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1. Delimitri conceptuale
Coeziunea social este o caracteristic a unei societi bazat pe conexiuni
i relaii ntre uniti sociale precum indivizi, grupuri, asociaii, ct i ntre
uniti teritoriale (McCracken, 1998). Sociologul Emile Durkheim a utilizat
conceptul de coeziune social considernd c[ aceasta constituie ordinea viitoare
a societii i o definea ca interdependen caracterizat prin loialitate i
solidaritate ntre membrii societii. Aspecte adesea menionate n descrierea
coeziunii sociale sunt: ntrirea relaiilor sociale, mprtirea valorilor i
existena unui mod comun de interpretare, trirea unei identiti comune i a
unui sens al comunitii, ct i ncredere ntre membrii comunitii (Jenson,
1998).
Dei majoritatea literaturii de specialitate analizeaz multiple dimensiuni
ale coeziunii, precum ncrederea ntre membrii comunitii i gradul de
implicare n luarea deciziilor, unele dimensiuni precum mprtirea unor valori
comune sau aspecte economice ale coeziunii precum srcia sau inegalitile se
regsesc n mai mic msur ntre definiii. De altfel, unii autori evideniaz
limitele stabilirii unui cadru conceptual prea generos atunci cnd se analizeaz
problematica coeziunii. Astfel, Green i Janmaat (2011) identific patru
dificulti ale utilizrii curente a acestei noiuni: utilizarea n sens normativ,
pentru a desemna un obiectiv de atins, ceea ce ridic ndoieli asupra gradului de
obiectivitate al analizei i ignor poteniale efecte negative ale unei structuri
sociale puternic coezive izolare social i napoiere, ncremenire sau scleroz
economic (Banfield, 1958, Olson, 1971 citat n Green i Janmaat, 2011);
utilizarea pentru a desemna un cumul de finaliti sociale dezirabile precum
ncredere, toleran, implicare n activitile comunitii atribute care nu sunt
neaprat corelate i cu siguran nu clarific cadrul conceptual al analizei;
definirea coeziunii sociale fcnd trimitere la cauzele acesteia (statul bunstrii,
promovarea egalitii) i/sau la efectele ei (calitatea vieii, cretere economic),
ceea ce ngusteaz cadrul de analiz; utilizarea conceptului la nivele diferite de
analiz la nivelul unui stat, al unei comuniti, la nivel individual sau al
relaiilor ntre oameni sau att nivel regional supranaional, ct i n sensul
controlului social/atarii sociale, al apartenenei la comunitate i al
ataamentului fa de valorile i normele acesteia (Hirschi, 1969).
Chan et al. (2006) delimiteaz dou direcii de analiz ale coeziunii
sociale care s-au cristalizat n literatura de profil: pe de o parte, o abordare care
i are originea n sociologie i psihologia social i, pe de alt parte, o abordare
generat de discursul politic, aceast a doua abordare avnd n vedere att
analizele care definesc coeziunea social n termeni de obiective instrumente
(care consider coeziunea social un el de atins, dar o definesc prin obiectivele
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