CanadianExporttoNepal

Tasvax8Vaccine

BrittanyLacasse
Prof.ManishRaizada
AGR1110
December1,2015

BenefitsofExportingTasvax8VaccinefromCanadatoNepal

Withnewinnovationsinresearchanddevelopmentwithregardstoanimalhealth,

vaccinesthatfightdiseaseshavebecomereadilyavailablethroughouttheworld.Modernage
vaccineshaveenabledsocietiestohavehealthierandhigherqualityproducingcattle,goatsand
sheepthatareabletobuildaresistancetoinfectiousdiseases(Clarke,2009).Thepotential
exportproducttoNepalisthevaccineTasvax8forcattle,sheepandgoatswhichwouldaidin
protectingagainstmultiplediseases(MSD/ScheringPloughAnimalHealth,2015).Thevaccine
Tasvax8containstheimmunizationantigensusedinthedefenceagainstclostridiumchauveoi,
haemolticium,andperfringenstypeB,CandD(MerckAnimalHealth,a2015).Utilizingone
vaccine,suchasTasvax8formultiplediseasehasbeenproventobebeneficialinvariousways
forfarmersbythemeansofconvenience,efficiencyandcost.ExportingTasvax8fromCanada
toNepalwillintroducesynergiesbetweenmultiplecompaniesbyworkingtogetherwithregards
totransportation,healthofanimals,manufacturingandcontinuedrelationswithCanadaand
Nepal.ThispaperwillinvestigatethepotentialexportofTasvax8fromCanadatoNepalandthe
processandrequirementstoensurebenefitstobothcountries.

PART1:PRODUCTINFORMATION
Tasvax8Information

MSD/ScheringPloughAnimalHealthisanestablishedcompanyinUpperHutt

Wellington,NewZealandwhoisresponsibleforthemanufacturinganddistributionofvarious
vaccines,includingTasvax8(MSD/ScheringPloughAnimalHealth,2015).MSD/Schering
PloughhasseveralinternationaldivisionsaroundtheworldincludingaCanadiandivisionthatis
referredtoasMerckAnimalHealth(MSD/ScheringPloughAnimalHealth,2015).Merck
AnimalHealthislocatedinKirkland,Quebecandisresponsibleforthereceivingofvaccines
suchasTasvax8fromNewZealand(MSD/ScheringPloughAnimalHealth,2015).Thethird
partnerinvolvedinthedistributionofTasvax8isKaneVeterinarySupplies,theyhavetwo
locationsinCanadaEdmonton,AlbertaandCambridge,Ontario.KaneVeterinarySuppliesis
currentlyresponsibleforthedistributionofTasvax8acrossCanada.(KaneVeterinarySupplies,
2015).

CurrentlyKaneVeterinarySuppliesdistributesTasvax8toveterinariansandfarmers
onlyinCanada(KaneVeterinarySupplies,2015).TheexportofTasvax8toNepalcould
increasesalesofthevaccineinternationallyforKaneVeterinarySupplies,byutilizingtheir
Cambridgeofficeforshipping.TheinternationaldistributionofTasvax8couldbeanextremely
beneficialopportunityforKaneVeterinarySuppliestoexpandtheirdistributionacrosstheglobe
aswellaspotentialgrowthfornewwarehouselocations.

MSD/ScheringPloughManufacturingPlant
Tasvax8ismanufacturedbyMSD/ScheringPloughin
UpperHuttWellington,NewZealand(MSD/ScheringPlough,
2015).MSD/ScheringPloughhasauniqueadvantagein
manufacturingvaccinesforanimalhealthbecauseofthecountys
diseasefreestatus(MSDAnimalHealth,2015).
(MerckAnimalHealth,2015)
AlthoughthereislimitedinformationregardingthemanufacturingprocessofTasvax8vaccine
MSD/ScheringPloughAnimalHealthhasprovidedageneralizationofmanufacturingmethods
forthevaccine.TheinformationgivenbytheMSD/ScheringPloughAnimalHealth
manufacturingplantindicatesasixstepprocesstopreparevaccinesforexportationacrossthe
globe(MSD/ScheringPlough,2015).Thesixstepsinclude:media,fermentation,processing,
blending,filling,andpacking(MSD/ScheringPlough,2015).

ProductInformation

Tasvax8isapplicableforbeefanddairycattle,sheepandgoats.Theapplicationof

Tasvax8istovaccinateanimalsagainstthefollowingdiseasesclostridiumchauvoei(blackleg),
haemolticium(redwater),andperfringenstypeB,CandD(alpha,betaandepsilontoxins)
(MerckAnimalHealth,2015).Tasvax8issuppliedinvariousvolumestoaccommodatefor
varioussizesofherds50mL,100mL,250mL,and500mL(MerckAnimalHealth,2015).

ForTasvax8toremainviablethevaccineshouldbekeptoutofdirectlightandstoredin

adrycoolarea(MerckAnimalHealth,2015).AlthoughNepalesesocietyfollowsHindureligion

andwouldnotslaughterthecattleforbeefproducts,vaccinationshouldnotoccurwithin21days
ofslaughter(MerckAnimalHealth,2015).

HealthInformationconcerningTasvax8

Tasvax8isclassifiedasanonhazardousproduct,accordingtothecriteriaofState

WorkforceAgency(SWA)(ScheringPloughAnimalHealth,2015).Whileusingthisproductit
isrecommendedthattheadministratoravoidscontactwithskin.Althoughitisnotmandatory,it
isrecommendedfortheadministratortowearpersonalprotectivegearwhenworkingwiththe
vaccinesuchasglovesand/oreyeprotection(MerckAnimalHealth,2015).

RecommendedAgeofVaccination

Toensurethelivestockisproperlyvaccinatedagainstthebacteriaclostridiumchauvoei

thereareageguidelinestoachieveeffectiveimmunity.Itisrecommendedthatcattleare
vaccinatedwith4mLaround3monthsoldwithaboosterof4mL6weekslatertoavoidfuture
infection(MerckAnimalHealth,2015).Ifthecalfisvaccinatedbefore3monthsofagethe
boostervaccineshouldbeadministeredatthe46monthsofage(MerckAnimalHealth,2015).
Forthegreatestpreventionagainstclostridiuminsheepandgoatstheyshouldbe
vaccinatedwitha4mLdosefollowedbyaboosterof2mL6weekslater(MerckAnimal
Health,2015).Forpregnantewestohavetheabilitytopassontheantibodiestotheirlambsthe
lambingflockshouldbeinjected2weeksbeforelambingisdue(MerckAnimalHealth,2015).

DevelopmentofTasvax8

Tasvax8isconstantlybeingadaptedtobeabletofighttheeverchangingbacteriaby

producingadaptationsofthevaccineeveryfewyearstoensuretheantibodiesareabletoprotect
againstthevariousdiseases(MSDAnimalHealth,2015).CurrentlyTasvax10isbeing
developed,asthesistervaccineCovexin10wasrecentlyreleasedforveterinaryuse
(MSD/ScheringPlough,2015).

VaccinationProcess

PropervaccinationofTasvax8requiresa

syringewithaneedlepointandtheknowledgeofwhere
ontheanimaltoapplythevaccination(MerckAnimal
Health,2015).Tovaccinatecattlewithouttheuseofa
headgate,haltersareasufficientsubstituteofrestraint
toadministerthevaccine(Hall,n.d).Intramuscular
(Hall,n.d)
injectionisarequirementintheadministrationofthevaccine,theinjectionshouldbeintheneck
musclejustabovetheshoulderofthecow(Hall,n.d).Forthepropervaccinationofsheepand
goatsinjectionsshouldbeadministeredthroughanareaofclean,dryskinbehindtheshoulder
(MerckAnimalHealth,2015).Forsheepandgoatsan18gauge,0.50.75inchneedleis
required,andforcattle16to18gauge0.50.75inchneedleisrequired(P.Corrente,Canadian
FoodInspectionAgency,November26,2015).Thesizeoftheneedleisextremelyimportantdue
totheclostridialvaccineshavingthepossibilityofcausingreactionsandscarthemeat(P.
Corrente,CanadianFoodInspectionAgency,November26,2015).Needlesalsocannotbe

reusedduetothefactthatthevaccinehasatendencytocausetissuereaction,oneofthemore
commonsideeffectsisswelling,whichmayoccuraftertheinjection(P.Corrente,Canadian
FoodInspectionAgency,November26,2015).

BenefitstoCanadabyExportingTasvax8
Canadaisalwaysexploringnewexportopportunities
Table1:CanadatoNepal
withNepalthatcouldaidinpotentialrelationswiththecountry
(CFFN,2006).Table1showstheexportandimportrelationship
betweenCanadaandNepalin2014.ExportingTasvax8to
Nepalcouldincreasethecurrentproducttradebetweenthetwo
countriesintheAnimalProductssection(StatisticsCanada,
2015).TheexportationofTasvax8couldalsoincrease
profitabilityforMerckAnimalHealthandKaneVeterinary
Supplies.

(StatisticsCanada,2014)

Benefitsfor
MerckAnimalHealth
WithanincreaseofexportationforTasvax8,thedemandforproductionofthevaccine
couldincreasecreatingmorejobopportunitiesforMSD/ScheringPlough,NewZealand.
AlthoughthiswouldnotdirectlybenefitCanada,MSD/ScheringPloughAnimalHealthisa
globaloperationthatwouldliketoseeareturnoninvestment,increasedprofitability,growthinto
newmarketsandexpansionoflogistics.TherolesthatMSD/ScheringPloughandMerckAnimal
Healthwouldbeabletodevelopandgrowthroughoutthecompanywouldincludesalesand

marketing,manufacturing,quality,supplychain,finance,andadministrativefunctions.
(MSD/ScheringPlough,2014).
Benefitsfor
KaneVeterinarySuppliesandOtherPartners
KaneVeterinarySuppliesisthecurrentdistributorofanimalhealthproductsacross
Canada(KaneVeterinarySupplies,2015).ExportingTasvax8couldbenefitKaneVeterinary
Suppliesthroughanincreaseinademandforemployeesinsupplychain,salesand
administration.Tasvax8wouldberequiredtobetransportedthroughoutCanadaonspecialized
refrigeratedtrucksincreasingbusinessforthosecompanies.Therewouldalsobeanincrease
withairlinetransportationtoflythevaccinetoNepal.

SinceTasvax8isnotmanufacturedinCanadaitwillnothaveadirectbenefitbecauseit

doesnotuseCanadianproductsoringredients.TheindirectbenefitsforCanadaareabundant
throughagreaterdemandforemployeesfortwocompanies,increaseddemandfortransportation
companiesanddistribution.TheincreaseofjobsforCanadianswouldbenefittheCanadian
economyimmensely.

CanadasMarketOpportunitywithNepal

Tasvax8couldbehelpfulinthepreventionofdiseasesinacountrysuchasNepal.There

are698veterinariansinNepalthathavelimitedaccessibilitytoreachlivestockduetolackof
roadsenablingthemtoadministerapropervaccinationwhichmayresultinunhealthylivestock
(IRIN,2013).Establishingamarketforthisproductmaybedifficultduetothelackofresources
inNepal.Alargeportionoffarmersareunawareofdiseasesthatareeffectingcattle,goatsand
sheep.Withthelackofveterinarypersonnel,manyfarmersinNepalwillnotseekoutveterinary

assistancetoassessthefactorsinvolvingacattleorgoatsdeath(Thornton,2010).Since70%of
householdsinNepalownsomeformoflivestock,whetheritbecattle,buffalo,sheepand/or
goats,importingTasvax8toNepalwouldbeabenefittothemassmajorityofthelivestock
population(FAO,2005).

PARTII:EXPORTPOTENTIALTONEPAL
TheCountry:Nepal

Nepalisalandlockedmultiethnic,multilingual,multireligiouscountrythatis

neighbouredbyIndiaandChinainsouthcentralAsia(GovernmentofNepal,2015).Nepalhasa
populationofapproximately27.8million(TradingEconomics,2014).86%ofthepopulationin
NepalpracticeHindubeliefs(GovernmentofNepal,2015).Nepalisdividedintothreeseparate
ecologicalzones:mountain,hillandterairegions,thegreatestdensityofruminantsinNepalis
locatedinthehillsregion(
Pariyar,2006).
NepalesecurrencyisreferredtoasaNepaleseRupee,
$1.00Canadianisequivalentto79.11Nepaleserupees(WorldsCurrencyAuthority,n.d.).
InNepallivestockareessentialfortheproductionofmilk,meat,egg,wool,andlabor
(Joshi,1992).Livestockismainlyusedforlaborsuchascultivation,fertilizationand
transportationforcropgrowth(Joshi,1992).Livestockisconsideredtobeanimportant
agriculturalsubsectorinNepalresultingin32%ofagriculturalGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)
in2011ofthenumerouswayslivestockareusedinNepaltheyserveasacashincomeforthe
farmersaswell(Joshi,1992).Over2millionhouseholdsowncattleinNepal(Joshi,1992)based
uponthelargenumberoftheNepalpopulationthatownscattlesuggeststhevaccineTasvax8
wouldbebeneficialtoalargecommunityofNepal.

Table2:RuminantNumbersbyEcologicalZones

(Pariyar,2006)CountryPasture/ForageResourcesProfiles

CostEfficienciesSmallandLargeFarms

TherearesmalltoverylargefarmsinNepalthataremeasuredbythenumberofheadof

cattle,sheeporgoats(FAO,2010).Tasvax8couldberelativelyinexpensiveforNepalese
farmers.Toensureasmanyfarmersaspossiblereceivethevaccinefortheirherds,thefarmersin
NepalwithlowerincomescouldconsidertheoptiontosharealargerbottleofTasvax8
(Maltsoglou,Tangiguhi,.2004).Thefarmerswithlargerherdsandgreaterincomecouldbuy
varioussizesofthevaccinedependingonthesizeoftheirherd(Maltsoglou,Tangiguhi,.2004).
TogetanideaofpricingforTasvax8inCanadaKaneVeterinarySuppliesprovideda
2015pricingforthe50mLbottleat$10.25CDNupto$71.25CDNforthe500mLbottle.(Kane
VeterinarySupplies).Thisisaretailpricewithoutthecostoftransportation.

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Table3:SizesofHerdsinRelationtoSizeofFarm

(FAO,2010.Characteristicsofsmallfarmersinasiaandthepacific)

TransportationandDistribution

TheexportofTasvax8toNepalrequiresvariousstagesofhandlingbeforearrivingin

Kathmandu,Nepal.Tasvax8ismanufacturedinUpperHutt,NewZealandwhichwillthenbe
shippedtoMerckAnimalHealthfordistributiontoKaneVeterinarySupplieswhowouldhandle
theexportationtoNepal.ItisrecommendedthatTasvax8iskeptbetween28Cand
refrigerationmustbeavailableatalltime(MerckAnimalHealth,2015).

Figure1:
ThisfiguredemonstratesthehandlinginvolvedandthetransportationofTasvax8.(B.Lacasse,2015)

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BreakdownofTransportation

MSD/ScheringPloughthemanufacturingplantwouldshipTasvax8byairplaneto

Canadafordistribution.WhenthevaccinearrivesinCanada,aCanadiantruckingcompanywith
specializedrefrigeratedwoulddeliverTasvax8toMerckAnimalHealthinKirkland,Quebec.
FromMerckAnimalHealthatruckingcompanywithspecializedrefrigerationwoulddeliverto
KaneVeterinarySuppliesinCambridge,Ontario.KaneVeterinarySupplieswouldbe
responsiblefortheexportationofTasvax8toNepal.Tasvax8wouldshipfromCambridgeto
TorontoPearsonAirportbeforearrivingKathmandu,Nepal.

Tasvax8inNepal

Tasvax8couldbedistributedamongstNepalsfarmersbyvariousveterinaryclinics.

Nepalesefarmerswouldhavetheabilitytoreachtheclinicclosesttothem,suchasthe
KathmanduAnimalTreatmentCentre(TheKATCentre,2015).Thehighestdensityof
ruminantsarelocatedinthehillregionofNepal,forTasvax8tobeprovidedtothegreatest
populationoffarmers.Kathmanduwouldbeasuitabledistributionlocationasitislocatedinthe
hillregionofNepal(FAO,2006).

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TransportationOptionsStyrofoamBins

AwaytoensureTasvax8remainsbetween28Cwhileshippingtherearespecialized

styrofoambinswithfreezerblocks
madeofanartificialgelwhichcan
remainfrozenfor72hours
(CoopersAnimalHealth,2011).
Thiscouldbeusedasalternative
fortransportationorstorageassome
(CoopersAnimalHealth,2011)
farmersdonothaveaccessibilitytofridgesontheirfarms.FedExalsoprovidesanoptionof
mediumextendeddurationunitsthatallows96hoursofcoolingtimeforinternationalshipments,
withanadditionalcostof$117.00CDNensuringthepackageremainsbetween28C(FedEx,
2015).

Tasvax8inNepal
ImportingtoNepalrequiresapreshipmentqualityinspectioncertificateforimportof
pharmaceuticalsandindustrialchemicals(SMEToolkit,n.d.).Tasvax8isconsideredtobea
nonhazardouswaste,causingnoenvironmentalconcernsforwhendisposingoftheneedle,
syringeorvaccinepackage(MerckAnimalHealth,2015).Todisposeoftheneedlesproperly,it
isrecommendedthattheneedlesareplacedinsomeformofcontainertoensuretheadministrator
wouldnotgetinjuredbytheneedlewhendisposingofneedles(MerckAnimalHealth,2015).

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Tasvax8isincludedinthelistofproductsauthorizedforCanadianExport,throughthe
issuanceofaVeterinaryBiologicslicenseorVeterinaryBiologicsImportPermit(Canadian
FoodInspectionAgency,2014).

PriceAnalysisofExportingTasvax8
AsmentionedpreviouslytheinformationprovidedbyKaneVeterinarySupplies,the
2015pricesindicatedforthe50mLbottleis$10.25CDNbut,canrangeto$71.25CDNforthe
500mLbottleofTasvax8(KaneVeterinarySupplies,2015).Asneedlesandsyringesareneeded
fortheapplicationofthisvaccine,Nepalesefarmerscanbuydisposablesyringesandneedlesof
thepropergaugefromalocalveterinaryclinic.KaneVeterinarySuppliesprovideddetailsof
costinCanadafordisposableneedlesandsyringesforaboxof100withavarietyofneedles
sizesfor$13.55CDN(KaneVeterinarySupplies,2015)
Table4:CostofTasvax8inVariousSizes
Tasvax8
Cost(CanadianDollar)

BottleSize(mL)

$10.25

50

$17.65

100

$37.95

250

$71.25

500

KaneVeterinarySupplies,2015Table(B.Lacasse,2015).

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ThetransportationcostofTasvax8wouldbeincludedinthesaleofthevaccinetoNepal,
buttheairlinewouldbeanadditionalcostfromTorontotoKathmandu.Thecostofairline
shipmentfromToronto,OntariotoKathmandu,Nepalis$503.00CDNfor26100mLvaccines
(FedEx,2015).
ToopenthetradeofTasvax8betweenCanadaandNepal,asmallshipmentwouldbe
shippedovertoensuretheproductisusefulinNepal.Thefirstshipmentwouldbeableto
vaccinate250cattleand100goatsorsheep.Thiswouldinclude26100mLbottlesofTasvax8
atacostof$458.89CDN+thecostofthemediumextendeddurationunitof$117.00CDN+
airlineshipmentof$503.00CDN(FedEx,2015)foranapproximatetotalof$1078.89CDN.

GrantstoAidNepal

ByJune2015Nepalsimportsreached$83987.30MNPR.Toaidinthecostofimporting

Tasvax8vaccine,BusinessOpportunities:DevelopHumanitarianAidMarketsgrantaidsin
thebeginningfinancialstagesoftradingbusiness(TradingEconomics,2015).Thisgrant
provides$150MillionCDNinfundingforhumanitarianaidprojectsincludingexport
opportunitiesforCanadiancompanies(GovernmentofCanada,2015).

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WhyTasvax8forNepal?

CurrentlytherearenotanyothervaccinesmanufacturedinCanadatofightagainst

clostridiumchauveoi,haemolticium,andperfringenstypeB,CandD(MerckAnimalHealth,
2015).Covexin8isthesamevaccineasTasvax8,exceptitismanufacturedintheUnitedStates
opposedtoNewZealand(MerckAnimalHealthUS,2015).Tasvax8issoldatvariousvet
companiesthroughoutCanada,whichalsocouldhavethepotentialforexportingtothirdworld
countriessuchasNepalforhealthierlivestock.KaneVeterinarySuppliesdemonstratedthebest
optionforexportingTasvax8toNepalsincethiscompanyisthedistributoracrossCanadaof
Tasvax8andthecompanyhasthemeansalreadysetupfordistribution(KaneVeterinary
Supplies,2015).

Recommendations

TheliteracyrateinNepalis63.9%,theremainingpopulationwhichincludessomeofthe

farmersareilliterate(CentralIntelligenceAgency,2015).Analternativemeansof
communicationonhowthevaccineworkswouldhavetobeprovidedforthefarmers.Awayto
ensureNepalesefarmersareproperlyvaccinatingtheirlivestockasmallpicturebookwouldbe
recommendedtobesentwiththevaccinetodemonstratehowtovaccinatecattle,sheepandgoats
(Raizada,2015).

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ReflectionofExportingTasvax8
ThevaccineTasvax8wouldprovideseveralbenefitstoNepalesefarmersand
veterinarians.InadditiontoincreasingthelifeexpectancyoftheirlivestockTasvax8would
ultimatelybenefitthefarmersinvestmentsbyhavingahigherprofitabilityfromlivestockand
livestockbyproducts(Nepal,2005).TheNepalesefarmerswouldrelylessonimporting
livestockfromIndiaduetolossoflivestockinpreviousyearsallowingthefarmerstofocuson
raisingtheirownhealthylivestockoffspring(IRIN,2013).

Tofurtherimprovetheexportpotentialthetransportationcouldbereworkedtohaveless
intermediatestepsbetweenvariouspartnershipswithinCanada.Analternativecouldbe
MSD/ScheringPloughAnimalhealthdirectlydealingwithKaneVeterinarySupplies.This
couldresultinexportefficienciesincludingreducingcostsandtimebynotincludingMerck
AnimalHealthinthedistributionprocess.Contrarytowhatwaspreviouslyassumed,anidentical
vaccinetoTasvax8ismanufacturedclosertoCanadathenNewZealand,calledCovexin8form
theUnitedStatesMerckAnimalHealthlocation(MerckAnimalHealth,2015).

17

Conclusion

Tasvax8wouldbebeneficialinNepalandcouldbeusedbyeveryfarmerand

veterinarian.Thebenefitstothefarmerswhovaccinatetheirlivestockwouldincludehaving
healthierherds,relyinglessonIndiafornewlivestock,andapossibleincreaseinincome
enablingthemtoprovidemoretotheirfamilies(IRIN,2013).Withhavinglivestockvaccinated
thiswouldallowveterinarianstoconcentrateonotherpressinganimalhealthconcerns.
Smallerfarmerscouldshareonebottleandusedisposableneedlestovaccinatetheir
herdstoavoidtheneedforstorageofthevaccineaswelltocutdownonthecostforan
individualfarmer.Thelargerfarmswithagreaterincome,couldhavetheoptiontobuyTasvax8
inlargerquantitiestobeabletovaccinatetheirentireherdalsousingdisposableneedlesfrom
variouslocalveterinarianclinics.HavingthereadilysupplyofTasvax8couldbeanopportunity
forveterinarianstoaidinfightagainsttheclostridiumchauveoi,haemolticium,andperfringens
typeB,CandD(MerckAnimalHealth,2015).
TherewouldalsobebenefitsfortheCanadiancompaniestogrowtheirbusinessesand
developnewopportunities.WiththeexportofTasvax8andthedevelopmentofthevaccineit
mayprovidenewexportopportunitiesandbuildrelationswithothercountrieslookingforacost
effectivewaytovaccinatetheirlivestock.Tasvax8wouldnotonlybenefitCanada'seconomy
andbusinessrelationswithNepal,butitwouldbehelpingNepalwithoneoftheirgreatest
treasuresandsourceofincome,theirlivestock.

18

FurtherInquires

Foradditionalinformationthefollowingcontactsareavailabletoansweranyfurther

questionsthatwerenotaddressedwithinthisreport.

Dr.
ManishRaizada.Email:raizada@uoguelph.caPhone:15198244120x53396.SAKNepal
Dr.Patrick
CorrenteDVM.CanadianFoodInspectionAgency.
Email:patriziocorrente@hotmail.com

CambridgeOffice:KaneVeterinarySupplies:
30StruckCourtCambridge,OntarioN1R8L2
Phone:15197400733TollFree:18003613232Fax:15197406419Email:
jessie@kanevet.com

GovernmentofNepalImports.
DepartmentofCustoms.Tripureshwor,Kathmandu.Tel:
+97714259793.TollFreeNo.16600121223.Fax:+97714259808
Email:csd@customs.gov.np

MerckAnimalHealthinCanada:IntervetCanadaCorp.16750routeTranscanadienneKirkland,
Quebec,H9H4M7,Canada.
CustomerServiceandGeneralEnquiries:
TollFree18666837838(1866NTERVET)
Local5144287013
Fax:18884984444

RichardThompson.AgriSalesManagerEasternCanada.KaneVeterinarySuppliesLtdPhone:
18003613232.Cell:5196351646.Email:Richard@kanevet.com

19

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