Hydrostatic Equation:

If or is constant,
=

+ = = (pressure form)
is the elevation above a fixed horizontal reference plane.
is the piezometric pressure.

+ = = (head form)

is the piezometric head.

For any two points in a static fluid of constant density:
1 + 1 = 2 + 2
1

+ 1 =

+ 2
1

Pressure measurement:
Barometer: An instrument used to measure atmospheric
pressure.
Bourdon-Tube Gage: measures pressure by sensing the
deflection of a coiled tube.
Piezometer: a vertical tube, usually transparent, in which a liquid
rises in responses to a positive gage pressure.
Manometer: a device for measuring pressure by raising or
lowering a column of liquid.

Pressure measurement:
Manometer: a device for measuring
pressure by raising or lowering a
column of liquid.

Usually shaped like letter U.

(U-tube manometer)
Find the gage pressure at 4:

Pressure measurement:
General manometer equation:
2 = 1 +

Inclined-Tube Manometer

What is the gas pressure difference ?

Hydrostatic force on a plane surface

Important for the design of tanks, ships, dams, gates and other
hydraulic structures
Pressure distribution: is a visual or mathematical description that
shows how pressure varies from point to point along a surface.

Pressure distribution is always compressive and that pressure is

always normal to the surface.

Relating pressure to force

=
The net force due to a pressure distribution:
=

The net force due to pressure can be found by integrating pressure

over area while using a normal vector to keep track of the direction
of incremental force on each unit of area.
7

Uniform pressure distribution: the pressure is the same at every

point.

Hydrostatic pressure distribution:

Hydrostatic force on plane surfaces:

The magnitude of the resultant force:

=
: pressure at the depth of the centroid
9

Hydrostatic force on plane surfaces:

The location of the resultant force (center of pressure):

= +

: the slant distance which measures the length from the surface
of liquid to the centroid of the panel.
: the area moment of inertia of panel with respective to a
horizontal axis that passes through the centroid of the surface.

10