Grade 10-12

Anatomy: Bones
Aubrey Cobel

Table Of Contents

TEKS & Strategies

Content Textbook
Content Lab Manual
Video
Online Article
Online Article

TEKS
130.206. Anatomy and Physiology

C5 (A)- Explain the coordination of muscles, bones, and joints that

allows the movement of the body

C10 (A)- Analyze the relationships between the anatomical structures
and physiological functions of systems, including the integumentary,
nervous, skeletal, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory,
gastrointestinal, endocrine, and reproductive.

130.203. Medical Terminology

C1 (A)- Identify abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols

C1 (B)- Identify the basic structure of medical words
C1 (E)- Recall directional terms and anatomical planes related to body

structure
C1 (F)- Define and accurately spell occupational specific terms such as
those relating to the body systems, surgical and diagnostic procedures,
diseases, and treatments.

Strategies

Possible Sentences
Graphic Organizer
Dem Bones (Knowledge Rating Skill)
Magnet Words
Verbal & Visual Association

Content Textbook

Grade Level: 10-12

Thibodeau, G.A, & Patton, K. T. (2003). Anthonys textbook of anatomy &
Physiology. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. pp. 13-16, 189-277.
Summary: This textbook is very easy to read and comprehend which makes
learning for students a lot easier. The types and locations of bones are clearly
listed and shown via diagrams.
Strategy: Possible Sentences
How to Use: This book would work great with possible sentences especially for
things like the directional terms. Start the class in small groups and give each
group two terms. From there, students would use their prior knowledge to come
up with a definition for each word and write a separate sentence for both words.
Finally, class would continue to discuss the true definitions of the words and
compare the directional terms to diagrams.

Content Lab Manual

Grade Level: 10-12

Marieb, E. N. (2003). Essentials of human anatomy & physiology laboratory
manual. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
Summary: This text provides a deeper look into the ordinary anatomy textbook.
It is easy to comprehend and can be very helpful for students to compare to the
book and outside sources.
Strategy: Graphic Organizer
How to Use: There are many parts and combinations to the skeleton. The
graphic organizer could be used to illustrate these: axial skeleton, appendicular
skeleton, bones of the head, bones of the torso, bones in the extremities, etcetera.
The graphic organizers are limitless with the subject of bones.

Video

Grade Level: 10-12

YouTube (HydeRemy). (2010, December 2). Bonified Rap. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CicnfzuTg7k
Strategy: Dem Bones Retrieved from
hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/skelweb/hotpot/osteo01.html
Summary: This video is a great way for students to relate these bones to
locations on their own body. This could also prove as a great study strategy and
introducing the content to a catchy song will help for it to stick in students heads.
How to Use: This video could be introduced to the class to watch as we begin to
learn about bones. After using the video I would ask the students to take the
Dem Bones quiz according to prior knowledge and knowledge from the video.
Dem Bones could also be visited after school as a study tool.

Online Article

Grade Level: 10-12

Skeletal. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2014, from
http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/skeletal-system
In Depth: Skeletal
Although a skeleton sometimes symbolizes death and creepy, scary things, it is one of the bodys
most life-giving systems. Unlike other living organs, bones are firm and strong, but they have their
own blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
There are two types of tissue inside bones:

Compact bone: This hard and dense tissue makes up the outer layer of most bones and the
main shaft of long bones, such as those in the arms and legs. Nerves and blood vessels live
inside this tissue.
Spongy bone: This tissue is made up of smaller plates filled with red bone marrow. It is found at
the ends of long bones, like the head of the femur, and at the center of other bones.
Red bone marrow forms most of the blood cells in the body and helps destroy old blood cells.
Another type of marrow, yellow bone marrow, resides in the central cavities of long bones. It is
mostly made up of fat. However, if the body suffers large amounts of blood loss, it can convert
yellow marrow to red to make more blood cells.
The skull consists of 22 separate bones that make up the cranium, the housing for the brain.
Twenty-one of those bones are fused together by sutures, nearly rigid fibrous joints. The lowermost bone of the skull is the mandible, or jawbone.
The spine, or vertebral column, is a series of irregularly shaped bones in the back that connects
to the skull. At birth, humans have 33 or 34 of these bones. But bones fuse as we age, and the
result is 26 separate bones in the spines of adults.
The rib cage is made up of 12 pairs of bones that encase vital organs in the chest. The bones

curve from the back at the vertebral column to the front of the body. The upper seven pairs meet
with the sternum, or chest bone. The remaining five pairs are attached to each other via cartilage
or do not connect.
The muscles of the shoulders and arms include the clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder
blade), humerus, radius, ulna, and the bones of the wrist and hand.
The hipbones are three sets of bonesilia, ischia, and pubesthat fuse together as we grow
older. These form the majority of the pelvis at the base of the spine as well as the socket of the
hip joint. The sacrumfive fused bones and at the bottom of the spineand the coccyx, or
tailbone, make the rest of the bones in the pelvic region.
The head of the femur, the largest and longest bone in the body, creates the other half of the hip
joint and extends down to form part of the knee. It begins the bones of the leg. The other bones of
the leg include the tibia, fibula, and the bones of the ankle and foot.
The most common condition that affects bones is fracture, or when a bone endures such a great
impact that it breaks.
Other common conditions that affect the skeletal system include:

Osteoporosis: This is a disease in which the bones become fragile and prone to fracture.
Leukemia: This is a cancer of the white blood cells.
Osteopenia, osteitis deformans, and osteomalacia: Similar to osteoporosis, these are other
types of bone loss.
Scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis: These are abnormalities of the spinal curve.

Strategy: Magnet Words

Summary: This article is a useful resource to help students understand bone
tissue, bone marrow, types of bone, and their location.
How to Use: This article would be supplied to all students to read and highlight
words that attract adjectives. Words that could be considered magnet words:
compact bone, spongy bone, red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow, mandible, or
vertebral column.

Online Article

Grade Level: 10-12

Anatomical Terms of Movement. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2014, from
http://teachmeanatomy.info/the-basics/anatomical-terminology/termsof-movement/
Anatomical terms of movement are used to describe the actions of
muscles on the skeleton. Muscles contract to produce movement at
joints where two or more bones meet.
As in anatomical terms of location, the terms used assume that the
body starts in the anatomical position. Most movements have an
opposite they have been paired up for ease of understanding.
By Connexions (http://cnx.org[CCBY-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Fig 1.0 Flexion and extension.
Flexion and Extension
Flexion and extension are
movements that occur in the
sagittal plane. They refer to
increasing and decreasing the
angle between two body parts:

Flexion refers to a movement that

decreases the angle between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow is decreasing
the angle between the ulna and the humerus.
Extension refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body

parts. Extension at the elbow is increases the angle between the ulna and the
humerus.

Abduction and Adduction

Abduction and adduction are two terms that are used to describe
movements towards or away from the midline of the body.

Abduction is a movement away from the midline

Adduction is a movement towards the midline
In fingers and toes, the midline used is not the midline of the body, but
of the hand and foot respectively.

Medial and Lateral Rotation

Medial and lateral rotation describe movement of the limbs around
their long axis:

Medial rotation is a rotating movement towards the midline.

Lateral rotation is a rotating movement away from the midline.
By Connexions (http://cnx.org) [CC-BY-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Fig 1.1 Adduction,
abduction and rotation.

Elevation and Depression

Elevation refers to movement
in a superior direction (e.g
shoulder shrug); depression
refers to movement in an
inferior direction.

Pronation and Supination

This is easily confused with medial and lateral rotation but the
difference is that pronation and supination can occur only when the
forearm in semi-flexed.

Pronation moves the palm of the hand so that it is facing posteriorly (your
forearms are pronated when typing on a keyboard).
Supination moves the palm of the hand so that it is facing anteriorly (your hands
are supinated when holding a bowl of soup).

By Connexions (http://cnx.org) [CC-BY-3.0], via Wikimedia

Commons
Fig 1.2 Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are terms used to
describe movements at the ankle. They refer to the
two surfaces of the foot; the dorsum (superior
surface) and the plantar surface (the sole).

Dorsiflexion refers to flexion at the ankle, so that the foot

points more superiorly
Plantar flexion refers extension at the ankle, so that the foot points more
inferiorly

Opposition and Reposition

A pair of movements unique to humans, these apply to some additional
movements that the hand and thumb carry out

Opposition brings the thumb and little finger together.

Reposition is a movement that places the thumb and the little finger away from
each other.
Strategy: Verbal & Visual Association

Summary: This article is great to show students directional, location, and

movement terminology. It is very helpful due to the use of diagrams.
How to Use: I would use Verbal & Visual Association with this article to show
that the students can relate these terms to themselves and to their everyday life
while also learning the true definition and meaning of words.