nephron.

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20

QUICK QUIZ:
2.

Approximately how many nephrons


are in a kidney?
A. 100,000,000
B. 10,000,000
C. 1,000,000
D. 100,000

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21

How Kidneys Produce Urine


All collecting tubules
lead to the
renal pelvis
Calyces or calices
are small, cup-like
regions of the renal
pelvis
Illustration shows section of kidney

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22

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)


All collecting tubules
lead to the renal pelvis
Calyces or calices are
small, cuplike regions of
the renal pelvis

Illustration shows section of kidney

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23

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)


Process of forming and
expelling urine

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24

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)


Process of forming and
expelling urine

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25

Vocabulary

arteriole

calyx or calix

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26

Vocabulary (contd)
arteriole

calyx or calix

Small artery

Cuplike collecting
region of the renal
pelvis

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27

Vocabulary (contd)

catheter

cortex

creatinine

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28

Vocabulary (contd)
catheter

Tube for injecting or


removing fluids

cortex

Outer region of an organ

creatinine

Nitrogenous waste excreted


in urine

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29

Vocabulary (contd)

electrolyte

erythropoietin (EPO)

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30

Vocabulary (contd)
electrolyte

Chemical element that


carries an electrical
charge when dissolved
in water.

erythropoietin
(EPO)

Hormone secreted by
the kidney to stimulate
production of red blood
cells by bone marrow.

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31

Vocabulary (contd)

filtration

glomerular capsule

glomerulus

hilum

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32

Vocabulary (contd)
filtration
glomerular
capsule
glomerulus

Process whereby some substances pass


through a filter

Enclosing structure surrounding each


glomerulus; also called Bowman capsule

Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney

Depression in the part of an organ where


blood vessels and nerves enter and leave

hilum

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33

Vocabulary (contd)

kidney

meatus

medulla

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34

Vocabulary (contd)
kidney

One of two bean-shaped organs


which filter nitrogenous waste
from the bloodstream to form
urine

meatus

Opening or canal

medulla

Inner region of an organ

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35

Vocabulary (contd)

nephron

nitrogenous waste

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36

Vocabulary (contd)
nephron

The functional unit of the


kidney where filtration,
reabsorption, and
secretion take place

nitrogenous waste

Substance containing
nitrogen and excreted in
urine

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37

Vocabulary (contd)

potassium (K+)

reabsorption

renal artery

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38

Vocabulary (contd)
potassium (K+)

An electrolyte regulated by
the kidney

reabsorption

Renal tubules return materials


necessary to the body back
into the bloodstream

renal artery

Blood vessel that carries


blood to the kidney

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39

Vocabulary (contd)

renal pelvis

renal tubules

renal vein

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40

Vocabulary (contd)
renal pelvis

Central collection region in


the kidney

renal tubules

Microscopic tubes in the


kidney where urine is formed
after filtration.

renal vein

Blood vessel that carries


blood away from the kidney.

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41

Vocabulary (contd)

renin

sodium (Na+)

trigone

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42

Vocabulary (contd)
renin

Hormone secreted by the


kidney that raises blood
pressure.

sodium (Na+)

An electrolyte regulated in the


blood and urine by the
kidneys.

trigone

Triangular area in the urinary


bladder.

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43

Vocabulary (contd)

urea

ureter

urethra

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44

Vocabulary (contd)
urea

Major nitrogenous waste excreted in


urine

ureter

One of two tubes leading from the


kidneys to the urinary bladder

urethra

Tube leading from the urinary


bladder to the outside of the body

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45

Vocabulary (contd)

uric acid

urinary bladder

urination (voiding)

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46

Vocabulary (contd)
uric acid

Nitrogenous waste product


excreted in the urine

urinary
bladder

Hollow, muscular sac that holds


and stores urine

urination
(voiding)

Process of expelling urine; also


called micturition

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47

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms
STRUCTURES
Combining Form

Meaning

cali/o, calic/o

_________

cyst/o

_________

glomerul/o

_________

meat/o

_________

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48

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (contd)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form

Meaning

cali/o, calic/o

calyx (calix)

cyst/o

urinary bladder

glomerul/o

glomerulus

meat/o

meatus

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49

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (contd)

STRUCTURES
Combining Form

Terminology

Meaning

cyst/o

cystitis

________________

Bacterial infections often


cause acute or chronic
cystitis. In acute cystitis, the
bladder contains blood as a
result of mucosal hemorrhage
(see figure, Acute cystitis).
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50

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (contd)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form

Terminology

Meaning

cyst/o

cystitis

inflammation of the urinary bladder

Bacterial infections often


cause acute or chronic
cystitis. In acute cystitis, the
bladder contains blood as a
result of mucosal hemorrhage
(see figure, Acute cystitis).
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51

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (contd)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form

Meaning

nephr/o

___________

pyel/o

___________

ren/o

____________

trigon/o

____________

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52

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (contd)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form

Meaning

nephr/o

kidney

pyel/o

renal pelvis

ren/o

kidney

trigon/o

trigone

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53

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (contd)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form

nephr/o

Terminology

Meaning

hydronephrosis

_________________

Obstruction of urine flow may be


caused by renal calculi (stones) as
shown in figure. Notice the buildup of
excess fluid in the kidney.

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54

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (contd)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form

nephr/o

Terminology

Meaning

hydronephrosis

Condition of excess fluid


(water) in the kidney.

Obstruction of urine flow may be


caused by renal calculi (stones) as
shown in figure. Notice the buildup of
excess fluid in the kidney.

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55

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (contd)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form

Meaning

ureter/o

__________

urethr/o

__________

vesic/o

__________

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56

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (contd)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form

Meaning

ureter/o

ureter

urethr/o

urethra

vesic/o

urinary bladder

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57

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (contd)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
Combining Form

Meaning

albumin/o

________

azot/o

________

bacteri/o

________

dips/o

________
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58

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (contd)

SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS


Combining Form

Meaning

albumin/o

albumin

azot/o

nitrogen

bacteri/o

bacteria

dips/o

thirst
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59

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
(contd)
SUBSTANCES and Symptoms
SYMPTOMS
Combining Form or Suffix

Meaning

kal/o

__________

ket/o, keton/o

__________

lith/o

__________

nat/o

__________

noct/o

__________

olig/o

__________
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60

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (contd)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
Combining Form
Or Suffix
Meaning

kal/o

potassium

ket/o, keton/o

ketone bodies

lith/o

stone

nat/o

sodium

noct/o
olig/o

night
scanty
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61

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (contd)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS

Combining Form
Or Suffix

Meaning

py/o

__________

-tripsy

__________

ur/o

__________

urin/o

__________

-uria

__________

-poietin

__________

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62

Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (contd)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
Combining Form
or Suffix

-poietin

Meaning

substance that forms

py/o

pus

-tripsy

to crush

ur/o

urea

urin/o

urine

-uria

urination; urine condition


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63

Urinalysis
Tests included in a urinalysis
1.

Color

2.

Appearance

3.

pH

4.

Protein

5.

Glucose

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64

Urinalysis (contd)
Tests included in a urinalysis
6.

Specific gravity

7.

Ketone bodies

8.

Sediment

9.

Phenylketonuria

10.

Bilirubin

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65

QUICK QUIZ:
3.

In a urinalysis, what does the


test specific gravity reflect?
A. the chemical nature of urine
B. presence of albumin
C. blood in the urine
D. amount of wastes, minerals
and solids in the urine

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66

Chapter 7
Lesson 7.2

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67

Pathologic Conditions
Kidney

glomerulonephritis

interstitial nephritis

nephrolithiasis

nephrotic syndrome

polycystic kidneys (PKD)

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68

Pathologic Conditions
Kidney
polycystic
kidney
disease (PKD)
PKDThe kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically
polycystic kidneys weigh 20 times more than their
usual weight.

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69

Pathologic Conditions (contd)


Kidney

pyelonephritis
renal cell carcinoma
renal failure
renal hypertension
Wilms tumor

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70

Pathologic Conditions (contd)


Kidney
Renal cell
carcinoma
(hypernephroma)
Cancerous tumor
of the kidney
in adulthood

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71

Pathologic Conditions (contd)


Urinary bladder

Bladder cancer

Associated conditions

Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes mellitus

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72

QUICK QUIZ:
4.

A term that means frequent


(voluntary) urination at night is:
A. anuria
B. nocturia
C. diuresis
D. hematuria

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73

Laboratory Tests and


Clinical Procedures
Laboratory tests

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)


creatinine clearance test

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74

Laboratory Tests and


Clinical Procedures (contd)
CLINICAL PROCEDURES
X-ray Studies

CT scan

kidneys, ureters, & bladder (KUB)

renal angiography

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

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75

Laboratory Tests and


Clinical Procedures (contd)

CT-Computed Tomography
The scan with contrast shows a benign
cyst on the kidney.

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76

Laboratory Tests and


Clinical Procedures (contd)
VOIDING CYSTOURETHROGRAM

(VCUG)showing a normal female urethra.


The bladder is filled with contrast material,
followed by x-ray imaging.

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77

Laboratory Tests and


Clinical Procedures (contd)
CLINICAL PROCEDURES

Ultrasound Examination

ultrasonography: imaging urinary tract


structures using high frequency sound
waves

Radioactive Studies

radioisotope scan: image of kidney


after injecting a radioisotope into the
bloodstream

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78

Laboratory Tests and


Clinical Procedures (contd)
CLINICAL PROCEDURES

Magnetic imaging
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
A changing magnetic field produces images
of an organ and surrounding structures in
three planes of the body

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79

Laboratory Tests and


Clinical Procedures (contd)
Other Clinical Procedures

cystoscopy
dialysis
lithotripsy
renal angioplasty
renal biopsy
renal transplantation
urinary catheterization

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80

Laboratory Tests and


Clinical Procedures (contd)
Cytoscopydirect visual examination of
urinary bladder with an endoscope.

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81

Laboratory Tests and


Clinical Procedures (contd)
Hemodialysis (HD)

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82

Laboratory Tests and


Clinical Procedures (contd)
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

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83

Abbreviations

ADH
ARF
BILI
BUN
Ccr
CAPD
Cath
CCPD
CKD

_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________

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84

Abbreviations (contd)

ADH
ARF
BILI
BUN
Ccr
CAPD
Cath
CCPD
CKD

antidiuretic hormone
acute renal failure
bilirubin
blood urea nitrogen
creatinine clearance
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
catheter; catheterization
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
chronic kidney disease

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85

Abbreviations (contd)

CL- _____________________

CRF _____________________

C&S

_____________________

cysto

_____________________

ESRD

_____________________

ESWL

_____________________

HCO3-

_____________________

HD _____________________

IC

_____________________

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86

Abbreviations (contd)

CL-

chloride, a kidney excretion

CRF

chronic renal failure

C&S

culture and sensitivity testing

cysto

cystoscopic examination

ESRD
ESWL
HCO3-

end-stage renal disease


extracorporeal shockwave lithrotripsy
bicarbonate, an electrolyte conserved by the kidney

HD
IC

hemodialysis
interstitial cystitis, chronic inflammation
of the bladder wall

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87

Abbreviations (contd)

K+
KUB
Na+
PD
pH
PKU
sp gr
UA
UTI
VCUG

__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
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88

Abbreviations (contd)

K+
KUB
Na+
PD
pH

potassium, an electrolyte
kidney ureter and bladder
sodium, an electrolyte
peritoneal dialysis
potential hydrogen;
degree of acidity or alkalinity

PKU
sp gr
UA
UTI
VCUG

phenylketonuria
specific gravity
urinalysis
urinary tract infection
voiding cystourethrogram

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89

QUICK QUIZ:
5.

The abbreviation RP is associated


with which of the following?
A. Fluid is injected into the peritoneal
cavity and then drained out.
B. Contrast is injected into the urinary
bladder and ureters and x-rays are
taken of the urinary tract.
C. Nitrogenous wastes are removed from
patients blood.
D. An electrolyte is secreted by renal tubules.

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90

Review Sheet
albumino/o

____________

angi/o

____________

azot/o

____________

bacteri/o

____________

cali/o, calic/o

____________

cyst/o

____________
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91

Review Sheet (contd)


albumino/o

albumin (protein)

angi/o

vessel (blood)

azot/o

urea; nitrogen

bacteri/o

bacteria

cali/o, calic/o

calyx (calix)

cyst/o

urinary bladder
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92

Review Sheet (contd)


combining forms
dips/o

____________

glomerul/o

____________

glycos/o

____________

hydr/o

____________

isch/o

____________

kal/o

____________

ket/o; keton/o

____________

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93

Review Sheet (contd)


combining forms
dips/o

thirst

glomerul/o

glomerulus

glycos/o

sugar

hydr/o

water

isch/o

to hold back; back

kal/o

potassium

ket/o; keton/o

ketones; acetones

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94

Review Sheet (contd)


combining forms
lith/o ____________
meat/o

____________

nat/o ____________
necr/o

____________

nephr/o

____________

noct/o

____________

ogli/o

____________

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95

Review Sheet (contd)


combining forms
lith/o stone
meat/o

meatus

nat/o sodium
necr/o

death

nephr/o

kidney

noct/o

night

ogli/o

scanty

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

96

Review Sheet (contd)


combining forms
py/o

__________

pyel/o

__________

ren/o

__________

trigon/o

__________

ur/o

__________

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

97

Review Sheet (contd)


combining forms
py/o

pus

pyel/o

renal pelvis

ren/o

kidney

trigon/o

trigone

ur/o

urine; urinary tract

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

98

Review Sheet (contd)


combining forms
ureter/o

____________

urethr/o

____________

urin/o

____________

vesic/o

____________

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

99

Review Sheet (contd)


combining forms
ureter/o

ureter

urethr/o

urethra

urin/o

urine

vesic/o

urinary bladder

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

100

Review Sheet
Suffixes
-ectasis

______________

-ectomy

______________

-emia

______________

-esis

______________

-gram

______________

-lithiasis

______________

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

101

Review Sheet (contd)


Suffixes
-ectasis

stretching; dilation

-ectomy

removal; excision

-emia

blood condition

-esis

condition

-gram

record

-lithiasis

condition of stones

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

102

Review Sheet (contd)


Suffixes
-lithotomy

____________________

-lysis

______________

-megaly

______________

-ole

______________

-osis

______________

-pathy

______________

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

103

Review Sheet (contd)


Suffixes
-lithotomy

incision for removal of a stone

-lysis

breakdown

-megaly

enlargement

-ole

little; small

-osis

condition

-pathy

disease

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

104

Review Sheet (contd)


Suffixes
-plasty

_________________

-poietin

_______________

-ptosis

_______________

-rrhea

_______________

-sclerosis

_______________

-stomy

___________________

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

105

Review Sheet (contd)


Suffixes
-plasty

surgical repair

-poietin

substance that forms

-ptosis

droop; sag

-rrhea

flow; discharge

-sclerosis

hardening

-stomy

new opening (to form a mouth)

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

106

Review Sheet (contd)


Suffixes
-tomy

_____________

-tripsy

___________

-uria

___________

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

107

Review Sheet (contd)


Suffixes
-tomy

process of cutting

-tripsy

to crush

-uria

urination

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

108

Review Sheet
Prefixes
a-, an-

_____________

anti-

_____________

dia-

_____________

dys-

_____________

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

109

Review Sheet (contd)


Prefixes
a-, an-

not; without

anti-

again

dia-

complete

dys-

bad; painful

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

110

Review Sheet (contd)


Prefixes
en-

__________

peri-

__________

poly-

__________

retro-

__________

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

111

Review Sheet (contd)


Prefixes
en-

in; within

peri-

surrounding

poly-

many, much

retro-

behind; back

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112

QUICK QUIZ:
6.

The combining form dips/o


means:
A. stone
B. scanty
C. thirst
D. water

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

113

QUICK QUIZ: (contd)


7.

Which combining form means


pus?
A. pyel/o
B. lith/o
C. ogli/o
D. py/o

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

114

QUICK QUIZ: (contd)


8. The combining form isch/o
means:
A. scanty
B. to hold back; back
C. night
D. trigon

Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

115

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