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The Charge in Switzerland (Huddle) to the

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Ministry Foreign Affairs notified Consu-

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25 th January 2485 B.E.

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892.01/32

The Secretary of State to the Deputy Director of the Office of Strategic Services (Goodfellow)

Washington, August 26, 1943

35

My Dear Colonel Goodfellow: In reply to your

oral inquiry of August 4 relating to possible American

operations conducted in connection with a Free

Thai movement, the position of the Department of

State is as follows:

The United States recognizes Thailand as an

independent state which is now under the military occupation of Japan. This Government does not

recognize the Thai Government as it is now constituted;

but this Government has refrained from declaring

war on Thailand, has continued to recognize

·u "

as Minister of Thailand the Thai Minister in

. '

Washington who has denounced hIS Government s

coopeatrion with Japan, and has sympathetically

regarded a Free Thai movement in which he is

prominent.

The Government of the United States looks

. '

forward to the reestablishment of Thailand s inde-

86

pendence as quickly as possible. Available information indicates that there remain in the present Thai Government a number of officials who opposed the capitulation of that Government to Japanese pressure. It is understood that Luang Pradist Manudharm (known also as Nai Pridi Bhanomyong], a member of the Council of Regents, is one of these officials and that he has participated prominently in a secret movement which aims to restore the Government as it was constituted prior to the Japanese invasion.

In the light of this understanding Luang Pradist Manudharm is presumed by the Government of the United States to represent a continuity in the Government of Thailand as it was constituted prior to the defection of the Thai Prime Minister to the Japanese at the time of The Japanese invasion and to be one of the outstanding leaders in the movement for Thai independence. Accordingly, until this

87

Government has indications to the contrary from the Thai people, it feels warranted, without in any way committing itself in respect to the future, in regarding Luang Pradist as one of the leading representatives in Thailand of the Thai nation.

The attitude of this Government, as above outlined, is a provisional position pending a free expression of the wishes of the Thai people following the liberation of Thailand by United Nations forces. The efforts of the Government of the United States are and should be limited to assisting the Thai people to restore a native regime capable of discharging its responsibilities and free from foreign control. The final choice of the leaders of such a government is a matter for the Thai people alone to decided.

It is believed that this will give you information you wished.

Sincerely yours, Cordell Hull

38

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VI 892.01/32

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lh1nlJfl11:JJ<ill:JJVlU.HH)"iJtJ.:Il~'U1b'U)L3J1nU'iftJ Foreign

,

Relations of The United States tM1. 1945 Lt'i3J 6

... .. I t fll

VlUl 1242-1244 <iI.:I<iltJ 1.1u

892.01/1-1345

Memorandum Prepared in the Division of

Southwest Pacific Affairs.

Washington, January 13, 1945

Memorandum for the President

(for possible use in discussion with Mr.

Churchill and _Varshal Stalin)

Subject: Future Status of Thailand

British policies towards Thailand are divergent

from ours. The British regard Thailand as an

enemy and it is their view:

46

,

1. That Thailand s postwar independence should

u

be conditioned on its acceptance of special arrange-

ments for security or economic collaboration ._ .. __ .

"

within an international system.

2. That the peninsula of Thailand from Malaya to about 12- north latitude should be considered a

vital strategic area and its defense under inter-

national security arrangements be undertaken by a

protecting power or by an international consortium.

This is reported to be the opinion of Mr. Churchill.

Such action might substantially impair Thai adminis-

trative rights in the area.

3. That actual military government will not be

needed, except perhaps in combat zones. However,

they believe that an Allied Control Commission

should be established in Thailand, which should be

continued for some time.

47

4. That they should not deal at the present time

with any Thai Government.

In contrast, we do not regard Thailand as an

enemy but as an enemy occupied country. We

recognize the Thai Minister in Washington as

" 'f

Minister of Thailand with a status similar to that

of the Danish Minister. We favor a free, indepen-

dent Thailand, with sovereignty unimpaired and

ruled by a government of its own choosing.

Thailand is the one country in Southeast Asia which

was still independent before the war. We believe

that it would be prejudicial to American interests

throughout the Far East if, as the outcome of the

war in which we will have had the major part in

defeating Japanese aggression, Thailand should be deprived of any of its prewar territory or should

have its independent status impaired. The history of

European pressure on Thailand and of European

48

acquisition of territory in Southeast Asia is vivid in Asiatic memories. This Government cannot afford to share responsibility in any way fora continuance towards Thailand of prewar imperialism in any guise.

Within Thailand, the administration which first yielded to Japan and which was notoriously collaborationist has been replaced by an administration largely controlled by Pradist, present Regent, most respected of Thai leaders and opponent of Japan from the first. American contact has been established with Praidist who is actively siding Allied intelligence work and who has expressed his desire that Thailand enter the war against Japan and that the Thai army fight by the side of the Allied.

Jt is the view of the Department that an effort should be made to persuade the British to

49

alter their plans so that they are not inconsistent with our own. It is believed that if Thailand joins in the war against Japan she should be treated as a liberated country and her government be recognized, at least provisionally. Although there are disadvantages from a political viewpoint in having American troops, except where militarily essential, participate in the recovery of European colonial areas, there would be advantages from a political viewpoint in having American troops under independent American command responsible for the liberation of Thailand, rather than having Thailand occupied as enemy territory by Brjtish forces. Whether or not American forces should be used in Thailand, however, is a question which would presumably be decided in the light of over or strategic considerations.

Attached is a brief memorandum regarding the Regent Pradist.

60 ulhutlUfl1'hl"'VItJ ~

t~'U'VI 892.01/1-1346

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tl-3 '1.1J.~. f17::'Yl'11-3m"~1·:n.l1:;L 'Yl~m~1f1'\.1.LLt'l:;tl':l'~el1~

SIAM

740.0011 P.W./S-2948

Memorandum Prepared in the Department of

State (Washington) May 28,1945.

The fcllowing message for the Secretary of

States from RUTH was received by the Department

of States on May 21, 1945.

u

Thai Resistance Movement, in all its dealings,

has continually adhered to the avdice of American

representatives not to take any premature action

against the enemy. But at this time, I believe the

lap desire to fight can be weakened if the Resistance

58

Movement no longer tries to remain under cover. The Jap will be more quickly forced to surrender unconditionally to the Allies because of the fear of the dissolution of the so-called co-prosperity sphere. Nevertheless. we were advised that the Resistance Movement should attempt to block every effort of the Japs for assistance from Thailand. We have followed this line as closely as possible, but you realize the Japs are becorr.ing more suspicious all the time. Not long ago the Thai Government would not accede to a Jap demand for an additional credit of 100,000,000 bahts. I have been informed by the present government that they will not remain in office if the Japs persist in this matter. In that event, a new government would have to be installed and it would have to take action against the Japs by first ordering void all debts and agreements the Pibul regime bad contracted with the Japs, including the treaty on the incorporation of four states in Malaya

59

and Shan States (s) into Thailand, as well as

declaration of war against England and the United

States. The basis of relation between these two

nations and Thailand will to us (have to') be set

up as they were prior to Pearl Harbor. Before going

ahead with this plan I want to keep you advised of

the current situation. Although I am positive that

the U.S. has good intentions concerning the inde-

pendence of Thailand and that they have deep regard

for the Thais themselves, I believe if the U.S., on

the day of the beginning of our action would declare

,

her respect of Thailand s independence and state that

she regards Thailand as a member of the United

Nations and not as an enemy, it would greatly

encourage the Thai people who are already prepared

for any sacrifice. I have also advised the Supreme

"

Commander, SEAC, of this whole matter.

The following reply was sent on May 28, 1945:

60

"

Your message to the Secretary is deeply

appreciated.

We understand your desire that Thailand activly oppose the enemy as soon as possible. We are sure you realize, however, that all opposition to our common enemy must be coordinated with the overall strategy against Japan and that it would be unfortunated if the Thai prematurely and before reasonably assured of success should commenne overt

action which was not integrated with the strategic plan of SACSEA. We hope, therefore, you will continue your endeavors to prevent premature overt aetion by resistance movement or action which would precipitate taking over of Thai Goverment by the

• Japanese. We are confident. you will keed us and the British fully informed should either development become imminent despite your efforts.

The sincere desire of yours: If and the Thai people to repudiate the Pibul declaration of war and agreements is fully understood and appreciated but

61 it is not clear why present government should resign at this time or what compulsion would cause succeeding government to make such repudiation its first act. It would appear that the resistance movement could more effectively accomplish its objectives when emerging from cover by coordinated surprise attack on enemy supplies, communications, forces, and equipment and by seizure of enemy officers, officials, documents and key points. Political acts of repudiation and realignment with the Allies could follow.

We attach great importance to existence of an effective constitutional Thai Government on Thai soil to work with Allies. We hope that all possible preparations will have been made to forestall seizure or scattering of important pro-Allied personnel so ~hat such government could promptly function in areas free from Japanese, could direct Thai military operations and coordinate them with Allied operations, and could reestablish effective civil government machinery as areas are liberated.

62

The United States cannot unilaterally declare another nation a member of the United Nations but

it will be happy publicly to reiterate at an appropriate time its respect for Thai independence and to declare that it has at no time considered Thailand an enemy. We look forward to the day when both our countries can appropriately make public our common cause against our common enemy.

Grew

"

Acting Secretary of State.

A ~ ~ A

L~'iI'YI 740.0011 Yf. ~'UtI~1./5-2948

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68

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b WIAU-Il ~D "lIel""lU1~elL3J1 nu 'del Forelgu Relations of

I ..

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~ " .. 4..... .. t .... '*I ..

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VlU.-IltlULflU1nUnU s.s.n.

892.01/6-2545

The Department of State in the British Embassy

Aide- Memoire

The United States Government believes that

the basic policies and objectives of the British and

American Governments in regard to Thailand are

substantially similar: both Governments favor the

restoration of the freedom, independence, and so-

vereignty of Thailand: both Governments agree that

the territories acquired by Thailand from Malaya,

Burma, and Indochina must be restored : neither

Government has any territorial ambitions in Thai-

land; both Governments are apparently confident

,

of the sincerity of RUTH s desire to align Thailand

with the Allies, to drive the Japanese out of Thai-

land, and to aid in the final defeat of Japan: and

both Governments are in accord that it would be

unwise under present conditions in recognize a Thai

Government-in-exile.

There are several matters, however, on which

further discussion would appear desirable in order

to assure a common understanding. In view of recent

military developments in Southeast Asia and of

70

political developments within Thailand. such discussion is regarded as urgent. These matters are:

1. Postwar International Arrangements in Regard

to Thailand.

•

Mr. Eden s communications of September 4

and November 22. 1944 referred to postwar international arrangements to which Thailand should agree. This Government believes that 'at an appropriate time Thailand should be admitted to the United Nations Organization on its pledge to cooperate fully as a sovereign power in all pertinent international arrangements. It believes that it would not be desirable to make acceptance of such arrangements a condition to the restoration of

, .

Thailand s independence and sovereignty.

fhmJ nn 11!11' VIti

, .-l.

L~fl'i:1'1'n"'UVI , 892.01/6-2545

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ForeingRelations of Tne United States f1.~. 1945

,''' "' .. I , l!l

Lt'l1J 6 'IJI'U1 1278-1279 1Jfl111Jfl.:l1la V'U

740.0011 PW/S-1545 : Telegram

The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in

the United Kingdom.

( Winant)

Washington, August 15,1945-3 p.m. 6922 : British Embassy has informed us.

78

a) that FonOff has authorized Mountbatten personally to advise RUTH to make announcement as soon as possible after final Japanese surrender d.savowing Thai declaration of war upon Great

Britain and United States and all measures flowing therefrom which may operate to prejudice of Allies. repudiating alliance and all other agreements with Japan, placing Thailand and its armed forces at service of Allies, and declairing his readiness to send a representative immediately to Kandy to get in touch with Allies. British suggested that announcement might also state that RUTH had informed British and American Governments at an earlier stage that resistance movement wished to initiate overt action against the enemy and refrained only on express request of Allies for operational reasons.

b) that FonOff also informed Mountbatten if RUTH takes necessary initiative as advised, British are disposed, because of support by Thai resistance

79

movement and of Allied request not to take action last May, to forego pressing for separate act of

unconditional surrender which under existing circum-

stances would be considered normal peocedure, and to mold their policy according to Thai readiness to make restitution for the past and to cooperate for the future.

c) that if RUTH follows advice and sends repre-

sentative to Kandy, British propose to communicate

with Dept before commencing negotiations regarding

the terms on which they would be prepared to terminate state of war.

BYRNES

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