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Sume de serii
Probleme rezolvate
Problema 2.1. Pentru p N, p 1 sa se calculeze suma seriei
X
n=1
1
.
n(n + 1) (n + p)
n
X
k=1
1
k(k + 1) (k + p)
k(k
+
1)
.
.
.
(k
+
p
1)
(k
+
1)
.
. . (k + p)
k=1
1
1
1
=
+
p 1 2 p 2 3 (1 + p)
1
1
+
2 3 (p + 1) 3 4 (2 + p)
...
1
1
n(n + 1) . . . (n + p 1) (n + 1)(n + 2) . . . (n + p)
1
1
1
=
.
p 1 2 p (n + 1)(n + 2) . . . (n + p)
1
Suma seriei va fi
1
S = lim Sn = lim
n
n p
1
1
1 2 p (n + 1)(n + 2) . . . (n + p)
=
1
.
p p!
X
1
.
(2n 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3)
n=1
Solutie 2.2. Descompunem termenul general al seriei sub forma
1
A
B
=
+
.
(2n 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3)
(2n 1)(2n + 1) (2n + 1)(2n + 3)
Eliminand numitorii se obtine relatia 1 = A(2n+3)+B(2n1). Pentru n = 1/2
se obtine 1 = 4A, adica A = 1/4. Pentru n = 3/2 se obtine B = 1/4. Suma
partiala a seriei va fi
n
X
1
(2k 1)(2k + 1)(2k + 3)
k=1
n
1
1
X
4
4
=
(2k
1)(2k
+
1)
(2k + 1)(2k + 3)
k=1
1
1
1
=
.
4 1 3 (2n + 1)(2n + 3)
Sn =
an
,
(1 + an+1 )(1 + an+2 )
a 6= 1.
ak
(1 + ak+1 )(1 + ak+2 )
k=1
n
1
1 X
1
= 2
.
a a 1 + a2 1 + an+2
Sn =
3
Daca |a| < 1, atunci limn an+2 = 0 si
1
1
a
.
S = lim Sn = 2
1 =
2
n
a a 1+a
(a 1)(a2 + 1)
Daca |a| > 1, atunci |1/a| < 1 si
1
lim
= lim
n
n 1 + an+2
n+2
1
1
n+2
1
a
= 0,
+1
asadar
S=
1
.
(a2 a)(a2 + 1)
n+2
.
n! + (n + 1)! + (n + 2)!
n
X
k=1
n
X
X
k+2
k+2
=
k! + (k + 1)! + (k + 2)! k=1 k!(1 + k + 1 + (k + 1)(k + 2))
n
X
X k+1
Xk+21
k+2
1
=
=
=
=
k!(k + 2)2
k!(k + 2) k=1 (k + 2)! k=1 (k + 2)!
k=1
k=1
n
X
1
1
1
1
=
=
.
(k
+
1)!
(k
+
2)!
2!
(n
+
2)!
k=1
Suma seriei va fi S = limn Sn = 1/2.
X
n n2 1
p
Problema 2.5. Sa se calculeze suma seriei
.
n(n
1)
n=2
Solutie 2.5. Suma partiala a seriei va fi
!
p
n
n
X
(k 1)(k + 1)
k
k k2 1 X
p
p
p
Sn =
=
k(k
1)
k(k
1)
k(k 1)
k=2
k=2
!
r
r
r
r
n
X
k
k+1
2
n+1
=
.
k
1
k
1
n
k=2
Suma seriei va fi S = limn Sn =
2 1.
X
n=1
arctg
n2
1
.
+ 34
xy
,
1 + xy
si reprezentarea
1
2
n +
3
4
1
=
1 + n2
n + 21 n 12
=
1 + n + 21 n + 12
1
4
arctg 12 .
arctg
n=1
2
.
n2
X
2
Sn =
arctg 2 =
[arctg(k + 1) arctg(k 1)] = arctg(n+1)+arctg narctg 1arctg 0.
k
k=1
k=1
Trecand la limita, se obtine
S = lim Sn =
n
3
+ 0=
.
2
2
4
4
X
n=0
ln cos
x
,
2n
x 0,
.
2
x
x
x
= ln cos x + ln cos + + ln cos n
k
2
2
2
k=0
x
x
= ln cos x cos cos n
2
2
sin 22xn
sin 2x sin x
sin 2x
= ln
= ln n+1
.
x ...
x
2 sin x 2 sin 2
2 sin 2n
2
sin 2xn
Sn =
ln cos
5
Pentru ca
lim 2n+1 sin
sin 2xn x
x
=
lim
n 2n+1 = 2x,
2n n 2xn
2
(1)n+1
n1
sin 2x
.
2x
1
.
n(n + 1)
1 1
1
+ + + ln n
2 3
n
1
1
1
1
1
=
+ +
k(k + 1)
12 23
(2n 1)2n 2n(2n + 1)
k=1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
+ +
1 2
2 3
2n 1 2n
2n 2n + 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
+ +
= 2 1 + + +
3
2n + 1
2n + 1
2
2n
1
1 1
1
1
1
= 2 2n+1 + ln(2n + 1)
+ +
+ + +
1
2
2n
2n + 1
1 2
n
1
1
1
1
= 2 2n+1 + ln(2n + 1)
1 + + +
1
n ln n
2
2
n
2n + 1
1
= 22n+1 + 2 ln(2n + 1) 2n 2 ln n 1
.
2n + 1
S2n =
(1)k+1
1
2 ln 2 1,
(2n + 1)(2n + 2)
X
2n+1 + 1
(1)n
.
n
3
n=0
qn =
n=0
1
,
1q
|q| < 1,
se obtine
X
n=0
2n+1 +
(1)n
3n
n n
X
1
1
2
+
=2
=
2
3
3
1+
n=0
X
n3 3n + 1
n=1
n!
2
3
1
1+
1
3
39
.
20
X
1
1
1
1
= lim 1 + + + +
= e.
n! n
1! 2!
n!
n=0
Folosind descompunerea
n3 3n + 1 = n(n 1)(n 2) + an(n 1) + bn + c
adevarata pentru a = 3, b = 2 si c = 1, obtinem
X
n3 3n + 1
n=1
n!
=
=
X
n(n 1)(n 2)
n=1
X
n=3
n!
+3
X
n(n 1)
n=1
n!
X
n X 1
2
+
n! n=1 n!
n=1
X
X
X
1
1
1
1
+3
2
+
(n 3)!
(n 2)!
(n 1)! n=1 n!
n=2
n=1
= e + 3e 2e + e 1 = 3e 1.
X
n=1
n2 + 1
.
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
X
n=1
X
X
X
n2 + 1
1
5
10
=
+
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) n=1 n(n + 1) n=1 n(n + 1)(n + 2) n=1 n . . . (n + 3)
=
5
10
11
1
+
= .
1 1! 2 2! 3 3!
36
7
Problema 2.13. Sa se calculeze suma seriei
X
2n + 3
1
n.
n(n + 1) 3
n=1
k =
= 1
.
k1
k
k(k + 1) 3
k k+1 3
k3
(k + 1)3
(n + 1)3n
k=1
k=1
k=1
Suma seriei va fi S = limn Sn = 1.
Probleme propuse
Sa se calculeze sumele seriilor urmatoare
2.14.
X
n1
2.15.
X
n=1
2.16.
X
n=1
2.17.
X
n=2
2.18.
X
n=2
2.19.
X
n=1
2.20.
X
n1
1
.
2
4n 1
n=1
1
.
2
n + 5n + 6
2.22.
n=1
2.24.
2.25.
1
.
2
n +n2
2.26.
3n 5
.
n(n2 1)
2.27.
2n + 5
.
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
1
.
n! + (n 1)!
2n + 1
.
2
n (n + 1)2
n4
n
.
+ n2 + 1
arctg
n=1
5
.
2
25n 5n 6
X
n 2n
2.21.
.
(n + 2)!
n=1
2.23.
arctg
n=1
arctg
n=1
ln
n=1
n2
1
.
+n+1
n4
2n
.
+ n2 + 2
1
.
2n2
(n + 1)2
.
n(n + 2)
n2 + 5n + 6
.
2 + 5n + 4
n
n=1
X
2
.
2.29.
ln 1 +
n(n + 3)
n1
2.28.
2.30.
ln
ln 1 + 22
n=0
2.31.
X (1)n+1
n1
2.32.
X (2)n + 3n
4n
n1
2.33.
X
n1
X n3 + n2 + n + 2
n!
n0
2.34.
2.35.
.
.
2.36.
xn
,
(xn 1)(xn+1 1)
X x2n1
,
2n
1
x
n1
x 6= 1.
x 6= 1.
2n1
.
(1 + 3 2n1 )(1 + 3 2n )
X
n1
X
X 1
1
2
,
s
a
se
calculeze
=
.
2
2
n
6
n (n + 1)2
n1
n1
1
2 tg 2 x = 2 ctg 2x
x
n=1
n
si
3n1 sin3
n=1
x
1
= (x sin x).
n
3
4
1
2
2.17.
11
18
X
3n 3
2
=
+
2
2
2
2
[n(n + 1)]
n n+1
n
(n + 1)
n(n + 1)
n1
n1
n1
n1
n1
2
si