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TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
sin( A B) sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos( A B ) cos A cos B sin A sin B
2sin A sin B cos( A B ) cos( A B )
2sin A cos B sin( A B) sin( A B )
2cos A cos B cos( A B ) cos( A B)
sin A sin B 2sin[( A B ) / 2]cos[( A B) / 2]
sin A sin B 2cos[( A B) / 2]sin[( A B) / 2]
cos A cos B 2cos[( A B ) / 2]cos[( A B) / 2]
cos A cos B 2sin[( A B) / 2]sin[( A B ) / 2]
sin 2 A (1 cos 2 A) / 2
cos 2 A (1 cos 2 A) / 2
sin 2 A 2sin A cos A 2 tan A / (1 tan 2 A)
cos 2 A cos 2 A sin 2 A 1 2sin 2 A 2cos 2 A 1
( e ) e
(a x ) a x ln a
(ln x) 1 / x
x
1
, a 1, x 0
x ln a
(sin x) cos x
(cos x) sin x
1
(tan x)
, x (2k 1)
cos 2 x
1
(cot x) 2 , x k
sin x
1
(arcsin x)
,| x | 1
1 x2
(arccos x ) (1 x 2 ) 1/2 , | x | 1
(log a x)
1
1 x2
1
(arc cot x)
1 x2
(sinh x) cosh x
(cosh x) sinh x
1
(tanh x)
1 tanh 2 x
cosh 2 x
1
(coth x)
1 coth 2 x
sinh 2 x
1
(arcsinh x)
1 x2
1
(arccosh x)
, x 1
x2 1
1
(arctanh x)
,| x | 1
1 x2
1
(arccoth x)
,| x | 1
1 x2
(arctan x)
x n dx
x n 1
, n 1
n 1
dx
ln x
x
dx
cos2 x tan x
cot xdx ln sin x
ax
e x dx e x , a x dx ln a
sin xdx cos x ,
cos xdx sin x
dx
dx
cos x ln tan 2 4
dx
sin 2 x cot x
tan xdx ln cos x
sin x ln tan 2
(a 2 x 2 )3/2 dx a 2
x
(a 2 x 2 )3/2 dx
x
a2 x2
1
a2 x2
x
x2
(a 2 x 2 )3/2 dx a 2 x 2 ln x a 2 x 2
x3
a2
2
2
dx
(a 2 x 2 )3/2
a2 x2
1
a 2 x 2 dx a arctan a
a 2 x 2 dx 2 ln a 2 x 2
x
1
1 ax
x
2a ln a x a arctanh a ,| x | a
1
x 2 a 2 dx 1
arccoth x
,| x | a
a
a
x
a 2 x 2 dx a 2 x 2
continued
Page 4 of 7
(a bx cx 2 )3/2
2(2a bx)
a bx cx
, 4ac b 2
0
2
1
a 2 x 2 dx 2 x a 2 x 2 a 2 ln x a 2 x 2
1
a 2 x 2 dx ln( x a 2 x 2 )
1
1 a (a 2 x 2 )1/2
dx
ln
x a2 x2
a
x
sin mx sin nx dx / 2,
0
mn
mn0
cos mx cos nx dx / 2,
mn
mn0
, m n even number
0
sin
mx
cos
nx
dx
2m
m 2 n 2 , m n odd number
0
, mn
mn0
sin mx cos nx dx 0
0
2
ax b dx a a 2 ln | ax b |
x
, mn
mn0
cos mx cos nx dx ,
a 2 x 2 dx 0.5 x a 2 x 2 a 2 arcsin( x / | a |)
a 2 x 2 dx 0.5 x a 2 x 2 a 2 ln x a 2 x 2
2
x dx
0.5 x a 2 x 2 a 2 arcsin( x / | a |)
2
2
a x
sin mx sin nx dx ,
(a b cos x)
/ a, a b 0
0, b a 0
(a 2 b2 2ab cos x) dx
(ax b)2 dx a 2 ln | ax b | ax b
VECTOR IDENTITIES
x arccosh( x / a ) x 2 a 2 , if arccosh( x / a ) 0
arccosh(
x
/
a
)
dx
x arccosh( x / a ) x 2 a 2 , if arccosh( x / a ) 0
n n n 1
( A ) A A
( A B) B A A B
( A ) A A
( A B) A B B A ( B ) A ( A )B
( A B ) A ( B ) B ( A ) ( A ) B ( B ) A
Note: A Ax Ay Az
x
y
z
dx
(ax 2 b)
fx 2 g
x ag bf
1
arctan
b fx 2 g
b ag bf
,(ag bf )
A ( B C) C ( A B ) B ( C A )
A ( B C) B( A C) C( A B)
( )
/ ( ) / 2
Page 5 of 7
continued
DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENTS
Cartesian coordinates
dl dxa x dya y dza z ; ds dydza x dxdza y dxdya z ; dv dxdydz
Cylindrical coordinates
dl d a d a dza z ; ds d dza d dza d d a z ;
dv d d dz
Spherical coordinates
dl dra r rd a r sin d a ;
ds r 2 sin d d ar r sin drd a rdrd a ; dv r 2 sin drd d
COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS
Rectangular Cylindrical
x cos
( x 2 y 2 )1/2
y sin
arctan( y / x)
zz
zz
Rectangular Spherical
r ( x 2 y 2 z 2 )1/2
x r sin cos
y r sin sin
arccos[ z / ( x 2 y 2 z 2 )1/2 ]
z r cos
arctan( y / x)
Cylindrical Spherical
r sin
r ( 2 z 2 )1/2
z r cos
arccos[ z / ( 2 z 2 )1/2 ]
ELECTROMAGNETIC EQUATIONS
Maxwells equations (differential form)
E
B
D
; H
E Jc ; D ; B 0
t
t
Coaxial line
2
C1
ln(b / a )
, F/m; L1
C1
2
h
ln 1
r
Parallel-plate Line
C1
az az
0
2
b
ln 0 , H/m
a 8
Twin-lead line
VECTOR TRANSFORMATIONS
Rectangular Components Cylindrical Components
ax a cos a sin a ax cos a y sin
a y a sin a cos a ax sin a y cos
az az
1
109 F/m
36
Page 6 of 7
h
h
ln 1 H/m
r
r
2
F/m; L1
w
h
, L1
h
w
continued
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS
Rectangular Coordinates
ax
ay
az
x
y
z
F Fy Fz
F x
x
y
z
1 2
1
1
2
sin
r 2 r r r 2 sin
r 2 sin 2 2
2 F 2 Fr 2
1 2 Fr cot Fr
2 F 2r
2 Fr 2
2
r r r
r 2
r
r
2 Fr 2 F 2cot
1
2 F
2
F 2
r
2
2
2
r sin
r
r
r sin
2 F 2 F
F
1 2 F cot F
2
r r r 2 sin 2 r 2 2
r
r
2
F Fy
Fy Fx
F F
F z
ax x z a y
az
z
x
y
z
y
x
2 2 2
( ) 2 2 2 2
x
y
z
1
2 F
2cot F
2 F
2 r 2
2
2
2
r sin
r r sin
2 F 2 F
F
1 2 F cot F
2
r r r 2 sin 2 r 2 2
r
r
2 F a x 2 Fx a y 2 Fy a z 2 Fz
Cylindrical Coordinates
a
a
az
z
1
1 F Fz
F
( F )
z
2 F
1
2 Fr 2cot F
2
2
2
2
r sin
r sin r 2 sin
1 Fz F
F Fz
1 ( F ) 1 F
F
a
a
az
z
z
1 1 2 2
( ) 2
2 2 z 2
dB to Np conversion
dB 20log10 e Np
20
Np
ln10
THE END
Spherical Coordinates
1
1
ar
a
a
r
r
r sin
1
1
1 F
F 2 ( r 2 Fr )
( F sin )
r r
r sin
r sin
F
1
1 1 Fr
( rF ) a
( F sin ) a r
r sin
r sin r
F
1
+ ( rF ) r a
r r
Page 7 of 7