Delhi

Delhi
A Comprehensive Guide
Contents
1
Main article
1.1
Delhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1
Toponymy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3
Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.4
Civic administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.5
Government and politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.6
Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.7
Utility services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.8
Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.9
Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
1.1.10 Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
1.1.11 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.1.12 Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.1.13 Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.1.14 World Heritage status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.1.15 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.1.16 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.1.17 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
1.1.18 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
History
22
2.1
History of Delhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
2.1.1
Cities of Delhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
2.1.2
Early history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
2.1.3
8th century to 16th century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
2.1.4
16th century to 19th century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
2.1.5
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
2.1.6
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
2.1.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
2.1.8
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
2.1.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
ii
3
CONTENTS
Geography
29
3.1
Environment of Delhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
3.1.1
Water pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
3.1.2
Loss of ora and fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
3.1.3
Air pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
3.1.4
Proposed solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
3.1.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
Climate of Delhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
3.2.1
Overview of Seasonal Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
3.2.2
Seasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
3.2.3
Climate Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
3.2.4
Weather monitoring stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
3.2.5
Day-length variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
3.2.6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
3.2
Transport
34
4.1
Transport in Delhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
4.1.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
4.1.2
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
4.1.3
Intra-city Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
4.1.4
Inter-state transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
4.1.5
Future projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
4.1.6
Delhi Trac Police transport helpline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
4.1.7
References and notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
4.1.8
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
4.1.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
Delhi Suburban Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
4.2.1
Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
4.2.2
Timetable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
4.2.3
Delhi Ring Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
4.2.4
Future development
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
4.2.5
Fleet gallery
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
4.2.6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
4.2.7
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
Delhi Metro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
4.3.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
4.3.2
Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
4.3.3
Finances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
4.3.4
Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
4.3.5
Rolling stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
4.3.6
Signalling and telecommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
4.3.7
Environment and aesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
4.2
4.3
CONTENTS
4.4
4.5
iii
4.3.8
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
4.3.9
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
4.3.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
4.3.11 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
4.3.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
Delhi Monorail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
4.4.1
Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
4.4.2
Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
4.4.3
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
Delhi BRTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
4.5.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
4.5.2
Design and operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
4.5.3
Usage and performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
4.5.4
Proposed development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
4.5.5
Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
4.5.6
Road safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
4.5.7
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
4.5.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
4.5.9
Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
4.5.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
Education
60
5.1
Education in Delhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
5.1.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
5.1.2
Higher education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
5.1.3
Primary and secondary education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
5.1.4
Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
5.1.5
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
5.1.6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
5.1.7
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
5.1.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
63
6.1
Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
6.2
Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
6.3
Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
Chapter 1
Main article
1.1 Delhi
and the local government of Delhi, and is the capital of

the NCT of Delhi.
National Capital Territory redirects here. For the

generic term, see Capital districts and territories.
This article is about the National Capital Territory of
Delhi in India. For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with New Delhi, the municipality
and the capital city of India, located entirely within Delhi.
1.1.1 Toponymy
There are a number of legends associated with the origin of the name Delhi. One is that it is derived from
Dhillu or Dilu, a king who built a city at this location
in 50 BC and named it after himself.[13][14][15] Another
legend holds that the name of the city is based on the
Hindi/Prakrit word dhili (loose) and that it was used by
the Tomaras to refer to the city because the Iron Pillar
of Delhi had a weak foundation and had to be moved.[15]
The coins in circulation in the region under the Tomaras
were called dehliwal.[16] According to the Bhavishya Purana, King Prithiviraja of Indraprastha built a new fort
in the modern-day Purana Qila area for the convenience
of all four castes in his kingdom. He ordered the construction of a gateway to the fort and later named the
fort dehali.[17] Some historians believe that the name is
derived from Dilli, a corruption of dehleez or dehali
both terms meaning 'threshold' or 'gateway'and symbolic of the city as a gateway to the Gangetic Plain.[18][19]
Another theory suggests that the citys original name was
Dhillika.[20]
Delhi (/dli/, Hindustani pronunciation: [d lli] Dilli), ofcially the National Capital Territory of Delhi, is
the capital territory of India.[5] Delhi is historically and
culturally connected to both the Upper Doab[6] of the
Yamuna-Ganges river system and the Punjab region.[7]
It is bordered by Haryana on three sides and by Uttar
Pradesh to the east. It has a population of about 16.3
million, making it the second most populous city and
second most populous urban agglomeration in India and
3rd largest urban area[8] in the world.[9][10] Such is the nature of urban expansion in Delhi that its growth has expanded beyond the NCT to incorporate towns in neighbouring states and at its largest extent can count a population of about 25 million residents as of 2014.[11]
Delhi has been continuously inhabited since the 6th century BC.[12] Through most of its history, Delhi has served
as a capital of various kingdoms and empires. It has been The people of Delhi are referred to as Delhiites or Dillicaptured, ransacked and rebuilt several times, particularly walas.[21] The city is referenced in various idioms of the
during the medieval period, and modern Delhi is a clus- Northern Indo-Aryan languages. Examples include:
ter of a number of cities spread across the metropolitan
region.
Abhi Dilli door hai or its Persian version, Hanouz
The NCT and its urban region have been given the speDehli dour ast, literally meaning Delhi is still far
cial status of National Capital Region (NCR) under the
away, which is generically said about a task or jourConstitution of India's 69th Amendment Act of 1991.
ney still far from completion.[22][23]
The NCR includes the neighbouring cities of Faridabad,
Gurgaon, Noida, Ghaziabad, Neharpar (Greater Farid Dilli dilwalon ka shehr or Dilli Dilwalon ki meaning
abad), Greater Noida, Bahadurgarh, Sonepat, Panipat,
Delhi belongs to the large-hearted/daring.[24]
Karnal, Rohtak, Bhiwani, Rewari, Baghpat, Meerut,
Alwar, Bharatpur and other nearby towns. A union territory, the political administration of the NCT of Delhi
Aas-paas barse, Dilli pani tarse, literally meaning it
today more closely resembles that of a state of India, with
pours all around, while Delhi lies parched. An alluits own legislature, high court and an executive council
sion to the sometimes semi-arid climate of Delhi, it
of ministers headed by a Chief Minister. New Delhi is
idiomatically refers to situations of deprivation when
jointly administered by the federal government of India
one is surrounded by plenty.[23]
1
1.1.2
CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE
History
Main articles: History of Delhi and Old Delhi

The area around Delhi was probably inhabited before
The ancient Yogmaya Temple, claimed to be one of the ve temples of the Mahabharata era in Delhi.
the second millennium BC, and there is evidence of continuous inhabitation since at least the 6th century BC.[12]
The city is believed to be the site of Indraprastha, the
legendary capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic
Mahabharata.[13] According to this epic this land was
initially a huge mass of forests called 'Khandavaprastha'
which was burnt down to build the city of Indraprastha.
The earliest architectural relics date back to the Maurya
period (c. 300 BC); in 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (273235 BC) was discovered
near Srinivaspuri. Remains of eight major cities have
been discovered in Delhi. The rst ve cities were in
the southern part of present-day Delhi. Gurjara-pratihara
King Anang Pal of the Tomara dynasty founded the city
of Lal Kot in AD 736. The Chauhans conquered Lal Kot
in 1180 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora.
The iron pillar of Delhi, is said to have been fashioned at the

time of Chandragupta Vikramaditya (375413) of the Gupta
Empire.[25][26]
Khilji, the Delhi sultanate extended its control south of

the Narmada River in the Deccan. The Delhi sultanate
reached its greatest extent during the reign of Muhammad
bin Tughluq (13251351). In an attempt to bring the
whole of the Deccan under control, he moved his capital to Daulatabad, Maharashtra in central India, but by
moving away from Delhi he lost control of the north and
was forced to return to Delhi to restore order. The southern provinces then broke away. In the years following
the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq (13511388), the Delhi
sultanate rapidly began to lose its hold over its northern provinces. Delhi was captured and sacked by Timur
Lenk in 1398.[31] Near Delhi, Timur massacred 100,000
captives.[32] Delhis decline continued under the Sayyid
dynasty (14141451), until the sultanate was reduced to
Delhi and its hinterland. Under the Afghan Lodhi dynasty
(14511526), the Delhi sultanate recovered control of the
Punjab and the Gangetic plain to once again achieve domination over northern India. However, the recovery was
short-lived and in 1526 the sultanate was destroyed by
Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty.
The king Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in 1192 by

Muhammad Ghori, a Tajik invader from Afghanistan,
who made a concerted eort to conquer northern
India.[13] By 1200, native Hindu resistance had begun to
crumble, the dominance of foreign Turkic Muslim dynasties in north India was to last for the next ve centuries.
On the death of Muhammad in 1206, the Turkic slavegeneral, Qutb-ud-din Aibak, broke away from the Ghurid
Dynasty and became the rst Sultan of Delhi. He began construction of the Qutb Minar and Quwwat-al-Islam
(might of Islam) mosque, the earliest extant mosque in India. Qutb-ud-din faced widespread Hindu rebellions and
it was his successor, Iltutmish (121136), who consolidated the Turkic conquest of northern India.[13][27]
In 1526, Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan
For the next three hundred years, Delhi was ruled by a and Timur, from the Fergana Valley in modern-day
succession of Turkic and an Afghan, Lodhi dynasty. They Uzbekistan, invaded India, defeated the last Lodhi sulbuilt a number of forts and townships that are part of tan in the First Battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal
the seven cities of Delhi.[29] Delhi was a major centre Empire that ruled from Delhi and Agra.[13] The Mughal
of Susm during this period.[30] The Mamluk Sultanate dynasty ruled Delhi for more than three centuries, with a
(Delhi) was overthrown in 1290 by the Khilji dynasty sixteen-year hiatus during the reigns of Sher Shah Suri
(12901320). Under the second Khilji ruler, Ala-ud-din and Hemu from 1540 to 1556.[33] In 1553, the Hindu
1.1. DELHI
3
pires inuence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha
Empire from Deccan Plateau rose to prominence.[38] In
1737, Maratha forces sacked Delhi following their victory
against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi. In 1739,
the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less
than three hours against the numerically outnumbered
but militarily superior Persian army led by Nader Shah
of Persia during his invasion after which he completely
sacked and looted Delhi, the Mughal capital, carrying
away immense wealth including the Peacock Throne, the
Daria-i-Noor, and Koh-i-Noor. The Mughals, severely
further weakened, could never overcome this crushing
defeat and humiliation which also left the way open
for more invaders to come, including eventually the
British.[39][40][41] Nader eventually agreed to leave the city
and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad
Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of
the city and the royal treasury.[42] A treaty signed in 1752
made Marathas the protectors of the Mughal throne in
Delhi.[43]
At 72.5 m (238 ft), A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Qutub

Minar is the worlds tallest free-standing brick minaret.[28]
king, Hemu acceded to the throne of Delhi by defeating

forces of Mughal Emperor Humayun at Agra and Delhi.
However, the Mughals re-established their rule after Akbars army defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of
Panipat in 1556.[34][35][36] Shah Jahan built the seventh
city of Delhi that bears his name Shahjahanabad, which
served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1638
and is today known as the Old City or Old Delhi.[37]
A UNESCO World Heritage Site, built in 1560, Humayuns Tomb

is the rst example of Mughal tomb complexes.[44]
In 1757, the Afghan ruler, Ahmad Shah Durrani, sacked

Delhi. He returned to Afghanistan leaving a Mughal puppet ruler in nominal control. The Marathas again occupied Delhi in 1758, and were in control until their defeat
in 1761 at the third battle of Panipat when the city was
captured again by Ahmad Shah.[45] However, in 1771, the
Marathas established a protectorate over Delhi when the
Maratha ruler, Mahadji Shinde, recaptured Delhi and the
Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II was installed as a puppet ruler in 1772.[46] In 1783, Sikhs under Baghel Singh
captured Delhi and Red Fort but due to the treaty signed,
Sikhs withdrew from Red Fort and agreed to restore Shah
Alam as the emperor.In 1803, during the Second AngloMaratha War, the forces of British East India Company
defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi.[47]
During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Delhi fell to the
forces of East India Company after a bloody ght known
A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Red fort is the location from as the Siege of Delhi. The city came under the direct
which the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on control of the British Government in 1858. It was made
a district province of the Punjab.[13] In 1911, it was anIndependence Day
nounced that the capital of British held territories in InAfter the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the Mughal Em- dia was to be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi.[48] The
4
name New Delhi was given in 1927, and the new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931. New Delhi,
also known as Lutyens Delhi,[49] was ocially declared as
the capital of the Union of India after the country gained
independence on 15 August 1947.[50] During the partition
of India, thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees, mainly
from West Punjab ed to Delhi, while many Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan. Migration to Delhi
from the rest of India continues (as of 2013), contributing more to the rise of Delhis population than the birth
rate, which is declining.[51]

Climate
See also: Climate of Delhi
Delhi features an atypical version of the humid subtropical climate (Kppen Cwa). The warm season lasts from
9 April to 8 July with an average daily high temperature
above 36 C (97 F). The hottest day of the year is 22
May, with an average high of 38 C (100 F) and low of
25 C (77 F).[58] The cold season lasts from 11 December to 11 February with an average daily high temperature
below 18 C (64 F). The coldest day of the year is 4 January, with an average low of 2 C (36 F) and high of 15
C (59 F).[58] In early March, the wind direction changes
from north-westerly to south-westerly. From April to October the weather is hot. The monsoon arrives at the end
of June, along with an increase in humidity.[59] The brief,
mild winter starts in late November, peaks in January and
heavy fog often occurs.[60]
The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991

declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally
known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi.[52]
The Act gave Delhi its own legislative assembly along
Civil lines, though with limited powers.[52] In December 2001, the Parliament of India building in New
Delhi was attacked by armed militants, killing six security personnel.[53] India suspected Pakistan-based militant groups were behind the attack, which caused a maTemperatures in Delhi usually range from 5 to 40 C
jor diplomatic crisis between the two countries.[54] There
(41.0 to 104.0 F), with the lowest and highest temwere further terrorist attacks in Delhi in October 2005
peratures ever recorded being 6.7 and 47.8 C (19.9
and September 2008, resulting in a total of 103 deaths.[55]
and 118.0 F) respectively.[61] The annual mean temperature is 25 C (77 F); monthly mean temperatures range
from 13 to 32 C (55 to 90 F). The highest temperature
recorded in July was 45 C (113 F) in 1931.[62][63] The
average annual rainfall is approximately 714 mm (28.1
in), most of which falls during the monsoon in July and
1.1.3 Ecology
August.[13] The average date of the advent of monsoon
winds in Delhi is 29 June.[64]
Main article: Environment of Delhi
Delhi is located at 2837N 7714E / 28.61N 77.23E,
and lies in Northern India. It borders the Indian states of
Haryana on the north, west and south and Uttar Pradesh
(UP) to the east. Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna ood plains and the Delhi
ridge. The Yamuna river was the historical boundary between Punjab and UP, and its ood plains provide fertile
alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent oods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is
the only major river owing through Delhi. The Hindon
River separates Ghaziabad from the eastern part of Delhi.
The Delhi ridge originates from the Aravalli Range in the
south and encircles the west, north-east and north-west
parts of the city. It reaches a height of 318 m (1,043 ft)
and is a dominant feature of the region.[56]
Air pollution
See also: Environmental issues in Delhi
Delhi is the most polluted[67] city in the world and according to one estimate, air pollution causes the death
of about 10,500 people in Delhi every year.[68][69][70]
During 2013-14, peak levels of ne particulate matter
(PM) in Delhi increased by about 44%, primarily due
to high vehicular and industrial emissions, construction
work and crop burning in adjoining states.[68][71][72][73]
Delhi has the highest level of the airborne particulate matter, PM2.5 considered most harmful to health, with 153
micrograms.[74] Rising air pollution level has signicantly
increased lung-related ailments (especially asthma and
lung cancer) among Delhis children and women.[75][76]
The dense smog in Delhi during winter season results in
major air and rail trac disruptions every year.[77] According to Indian meteorologists, the average maximum
temperature in Delhi during winters has declined notably
since 1998 due to rising air pollution.[78]
The National Capital Territory of Delhi covers an area

of 1,484 km2 (573 sq mi), of which 783 km2 (302 sq
mi) is designated rural, and 700 km2 (270 sq mi) urban
therefore making it the largest city in terms of area in the
country. It has a length of 51.9 km (32 mi) and a width Environmentalists have criticised the Delhi government
of 48.48 km (30 mi).
for not doing enough to curb air pollution and to inform
Delhi is included in Indias seismic zone-IV, indicating its people about air quality issues.[69] Most of Delhis resvulnerability to major earthquakes, but earthquakes have idents are unaware of alarming levels of air pollution
not been common in recent history.[57]
in the city and the health risks associated with it;[72][73]
1.1. DELHI
5
gains have been lost, especially due to stubble burning,
a rise in the market share of diesel cars and a considerable decline in bus ridership.[83][84] According to CSE and
System of Air Quality Weather Forecasting and Research
(SAFAR), burning of agricultural waste in nearby Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh regions results in severe
intensication of smog over Delhi.[85][86] The state government of Uttar Pradesh is considering imposing a ban
on crop burning to reduce pollution in Delhi NCR and
an environmental panel has appealed to Indias Supreme
Court to impose a 30% cess on diesel cars.[87][88]
The Circles of Sustainability assessment of Delhi gives
a marginally more favourable impression of the ecological sustainability of the city only because it is based on a
more comprehensive series of measures than only air pollution. Part of the reason that the city remains assessed
at basic sustainability is because of the low resource-use
and carbon emissions of its poorer neighbourhoods.[89]
Urban sustainability analysis of the greater urban area of the

city using the 'Circles of Sustainability' method of the UN Global
Compact Cities Programme
1.1.4 Civic administration
NORTH WEST
NORTH
NORTH EAST
WEST
CENTRAL
NEW DELHI
EAST
SOUTH WEST
SOUTH
Dense smog blankets Connaught Place, Delhi.
however, as of 2015, awareness, particularly among the

foreign diplomatic community and high-income Indians,
was noticeably increasing.[79] Since the mid-1990s, Delhi
has undertaken some measures to curb air pollution
Delhi has the third highest quantity of trees among Indian cities[80] and the Delhi Transport Corporation operates the worlds largest eet of environmentally friendly
compressed natural gas (CNG) buses.[81] In 1996, the
Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) started a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India that
ordered the conversion of Delhis eet of buses and taxis
to run on compressed natural gas (CNG) and banned the
use of leaded petrol in 1998. In 2003, Delhi won the
United States Department of Energys rst 'Clean Cities
International Partner of the Year' award for its bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel
initiatives.[81] The Delhi Metro has also been credited
for signicantly reducing air pollutants in the city.[82]
Map showing the nine districts of Delhi
See also: Divisions of Delhi, Districts of Delhi and List

of towns in National Capital Territory of Delhi
As of July 2007, the National Capital Territory of Delhi
comprises nine districts, 27 tehsils, 59 census towns, 300
villages,[90] and three statutory towns, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) 1,397.3 km2 or 540 sq mi,
the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) 42.7 km2
or 16 sq mi and the Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB)
43 km2 or 17 sq mi).[91][92] On 16 July 2012, the Delhi
Government decided to increase the number of districts
from nine to 11.[93]
The Delhi metropolitan area lies within the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), which has ve local municHowever, according to several authors, most of these ipal corporations; North Delhi Municipal Corporation,
South Delhi Municipal Corporation, East Delhi Municipal Corporation, NDMC and DCB. The former MCD
was divided into three smaller Municipal Corporations
North Delhi, South Delhi and East Delhi.[94] According
to the 2011 census, MCD is among the largest municipal
bodies in the world, providing civic services to about 11
million people.[95]
Delhi (civic administration) was ranked 5th out of 21
Cities for best governance & administrative practices in
India in 2014. It scored 3.6 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.[96]
The Indian National Congress (Congress) formed all the

governments in Delhi until the 1990s, when the Bharatiya
Janata Party (BJP), led by Madan Lal Khurana, came
to power.[100] In 1998, the Congress returned to power
under the leadership of Sheila Dikshit, who was subsequently re-elected for 3 consecutive terms. But in
2013, the Congress was ousted from power by the newly
formed Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) led by Arvind Kejriwal forming the government with outside support from
the Congress.[101] However, that government was shortlived, collapsing only after 49 days.[102] Delhi was then
under Presidents rule till February 2015.[103] On February 10, 2015, the Aam Aadmi Party returned to power
after a landslide victory, winning 67 out of the 70 seats
in the Delhi Legislative Assembly.[104]
Delhi houses the Supreme Court of India and the regional

Delhi High Court along with the Small Causes Court for
civil cases; the Magistrate Court and the Sessions Court
for criminal cases has jurisdiction over Delhi. The city is
administratively divided into eleven police-zones which
1.1.6
are subdivided into 95 local police stations.[97]
1.1.5
Economy
Government and politics
Connaught Place in Delhi is an important economic hub of the

National Capital Region
Delhi is the largest commercial centre in northern India;

in nancial year 2009-10 it had a gross State Domestic Product of 2176 billion (US$32 billion).[105] As of
2013, the per capita income of Delhi was Rs. 210000, the
highest in India. The GSDP of Delhi at the current prices
for 2012-13 is estimated at Rs 3.66 trillion (short scale)
against Rs 3.11 trillion (short scale) in 2011-12.[106]
Supreme court is the apex court in the country.
Main article: Government of Delhi

The National Capital Territory of Delhi has its own
Legislative Assembly, Lieutenant Governor, council of
ministers and Chief Minister. Members of the legislative
assembly are directly elected from territorial constituencies in the NCT. The legislative assembly was abolished
in 1956, after which direct federal control was implemented until it was re-established in 1993. The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) handles civic administration for the city as part of the Panchayati Raj Act.
The Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi jointly administer New
Delhi, where both bodies are located. The Parliament
of India, the Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace),
Cabinet Secretariat and the Supreme Court of India are
located in the municipal district of New Delhi. There are
70 assembly constituencies and seven Lok Sabha (Indian
parliaments lower house) constituencies in Delhi.[98][99]
As per the Economic survey of Delhi (20052006), the

tertiary sector contributes 70.95% of Delhis gross SDP
followed by secondary and primary sectors with 25.20%
and 3.85% contributions respectively.[107] Delhis workforce constitutes 32.82% of the population, and increased
by 52.52% between 1991 and 2001.[108] Delhis unemployment rate decreased from 12.57% in 19992000 to
4.63% in 2003.[108] In December 2004, 636,000 people
were registered with various employment exchange programs in Delhi.[108] In 2001 the total workforce in national and state governments and the quasi-government
sector was 620,000, and the private sector employed
219,000.[108] Key service industries are information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and
tourism.[109] Construction, power, health and community
services and real estate are also important to the citys
economy. Delhi has one of Indias largest and fastest
growing retail industries.[110] Manufacturing also grew
considerably as consumer goods companies established
manufacturing units and headquarters in the city. Delhis
large consumer market and the availability of skilled
1.1. DELHI
labour has also attracted foreign investment. In 2001, the runs 43 re stations that attend about 15,000 re and resmanufacturing sector employed 1,440,000 workers and cue calls per year.[116] The state-owned Mahanagar Telethe city had 129,000 industrial units.[111]
phone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and private enterprises
such as Vodafone, Airtel, Idea Cellular, Reliance Infocomm, Aircel and Tata Docomo provide telephone and
cell phone services to the city. Cellular coverage is avail1.1.7 Utility services
able in GSM, CDMA, 3G and 4G.
1.1.8 Transport
Main article: Transport in Delhi
Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi, it is the

busiest airport in South Asia.[117] Shown here is the
immigration counter at Terminal 3 of the airport.
The headquarters of the New Delhi Municipal Corporation

(NDMC).
Delhis municipal water supply is managed by the Delhi

Jal Board (DJB). As of 200506, it supplied 650 million gallons per day (MGD), whereas the estimated consumption requirement is 963 MGD.[112] The shortfall is Anand Vihar Terminal railway station, opened in 2009
met by private and public tube wells and hand pumps.
At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is DJBs largest water source, followed by the Yamuna and Ganges rivers.
Delhis groundwater level is falling and its population density is increasing, so residents often encounter acute water
shortage.[112]
In Delhi, daily domestic solid waste production is 8000
tonnes which is dumped at three landll locations by The Delhi Metro
MCD.[113] The daily domestic waste water production is
470 MGD and industrial waste water is 70 MGD.[114] A
large portion of the sewage ows untreated into the Yamuna river.[114]
The citys electricity consumption is about 1,265 kWh
per capita but the actual demand is higher.[115] In Delhi
power distribution is managed by Tata Power Distribution
and BSES Rajdhani since 2002. The Delhi Fire Service A view of Delhi Faridabad Skyway

of Indias largest bus transport systems. Buses are operated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation
(DTC), which owns largest eet of compressed natural
gas (CNG)-fueled buses in the world. Personal vehicles
especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on Delhi roads. Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in
India. Taxis, auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws also ply
on Delhi roads in large numbers.
The Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway, connecting Delhi to the Important Roads in Delhi

Indira Gandhi International Airport
Some roads and expressways serve as important pillars of
Delhis road infrastructure:
Inner Ring Road is one of the most important state
highways in Delhi. It is a 51 km long circular road
which connects important areas in Delhi. Owing
to more than 2 dozen grade-separators/yovers, the
road is almost signal-free.
A Delhi underground metro station
Outer Ring Road is another major artery in Delhi

that links far-ung areas of Delhi.
Air
The Delhi Noida Direct Flyway (DND Flyway) is

an eight-laned access controlled tolled expressway
which connects Delhi to Noida (an important satellite city of Uttar Pradesh). The acronym DND
stands for Delhi-Noida Direct.
Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the southwest of Delhi, is the main gateway for the citys domestic and international civilian air trac. In 201213, the airport was used by more than 35 million
passengers,[118][119] making it one of the busiest airports
in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost 96.8 billion
(US$1.4 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010,
handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.[120]
The Delhi Gurgaon Expressway is a 28 km (17 mi)

expressway connecting Delhi to Gurgaon, an important satellite city of Haryana.
The Delhi Faridabad Skyway is controlled tolled expressway which connects Delhi to Faridabad, an important satellite city of Haryana.
The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de

Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara, was National Highways Passing Through Delhi
based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in Delhi is connected by Road to various parts of the country
1929, when it was the Delhis only airport and the sec- through several National Highways:
ond in India.[121] The airport functioned until 2001, however in January 2002 the government closed the airport
National Highway 1 (India) or (NH 1) is a National
for ying activities because of security concerns followHighway in Northern India that links the National
ing the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then,
capital New Delhi to the town of Attari in Punjab
the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses[121]
near the Indo-Pakistan border.
and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi Inter National Highway 2 (India) (NH 2) commonly renational Airport for VIP including the president and the
ferred as Delhi-Kolkata Road is a busy Indian Na[122]
prime minister.
tional Highway that runs through the states of Delhi,
A second airport open for commercial ights has been
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West
suggested either by expansion of Meerut Airport or conBengal.
struction of a new airport in Greater Noida.[123]
National Highway 8 (India) (NH 8) is a National
Highway in India that connects the Indian capital
city of New Delhi with the Indian Financial capital
Road
city of Mumbai.
Delhi has the highest road density of 2103 km/100 sq.
km in India.
Highway in northern India that originates at Delhi
Buses are the most popular means of road transport catering to about 60% of Delhis total demand. Delhi has one
and ends at the town of Fazilka in Punjab near the

Indo-Pakistan border.
1.1. DELHI
Highway in India that connects the National capital
Delhi to Uttar Pradesh state capital Lucknow running 438 kilometers in length.
Railway
Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network
and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The ve
main railway stations are New Delhi railway station, Old
Delhi, Nizamuddin Railway Station, Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Sarai Rohilla.[124] The Delhi Metro,
a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi
Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of
Delhi and the neighbouring cities Faridabad, Gurgaon,
Noida and Ghaziabad.[125] As of August 2011, the metro
consists of six operational lines with a total length of 189
km (117 mi) and 146 stations, and several other lines are
under construction.[126] The Phase-I was built at a cost
of US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost
an additional 216 billion (US$3.2 billion).[127] PhaseII has a total length of 128 km and was completed by
2010.[128] Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation
on 25 December 2012. It carries millions of passengers
every day.[129] In addition to the Delhi Metro, a suburban
railway, the Delhi Suburban Railway exists.[130]
Metro
The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi,
Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the worlds
13th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi
Metro was Indias rst modern public transportation system which has revolutionised travel by providing a fast,
reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. The
network consists of six lines with a total length of 189.63
kilometres (117.83 miles) with 142 stations, of which 35
are underground, ve are at-grade, and the remainder are
elevated. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, atgrade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge
and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling
stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge,
and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. The Phase-I of Delhi
Metro was built at a cost of US$2.3 billion and the
Phase-II was expected to cost an additional 216 billion
(US$3.2 billion).[127] Phase-II has a total length of 128
km and was completed by 2010.[128] Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012. It
carries millions of passengers every day.[129] In addition
to the Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the Delhi Suburban Railway exists.[130]
9
company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides construction and operation of
Delhi Metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and
implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed
rail projects in India and providing consultancy services
to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad.
The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan, the Managing Director of DMRC
and popularly known as the Metro Man of India. He famously resigned from DMRC taking moral responsibility
for a metro bridge collapse which took ve lives. Sreedharan was awarded with the prestigious Legion of Honour
by the French Government for his contribution to Delhi
Metro.
Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS)

The 08 RRTS Corridors have been proposed by National
Capital Region Planning Board (NCRPB) to facilitate the
people travelling from nearby cities in NCR to Delhi. The
three main corridors in rst phase are as follows which are
expected to become operational before 2019:
1. Delhi - Alwar via Gurgaon
2. Delhi - Panipat via Sonepat
3. Delhi - Meerut via Ghaziabad
Remaining ve corridors are also approved by National
Capital Region Planning Board but are planned in the second phase.
To make the project operational NCRPB has formed a
separate body named as "National Capital Region Transport Corporation on the lines of DMRC to independently
formalise and monitor its progress.
Roads of 2006 and 2007
As of 2007, private vehicles account for 30% of the total demand for transport.[124] Delhi has 1922.32 km of
road length per 100 km2 , one of the highest road densities in India.[124] It is connected to other parts of India by
ve National Highways: NH 1, 2, 8, 10 and 24. The citys
road network is maintained by MCD, NDMC, Delhi Cantonment Board, Public Works Department (PWD) and
Delhi Development Authority.[132] The Delhi-Gurgaon
Expressway connects Delhi with Gurgaon and the international airport. The Delhi-Faridabad Skyway. connects Delhi with the neighbouring industrial town of
Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Faridabad. The DND Flyway and Noida-Greater Noida
Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned Expressway connect Delhi with the suburbs of Noida and
10

tion density was 11,297 persons per km2 with a sex ratio of 866 women per 1000 men, and a literacy rate of
86.34%. In 2004, the birth rate, death rate and infant
mortality rate per 1000 population were 20.03, 5.59 and
13.08 respectively.[141] In 2001, the population of Delhi
increased by 285,000 as a result of migration and by
215,000 as a result of natural population growth[141] this
made Delhi one of the fastest growing cities in the world.
By 2015, Delhi is expected to be the third-largest conurbation in the world after Tokyo and Mumbai.[142] Dwarka
Sub City, Asias largest planned residential area is located
within the National Capital Territory of Delhi.[143]
The 32-lane toll gate at the Delhi-Gurgaon border is the largest

in South Asia and the second largest in Asia.[131]
Hinduism is Delhis predominant religious faith, with

81.68% of Delhis population, followed by Islam
(12.86%), Sikhism (3.41%), Jainism (1%), and others
(1.05%).[140] Other minority religions include Buddhism,
Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Baha'ism and Judaism.[145]
Hindi is the most widely spoken language in Delhi as
the native language of nearly 81% of the population.[146]
English is the principal written language of the city and
the most commonly used language for the ocial purposes. Native Punjabi speakers account for 7% of the
population and Urdu for 6%.[147]
Greater Noida.[133][134] Delhis rapid rate of economic development and population growth has resulted in an increasing demand for transport, creating excessive pressure on the citys transport infrastructure. As of 2008,
the number of vehicles in the metropolitan region, Delhi
NCR, is 11.2 million (11.2 million).[135] In 2008, there
were 85 cars in Delhi for every 1,000 of its residents.[136] According a 19992000 estimate, the total number of
To meet the transport demand, the State and Union gov- people living below the poverty line, dened as living
ernment constructed a mass rapid transit system, includ- on US$11 or less per month, in Delhi was 1,149,000,
ing the Delhi Metro.[124] In 1998, the Supreme Court of or 8.23% of the total population, compared to 27.5% of
[148]
52% of Delhi residents who live
India ordered that all public transport vehicles in Delhi India as a whole.
[149]
[137]
in
slums
without
basic
services like water, electricmust be fuelled by compressed natural gas (CNG).
ity,
sanitation,
sewage
system
or proper housing.[150][151]
Buses are the most popular means of public transport,
catering to about 60% of the total demand.[124] The state- In 2005, Delhi accounted for the highest percentage
owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is a major bus (16.2%) of the crimes reported in 35 Indian cities with
[152]
The city has
service provider which operates the worlds largest eet of populations of one million or more.
[138]
the
highest
rate
of
kidnapping
and
abduction
cases with
CNG-fuelled buses.
Delhi Bus Rapid Transit System
[153]
9.3%;
the
national
rate
is
2.2%.
Delhi
accounts
for
runs between Ambedkar Nagar and Delhi Gate.
15.4% of crime against women in Indian cities.[153]
Punjabis account for 35% and Sikhs for 4% of Delhis total population.[154][155] Findings from surveys conducted
by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies
See also: Ethnic groups in Delhi
(CSDS) in Delhi estimate an average of 40% of the votAccording to the 2011 census of India, the population ers in Delhi belong to the upper castes. About 12%
are Brahmins, 7% are Khatri & Arora Punjabis, 7% are
Rajputs, 6% belong to the Agarwal and Jain communities
and 8% are from other forward castes. Jat community,
roughly 5% of Delhis population and located mostly in
the rural parts of outer Delhi. OBC communities such as
the Gujjars, Yadavs and the lower OBCs together form
about 18% of Delhis population. Dalits constitute 17%
of Delhis population.[156]
1.1.9
Demographics
1.1.10 Culture
Swaminarayan Akshardham in Delhi is the largest Hindu temple complexes in the National Capital Territory. Hinduism is the
predominant faith in Delhi.
of Delhi is 16,787,941.[140]
See also: Culture of India

Delhis culture has been inuenced by its lengthy history
and historic association as the capital of India. This is
The corresponding popula- exemplied by many signicant monuments in the city.
1.1. DELHI
11
Chandni Chowk, a 17th-century market, is one of the
most popular shopping areas in Delhi for jewellery and
Zari saris.[164] Delhis arts and crafts include, Zardozi[165]
an embroidery done with gold thread [166] and
Meenakari[167] the art of enamelling.
Festivals
Traditional pottery on display in Dilli Haat
Delhi is also identied as the location of Indraprastha,

the ancient capital of the Pandavas. The Archaeological
Survey of India recognises 1200 heritage buildings[157]
and 175 monuments as national heritage sites.[158] In the
Old City, the Mughals and the Turkic rulers constructed
several architecturally signicant buildings, such as the
Jama Masjid Indias largest mosque[159] built in 1656
[160]
and the Red Fort. Three World Heritage Sites the
Red Fort, Qutab Minar and Humayuns Tomb are located in Delhi.[161] Other monuments include the India
Gate, the Jantar Mantar an 18th-century astronomical observatory and the Purana Qila a 16th-century
fortress. The Laxminarayan temple, Akshardham temple, the Bah' Lotus temple and the ISKCON temple are
examples of modern architecture. Raj Ghat and associated memorials houses memorials of Mahatma Gandhi
and other notable personalities. New Delhi houses several
government buildings and ocial residences reminiscent
of British colonial architecture, including the Rashtrapati
Bhavan, the Secretariat, Rajpath, the Parliament of India and Vijay Chowk. Safdarjungs Tomb is an example
of the Mughal gardens style. Some regal havelis (palatial
residences) are in the Old City.[162]
Lotus Temple, is a Bah' House of Worship completed
in 1986. Notable for its owerlike shape, it serves as the
Mother Temple of the Indian subcontinent and has become a prominent attraction in the city. The Lotus Temple has won numerous architectural awards and been featured in hundreds of newspaper and magazine articles.
Like all other Bah' Houses of Worship, is open to all
regardless of religion, or any other distinction, as emphasised in Bah' texts. The Bah' laws emphasise that
the spirit of the House of Worship be that it is a gathering place where people of all religions may worship God
without denominational restrictions.[163] The Bah' laws
also stipulate that only the holy scriptures of the Bah'
Faith and other religions can be read or chanted inside
in any language; while readings and prayers can be set to
music by choirs, no musical instruments can be played
inside. Furthermore, no sermons can be delivered, and
there can be no ritualistic ceremonies practised.[163]
Rashtrapati Bhavan been lit up for Republic Day of India.
Delhis association and geographic proximity to the capital, New Delhi, has amplied the importance of national
events and holidays like Republic Day, Independence
Day (15 August) and Gandhi Jayanti. On Independence
Day, the Prime Minister addresses the nation from the
Red Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by ying
kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom.[168]
The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military
parade showcasing Indias cultural diversity and military
strength.[169][170] Over the centuries, Delhi has become
known for its composite culture, and a festival that symbolises this is the Phool Walon Ki Sair, which takes place
in September. Flowers and pankhe fans embroidered
with owers are oered to the shrine of 13th century
Su saint Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki and the Yogmaya temple, both situated in Mehrauli.[171]
The Pragati Maidan in Delhi hosts the World Book Fair biennially.
Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of lights),

Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanaks Birthday, Raksha Bandhan, Durga Puja, Holi, Lohri, Chauth, Krishna Janmastami, Maha Shivratri, Eid ul-Fitr, Moharram and Buddha
Jayanti.[170] The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during
12
which performances of musicians and dancers from all
over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar
as a backdrop.[172] Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami
(the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi. The
Auto Expo, Asias largest auto show,[173] is held in Delhi
biennially. The New Delhi World Book Fair, held biennially at the Pragati Maidan, is the second largest exhibition
of books in the world.[174] Delhi is often regarded as the
Book Capital of India because of high readership.[175]
India International Trade Fair (IITF), organised by ITPO
is the biggest cultural and shopping fair of Delhi which
takes place in November each year and is visited by more
than 15 lakh people.[176]

once. Other Indian cuisines are also available in this area
even though the street specializes in north Indian food
.[179]:4050[181]
1.1.11 Education
Main article: Education in Delhi
Private schools in Delhi which use either English or
Cuisine
Main article: Indian cuisine
As Indias national capital and centuries old Mughal
All India Institute of Medical Sciences is a global leader in medical research and treatment.[182]
Hindi as the language of instruction are aliated to one

of three administering bodies, the Council for the Indian
School Certicate Examinations (CISCE), the Central
Board for Secondary Education (NCERT (CBSE))[183]
or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). In
200405, approximately 15.29 lakh (1.529 million) students were enrolled in primary schools, 8.22 lakh (0.822
Daulat Chaat is made using a complicated technique of condens- million) in middle schools and 6.69 lakh (0.669 million)
ing milk foam on a cold night, this dish is only available during in secondary schools across Delhi.[184] Female students
winters.[177]
represented 49% of the total enrolment. The same year,
the Delhi government spent between 1.58% and 1.95%
capital, Delhi inuenced the food habits of its residents
of its gross state domestic product on education.[184]
and is where Mughlai cuisine originated. Along with Indian cuisine, a variety of international cuisines are popular among the residents.[178] The dearth of food habits
among the citys residents created a unique style of cooking which became popular throughout the world, with
dishes such as Kebab, biryani, tandoori. The citys classic
dishes include Butter chicken, Aloo Chaat, chaat, dahi
vada, kachori, chole bhature, Chole kulche, jalebi and
lassi.[178][179]:4050, 189196
The fast living habits of Delhis people has motivated the
growth of street food outlets.[179]:41 A trend of dining at
local dhabas is popular among the residents. High prole
restaurants have gained popularity in recent years, among
the popular restaurants are the Karim Hotel, the Punjab
Grill and Bukhara.[180] The Gali Paranthe Wali (the street
of fried bread) is a street in Chandni Chowk particularly
for food eateries since the 1870s. Almost the entire street
is occupied by fast food stalls or street vendors. It has
nearly become a tradition that almost every prime minister of India has visited the street to eat paratha at least
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi is ranked as Asias fourthbest institute in science and technology in the year 1999.[185]
Schools and higher educational institutions in Delhi are

administered either by the Directorate of Education, the
1.1. DELHI
13
NCT government or private organisations. In 2006, Delhi

had 165 colleges, ve medical colleges and eight engineering colleges,[184] seven major universities and nine
deemed universities.[184]
University of Delhi has been consistently ranked as Indias best

university.[186]
Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi

Technological University, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and National Law University are Pitampura TV Tower broadcasts programming to Delhi
the only state universities.[187] University of Delhi,
Jawaharlal Nehru University and Jamia Millia Islamia are
the central universities, and Indira Gandhi National Open gional language newspapers include the Malayalam daily
Malayala Manorama and the Tamil dailies Dinamalar and
University is for distance education.[188]
Dinakaran.[191]
As of 2008, about 16% of all Delhi residents possessed
Radio is a less popular mass medium in Delhi, although
at least a college graduate degree.[189]
FM radio has gained popularity[193] since the inauguration of several new stations in 2006.[194] A number of
state-owned and private radio stations broadcast from
1.1.12 Media
Delhi.[195][196]
See also: Media of India
As the capital of India, Delhi is the focus of political reportage, including regular television broadcasts of Parliament sessions. Many national media agencies, including
the state-owned Press Trust of India, Media Trust of India and Doordarshan, is based in the city. Television programming includes two free terrestrial television channels
oered by Doordarshan, and several Hindi, English and
regional-language cable channels oered by multi system
operators. Satellite television has yet to gain a large quantity of subscribers in the city.[190]
Print journalism remains a popular news medium
in Delhi.
The citys Hindi newspapers include
Navbharat Times, Hindustan Dainik, Punjab Kesari, Pavitra Bharat, Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar and Dainik
Desbandhu.[191] Amongst the English language newspapers, The Hindustan Times, with a daily circulation
of over a million copies, is the single largest daily.[192]
Other major English newspapers include Times of India, The Hindu, Indian Express, Business Standard, The
Pioneer and The Asian Age'Top Story (Daily). Re-
1.1.13 Sports
Main article: Sports in Delhi
Delhi has hosted many major international sporting
events, including the rst and also the ninth Asian
Games,[197] the 2010 Hockey World Cup, the 2010
Commonwealth Games and the 2011 Cricket World
Cup. Delhi lost bidding for the 2014 Asian Games,[198]
and considered making a bid for the 2020 Summer
Olympics.[199] However, sports minister Manohar Singh
Gill later stated that funding infrastructure would come
before a 2020 bid.[200] There are indications of a possible
2028 bid.
The 2010 Commonwealth Games, which ran from 3 to 14
October 2010, was one of the largest sports event held in
India.[201][202] The opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the main stadium of the event, in New Delhi at 7:00
pm Indian Standard Time on 3 October 2010.[203] The
14

dium respectively. The city is also home to the Indian
Premier League team Delhi Daredevils, who play their
home matches at the Kotla, and was the home to the Delhi
Giants team (previously Delhi Jets) of the now defunct
Indian Cricket League.
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
Ambedkar Stadium, a football stadium in Delhi which

holds 21,000 people, was the venue for the Indian football teams World Cup qualier against UAE on 28 July
2012.[211] Delhi hosted the Nehru Cup in 2007[212] and
2009, in both of which India defeated Syria 10.[213] In
the Elite Football League of India, Delhis rst professional American football franchise, the Delhi Defenders
played its rst season in Pune.[214] Buddh International
Circuit in Greater Noida, a suburb of Delhi, hosts the annual Formula 1 Indian Grand Prix.[215] The Indira Gandhi
Arena is also in Delhi.
Delhi also has a football team Delhi Dynamos FC, which
plays in Indian Super League. Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
is the home stadium for Delhi Dynamos FC.
Delhi is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities
21.
1.1.14 World Heritage status

In February 2014, the Government of India approved
Delhis bid for World Heritage City status. The historical city of Shahjahanabad and Lutyens Bungalow Zone in
Netball at CWG 2010, India vs Jamaica
New Delhi were cited in the bid. A team from UNESCO
was scheduled to visit Delhi in September 2014 to valiceremony featured over 8,000 performers and lasted for date its claims. INTACH acted as the nodal agency for
two and a half hours.[204] It is estimated that 3.5 billion the bid. The announcement of accepted cities was to be
(US$52 million) were spent to produce the ceremony.[205] made in June 2015.[216] However, the Government of InEvents took place at 12 competition venues. 20 training dia withdrew its nomination on 21 May 2015.[217]
venues were used in the Games, including seven venues
within Delhi University.[206] The rugby stadium in Delhi
University North Campus hosted rugby games for Com- 1.1.15 See also
monwealth Games.[206][207] The mess left behind after the
Commonwealth Games prompted Prime Minister Man List of tallest buildings in Delhi
mohan Singh to replace Sports and Youth Aairs minister Manohar Singh Gill with Ajay Maken in 19 January
List of twin towns and sister cities in India
2011 Cabinet reshue.[208]
Cricket and football are the most popular sports in
Delhi.[209] There are several cricket grounds, or maidans, 1.1.16 References
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national cricket matches. It is the home ground of
the Delhi cricket team, which represents the city in
the Ranji Trophy, the premier Indian domestic rst- [2] Cities with population of 1 Lakh and Above (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
class cricket championship.[210] The Delhi cricket team
has produced several world-class international cricketers
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...
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1.1. DELHI
[217] Centre kills Delhis heritage city dream. The Times of

India. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
1.1.17
Further reading
Economic Survey of Delhi 20052006. Planning

Department. Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. Retrieved on 12 February 2007
Dalrymple, W (2003). City of Djinns (1 ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-200100-4.
Dalrymple, W (2003). Vidhya Society, (2009). Vidhya Society (NGO) is a leading charitable organization of Uttar Pradesh (India) established under society registration act 21-1860 on the special occasion
of World Disable Year 2009. Director Mr. Pavan
Upadhyay www.vidhyasociety.com (1 ed.). Penguin
Books. ISBN 978-0-14-200100-4.
Prager, D (2013). Delirious Delhi (1 ed.). Arcade
Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61145-832-9.
Brown, L (2011). Lonely Planet Rajasthan, Delhi
& Agra (5 ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN
978-1-74179-460-1.
Rowe, P; Coster, P (2004). Delhi (Great Cities of
the World). World Almanac Library. ISBN 978-08368-5197-7.
Four-part series on Delhi (30 May 2 June 2012).
Metrocity Journal: Delhis Changing Landscape.
The Wall Street Journal.
1.1.18
External links
Ocial website
Delhi at DMOZ
21
Chapter 2
History
2.1 History of Delhi
10th century.
See also: Timeline of Delhi
2.1.1 Cities of Delhi
The Indian capital city of Delhi has a long history, and

has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires. Much of Delhis ancient history
nds no record and this may be regarded as a lost period
of its history. Extensive coverage of Delhis history begins with the onset of the Delhi Sultanate in the 12th century. Since then, Delhi has been the centre of a succession
of mighty empires and powerful kingdoms, making Delhi
one of the longest serving Capitals and one of the oldest
inhabited cities in the world.[1][2] It is considered to be a
city built, destroyed and rebuilt several times, as outsiders
who successfully invaded the Indian Subcontinent would
ransack the existing capital city in Delhi, and those who
came to conquer and stay would be so impressed by the
citys strategic location as to make it their capital and rebuild it in their own way.[3][4] The core of Delhis tangible
heritage is Hindu, Islamic (spanning over seven centuries
of Islamic rule over the city) with some British-era architecture in Lutyens Delhi dating to the British rule in
India.
Historic map of Shahjahanabad (now known as Old Delhi), in

1863
It is popularly said that Delhi was the site for a total of seven dierent cities between 3000 B.C. and the
17th century A.D., although taking smaller towns and
strongholds into account, as many as 15 settlements can
Signicant prehistoric sites in Delhi include Anangpur (in
be identied. All the earlier locations of Delhi fall within
the Badarpur region), as well as Harappan excavations
an area commonly called the 'Delhi Triangle,' bounded on
near Narela and Nand Nagari.[5]
the south and the west by the Aravalli Range, known as
References to Delhis history in ancient literature are the Delhi Ridge, and to the east by the Yamuna River.[6][7]
based on myths and legends. According to the Hindu epic
Notable settlements to have been established in the region
Mahabharata, a city called Indraprastha, City of the God
include:[6][7]
Indra, was the capital of the Pandavas. There is a strong
belief that Purana Qila was built over the site of ancient
1. Indraprastha, supposedly built by the Pandavas.
Indraprastha. Northern Black Polished Ware (c700-200
BC) have been excavated at the site, and pieces of Painted
2. Surajkund (Anangpur), Tomar city dating from the
Grey Ware were found on the surface, suggesting an even
9th or 10th century, where a large masonry tank can
[5]
older settlement, possibly going back to ca. 1000 B.C.
be found.
In 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka
(273-236 BC) was discovered near Srinivaspur. Two
3. Lalkot, built ca. 1052 A.D. by the Tomara ruler,
sandstone pillars inscribed with the edicts of Ashoka were
Anangpal. In ca. 1180 A.D. Prithviraj Chauhan exbrought to by Firuz Shah Tughluq in the 14th century.
tended and fortied it as a defence against Muslim
The famous Iron pillar near the Qutub Minar was cominvaders; the city then became known as Qila Rai
missioned by the emperor Kumara Gupta I of the Gupta
Pithora. This area, now called as Mehrauli, was also
dynasty (320-540) and transplanted to Delhi during the
the seat of the Mamluk (Slave) dynasty.
22
2.1. HISTORY OF DELHI

4. Siri, rst established as a camp for protection
against invading Mongols by Alauddin Khilji, and
fortied in about ca. 1303 A.D.
5. Tughluqabad, built by Ghiyasuddin Tughluq in ca.
1320 A.D. A subsidiary fort Adilabad was built by
his son Muhammad bin Tughlaq in ca. 1325 A.D.
6. Jahanpanah, Refuge of the World, name given
to the area enclosed by walling-in of the suburbs between Qila Rai Pithora and Siri, built by
Muhammad bin Tughluq in ca. 1325 A.D.
7. Ferozabad, built by Firuz Shah Tughluq in ca. 1354
A.D.; all that remains is the palace, known as Feroz
Shah Kotla. Feroz Shahs building activity indicates that the suburbs were still occupied; major
mosques were built inside Jahanpanah (Khirki and
Begumpur) and Nizamuddin; and the area around
Khilji reservoir Hauz Khas was developed.
8. Dinpanah built by Humayun and Shergarh built by
Sher Shah Suri, both in the area near the speculated
site of the legendary Indraprastha (15381545).
9. Shahjahanabad, the walled city built by Shah Jahan
from 1638 to 1649, containing the Lal Qila and the
Chandni Chowk. It was the capital of the Mughal
Empire during Shah Jahans reign. It is presently
referred to as "Old Delhi".
10. Lutyens Delhi or New Delhi, the city built by the
British on the south-west, declared Capital on 12
December 1911. On 12 December 2011 New Delhi
celebrated 100 years of serving as Indias National
Capital.[8]
23
(c. 2800 BC), as per the ancient Indian text- the
Mahabharata. Though very much a part of Indias
very Ancient history, it lacks any tangible evidence
to say without doubt that it existed. Archaeological evidence exists, but in such scarcity as be inconclusive. As acknowledged by British historian
Michael Wood in his BBC documentary The Story
of India,[10] the excavated ceramic pottery from the
site of todays Purana Qila in Delhi and the excavated layers of the ancient city seem to match what
the verses of the Mahabharata indicate. More possible evidence in its favour is the existence of a village
named Indraprastha very close to the Purana Qila
that was destroyed by the British during the construction of Lutyens Delhi.[11]
Jahanpanah is not considered as a City of Delhi because it is very much in ruins and too diused now
to be considered a distinct city. Moreover, sections
of the city still standing are now counted in Siri or
Mehrauli.
Lodi Complex is not counted as a distinct city because their architectures are too few to be counted
as a whole city. The Sayyid and Lodhi dynasties that
followed the Tughlak dynasty were far more concerned with restoring stability than patronisation of
arts or architecture. Tombs erected in the honour
of the rulers are the only monuments of these times
and these are scattered all over current South and
Central Delhis.[12]
New Delhi, the Capital city of modern India is also
not counted as a City of Delhi because the structures of those times are still in use as government
buildings. So there seems no such thing as history
about it.
2.1.2 Early history
Early Political History of Delhi, 1060-1947
Modern Delhi, referred to as 'Dilli' locally, derived from

its historical name Dhili, is an amalgam all of the above.
Ocially, however, only seven of the above-mentioned
settlements are recognized.[9] as historical cites with distinct identities and indigenous heritage: Qila Rai Pithora,
Mehrauli, Siri, Tughlaqabad, Ferozabad, Dinpanah and
Shahjahanabad.
The ancient Yogmaya Temple, claimed to be one of the ve tem-
The rest are not ocially identied as Cities of Delhi be- ples of Mahabharata days in Delhi.
cause of some specic reasons.
According to Indian folklore, Delhi was the site of
Indraprastha, the legendary Ancient City is be- the magnicent and opulent Indraprastha, capital of
lieved to have been established 5000 years ago the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata, founded
24
CHAPTER 2. HISTORY
Translation: There are countless villages in Haryana
country. The villagers there work hard. They don't accept domination of others, and are experts in making the
blood of their enemies ow. Indra himself praises this
country. The capital of this country is Dhilli.
,
||
, ||
Translation: The ruler Anangapal is famous, he can slay
his enemies with his sword. The weight (of the Iron pillar)
caused the Nagaraj to shake.
A VS 1383 inscription in Delhi Museum conrms the
founding of Delhi by the Tomars:
|
||
Prithviraj Raso also conrms the founding by the Tomars
and the legend of the loose nail:

|

||
The iron pillar of Delhi, is said to have been fashioned at the

time of Chandragupta Vikramaditya (375413) of the Gupta
Empire.[13][14]
2.1.3 8th century to 16th century
around 3500 BC. It was, one of the ve prasthas or

`plains, which included Sonepat, Panipat, Tilpat (near
Faridabad), and Baghpat.[15] 16th-century, Persian historian, Firishta, recorded a tradition that Delhi or Dilli was
founded by a Raja Dhilu before the Yavana (Greek) invasions. However, it should be noted that the kings then
referred to the initial Muslim invaders as Yavanas.[15]
Hindu texts state that the city of Delhi used to be referred
to in Sanskrit as Hathinapur, which means elephantcity. The name Delhi may be derived from the word
'Dhillika', though there are other theories. According to
Satyarth Prakash (1874) of Swami Dayanand, Raja Dhilu
(King Dihlu) founded ancient Delhi in 800 BC, however
it is not supported by any older texts[16] It was the name
of the rst medieval township of Delhi, located on the
southwestern border of the present Delhi, in Mehrauli.
This was the rst in the series of seven medieval cities.
It is also known as Yoginipura, that is, the fortress of the
yoginis (female divinities). It gained importance during
the time of Ananga Pala Tomar. In the 12th century, the
city was included in the dominions of Prithviraj Chauhan.
Pasanaha Chariu of Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189-1230) an
Apabhramsha writer, provides the rst reference to the
The bastion of Lal Kot fort, Mehrauli, Delhi, built by Tomara,
legend of the origin of the name Dhilli for Delhi.[17]
a.k.a. Tanwar Rajput ruler, Anangpal in c. AD 736.
, |
, | The Tomar dynasty founded Lal Kot in 736. The
, Prithviraj Raso names the Tomar Anangpal as the founder
of Lal Kot, whose name is inscribed on Iron Pillar
|
25
tanate under the Slave Dynasty. The rst Sultan of Delhi,
Qutb-ud-din Aybak, was a former slave who rose through
the ranks to become a general, a governor and then Sultan of Delhi. Qutb-ud-din started the construction of
the Qutub Minar, a recognisable symbol of Delhi, to
commemorate his victory but died before its completion.
In the Qutb complex he also constructed the Quwwatal-Islam (might of Islam), which is the earliest extant
mosque in India. He was said to have destroyed twentyseven Jain temples initially housed in the Qutb complex
and pillaged exquisitely carved pillars and building material from their debris for this mosque, many of which
can still be seen.[20] After the end of the Slave dynasty,
a succession of Turkic Central Asian and Afghan dynasties, the Khilji dynasty, the Tughluq dynasty, the Sayyid
dynasty and the Lodi dynasty held power in the late medieval period and built a sequence of forts and townships
in Delhi.[21]
In 1398, Timur Lang invaded India on the pretext that

the Muslim sultans of Delhi were too tolerant of their
Hindu subjects. After defeating the armies of Nasiruddin Mahmud of Tughlaq dynasty, on 15 December 1398,
Timur entered Delhi on 18 December 1398, and the city
was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, and over 100,000
The Qutub Minar is the worlds tallest brick minaret at 72.5 mewar prisoners were killed as well.[22][23] In 1526, followtres, built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak of Turkic Slave dynasty in 1192. ing the First Battle of Panipat, Zahiruddin Babur, the former ruler of Fergana, defeated the last Afghan Lodi sultan
and founded the Mughal dynasty which ruled from Delhi,
of Delhi at Qutb complex, ascribed to Chandra or
Agra and Lahore.
[18]
Chandragupta II.
The Chauhan kings of Ajmer conquered Lal Kot in 1180
and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora.
Museum and remnants of the walls at Qila Rai Pithora, the

rst city of Delhi, founded during the 10th century by Prithviraj Chauhan
The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192

by the Muslim invader Muhammad Ghori. Anangpal
Tomar, who, according to historian Augustus Hoernle,
was a Rajput [19] ruler of Delhi, often described as the
founder of Delhi, built the citadel some 10 kilometres
from Suraj Kund around 731.
2.1.4 16th century to 19th century

In the mid-16th century there was an interruption in the
Mughal rule of India as Sher Shah Suri defeated Baburs
son Humayun and forced him to ee to Persia. Sher
Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi, as well as the
old fort known as Purana Qila, even though this city was
settled since the ancient era. After Sher Shah Suris
death in 1545, his son Islam Shah took the reins of
north India from Delhi. Islam Shah ruled from Delhi
till 1553 when Hindu king Hem Chandra Vikramaditya,
also called Hemu, became the Prime Minister and Chief
of Army of Adil Shah. Hem Chandra fought and won
22 battles in all against rebels and twice against Akbars
army in Agra and Delhi, without losing any. After defeating Akbars army on 7 October 1556 at Tughlakabad
fort area, Hemu acceded to Delhi throne and established
Hindu Raj in North India for a brief period, and was bestowed with the title 'Vikramaditya', at his coronation in
Purana Quila, Delhi.
The third and greatest Mughal emperor, Akbar, moved

the capital to Agra, resulting in a decline in the fortunes
of Delhi. In the mid-17th century, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (16281658) built the city that sometimes bears his name Shahjahanabad, the seventh city of
Delhi that is more commonly known as the old city or old
From 1206, Delhi became the capital of the Delhi Sul- Delhi. This city contains a number of signicant archi-
26
CHAPTER 2. HISTORY
Jama Masjid built by Shah Jahan, 1656
The India Gate commemorates the 90,000 Indian soldiers who

died in the Afghan Wars and World War I.
Hemu, Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, the Hindu emperor of North

India who resisted Mughals in the 16th century.
han transferred the capital back from Agra. Aurangzeb

(16581707) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in
1658 at the Shalimar garden ('Aizzabad-Bagh) with a second coronation in 1659. After 1680, the Mughal Empires inuence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha
Empire rose to prominence.[24]
In 1737, Maratha forces sacked Delhi, following their
victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi.
In 1739, the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of
Karnal in less than three hours against the numerically
outnumbered but military superior Persian army led by
Nader Shah of Persia during his invasion after which
he completely sacked and looted Delhi, the Mughal
capital, carrying away immense wealth including the
Peacock Throne, the Daria-i-Noor, and Koh-i-Noor. The
Mughals, severely further weakened, would never overcome this crushing defeat and humiliation which would
also let the way open for more invaders to come, including
eventually the British.[25][26][27] Nader eventually agreed
to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury.[28] A
treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the
Mughal throne at Delhi.[29] In January 1757, Abdali invaded Delhi. He returned to Afghanistan in April 1757
giving the control of Delhi to Najib-ud-Daula. However,
Marathas occupied Delhi after defeating Najib in a siege
of the city. In 1761, the Marathas lost Delhi as a consequence of the third battle of Panipat, the city was again
raided by Abdali.
In early 1771, ten years after the collapse of Maratha
supremacy in north India in the Third Battle of Panipat,
Marathas under Mahadji Shinde recaptured Delhi and restored the Mughal king Shah Alam II as a titular head to
the throne in 1772.
In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the

forces of British East India Company defeated the
tectural features, including the Red Fort (Lal Qila) and Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi, ending the Maratha
the Jama Masjid. The old city served as the capital of the rule over the city.[30] As a result, Delhi came under the
later Mughal Empire from 1638 onwards, when Shah Ja- control of British East India Company. Between 1836
27
and 1858, Delhi was a part of what then known as the settled in the late 1960s at EPDP Colony (EPDP: East
North-Western Provinces.
Pakistan Displaced Persons) in South Delhi, later named
Delhi passed into the direct control of British Govern- Chittaranjan Park in the 1980s.
ment in 1857 after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The city
received signicant damage during the 1857 siege. Af- 2.1.5 Further reading
terwards, the last titular Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah
Zafar II was exiled to Rangoon and the remaining Mughal
Hartcourt, A., Assistant Commissioner Delhi
territories were annexed as a part of British India.
(1873). The New guide to Delhi. Lahore, Victoria
Press.
Fanshawe, H. C. (1902). Delhi - Past and Present.
London, J. Murray.
Fraser, Lovat (1903). At Delhi (An account of the
Delhi Durbar, 1903). Bombay : Times of India
Press and Thacker.
Bardiar, Nilendra. Urban, Cultural, Economic and
Social Transformation: History of New Delhi 194765). New Delhi, Ruby Press & Co.
Hearn, Gordon Risley (1906). The Seven Cities of
Delhi. W. Thacker & Co., London.
2.1.6 See also

Agrasen ki Baoli
Delhi today
Gates of Delhi
Mehrauli Archaeological Park
2.1.7 References
[1]
[2] List of cities by time of continuous habitation#Central and
South Asia
[3]
[4]
[5] Singh, Upinder (2006). Delhi: Ancient History. Berghahn
Books. ISBN 9788187358299.
The Raj Ghat, where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated.
[6] Bosworth, Cliord Edmund (2007). Historic Cities of the
Islamic World. BRILL. ISBN 9789004153882.
Calcutta was declared the capital of British India but in

1911 at the Delhi Durbar of 1911, held at the Coronation [7] Pletcher, Kenneth. The Geography of India: Sacred and
Park, King George V announced the shifting of the capHistoric Places. 2010: The Rosen Publishing Group.
ital back to Delhi. Parts of the old city were New Delhi,
ISBN 9781615301423.
a monumental new quarter of the city designed by the
British architect Edwin Lutyens to house the government [8] New Delhi celebrates 100 years
buildings was inaugurated in 1931 after its construction [9] Seven Cities of Delhi
was delayed due to World War I.[31] New Delhi was ocially declared as the seat of the Government of India af- [10] Indraprastha did exist! The Mahabharata is a reality!British historian Michael Wood
ter independence in 1949. During the Partition of India
thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pun- [11] Indraprastha Village
jab migrated to Delhi, and subsequently settled in North
and West Delhi areas, while Hindus from East Pakistan, [12] Why Lodi Complex isn't counted as a distinct city?
28
CHAPTER 2. HISTORY
[13] Balasubramaniam, R. 2002

[14] Arnold Silcock; Maxwell Ayrton (2003). Wrought iron
and its decorative use: with 241 illustrations (reprint ed.).
Mineola, N.Y: Dover. p. 4. ISBN 0-486-42326-3.
[15] Gazetter, p. 233
[16] Satyarth Prakash-Swami Dayananda Saraswati.
[17] An Early Attestation of the Toponym hill, by Richard J.
Cohen, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1989,
p. 513-519
[18] Ghosh, A. (1991). Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology.
BRILL. p. 251. ISBN 90-04-09264-1.
[19] http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480820/
Prithviraja-III
[20] Jvd, Al. World Heritage Monuments and Related Edices in India. Pg.107. Google Books. Retrieved 200905-27.
[21] Battutas Travels: Delhi, capital of Muslim India
[22] The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The
Timurid Empire)
[23] Hunter, Sir William Wilson (1909). The Indian Empire:
Timurs invasion 1398. The Imperial Gazetteer of India
2. p. 366.
[24] Thomas, Amelia. Rajasthan, Delhi and Agra. Lonely
Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-690-8.
[25] Later Mughal. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
[26] Territories and States of India. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
[27] Iran in the Age of the Raj. Avalanchepress.com. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
[28] Soul and Structure of Governance in India. Retrieved 2
June 2014.
[29] Gordon, Stewart. The Marathas 16001818, Volume 2.
Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-52126883-7.
[30] Mayaram, Shail. Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of history.
Columbia University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-23112731-8.
[31] A brief but fascinating account of the Indian contractors
behind this constructed a Little Malice.
2.1.8
Bibliography
History of Delhi District. The Imperial Gazetteer

of India, Vol. 11. Oxford at Clarendon Press. 1909.
p. 225.
Kapoor, Pramod; Malvika Singh; Rudrangshu
Mukherjee (2009). New Delhi: Making of a Capital. Lustre Press. ISBN 978-81-7436-574-3.
Byron, Robert (1931). New Delhi. The Architectural Review, Westminster.
2.1.9 External links

Delhi (1938), a documentary by BFI archives
Scenes from Delhi (Silent lm, 18:16 - 23.27)".
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology
and Anthropology Films. c. 1930.
Land and Acquisition Act of 1894, under which the
new city of Delhi was acquired
The agreement of construction of new city of Delhi
with original signatures of Herbert Baker and Edwin
Luteyns
Chapter 3
Geography
3.1 Environment of Delhi
3.1.1 Water pollution

Yamuna river
See also: Yamuna Action Plan
The river Yamuna, the reason for Delhis existence, has
suered heavily from pollution. At its point of entry
into Delhi, at Wazirabad, its dissolved oxygen (DO) content is 7.5 milligrammes per litre. At its point of exit
from city limits, the DO level is only 1.3 mg/l. Similarly,
coliform counts jump from 8,500 per 100 ml at entry to
329,312/100ml at exit (for DO 5 mg/litre is the norm and
for coliforms 500/100ml).[11] In 2007, roughly half of all
the citys raw sewage went straight into the river. 55%
of the citys 15 million people are connected to the citys
sewer system and its treatment plants, but because of corrosion and clogging in the system many of the treatment
plants do not run at full capacity. Waste from 1,500 unplanned neighborhoods runs straight into the river.[12]
During the autumn and winter months, some 500 million tons
of crop residue are burnt, and winds blow from Indias north
and northwest towards east.[1][2][3] This aerial view shows Indias annual crop burning, resulting in smoke and air pollution
over Delhi and adjoining areas.
Environmental problems in Delhi, India, are a threat

to the well-being of the citys and areas inhabitants as
well as the ora and fauna. Delhi, the sixth-most populated metropolis in the world, is one of the most heavily polluted cities in India,[4] having for instance one of
the countrys highest volumes of particulate matter pollution.[5] In May 2014 the World Health Organisation
announced New Dehli as the most polluted city in the
world.[6]
The Supreme Court of India took up the issue in 1994 after reports in the press,[12] and since 2001 is actively monitoring the river and the citys eorts to clean it; in 2011,
the national government announced a Rs 1,357 crore
drain interceptor plan (all waste water is to be cleaned
before it reaches the river) that would clean up the river
by 2014.[13]
Overpopulation and the ensuing overuse of scarce resources such as water put heavy pressure on the environment. The city suers from air pollution caused by road
dust and industry,[7] with comparatively smaller contributions from unclean engines in transportation, especially
diesel-powered city buses and trucks, and 2-wheelers
and 3-wheelers with two-stroke engines.[8] Noise pollution comes mainly from motorcycle and automobile
trac.[9] Water pollution and a lack of solid waste treatment facilities have caused serious damage to the river
on whose banks Delhi grew, the Yamuna. Besides human and environmental damage, pollution has caused
economic damage as well; Delhi may have lost the competition to host the 2014 Asian Games because of its poor
environment.[10]
Water sources
Underground hydrological resources are a substantial supplemental source of water in Delhi, especially in the afuent sections of the city. In the residential plots called
farmhouses almost every household draws from this resource. Though water-storing rocks, i.e. aquifers, are
renewed as surface rain-water percolates down, they are
not inexhaustible. Delhis aquifers stand in danger of depletion on account of excessive use. Furthermore, rampant construction activity has contaminated them with
cement, paints, varnishes and other construction materials; leaky, poorly constructed and maintained sewage
lines have added to the contamination. This is an irremediable loss, as aquifers, once polluted, cannot be decon-
29
30
CHAPTER 3. GEOGRAPHY
taminated; they have no exposure to air and sunlight or to 3.1.4 Proposed solutions
micro-organisms which clear-up chemical or biological
The Delhi Development Authority (DDA) is charged
pollutants.[14]
with providing lung spaces. Of the citys 44777
Contributing further to underground water degradation
hectares, 8422 hectares are reserved for the Greens, of
are Delhis mushrooming landll sites. Waste material
which the DDA manages more than 5050 hectares.[20]
leeches underground, contaminating aquifers. Besides,
There is a policy for aorestation, atmospheric polland-ll sites degrade land. Delhi has twenty-ve landlution, bio-medical waste, domestic refuse, and water
[15]
ll sites, and more are planned.
and sewage treatment. Additionally, there are action
plans to encourage public participation in environmental
problems.[21]
Given the continued growth of the city and its population, problems are tackled only with dicultyfor instance, the Yamuna clean-up projects spent $500 million
There is signicant dispute over the extent of the citys between 1993 and 2005, yet the rivers pollution actually
[12]
green cover. City authorities claimed in 2008 that the doubled during this same period.
green cover had increased from 26 km2 to 300 km2 ;
moreover, the Delhi Forest Act stipulated that for every
felled tree ten saplings need to be planted. Critics point 3.1.5 References
out that the data as well as the meaning of green cover
Notes
are unclear. The actual increase may be only half of what
was claimed, and there are estimates that some 100,000
trees had been cut in Delhi, due in part to the construc- [1] Badarinath, K. V. S., Kumar Kharol, S., & Rani Sharma,
A. (2009), Long-range transport of aerosols from agrition of the Delhi Metro and the Delhi Bus Rapid Transit
culture crop residue burning in Indo-Gangetic Plains
System.[16]
a study using LIDAR, ground measurements and satel-
3.1.2
Loss of ora and fauna
lite data. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial

Physics, 71(1), 112-120
3.1.3
Air pollution
See also: Air pollution in India

Air pollution in Delhi is caused mainly by industry and
vehicular trac.[7] As many as 10,000 people a year may
die prematurely in Delhi as a result of air pollution.[17]
The 1997 White Paper sponsored by the Ministry of Environment and Forests already proposed various measures to bring down pollution caused by trac, including smoothing the ow of trac with parking regulations
and bringing down total trac by mandatory limits on
driving.[18] City authorities claim to have had some success in bringing down air pollution; for instance, during
the bidding process for the 2014 Asian Games, the citys
organizing committee had claimed that pollution levels
had come down drastically in Delhi with the arrival of
Metro rail as well as all public transport vehicle being run
compulsorily on CNG(Compressed Natural Gas).[10]
[2] Sharma, A. R., Kharol, S. K., Badarinath, K. V. S., &

Singh, D. (2010), Impact of agriculture crop residue burning on atmospheric aerosol loading--a study over Punjab
State, India. Annales Geophysicae, 28(2), pp 367-379
[3] Tina Adler, RESPIRATORY HEALTH: Measuring the
Health Eects of Crop Burning, Environ Health Perspect.
2010 November; 118(11), A475
[4] "Delhi most polluted among mega cities". The Hindu.
17 September 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
[5] Kanpur tops air pollution chart. Times of India. 19 January 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
[6] Madhok, Madhok (16 October, 2014). Here is why India
has no clue how bad its air pollution problem is. Quartz
India. Retrieved December 4, 2015. Check date values
in: |date= (help)
[7] Chauhan, Chetan (17 January 2011). Blame industry,
not cars, for pollution. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 19
January 2011.
[8] White Paper on Pollution in Delhi section 2.
For trac related sources, growth in vehicle numbers and

mileage seems to outpace eorts to reduce emissions. [9] White Paper on Pollution in Delhi section 7.
[19]
Contrary to popular belief, most of the air pollution [10] Pollution, trac may have cost Delhi the Asian Games.
in Delhi is not due to vehicular trac. Main contribuTimes of India. 18 April 2007. Retrieved 19 January
2011.
tors to particulate matter in the PM10 range, as a recent
study shows, are road dust (50%) and industry (23%)-[11] White Paper on Pollution in Delhi section 4.1.
vehicles accounted for only 7%. Among industrial contributors, power plants within Delhi city limits were the [12] Pepper, Daniel (4 June 2007). Indias rivers are drowning
in pollution. CNN. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
main culprits.[7]
3.2. CLIMATE OF DELHI
[13] Yamuna pollution to be checked by 2014: Delhi govt.

Times of India. 18 January 2011. Retrieved 19 January
2011.
31
season continues till late October, with average temperatures sliding from 29 C (85 F) to 21 C (71 F).
Winter starts in November and peaks in January,

with average temperatures around 1213 C (5455
F).Although winters are generally mild, Delhis proximity to the Himalayas results in cold waves leading to
lower apparent temperature due to wind chill. Delhi is
[16] Koshy, Jacob P. (26 November 2008). Cong claim on notorious for its heavy fogs during the winter season. In
green cover in Delhi looks highly inated. Livemint. Re- December, reduced visibility leads to disruption of road,
air and rail trac.[3] They end in early February, and are
trieved 19 January 2011.
followed by a short spring until the onset of the summer.
[14] C J Barrow, Environment Management and Development,
London: Routledge, 2005. ISBN 0-415-28083-4
[17] Faiz, A.; P.J. Sturm. New Directions: Air Pollution and
Road Trac in Developing Countries. In Jill Austin, Peter Brimblecombe, William Sturges. Air pollution science
for the 21st century. Elsevier. pp. 24144. ISBN 978-008-044119-1.
[19] R. Kumari, A.K. Attri, L. Int Panis, B.R. Gurjar (April

2013). Emission estimates of Particulate Matter and
Heavy Metals from Mobile sources in Delhi (India)". J.
Environ. Science & Engg. 55 (2): 127142.
[20] Environment. Delhi Development Authority. Retrieved
19 January 2011.
Extreme temperatures have ranged from 2.2 C to 48.4

C.[4]
3.2.1 Overview of Seasonal Distribution

Summer: April, May, June; Hot to very hot; Very
low to moderate humidity; Low precipitation
Monsoon (Rainy): July, August, September; Hot,
Pleasant during rains; High to very high humidity;
Heavy precipitation
Autumn: October, November; Warm days, Cool

nights, Pleasant; Low humidity; Low precipitation
Bibliography
Winter: December, January; Cool to Cold; Moderate humidity; Low precipitation
White Paper on Pollution in Delhi with an Action

Plan. Ministry of Environment and Forests, New
Delhi. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
3.2 Climate of Delhi

The climate of Delhi is monsoon-inuenced humid subtropical (Kppen climate classication Cwa) bordering
semi-arid, with high variation between summer and winter temperatures and precipitation. Delhis version of
a humid subtropical climate is markedly dierent from
many other humid subtropical cities such as Sao Paulo,
Tokyo and Brisbane in that the city features dust storms
(something more commonly seen in a desert climate), has
relatively dry winters and has a prolonged spell of very
hot weather, causing it to be also classied as semi-arid
region.[1]
Summers start in early April and peak in May, with average temperatures near 32 C (90 F), although occasional heat waves can result in highs close to 45 C (114
F) on some days and therefore higher apparent temperature. The monsoon starts in late June and lasts until
mid-September, with about 797.3 mm (31.5 inches)[2]
of rain. The average temperatures are around 29 C (85
F), although they can vary from around 25 C (78 F) on
rainy days to 32 C (90 F) during dry spells. The monsoons recede in late September, and the post-monsoon
Spring: February, March; Warm days, Cool nights,

Pleasant; Low to moderate humidity; Moderate precipitation
3.2.2 Seasons
Delhi lies in the landlocked Northern Plains of the Indian
Subcontinent. Its climate is greatly inuenced by its proximity to the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, causing it
to experience both weather extremes. Delhi has 5 distinct seasons, viz. Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winter and
Spring.[5] Broadly speaking, Delhi has long and scorching summers- sub-divided into summer and monsoon seasons, short and cold winters, and two bouts of pleasant
transition seasons. Two important occurrences inuencing Delhis climate are Western Disturbance and SouthWest Winds.
Summer
Summer begins in early April and continues till the end
of June, with the heat peaking in May. It is characterized
by extreme heat due to nearly overhead sun, low humidity, very hot winds and at times thunderstorms. Delhis
proximity to the Thar Desert results in hot, dry continental winds, called loo, at times blowing all across from
the West Asian mainland, making the days feel hotter.
These winds, blowing over from vast land stretches, are
32
very hot and dry. Since the Western Disturbance depression moves eastward (and is the reason for cyclonic occurrences in Eastern Coastal areas) by this time of the
year, there is no moisture-laden wind to increase humidity. The air therefore remains dry or very dry during
day. For most of its summer season, Delhi has a semiarid climate.[1] Coming from Spring, the city witnesses
a spurt in day temperature around early April, whereas
nights still remain pleasant. By the latter part of April
or during early May, maximum temperatures exceed 40
C while the ambience remains very dry. Night temperatures cross the 20 C mark towards the latter part of April.
May is Delhis hottest month during which temperatures
may reach 45 C or higher.[6] This month is characterized by frequent thunderstorms.[7] Dust storms are another feature of Delhis summer,[8][9] but can be severe
and destructive when accompanied by strong winds.[10]
These are caused due to ne dust brought along by the
hot winds arriving from the desert. They make the surroundings appear pale yellow, bring temperatures slightly
down and are usually followed by thunderstorms. Post
mid-June, temperatures start falling slowly, while humidity shows a gradual rise. A visual characteristic of
summer in Delhi is the summer bloom, particularly the
blooming Bougainvillea, Amaltas, Gulmohar, Shireesh
and Jacaranda trees, which look spectacular when fully
owering during peak summer in May.[11]
Monsoon
Monsoon winds arrive in Delhi by either the end of June
or the rst week of July.[5] The arrival of moisture laden
South-Western winds, traveling from the Arabian Sea
marks the onset of Rainy season in Delhi. This season is marked by high levels of humidity and high heat.
Day temperatures drop below 40 C as humidity suddenly
soars.[12] July is marked by high heat and relatively less
precipitation. This transition from scorching to sweltering heat between June and July makes the latter feel very
uncomfortable. August is Delhis wettest month. The
heat is considerably reduced and it is relatively cooler
for most part of the month. There is dense cloud formation in the sky and at least a week of distinct, very
heavy rainfall.[13] By September, the amount and frequency of precipitation drops, though humidity remains
high.[14] Towards the end of September, moisture content in the air begins to fall and monsoon ends by early
October.
Autumn
The end of monsoon marks the arrival of a transition
season. Autumn arrives by early or mid October, and
is marked by very dry ambiance, warm days and pleasant nights. Maximum temperatures drop below 30 C by
late October and there is a gradual fall in average temperature. Minimum temperature drops below 20 C.[15]
CHAPTER 3. GEOGRAPHY
During Autumn, the wind direction begins changing from
South-Westerly to North-Westerly. Around late autumn/
early winter, the variation between morning and afternoon temperatures in a day becomes considerable, and
can often be more than 20 C, with minimum dropping
to under 10 C and maximum still hovering slightly under
30 C. This season ends by early December.
Winter
Winter arrives in Delhi in late November or early December. Minimum temperatures gradually enter single
digits by this time of the year, while days are pleasant.
Though usually not cold initially, December suddenly becomes cold in the latter half, as chilly north-western winds
from the Himalayas begin sweeping the Northern Plains.
These cold waves are caused by a depression created by
Western Disturbance, which bring cloud cover and occasional winter rains to the Plains, and add to snowfall in the
North-Western Indian Subcontinent. By early January,
when winter peaks in Delhi, the minimum temperatures
plunge to the vicinity of 0 C,[16] though very rarely entering the negative scale. Maximum temperatures, too
may drop down into single digits[17] and always stay under 20 C. When the minimum temperature ventures very
close to the 0 C mark, Delhi witnesses frost.[18] Snow is a
practical impossibility for Delhi (and the rest of Northern
Plains) due to very dry nature of its winter which is caused
because of some Siberian Anticyclone- like phenomenon.
Delhis winter is marked by very dense fog, which dramatically reduces visibility[19] and makes days colder by
cutting o sunlight. In the opposite scenario, very cold
north-westerly winds from upper reaches of Himalayas
blowing across the city makes the days feel colder, despite any sunshine and the nights very cold.[20] Post midJanuary, average temperatures begin to rise very gradually, though the rise is almost contained by the cold
north-western winds which result due to very heavy snowfall that occurs in the Himalayas during this part of the
month.[21] It may rain towards the end of January and the
precipitation is usually accompanied by hail,[22] resulting
in slight increase in minimum temperatures due to cloud
cover. Maximum temperatures again cross 20 C and
days become pleasant. By mid-February or somewhat
beyond, minimum temperature crosses the 10 C mark
and days start getting warmer gradually, marking the end
of winter. Delhi can sometimes have prolonged season of
chill, extending into March; like it had last happened in
2012, when there was chill during March[23] and Springlike conditions were prevailing during the summer month
of April.[24]
Spring
Around the middle of February, Delhis climate sees another transition, this time from Winter to Summer. The
transition weather is known as Spring and is character-
3.2. CLIMATE OF DELHI

ized by warm days, cool nights, dry ambiance and lively
natural surroundings.[25] It is pleasant all time and there
is brilliant sunshine during the day. February rains[26] are
a characteristic of this season. These rains may be accompanied by hail and can be heavy. Average temperatures show a slow, gradual rise as the wind direction shift
from North-West to South-West, thereby getting warmer.
Around late spring/ early summer, the variation between
morning and afternoon temperatures in a day becomes
considerable, and can often be more than 20 C, with
maximum rising to mid 30s C and minimum in the mid
10s C. Spring ends by the latter half of March and the
day temperatures exceed 30 C by then,[27] marking the
onset of the next summer!
33
[6] Weather in May in Delhi.

[7] NDTV news on Delhis thunderstorm.
[8] A news mentioning Dust Storm in Delhi.
[9] The Tribunes news featuring Delhis Dust Storm.
[10] Strong dust storm in Delhi on May 30, 2014.
[11] Amaltas bloom in Delhi during May.
[12] Weather in July in Delhi.
[13] Weather in August in Delhi.
[14] Weather in September in Delhi.
[15] Weather in Delhi in November.
3.2.3
Climate Data
[16] Delhi shivers at 1.9 degrees Celsius. The Hindu (Chennai, India). 2013-01-07.
Temperature records for Delhi exist for a period of a lit[17]

tle over 100 years. The lowest ever temperature reading
during this period is 2.2 C, recorded on January 11, [18] When Delhi woke up to 'snow' - The Times of India.
The Times Of India. 2006-01-09.
1967 at Met Delhi Palam. And, the highest ever temperature reading during the same period is 48.4 C recorded
[19] An instance of dense fog in Delhi.
on May 26, 1998, again at Met Delhi Palam.[4][28]
[20] Cold wave forces schools shut in Delhi.
3.2.4
Weather monitoring stations
[21] Cold wave, slight rise in temperature on January 20,

2011.
Delhi has two weathering monitoring stations, one at Saf- [22] Hailstorm in Delhi.
darjung inside the main city and other at Palam on its outskirts near the Airport. The readings at Safdarjung sta- [23] Cool March weather surprises Delhi. The Hindu (Chennai, India). 2012-03-10.
tion are taken as those for the city, whereas the readings
at Palam station are taken as those for the Airport.
[24] Coldest April in 30 years.
3.2.5
Day-length variation
[25] Weather in Delhi in February.

[26] 2013 had heaviest February rains in 70 years.
Located at 283636N latitude, Delhi lies in the temper- [27] Weather in Delhi in March.
ate region, a few latitudes north of the Tropic of Cancer.
As such the rotation of earth has its eect on the citys [28] Extremes for Delhi (PDF). Indian Meteorological Department. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
day-length, which shortens during winters and lengthens
during summers. Between the two solstices, Delhis day[29] New Delhi (SFD) 1971-1990. National Oceanic and
length changes by about 4 hours, oset by some 2 hours
Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
[32][33]
each at sunrise and sunset.
3.2.6
References
[1] Delhi Climate. Weather Spark.

[2] Climatological Table. Indian Meteorological Department. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
[3] Fog continues to disrupt ights, trains. Chennai, India:
The Hindu. 2006-01-07. Retrieved 2006-05-16.
[4] Ever Recorded Highest Maximum Temperature, Lowest
Minimum Temperature and 24 Hours Heaviest Rainfall
up to 2010 (PDF). Indian Met Department, Pune.
[5]
[30] Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up

to 2010 (PDF). Indian Meteorological Department. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
[31] Delhi Climatological Table 19562000 (PDF). Indian
Meteorological Department. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
[32] Delhi Day length around Summer Solstice. timeanddate.com.
[33] Delhi Day length around Winter Solstice. timeanddate.com.
Chapter 4
Transport
4.1 Transport in Delhi
million) man-hours every month while commuting between home and oce through public transport, due to
the trac congestion.[3] Therefore serious eorts, including a number of transport infrastructure projects, are under way to encourage usage of public transport in the
city.[4]
4.1.1 History
DTC New TATA Non AC buses
Prior to independence in the 1930s, public transport in

the city was in private hands, with people relying mainly
on tongas and the bus service of the Gwalior Transport
Company and Northern India Transport Company.[5]
But with the growing city, it soon proved inadequate, thus
Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) bus system was established in May 1948. The next big leap in city transport
was the opening of Delhi Metro, a rapid transit system in
2002.
4.1.2 Overview
Public transport in the metropolis includes the Delhi
Metro, the Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) bus
system, auto-rickshaws, cycle-rickshaws, e-rickshaws,
Grameen Seva and taxis. With the introduction of Delhi
Metro, a rail-based mass rapid transit system, rail-based
transit systems have gained ground. Other means of transit include suburban railways, inter-state bus services and
private taxis which can be rented for various purposes.
However, buses continue to be the most popular means
of transportation for intra-city travel, catering to about
60% of the total commuting requirements.[6]
DTC TATA AC Buses
Private vehicles account for 30% of the total demand for

Delhi has signicant reliance on its transport infrastruc- transport, while the rest of the demand is met largely by
ture. The city has developed a highly ecient pub- auto-rickshaws, taxis, rapid transit system and railways.
lic transport system with the introduction of the Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI) serves Delhi for
Metro,[1] which is undergoing a rapid modernization and both domestic and international air connections, and is
expansion.[2] There are 16.6 million registered vehicles situated in the south-western corner of the city. In 2009in the city as of 30 June2014, which is the highest in the 2010, IGI recorded a trac of more than 25.01[7] million
world among all cities most of which do not follow any passengers, both Domestic and International.[8] Heavy air
pollution emission norm (within municipal limits), while trac has emphasised the need for a secondary airport,
the Delhi metropolitan region (NCR Delhi) has 11.2 mil- which is expected to be Taj International Airport near
lion vehicles. Delhi and NCR lose nearly 42 crore (420 Greater Noida, alongside the Delhi-Agra highway.
34
4.1. TRANSPORT IN DELHI
35
The Delhi government is planning to have 413 km of ral Gas (CNG)-fueled buses in the world, private Bluemetro, 292 km of BRT, and 50 km each of monorail and line bus operators and several chartered bus operators.
light rail by 2020.[9]
It is mandatory for all private bus operators to acquire a
Currently, the only international rail service to Delhi is permit from the State Transport Authority. The buses
the Samjhauta Express to Lahore, while it is possible to traverse various well-dened intra-city routes. Other
change trains to board rail services to Bangladesh and than regular routes, buses also travel on Railway Special
Nepal which commence in other cities of India. For routes; Metro Feeder routes. Mudrika (Ring) and Bahri
the future, a high-speed rail link is being considered Mudrika (Outer Ring) routes along Ring and Outer-Ring
road respectively are amongst the longest intra-city bus
that would link New Delhi with Kunming, China via
routes in the world.With the introduction of Bus Rapid
[10]
Myanmar
Transit (BRT) and the development of dedicated corridors for the service, bus service is set to improve. The
DTC has started introducing air-conditioned buses and
4.1.3 Intra-city Transport
brand new low-oor buses (with oor height of 400 mm
and even higher on one third area as against 230 mm
Road transport
available internationally.) on city streets to replace the
conventional buses. A revamp plan is underway to imTransportation is dependent upon roads and railways, inprove bus-shelters in the city and to integrate GPS syscluding rapid transit systems like Delhi Metro. Roads
tems in DTC buses and bus stops so as to provide reliable
in Delhi are maintained by Municipal Corporation of
information about bus arrivals. In 2007, after public upDelhi (MCD), New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC),
roar concerning the large number of accidents caused by
Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB), Public Works Departprivately owned Blueline buses, the Delhi government,
ment (PWD) and Delhi Development Authority (DDA).
under pressure from the Delhi High Court decided that
At 1749 km of road length per 100 km, Delhi has one
all Blueline Buses shall be phased out and be eventually
of the highest road densities in India. Major roadways inreplaced by low oor buses of the state-owned DTC.[13]
clude the Ring Road and the Outer Ring Road, which had
The Delhi Government has decided to expedite this proa trac density of 110,000 vehicles per day in 2001. Tocess and will procure 6,600 low oor buses for the DTC
tal road length of Delhi was 28,508 km including 388 km
by commonwealth games next year.[14] At present (which
of National Highways. Major road-based public transyear ?), the eet size of buses in Delhi is as follows:
port facilities in Delhi are provided by DTC buses, autorickshaws, taxis and cycle-rickshaws.
DTC-5000
Buses Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) operates
the worlds largest eet of CNG-powered buses. After
Pune, Delhi was the second city in India to have an operational Bus rapid transit (BRT) system.[11]
DIMTS-1157
METRO FEEDER-117
TOTAL - 6274
Auto-rickshaws The auto-rickshaws (popularly known
as Auto) are an important and popular means of public
transportation in Delhi, as they are cheaper than taxis.
Hiring an Auto in Delhi is very tricky, as very few autodrivers agree to standard meter charges. The typical
method is to haggle for an agreeable rate.
Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System
Taxis Though easily available, taxis are not an integral

part of Delhi public transport. The Indian Tourism Ministry and various private owners operate most taxis. The
Tourism Ministry grants private companies permits to operate taxis. Recently, Radio Taxis have started to gain
ground in Delhi. Some companies provide an on-call radio taxi service, which is slightly more expensive than
conventional Black and Yellow taxis.
Delhi has one of Indias largest bus transport systems.

Buses are the most popular means of transport catering
to about 60% of Delhis total demand.[12] Buses are op- Cycle-rickshaws Cycle-rickshaws are a popular mode
erated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation of travel for short distance transits in the city. The pedal(DTC), which owns largest eet of Compressed Natu- powered rickshaws are easily available throughout the city
36
CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORT
The 32 lane toll gate at National Highway 8 is the largest in Asia

and third largest in the world
Radio taxi powered by CNG
Expressway also connects both cities with the airport.
Radio Taxi near airport
and reckoned for being cheap and environment friendly.

Often, tourists and citizens use them for joyrides, too. Of
late, they have been phased out from the congested areas
of Chandni Chowk because of their slow pace, which often leads to trac snarls on the streets of Old Delhi. Still,
The DND Flyway
they are the great source of public transport in Delhi.
Major Arteries Main article: Highways passing from
Owing to more than 2 dozen grade-separators/yovers,
Delhi
the road is almost signal-free. The road is generally 8laned with a few bottlenecks at certain stretches, which
are being removed. The road has already achieved its
Inner Ring Road Inner Ring Road is one of the most carrying capacity of 110000 vehicles per day and would
important state highways in Delhi. It is a 51 km long require an addition of more lanes to fulll needs of incircular road, which connects important areas in Delhi. creasing trac by 2011.
37
Outer Ring Road Outer Ring Road is another major

artery in Delhi. The road which was almost neglected till
the early 2000s is now an important highway that links
far-ung areas of Delhi. The road is 6-8 lane and has
grade-separators and a large number are under construction as a part of project to make the artery signal free.
The road along with the ring road forms a ring which intersects all the National Highways passing through Delhi.
Expressways and highways Delhi is connected by NH
1, 2, 8, and 24. It also has three expressways (six- and
eight-lane) that connect it with its suburbs. Four more Delhi Metro - Phase 2 Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Picture
expressways are also planned and are supposed to be Gallery
nished by 2010. Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway connects
Delhi with one of its nancial hubs, Gurgaon. DND Flyway connects Delhi with its other nancial hub, Noida.
Panipat
Saharanpur
Narela
Metro
Adarsh Nagar
Rithala
Metro
Jahangirpuri
Naya Azadpur
Azadpur
Rohini West
Noida-Greater Noida Highway connects Noida with

Greater Noida, which is an upcoming nancial and commercial hub and is also to have a new international airport.
The construction work for 135.6-km long Delhi Western Peripheral Expressway, also known as the KundliManesar-Palwal Expressway(KMP), is going on at full
swing.[1] KundliManesarPalwal (KMP) expressway
Delhi Metro Rail Network
expected to become operational by June 2009, Delhi will
be relieved of the congestion of heavy night trac. It
will act as a bypass for the night vehicles. Ghazibad Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway is a bypass corridor for
trac coming from South West and going towards East.
It is currently under construction. Faridabad Road is a Delhi Metro network, as planned for 2010
four-lane highway road which connects Faridabad, major
suburb to Delhi. Upgrades to expressway are underway.
city faces acute transport management problems leading
Ghaziabad Road is a four-lane highway road which con- to air pollution, congestion and resultant loss of producnects Ghaziabad to Delhi. As the Commonwealth Village tivity. In order to meet the transportation demand in
is located close by Yamuna bridge on this highway, under- Delhi, the State and Union government started the conpasses and yover being built will help facilitate trac struction of a Mass Rapid Transit system, known as Delhi
between the eastern areas of Delhi/Western UP and the Metro in 1998. The project started commercial operarest of the city. If the underpass, yovers, and bridges tions on December 24, 2002. It has set performance and
are constructed in time, they might be extended to Ghazi- eciency standards and is continuously expanding. As
abad.
of 2010, the metro operates 5 lines with a total length of
190 km[15] and 132 stations while several other lines are
under construction.
Rail transport
Description of three Delhi Metro lines that currently opRail based transport in the city has started to gain pop- erate as of April, 2014:
ularity with the introduction of Delhi Metro. Ring- Phases III (112 km) and IV (108.5 km) will be comRailway, which runs parallel to the Ring-Road system is pleted by 2015 and 2020 respectively, with the network
another rail-based intra-city transport facility in Delhi.
totalling 413.8 km, making it longer than the London UnModel Town
Rohini East
Azadpur
Pitam Pura
GTB Nagar
Kohat Enclave
Vishwa
Vidyalaya
Netaji Subhas
Place
Mundka
Rohtak
Rajdhani
Park
Metro
Nangloi
Mundka
Surajmal
Stadium
Subhas
Nagar
Shastri
Nagar
Tagore
Garden
Inder Lok
Ashok
Park
Shivaji
Park
Paschim
Vihar East
Peera
Garhi
Kanhaiya Nagar
Punjabi
Bagh
Madi
Pur
Paschim
Vihar West
Udyog
Nagar
Nangloi
Nangloi
Station
Vidhan
Sabha
Keshav Puram
Ramesh
Nagar
Subzi
Mandi
Pratap
Nagar
Kishanganj
Dayabasti
Satguru Ramsingh Marg
Sadar Bazar
Patel Nagar
Karol
Patel Nagar
Bagh
Jhandewalan
Kirti
Nagar
Shadipur
Moti
Nagar
Rajouri
Garden
Rajendra
Place
Naraina Vihar
Janak Puri West
Dwarka Sector 14
Brar Square
Dwarka Sector 11
Chanakyapuri Jor Bagh
Dwarka Sector 8
Sewa
Nagar
Safdarjung Sarojini
Nagar
INA
Dwarka Sector 21
As of 29th June 2014
Metro Rail
Red Line
Yellow Line
Blue Line
Green Line
Violet Line
Suburban EMU Service
Delhi Ring Railway

Indian Railways
Airport Express
Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon
Metro Main article: Delhi Metro

Route Map Delhi Metro Rail http://www.delhimetrorail.
com/commuters/route_map.html
Rapid increase of population coupled with large-scale immigration due to high economic growth has resulted in
ever increasing demand for better transport, putting excessive pressure on the citys existent transport infrastructure. Like many other cities in the developing world, the
Metro HUDA City IFFCO
Chowk
Metro
Noida City Centre
Golf Course
Okhla
Kailash Colony
Green Park
Nehru Place
Hauz Khas
Kalkaji
Okhla
Jasola
Sarita Vihar
Mohan Estate
Tuglakabad
Saket
Phase 3
Belvedere
Towers Phase 2
Noida Sector 18
Botanical Garden
Malviya Nagar
Cyber City
Centre
Noida Sector 16
Sarvpriya Vihar
Moulsari Avenue
Rewari
Lajpat
Nagar
Moolchand
Interchange station
Gurgaon
Mayur Vihar Extension
Noida Sector 15
Hazrat
Nizamuddin
Lajpat Nagar
AIIMS
Metro Airport
JL Nehru
Stadium
Aerocity
Lodhi
Colony
New Ashok Nagar
un
Indira Gandhi
Airport
Mayur Vihar
Indraprastha
Lodhi
Colony
m
Ya
Dwarka Sector 9
Akshardham
Yamuna
Bank
er
Palam
Dwarka Sector 10
Ghaziabad
Metro
Vaishali
Laxmi
Nagar
Tilak
Bridge
Riv
Sardar Patel Marg

Dhaula
Kuan
Barakhamba
Road
Mandi
House
Khan Pragati
Market Maidan
Race Course
Dwarka Sector 13
Dwarka Sector 12
Janpath
Udyog
Bhawan
Sahibabad
Kaushambi
Anand Vihar
Nirman
Vihar
Central
Secretariat
Inderpuri
Delhi Cantonment
Metro
Preet Vihar
Shivaji
Bridge
Patel
Chowk
Nawada
Karkardooma
New Delhi
Rajiv
Chowk
Shivaji
Stadium
Uttam Nagar East
Dwarka
Dilshad
Garden
Jhilmil
Delhi
Shahdara
Chawri
Bazaar
RK Ashram Marg
Uttam Nagar West
Dwarka Mor
GTB
Hospital
Welcome
Seelampur
Chandni
Chowk
Tilak Nagar
Janak Puri East
Shastri
Park
Kashmere
Delhi Gate
Pul
Bangash
Sarai
Rohilla
Civil
Lines
Tis
Hazari
MG
Road
Tuglakabad
Badarpur
Qutab Minar
Chhatarpur
Sikandarpur Rapid Metro
Sikandarpur Guru
Arjan Garh
Dronacharya
Ghitorni
Faridabad
Mathura
derground. With further development of the city, the network will be further expanded by adding new lines, thus
crossing 500 km by 2020.
Ring Railway See also: Delhi Suburban Railway
Ring railway is a circular rail network in Delhi, which
runs parallel to the Ring Road and was conceived during the Asian Games of 1982.[23] The major reasons for
failure of this system are a lack of proper connectivity
38
Anand Vihar ISBT in Trans-Yamuna area
Sarai Kale Khan ISBT in South Delhi
Airports
Delhi Suburban Railway trains
Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI) serves Delhi for

both domestic and international connections, and is situated in the southwestern corner of the city, alongside
Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway. In the year 2006-2007, IGI
recorded a trac of 20.44 million passengers. It is currently the busiest airport in South Asia.[24] It operates two
terminals Terminal 1 for domestic and Terminal 2 for
international air travel.
The airport is witnessing massive expansion and modernisation by a consortium led by GMR. The new terminal T3
and less population density in the areas it reaches. The was inaugurated in 2010 and Delhi is today Indias only
network is now utilized as a freight corridor and limited city to have an airport of this size. Terminals 4, 5 and 6
passenger train services are available during peak hours. will be built in a phased manner. By 2024, airport will
have four runways and will handle more than 100 million
passengers per year, which is more than what Atlanta air4.1.4 Inter-state transport
port (worlds busiest airport) handles now.[25]
Apart from the expanded IGI airport, Delhi might also
receive a second airport by 2012-2013. The airport, beDelhi is connected to whole of the nation through Indian ing named as Taj International Aviation Hub, is proposed
Railways vast network. New Delhi Railway Station which to be located in Jewar in Greater Noida. It would be 75
is one of the most busiest stations in Indian Railway sys- km from IGI airport.
tem serves as headquarters of Northern Railways. A large
load of inter-state transport is borne by railways. Major
4.1.5 Future projects
railway stations in the city include New Delhi Railway
Station, Old Delhi Railway Station, Hazrat Nizamuddin
There are many transport infrastructure projects underRailway Station, Sarai Rohilla and Anand Vihar Railway
way in Delhi. Most have their deadlines set in late 2009
Terminal. A large number of local passenger trains conand early 2010, just before the 2010 Commonwealth
nect Delhi to its sub-urban areas and thus provide conveGames. They are listed below nient travel for daily commuters. Railways also share a
large amount of freight trac in Delhi.
Rail
Railway connectivity
Road
Highways Main article: Highways passing from Delhi
The city is believed to have the highest road density in the
country and is well connected to rest of the nation through
ve major national highways, namely NH 1, NH 2, NH 8,
NH 10 and NH 24. The highways around city are being
upgraded into expressways with ultra-modern facilities.
Bus services Regular bus services are available from
inter-state bus terminals in the city. The services are extended to all the northern states and the neighbouring areas of Delhi. Services are provided by state transport corporations and several private operators. The inter-state
terminals in city are:
Kashmiri Gate ISBT in Northern Delhi
Upgrading of New Delhi and Old Delhi railway stations of Northern Railways.
Expansion of existing Delhi Metro network, including a super-fast Delhi Airport Express Line having
maximum speed of 135 km/h line to connect to IGI
Airport.
Introduction of Monorail (45 km) and Light Rail
Transit has been aborted till 2010.
Reintroducing Trams in the Chandni Chowk and
Red Fort areas of the city.[26][27]
Anand Vihar Railway Terminal (about to be completed) to reduce the train loads over Old Delhi
Station and New Delhi Railway Station. Besides
that the station will also serve the densely populated
Eastern part of Delhi, along with the neighbouring
suburbs of Ghaziabad and Noida.
39
A high-speed rail link that would link New Delhi

with Kunming, China via Myanmar[10]
Road
Two upcoming bridges over Yamuna will connect Faridabad to Noida and Greater Noida. One
of the bridges would connect Faridabad-NoidaGhaziabad (FNG) expressway from Noidas Sector 150 to National Highway 2 in Faridabad. The
other bridge is proposed to link Noidas Sector
168 with Faridabads Badoli village (Near Bypass
Road)[28] Government has already approved construction of the road connecting Faridabad and
Greater Noida that will improve the connectivity
with clearances received from both Haryana and
Uttar Pradesh Governments[29] The much-awaited
FNG (Faridabad-Noida-Ghaziabad Expressway) is
nally coming on track and will provide fast connectivity to daily commuters of the area once complete;
apart from this, it is also emerging as an excellent
stretch for real estate development. FNG Expressway is around 56 km long with 19.9 km in NoidaGreater Noida region, 8 km in Ghaziabad, while
the rest 28.1 km is in the Faridabad region, especially the developing sectors of Neharpar Faridabad
or Greater Faridabad. According to the plan, FNG
from Noida side will become operational in the next
14 months while it would take three years for the
whole stretch to become fully operational[30] The
completed expressway designed by IIT-Roorkee will
oer commuters direct connectivity between Noida
and Greater Faridabad and put an end to massive
trac jams[31]
ahead after Lieutenant-Governor Najeeb Jung gave

the approval to the project.
Air
Revamp of IGI Airport is underway to improve its
infrastructure, passenger capacity and eciency.
A secondary airport is in planning stages and was
to come up in Greater Noida, the project has been
shelved as of now.
4.1.6 Delhi Trac

helpline
Police
transport
Owing to a large amount of complaints from consumers,

the Delhi Government in association with Delhi Trafc Police runs a manned transport helpline which can
be reached at 011-23010101 while dialing from within
the city. Citizens can make trac related complaints
and suggestions. One can also report trac violations
observed and misbehavior/refusal/overcharging by autorickshaws, buses and taxis.[33]
4.1.7 References and notes

[1] Delhi Metro among worlds top mass transit systems.
[2] Expansion to Gurgaon, Noida & Faridabad planned. International Railway Journal. 2006-02-01.
[3] Trac snarl snaps 42 Cr man-hour from Delhi, NCR
workers
[4] http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/
Delhi-roads-Indias-most-dangerous/articleshow/
Kalindi Kunj Bypass Project has been approved
37107932.cms
which will connect DND Flyway at Maharani Bagh,
Delhi to Faridabad Bypass Road near Badarpur Bor[5] Capital story: Managing a New Delhi. Hindustan
der. According to PWD ocials, the bypass will
Times. September 1, 2011.
connect the DND Flyway, cutting across the Agra
Canal along the Yamuna, which runs perpendicu- [6] Delhi Transport (PDF). Delhi Govt. Retrieved 200605-14.
lar to Sarita Vihar and ends near Badarpur border, which further connects to Faridabad. Com[7] http://www.newdelhiairport.in/fact-sheet.aspx
muters heading from east Delhi, South Delhi and
Noida to Faridabad will be able to avoid the road [8] Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI Airto Ashram Chowk completely and that will help
port) information. Essential Travel Ltd., UK. Retrieved
2006-04-29.
decongest the area for local users. The estimated
cost of the project is Rupees 200 Crores and will
be competed in two phases. In the rst phase the [9] Cant miss the bus
stretch from Maharani Bagh (at DND Flyway) to [10] Railway eyes rail link to China. The Times Of India.
Kalindi Kunj will be completed. In the second phase
2011-03-10.
the stretch from Kalindi Kunj to Faridabad will see
completion[32] The bypass will dramatically reduce [11] news.outlookindia.com. Outlookindia.com. Retrieved
2011-02-17.
travel time between Delhi and Faridabad as it will
serve as an alternative to Mathura Road. Unied [12] Chapter 12: Transport (PDF). Economic Survey of
Trac and Transportation Infrastructure (Planning
and Engineering) Centre (UTTIPEC) gave the PubNational Capital Territory of Delhi. pp. 130146. Relic Works Department (PWD) its consent to move
trieved 2006-12-21.
40
[13] Delhi to phase out Blueline buses

[14] Blueline buses to fade out soon. The Times Of India.
2009-12-10.
[15] List of Metro systems in world. Mic-ro.com. Retrieved
2011-02-17.
4.1.8 See also

Transport in India
Bus rapid transit (BRT)
Clean development mechanism
[16] Anubhuti Vishnoi (2005-06-09). Catch the yellow line to

CP, red to Rohini, blue to Dwarka. The Indian Express.
Retrieved 2010-03-25.
Delhi Metro
[17] Metro Station Information. DMRC. Retrieved 200903-29.
Highways passing from Delhi
[18] Atul Mathur (2009-09-17). A swankier, smarter Metro.

Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
[19] Metro enters Noida, set to change travelling habits of
people. Daily News and Analysis. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
[20] Delhi Metro introduces additional train on Dwarka line.
The Times of India. 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
[21] Ghosh, Dwaipayan (2009-12-20). Delhi gets its rst rail
terminal. The Times of India. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
[22] Delhi Metro crosses a new horizon. Hindustan Times.
2010-04-03. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
Delhi Transport Corporation

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)
Delhi Integrated Multi Modal Transit System Ltd.
(DIMTS)
Delhi Public Transport volvo bus service
Taxi services and List of Taxis
4.2 Delhi Suburban Railway

Indian Express. Feb 22, 2011.
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
Delhi Suburban Railway is a suburban rail service operated by Northern Railway for the National Capital ReDelhi Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL)". In- gion. This railway service covers Delhi, along with the
adjoining districts of Faridabad, Ghaziabad and other addianexpress.com. 2009-08-16. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
joining places in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. These serThursday, Jan 10, 2008 at 0000 hrs IST (2008-01-10). vices are mostly run using EMU and MEMU rakes. This
2nd airport wont hit IGI, says govt. Financialex- also includes passenger trains and DMU services up to
press.com. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
Rewari in Haryana, which is also considered part of the
Trams to ply on streets of Delhi again. The Economic National Capital Region. It not only runs through Delhi,
but also oers its services to pars of Haryana and UtTimes. Mar 4, 2014.
tar Pradesh like Rewari, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and many
Delhi to bring back a slice of history trams. The others. Passenger and DMU services not only operate in
Indian Express. March 5, 2014.
Delhi, but it extends up to Rewari district in Haryana.
[28] http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/
Two-bridges-across-Yamuna-to-link-Noida-and-Haryana/
4.2.1
articleshow/23362941.cms
Nod-for-road-joining-Greater-Noida-Faridabad/
[30] http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/
ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=
TOINEW&BaseHref=CAP/2014/04/12&PageLabel=
57&EntityId=Ar05700&ViewMode=HTML
[31] http://www.gurgaonscoop.com/
new-e-way-to-link-noida-with-f-613156441.html
Facilities
Delhi Suburban Railway uses the same tracks that are

also used for long distance trains. In 2009 Ladies Special trains were introduced between New Delhi and Palwal and from New Delhi to Ghaziabad and Panipat.[1]
4.2.2 Timetable
The services are currently available on the following
routes.
[32] http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/
Ghaziabad Old Delhi New Delhi Faridabad Palwal
kalindi-kunj-bypass-najeeb-jung-badarpur-vorder-dnd-noida-faridabad/
Kosikalan EMU
1/357787.html
[33] Delhi Trac Police transport helpline number. Delhitracpolice.nic.in. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
Ghaziabad Old Delhi New Delhi Faridabad Palwal

EMU
4.2. DELHI SUBURBAN RAILWAY
41
Ghaziabad Old Delhi New Delhi Faridabad Palwal Nevertheless, prior to the 2010 Commonwealth Games,
Kosikalan Mathur
7 stations near the sports venues, namely Chanakyapuri,
Sarojini Nagar, Inderpuri Halt, Lajpat Nagar, Sewa Na Ghaziabad Old Delhi New Delhi EMU
gar, Lodhi Colony and Safdarjung, received a facelift at
[3][4]
Ghaziabad Anand Vihar New Delhi Faridabad Pal- the cost of 3 crores.
wal EMU
H Nizamuddin Faridabad Palwal Kosi Kalan EMU
New Delhi Palwal EMU
New Delhi Shakurbasti EMU
Shakurbasti Old Delhi Ghaziabad Dankaur EMU
Shakurbasti Old Delhi New Delhi H Nizamuddin
Faridabad Palwal EMU
Shakurbasti New Delhi Ghaziabad Khurza Aligarh
EMU
Shakurbasti New Delhi Fardabad Ballabgarh EMU
Delhi Ring Rail
Shakurbasti Old Delhi New Delhi H Nizamuddin The ring-railway service was introduced on a track laid in
the 1975 so that the large number of goods trains originatFaridabad Palwal Mathura EMU
ing, terminating, or passing through the city, could bypass
the main passenger stations at New Delhi, Old Delhi and
Passenger and DMU services
Hazrat Nizamuddin.[4] The track was called the 'Delhi
Avoiding Line'. Today, however, the Northern Railways
Old Delhi- Gurgaon - Rewari DMU
service for passengers within the city has become something which Delhiites are avoiding. There are 12 electric
Old Delhi Muzaarnagar DMU
trains on the ring rail. Only three of the twelve EMUs
run to full capacity. The rest have just 1-2% occupancy.
Old Delhi Shamli DMU
The ring railway starts and ends at the Hazrat Nizamud Old Delhi Rohtak MEMU
din Railway Station with trains running in both clockwise
and anti-clockwise directions around the city.
At present, EMUs in Delhi run with 12 coaches, of which
ten are general compartments and two are ladies compartment. As per the Northern Railway estimates, there are Popularity with commuters
more than 110 suburban trains, which ply on important
sections, often crowded beyond limit during peak hours. The system is not popular among individual travelers and
has been a total failure as far as public transport is considered. Delhi Ring Railway is considered as an example of
failed mass transit system. The major reasons for failure
4.2.3 Delhi Ring Railway
of the system are lack of workable connections to other
Delhi Ring Railway is part of the Delhi Suburban Rail- methods of transportation as well as a low-density popuway services.The Ring Railway is a circular rail network lation in the areas of reach. Making matters worse, the
in Delhi, which runs parallel to the Ring Road and was station exits usually open into narrow, dirty alleyways conceived during the 1982 Asian Games. Started in 1975 often more than a kilometer away from the main road.
to service goods, it later upgraded for the Games, when The network is now utilized as a freight corridor, though
24 additional services were started. Its circular route is limited passenger EMU train services are available during
35 km long, which the train takes 90120 minutes to peak hours.
complete, both clockwise and anti-clockwise, via Hazrat
Nizamuddin Railway Station, from 8am-7pm. With a return ticket for the entire journey costing 12, compared 4.2.4 Future development
to with Delhi Metro, which is around 60, it is preferred
by poor and middle-class families.[2] It runs seven clock- With Delhi Metro growing at a rapid pace, there has
wise and six anti-clockwise trains at a peak frequency of been very little focus to improve the condition of the
60-90 min., during the morning and evening rush hours. Delhi Suburban Railway. There have been reports of
However in the coming decades Delhi spread far beyond strengthening the services so that more commuters can
Ring Road, making the ring railway largely redundant. avail themselves of the facility. Feasibility studies have
42
also been done, and in deference to the commuter demand, there were also plans to start EMU services from
Gurgaon. An integrated rail-bus transit (IRBT) system
to connect Delhi with the satellite towns of Gurgaon,
Ghaziabad, and Sahibabad is being promoted by the
government.[5] A feasibility study has already been completed, and a steering committee has been appointed to
monitor the project. The IRBT will have two dedicated
tracks.
4.2.5
Fleet gallery
Coordinates: 283653N 771243E / 28.61472N

77.21194E
The Delhi Metro is a metro system serving New Delhi
and its satellite cities of Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and
Ghaziabad in National Capital Region in India.[10] Delhi
Metro is the worlds 12th largest metro system in terms
of both length and number of stations.[11] A member
of Nova Group of Metros,[12] the network consists of
ve colour-coded regular lines and the faster Airport Express line, with a total length of 213 kilometres (132
mi)[1] serving 160 stations (including 6 on Airport Express line).[1] The system has a mix of underground, atgrade, and elevated stations using both broad-gauge and
standard-gauge.[13] The metro has an average daily ridership of 2.4 million passengers, and, as of August 2010,
had already carried over 1.25 billion passengers since its
inception.[14]
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a stateowned company with equal equity participation from
Government of India and Government of Delhi, built
and operates the Delhi Metro. The Delhi Metro Rail
Corporation has been certied by the United Nations as
the rst metro rail and rail-based system in the world to
get carbon credits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helping in reducing pollution levels in the
city by 630,000 tonnes every year.[15] DMRC operates
around 2000 trips daily between 05:30 till 00:00 running with a headway varying between 12 minutes and 4
10 minutes.[16][17] The trains are usually of four, six and
eight-coach. The power output is supplied by 25-kilovolt,
50-hertz alternating current through overhead catenary.
4.2.6
4.3 Delhi Metro
References
[1] Delhiites can ride a new train to Bengal this puja. 31

August 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
[2] The road around progress. Mint (newspaper). Feb 17,
2012.
Indian Express. Feb 22, 2011.
[4] Ring Rail service chugs into oblivion. Deccan Herald.
Feb 4, 2012.
[5] IRBT system to connect the Indian capital, Delhi. International Railway Journal. 2004.
Planning for the metro started in 1984, when the Delhi

Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission
came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal
transport system for the city. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) was incorporated in May 1995, construction started in 1998, and the rst section, on the Red Line,
opened in 2002. The development of network was divided into phases, Phase I containing 3 lines was completed by 2006, and Phase II in 2011. Phase III is scheduled for completion by 2016.
Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon which opened in 2013, whilst
linked to Delhi Metro by the Yellow Line is a separate
metro system (with a dierent owner/operator than the
Delhi Metro), although tokens from the Delhi Metro can
be used in its network.
4.3.1 History
4.2.7
External links
Dedicated tracks to run EMU

Delhi ring railway timetable
Background
The concept of a mass rapid transit for New Delhi rst
emerged from a trac and travel characteristics study
4.3. DELHI METRO
43
cal problems and bureaucratic delays, DMRC is a special purpose organisation vested with great autonomy and
powers to execute this gigantic project involving many
technical complexities, under a dicult urban environment and within a very limited time frame. DMRC was
given full powers to hire people, decide on tenders and
control funds.[24] The DMRC then consulted the Hong
Kong MTRC on rapid transit operation and construction techniques.[25] As a result, construction proceeded
smoothly, except for one major disagreement in 2000,
where the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use
broad gauge despite the DMRCs preference for standard
gauge.[26]
The rst line of the Delhi Metro was inaugurated by Atal

Bihari Vajpayee, the Prime Minister of India, on 24 December 2002,[27] and thus, it became the second underground rapid transit system in India, after the Kolkata
Evolution of the Delhi Metro
Metro. The rst phase of the project was completed
in 2006,[28] on budget and almost three years ahead of
which was carried out in the city in 1969.[18] Over the next schedule, an achievement described by Business Week as
[29]
several years, many ocial committees by a variety of nothing short of a miracle.
government departments were commissioned to examine
issues related to technology, route alignment, and governConstruction accidents
mental jurisdiction.[19] In 1984, the Delhi Development
Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with On 19 October 2008, a girder launcher and a part of
a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system, the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in
which would consist of constructing three underground Laxmi Nagar, East Delhi collapsed and fell on passing
mass rapid transit corridors as well augmenting the citys vehicles underneath. Workers were using a crane to lift a
existing suburban railway and road transport networks.[20] 400-tonne concrete span of the bridge when the launcher
While extensive technical studies and the raising of nance for the project were in progress, the city expanded
signicantly resulting in a twofold rise in population and
a vefold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981
and 1998.[20] Consequently, trac congestion and pollution soared, as an increasing number of commuters took
to private vehicles with the existing bus system unable
to bear the load.[18] An attempt at privatising the bus
transport system in 1992 merely compounded the problem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes, resulting in long waiting times, unreliable service, extreme
overcrowding, unqualied drivers, speeding and reckless
driving.[21] To rectify the situation, the Government of
India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)
on 3 May 1995, with E. Sreedharan as the managing
director.[22]
collapsed along with a 34-metre (112 ft) long span of the

bridge on top of a Blueline bus killing the driver and a
labourer.[30]
On 12 July 2009, a section of bridge collapsed while it
was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash,
on the Central Secretariat Badarpur corridor. Six people died and 15 were injured.[31] The following day, on 13
July 2009, a crane that was removing the debris collapsed,
and with a bowling pin eect collapsed two other nearby
cranes, injuring six.[32] On 22 July 2009, worker at Ashok
Park Metro station was killed when a steel beam fell on
him.[33] Over a hundred people, including 93 workers,
have died since work on the metro began in 1998.[34]
4.3.2 Network
Main article: List of Delhi Metro stations
Dr. E. Sreedharan handed over the charge as MD,

DMRC to Mr. Mangu Singh on 31 December 2011.
The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. Phase I
completed 58 stations and 65.0 km (40.4 mi) of route
length,[35] of which 13.0 km (8.1 mi) is underground and
Construction
52.1 km (32.4 mi) surface or elevated. The inauguration of the DwarkaBarakhamba Road corridor of the
Physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on Blue Line marked the completion of Phase I on Octo1 October 1998.[23] After the previous problems experi- ber 2006.[28] Phase II of the network comprises 124.6
enced by the Kolkata Metro, which was badly delayed and km (77.4 mi) of route length and 85 stations,[35] and is
12 times over budget due to political meddling, techni- fully completed, with the rst section opened in June
44
Panipat
Saharanpur
Narela
Metro
Adarsh Nagar
Rithala
Metro
Jahangirpuri
Naya Azadpur
Azadpur
Rohini West
Model Town
Rohini East
Azadpur
Pitam Pura
GTB Nagar
Kohat Enclave
Vishwa
Vidyalaya
Netaji Subhas
Place
Mundka
Rohtak
Rajdhani
Park
Metro
Nangloi
Mundka
Keshav Puram
Subhas
Nagar
Kanhaiya Nagar
Shastri
Nagar
Punjabi
Bagh
Tagore
Garden
Inder Lok
Ashok
Park
Shivaji
Park
Paschim
Vihar East
Peera
Garhi
Surajmal
Stadium
Madi
Pur
Paschim
Vihar West
Udyog
Nagar
Nangloi
Nangloi
Station
Vidhan
Sabha
Ramesh
Nagar
Subzi
Mandi
Pratap
Nagar
Civil
Lines
Tis
Hazari
Shadipur
Moti
Nagar
Rajouri
Garden
Janak Puri East
Rajendra
Place
Naraina Vihar
Janak Puri West
Delhi Cantonment
INA
Delhi Metro Rail Network

As of 29th June 2014
Metro Rail
Red Line
Yellow Line
Blue Line
Green Line
Violet Line
Sewa
Nagar
Suburban EMU Service
Delhi Ring Railway

Indian Railways
Airport Express
Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon
Chowk
Metro
Noida City Centre
Golf Course
Okhla
Kailash Colony
Green Park
Nehru Place
Hauz Khas
Kalkaji
Okhla
Jasola
Sarita Vihar
Mohan Estate
Tuglakabad
Saket
Phase 3
Belvedere
Towers Phase 2
Metro HUDA City IFFCO
Noida Sector 18
Botanical Garden
Moolchand
Malviya Nagar
Cyber City
Centre
Noida Sector 16
Sarvpriya Vihar
Moulsari Avenue
Rewari
Lajpat
Nagar
Lajpat Nagar
AIIMS
Interchange station
Gurgaon
Mayur Vihar Extension
Noida Sector 15
a
un
Aerocity
Mayur Vihar
New Ashok Nagar
Hazrat
Nizamuddin
m
Ya
Dwarka Sector 8
Dwarka Sector 21
JL Nehru
Stadium
Metro
Vaishali
Akshardham
Indraprastha
Lodhi
Colony
Lodhi
Colony
Safdarjung Sarojini
Nagar
Ghaziabad
Laxmi
Nagar
er
Indira Gandhi
Airport
Sahibabad
Kaushambi
Anand Vihar
Nirman
Vihar
Riv
Chanakyapuri Jor Bagh
Palam
Dwarka Sector 9
Metro Airport
Khan Pragati
Market Maidan
Race Course
Sardar Patel Marg
Dhaula
Kuan
Dwarka Sector 11
Dwarka Sector 10
Metro
Preet Vihar
Shivaji
Bridge
Barakhamba
Road
Mandi Tilak
House Bridge
Yamuna
Bank
Udyog
Bhawan
Brar Square
Dwarka Sector 13
Dwarka Sector 12
Janpath
Central
Secretariat
Inderpuri
Dwarka
Dwarka Sector 14
Rajiv
Chowk
Patel
Chowk
Nawada
Karkardooma
New Delhi
RK Ashram Marg
Shivaji
Stadium
Uttam Nagar East

Uttam Nagar West
Dilshad
Garden
Jhilmil
Delhi
Shahdara
Chawri
Bazaar
Tilak Nagar
Dwarka Mor
GTB
Hospital
Welcome
Seelampur
Chandni
Chowk
Kishanganj
Dayabasti
Satguru Ramsingh Marg
Sadar Bazar
Patel Nagar
Karol
Patel Nagar
Bagh
Jhandewalan
Kirti
Nagar
Shastri
Park
Kashmere
Delhi Gate
Pul
Bangash
Sarai
Rohilla
Shahdara and Tis Hazari on 24 December 2002 caused

the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being
crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to
have a ride.[44][45] Subsequent sections were inaugurated
from Tis Hazari Trinagar (later renamed Inderlok) on 4
October 2003,[46] Inderlok Rithala on 31 March 2004,
and Shahdara Dilshad Garden on 4 June 2008.[47] The
red line has two interchange stations, the rst Kashmere
Gate with the yellow line and the second Inderlok with
the green line.Starting from 24 November 2013 six coach
trains will be inducted in a phased manner in red line.[48]
MG
Road
Tuglakabad
Badarpur
Qutab Minar
Chhatarpur
Sikandarpur Rapid Metro
Ghitorni
Sikandarpur Guru
Arjan Garh
Dronacharya
Faridabad
Mathura
Network map
2008 and the last line opened in August 2011.[36] Phase

III (103 km, 69 stations)[5] and Phase IV (113.2 km)[5]
are planned to be completed by 2016[5] and 2021 respectively, with the network spanning 413 km (257 mi) by
then.
Current routes
As of November 2015, with the completion of Phase I,
Phase II and the beginning of operations on Phase III, Yellow Line
the Delhi Metro network comprises ve coloured lines
(plus the Airport Express line), serving 154 metro stations
(with 6 more stations on the Airport Express line, for a
total of 160),[1][37] and operating on a total route length
of 213 kilometres (132 mi).[38][1]
Inside a Delhi Metro on the yellow line
Yellow Line
Red Line
Red Line Main article: Red Line

The Red Line was rst line of the Metro to be opened and
connects Rithala in the west to Dilshad Garden in the east,
covering a distance of 25.09 kilometres (15.59 mi).[40]
It is partly elevated and partly at grade, and crosses the
Yamuna River between Kashmere Gate and Shastri Park
stations.[43] The inauguration of the rst stretch between
Main article: Yellow Line
The Yellow Line was the second line of the Metro and
was the rst underground line to be opened.[49] It runs for
49 kilometres (30 mi) from north to south and connects
Samaypur Badli with HUDA City Centre in Gurgaon.
The northern and southern parts of the line are elevated,
while the central section passes through some of the
most congested parts of Delhi is underground. The rst
section between Vishwa Vidyalaya and Kashmere Gate
opened on 20 December 2004, and the subsequent sections of Kashmere Gate Central Secretariat opened on
4.3. DELHI METRO

3 July 2005, and Vishwa Vidyalaya Jahangirpuri on
4 February 2009.[47] This line also possesses the countrys deepest Metro station (the second deepest metro station in the world)[50] at Chawri Bazaar, situated 30 metres (98 ft) below ground level.[51][52] On 21 June 2010,
an additional stretch from Qutub Minar to HUDA City
Centre was opened, initially operating separately from
the main line. However, Chhatarpur station on this line
opened on 26 August 2010. Due to delay in acquiring
the land for constructing the station, it was constructed
using pre-fabricated structures in a record time of nine
months and is the only station in the Delhi metro network to be made completely of steel.[53][54] The connecting link between Central Secretariat and Qutub Minar opened on 3 September 2010.[55] re On 10 November
2015, the line was further extended between Jahangirpuri
and Samaypur Badli in Outer Delhi.[38] Interchanges are
available with the Red Line and Kashmere Gate ISBT at
Kashmere Gate station, Blue Line at Rajiv Chowk Station, Violet Line at Central Secretariat, Airport Express
(Orange) Line at New Delhi, Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon
at Sikandarpur and with the Indian Railways network at
Chandni chowk Delhi Junction Railway station and New
Delhi New Delhi railway stations.[56][57] Yellow line is the
rst line of Delhi Metro which has phased out all four
coach trains with six and eight coach conguration. The
Metro Museum at Patel Chowk Metro station is a collection of display panels, historical photographs and exhibits, tracing the genesis of the Delhi Metro. The museum was opened on 1 January 2009.[50]
Blue Line
Blue Line Main article: Blue Line

The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be
opened, and the rst to connect areas outside Delhi.[58]
Mainly elevated and partly underground,[59] it connects
Dwarka Sub City in the west with the satellite city of
Noida in the east, covering a distance of 47.4 kilometres (29.5 mi).[58] The rst section of this line between
Dwarka and Barakhamba Road was inaugurated on 31
December 2005, and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka Dwarka Sector 9 on 1 April 2006,
Barakhamba Road Indraprastha on 11 November 2006,
Indraprastha Yamuna Bank on 10 May 2009, Yamuna
45
Bank Noida City Centre on 12 November 2009, and
Dwarka Sector 9 Dwarka Sector 21 on 30 October
2010.[47] This line crosses the Yamuna River between
Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations,[43] and has Indias second extradosed bridge across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati Maidan.[60] A branch of the
Blue line, inaugurated on 8 January 2010, takes o from
Yamuna Bank station and runs for 6.25 kilometres (3.88
mi) up to Anand Vihar in east Delhi.[61] It was further extended up to Vaishali which was opened to public on 14 July 2011.[62][63] A small stretch of 2.76 kilometres (1.71 mi) from Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector 21 was inaugurated on 30 October 2010.[64][65] Interchanges are available with the Yellow Line at Rajiv
Chowk station,[59] Green line at Kirti Nagar, Violet line at
Mandi House, Airport Express (Orange) line at Dwarka
Sector 21 and with the Indian Railways network and Interstate Bus Station (ISBT) at Anand Vihar station, which
connects with Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Anand
Vihar ISBT.[66]
Green Line Main article: Green Line
Opened in 2010, Green Line (Line 5) is the fth line of
the Delhi Metro network and the rst line on standard
gauge, as opposed to previous broad gauge lines. It runs
between Inderlok (station on the Red Line) and Mundka
with a branch line connecting the lines Ashok Park Main
station with Kirti Nagar station on the Blue Line. The
completely elevated line, built as part of the Phase-II of
Delhi Metro runs mostly along the busy NH 10 route in
West Delhi. The line consists of 17 stations including
an interchange station covering a total length of 18.46
km.This line also has the countrys rst standard-gauge
maintenance depot at Mundka.[67] The line was opened
in two stages, with the 15.1 km Inderlok Mundka section opening on 3 April 2010[1] and the 3.5 km Kirti Nagar Ashok Park Main branch line on 27 August 2011.
On 6 August 2012,in a step that will improve commuting
in National Capital Region, the Union government has
approved extension of Delhi Metro from Mundka to Bahadurgarh in Haryana. The 11.18 km metro stretch will
have seven stations at Mundka Industrial Area, Ghevra,
Tikri Kalan, Tikri Border, Modern Industrial Estate, Bahadurgarh Bus Stand and City Park between Mundka and
Bahadurgarh.
Violet Line
Main article: Violet Line
The Violet Line is the most recent line of the Metro to

be opened, and the second standard-gauge corridor after
the Green Line. The 37 km (23 mi) long line connects
Escorts Mujesar in Faridabad to ITO, with 22.8 km (14.2
mi) being overhead and the rest underground.[42] The rst
section between Central Secretariat and Sarita Vihar was
inaugurated on 3 October 2010, just hours before the in-
46
Violet Line
augural ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games,

and connects the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, which was
the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the
event.[68] Completed in just 41 months, it includes a 100
m (330 ft) long bridge over the Indian Railways mainlines
and a 167.5 m (550 ft) long cable-stayed bridge across an
operational road yover, and connects several hospitals,
tourist attractions, and a major industrial estate along its
route.[42] Services are provided at intervals of 5 min.[68]
An interchange with the Yellow Line is available at Central Secretariat through an integrated concourse.[42] On
14 January 2011, the remaining portion from Sarita Vihar
to Badarpur was opened for commercial service, adding
three new stations to the network and marking the completion of the line.[69] The section between Mandi House
and Central Secretariat, was opened on 26 June 2014.
After that a 971-metre section between ITO and Mandi
House was opened on 8 June 2015. The latest addition
to the line, an 14 km (8.7 mi) extension southwards till
Escorts Mujesar in Faridabad was inaugurated by Prime
Minister Narendra Modi on 6 September 2015.[70] All the
nine Metro stations of the Badarpur Escorts Mujesar
(Faridabad) section of Delhi Metros Phase 3, have been
awarded the highest possible rating (platinum) for adherence to green building norms, by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), which has devised a rating mechanism for Metro stations and buildings on a scale of platinum, gold, silver etc for following the green building
specications. The awards for these stations were given
to DMRCs Managing Director, Dr. Mangu Singh by Dr.
P C Jain, Chairperson, IGBC in the presence of DMRCs
directors and senior ocials on 10 September 2015.[71]
Currently the Faridabad corridor of Delhi Metro Violet
Line is the longest metro corridor in the national capital
region (NCR) consisting of 9 stations and the total length
of corridor being 14 km.[72]
The interior of a Delhi Metro Airport Express train
The Airport Express line runs for 22.7 km (14.1 mi) from
New Delhi Railway Station to Dwarka Sector 21, linking the Indira Gandhi International Airport. The line
was operated by Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Limited (DAMEL), a subsidiary of Reliance Infrastructure,
the concessionaire of the line till 30 June 2013 and is now
being operated by DMRC.[73] The line was constructed at
a cost of 57 billion (US$850 million), of which Reliance
Infrastructure invested 28.85 billion (US$430 million)
and will pay fees on a revenue-share model.[74] The line
has six stations (Dhaula Kuan and Delhi Aerocity became operational on 15 August 2011), with some featuring check-in facilities, parking, and eateries.[75] Rolling
stock consists of six-coach trains operating at intervals
of ten minutes and having a maximum speed of 135
km/h (84 mph).[75] Originally scheduled to open before
the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the line failed to obtain the mandatory safety clearance, and was opened on
24 February 2011, after a delay of around 5 months.
After 16 months of commencement of operations, the
line was shut down for repairs of the viaducts on 8 July
2012.[76][77] The line reopened on 22 January 2013.[78]
On 27 June 2013 Reliance Infrastructure Ltd intimated
DMRC that they are unable to operate the line beyond 30
June 2013. Following this DMRC took over operations
of Airport Express line from 1 July 2013 with an Operations and Maintenance team of 100 ocials to handle the
line.[79] In Jan 2015, DMRC reported that Airport Metro
has recorded about 30 per cent rise in its ridership following the fare reduction of up to 40 per cent in July last year
[80]
On 14 September 2015 DMRC announced to reduce
fares even further to improve the ridership of the line, the
new fare structure will have maximum fare of Rs 60 and
minimum of Rs 10 instead of Rs 100 and Rs 20 charged
earlier, a reduction of about 40%.[81] DMRC has stated
that this was done to reduce the crowding on Blue line, diAirport Express Main article: Delhi Airport Metro verting some of the Dwarka-bound passengers to Airport
Express
Express Line, which is underutilised and faster compared
to the Blue Line.
4.3. DELHI METRO
47
Planned extensions
ing the reach of metro and thus built long radial lines.
However, in Phase III, Delhi Metro is aiming to interconnect existing lines by ring lines to improve connectivity.
This will not only help in reducing distances but will also
relieve radial lines of some congestion.
Badli
Rohini
Sec 18
Rohini West
Adarsh
Nagar
Model Town
SUBHASH
PLACE
Pitampura
Modern
Industrial
Estate
Bahadurgarh
Bus Stand
Shalimar
Bagh
Kohat Enclave
Tikri
Kalan
Tikri
Border
Mundka
Industrial
Area
Ghevra
Johri
Enclave
AZADPUR
Rohini East
Bahadurgarh
City Park
Shiv
Vihar
Majlis
Park
Jahangirpuri
Shalimar
Place
Rithala
Gokulpuri
Vishwa Vidyalay
GTB Nagar
Maujpur
Keshav Puram
Rajdhani
Park
Udyog
Nagar
Nangloi
Mundka
Nangloi
Stn
Surajmal
Stadium
Shakurpur
Paschim
Vihar W
Peera
Garhi
Madipur
Paschim
Vihar E
ESI Hospital
Vidhan Sabha
Kanhaiya Nagar
Punjabi ASHOK
Bagh E PARK
Jaerabad
Civil
Lines
INDERLOK
Shastri
Nagar
Moti
Nagar
Chandni
Chowk
KIRTI NAGAR
RAJOURI
GARDEN
Tilak
Nagar
Najafgarh
Depot
Subhash
Nagar
Tagore
Garden
Rajendra
Place
Patel
Nagar
Mayapuri
Barakhamba
Patel Chowk
Uttam
Nagar E
Nawada
RAJIV
CHOWK
Shivaji Stadium
Naraina
Vihar
Dabri
Mor
DWARKA
Janpath MANDI
HOUSE
Delhi
Gate
ITO
Pragati
Maidan
Akshardham
Indraprasth
Trilokpuri
MAYUR
VIHAR
Mayur
Vihar Ph 1
Mayur
Vihar Extn
Dhaula Kuan
JLN
Stadium
Satya
Niketan
Palam
Dwarka Sec 9
INA
MARKET
Bhikaji
Cama Place
Shankar
Vihar
Vasant
Vihar
Munirka
RK Puram
DWARKA
SEC 21
Green Park
IIT
Delhi
Aerocity
HAUZ
KHAS
Chirag
Dilli
Panchsheel
Park
Greater
Kailash II
Nehru
Place
Nehru
Enclave
Okhla
Ph-III
Ishwar
Nagar
BOTANICAL
GARDEN
Okhla
Vihar
NOIDA City
Center
Golf Course
AMITY
Chowk
KALKAJI
MANDIR
Govindpuri
Jasola
Vihar
Okhla
Jasola/Apollo
Sarita Vihar
Malviya Nagar
Saket
Chattarpur
Jamia
Nagar
Srinivaspuri
Kailash
Colony
IGI
Airport
NOIDA Sec 18
Ashram
AIIMS
Moolchand
NOIDA Sec 15
NOIDA Sec 16
LAJPAT
NAGAR
South
Ext
Airport
Terminal 1D
New Ashok
Nagar
Jangpura
Sarojni
Nagar
Moti Bagh
Dwarka Sec 8
Hazrat
Nizamuddin
Jor Bagh
Sadar
Bazaar
Dwarka Sec 10
IP Extension
Vinod Nagar
Race Course
Dwarka Sec 12
Dwarka Sec 11
Preet
Vihar
Lakshmi
Nagar
Khan Market
Dashrath
Puri
Dwarka Sec 13
Vaishali
Kaushambi
Nirman
Vihar
YAMUNA
BANK
Delhi Cantt
Dwarka Sec 14
ANAND
VIHAR
KARKARDUMA
CENTRAL
SECTT
Udyog Bhawan
Municipal
Corporation
Krishna
Nagar
Jama
Masjid
NEW DELHI
STATION
Karol
Bagh
Janakpuri E
Dilshad
Garden
Jhilmil
Shahdara
East Azad
Nagar
Red
Fort
Chawri
Bazaar
Jhandewalan
RK Ashram
Marg
JANAKPURI W
Uttam
Nagar W
Dwarka
Mor
Shadipur
Ramesh
Nagar
Mansarovar
Park
WELCOME
Seelampur
KASHMIRI
GATE
Pul
Bangash
SRS Marg
Shastri
Park
Tis
Hazari
Pratap
Nagar
Shivaji
Park Punjabi
Bagh W
Mohan Nagar
Qutab Minar
Tughlaqabad
Ghitorni
Sultanpur
Badarpur
Phase IV Phase IV has a 2021 deadline, and tentatively includes further extensions to Sonia Vihar, Burari,
Mukundpur, Reola Khanpur, Palam, Najafgarh, Narela,
Ghazipur, Noida sector 62, extensions of Violet line,
Green line, Line 8, having a total length of over 100
km.[35][91][92] There might be some changes in plan before actual construction starts on these lines.
Guru
Dronacharya
MG Road
Sikanderpur
Arjan Garh
Sarai
IIFCO
Chowk
NHPC
Chowk
HUDA City
Center
Mewala
Maharajpur
Sector 27A
Badkal
Morh
Delhi Metro Route Map

with Phase 3 routes
Faridabad
Old Town
Ajronda
Elevated
Underground
Faridabad
New Town
Planned/under construction (grey)
YMCA Chowk
Delhi Metro map with Phase I, phase II & proposed phase III
routes
Apart from these lines in Phases I to IV, plans have

been mooted to construct a new line from Noida Sector 62 to Greater Noida which will intersect Indraprastha
Noida Sector 32 line.[93] The Ghaziabad Development
Authority is planning to extend Delhi Metro lines deeper
into Ghaziabad through extension of the Blue Line from
Vaishali to Mehrauli via Indirapuram. The independently
operated Gurgaon Metro, opened in November 2013, will
also interchange with the Delhi Metro at Sikandarpur station on Yellow line.[94] For the year 201213, Noida development Authority has allocated Rs 5 billion for Metro
extension, with City Center Metro line being extended till
the crossing of Sector 71 and 72.[95]
Delhi Metro was planned to be built in phases spread

over around 20 years as with each phase having a target of ve years and end of one phase marking the beginning of another. Phase I (65 km) and Phase II (125
km) were completed in 2006 and 2011, respectively, and
Phase III and Phase IV are scheduled for completion in
2016 and 2021, respectively. Work on Phase III started 4.3.3 Finances
in 2011 while planning for Phase IV has begun. Ex-chief
of DMRC hinted that by the time Phase IV is completed, Summary Financials
the city will need Phase V to cope with rising population
The table below is based on the 201314 Annual
and transport needs.[82]
Report.[96]
Phase III The deadline for completion of Phase 3 is
2016.[83] Out of 2 new lines and 11 route extensions proposed for Phase III, cabinet approvals have been obtained
for 2 new lines and 10 route extensions totalling 167.27
km, with an estimated cost of 350 billion (US$5.2
billion).[84] Construction has already begun on many of
these. In April 2014 the Delhi Lt. Governor gave approval for two further extensions.[85] All the approved
lines are:.[86]
EBITDA stands for Earnings before Interest Taxes

Depreciation & Amortization
EBT stands for Earnings Before Tax
Of note, Delhi Metro has been operating with a loss on

an EBT basis for the past few years. EBITDA margin
declined from 73% in Fiscal 2007 to 33% in Fiscal 2014.
That said, Debt to Equity improved from 1.43 in FY07 to
Phase III will have 28 underground stations covering 41 1.16 in FY14.
km.[88] More than 20 tunnel boring machines are expected to be simultaneously used during construction of
Phase III.[89] Delhi Metro is expecting a ridership of 4 Funding and Capitalisation
million after completion of Phase III. DMRC has decided
to use communication based train control (CBTC) for sig- DMRC is owned equally by the Delhi government and the
nalling which will allow trains to run at a short headway Government of India.
of 90 seconds.[90] Keeping this in mind and other con- As of March 2014, total debt stood at 219 billion
straints, DMRC changed its decision to build 9 car long (US$3.3 billion), while equity capital was 188 billion
stations for new lines and instead opting for shorter sta- (US$2.8 billion).
tions which can accommodate 6 car trains.
Cost of the debt is 0% for Govt of India and Delhi govFor the rst time Delhi Metro will construct ring lines in ernment loans, and between 0.01% and 2.3% for Japan
Phase III. Till Phase II, Delhi Metro focused on expand- International Cooperation Agency loans. Of the equity
48
capital, 152 billion (US$2.3 billion) is paid-up capital network typically travel at speed up to 50 km/h (31 mph),
and rest is reserves and surplus.[96]
and stop for about 20 seconds at each station. Automated
station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English.
Many stations have services such as ATMs, food outlets,
4.3.4 Operations
cafs, convenience stores and mobile recharge. Eating,
drinking, smoking and chewing of gum are prohibited in
the entire system. The Metro also has a sophisticated re
alarm system for advance warning in emergencies, and
re retardant material is used in trains as well as on the
premises of stations.[97] Navigation information is available on Google Transit.[98] Since October 2010, the rst
coach of every train is reserved for women. However, last
coaches are also reserved when the train changes tracks
at the terminal stations in the Red, Green and Violet
Lines.[99][100] To make travelling by metro a smoother experience, Delhi Metro has launched its own ocial app
for smartphone users,(iPhone and Android) that will provide information on various facilities like nearest metro
station, fare, parking availability, tourist spots near metro
stations, security and emergency helpline numbers.[101]
Inside the New Delhi metro station.
Security
HUDA City Centre metro station
Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central

Industrial Security Force (CISF), who have been guarding the system ever since they took over from the Delhi
Police in 2007.[102] Closed-circuit cameras are used to
monitor trains and stations, and feed from these is monitored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at
their respective control rooms.[103] Over 3500 CISF personnel have been deployed to deal with law and order issues in the system, in addition to metal detectors, X-ray
baggage inspection systems, and dog squads which are
used to secure the system. About 5,200 CCTV cameras
have been installed, which cover every nook and corner of
each Metro station. Each of the underground stations has
about 45 to 50 cameras installed while the elevated stations have about 16 to 20 cameras each. The monitoring
of these cameras is done by the CISF, which is in charge
of security of the Metro, as well as the Delhi Metro Rail
Corporation.[104] Intercoms are provided in each train car
for emergency communication between the passengers
and the train operator.[105] Periodic security drills are carried out at stations and on trains to ensure preparedness
of security agencies in emergency situations.[106] DMRC
is also looking at raising the station walls and railings for
the safety of passengers.[107]
Ticketing & Recharge
For the convenience of customers, Delhi Metro commuters have three choices for ticket purchase. The RFID
tokens are valid only for a single journey on the day of
Train at HUDA City Centre metro station
purchase and the value depends on the distance travelled,
Trains operate at a frequency of one to two minutes to ve with fares for a single journey ranging from 8 (12
to ten minutes between 05:00 and 00:00, depending upon US) to 30 (45 US). Fares are calculated based on the
the peak and o-peak hours. Trains operating within the origin and destination stations using a fare chart.[108] A
4.3. DELHI METRO

common ticketing facility for commuters travelling on
Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) buses and the Metro
was introduced in 2011.[109] Travel cards are available
for longer durations and are most convenient for frequent commuters. They are valid for one year from the
date of purchase or the date of last recharge, and are
available in denominations of 200 (US$3.00) to 1,000
(US$14.90). A 10% discount is given on all travel made
on it.[110] A deposit of 50 (75 US) needs to be made to
buy a new card which is refundable on the return of the
card any time before its expiry if the card is not physically damaged.[108] Tourist cards can be used for unlimited travel on the Delhi Metro network over short periods
of time. There are two kinds of tourist cards valid for one
and three days respectively. The cost of a one-day card
is 150 (US$2.20) and that of a three-day card is 300
(US$4.50), besides a refundable deposit of 50 (75 US)
that must be paid at the time of purchasing the card.[108]
Problems
49
Ridership
Delhi Metro has been registering a continuous increase in
ridership since its inception. When Metro services were
introduced in 2002, the average ridership was 80,000 passengers per day. As of 2015, daily ridership has risen to
2.6 million, with the latest ridership record set on 28 August 2015.
On 4 August 2014 daily ridership crossed the 2.7 million
gure. Since then the highest ridership has kept on surpassing the previous best, compelling metro authorities
to keep increasing the services on busy routes. Most recent Delhi Metro daily ridership record of 3.175 million
passengers was reached on the eve of the Rakshabandhan (28 August 2015), when commuters poured in large
numbers throughout the day.[2][115]
On 25 December 2014, it was reported that the ridership of the Airport Express had almost doubled in the
past year to almost 600,000 passengers per month now,
as compared to just above 300,000 at the beginning of
the calendar year.[116]
Currently, Delhi Metro has about 220 trains of four, six
and eight coaches totalling 1,290 coaches.It is further
planning to add 421 more coaches on the existing route
before the completion of phase 3. During the nancial
year 2015, DMRC on an average pressed 1,083 coaches
in an hour (during peak hour), in 201213, the number was 819. On an average trains make 2,880 trips per
day.[117]
4.3.5 Rolling stock
Metro station and train entering.

A Phase I broad gauge train, supplied by Hyundai RotemBEML.[119]
As the network has expanded, high ridership in new trains

have led to increasing instances of overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro.[111][112] To alleviate the problem,
8 coach trains have been introduced in Yellow line and
Blue line and an increase in the frequency of trains has
been proposed.[111] Infrequent, overcrowded and erratic
feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also been reported as an area of concern.[113][114]
The Metro uses rolling stock of two dierent gauges.

Phase I lines use 1,676 mm (5.499 ft) broad gauge rolling
stock, while three Phase II lines use 1,435 mm (4.708
ft) standard gauge rolling stock.[120] Trains are maintained at seven depots at Khyber Pass and Sultanpur
for the Yellow Line, Mundka for the Green Line, Najafgarh and Yamuna Bank for the Blue Line, Shastri
50
mix of four-car and six-car consists, capable of accommodating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respectively. The coaches possess several improved features like
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras with eighthour backup for added security, charging points in all
coaches for cell phones and laptops, improved air conditioning to provide a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius
even in packed conditions and heaters for winter.[132]
Standard gauge
A Phase II broad gauge train, supplied by Bombardier.
One of the six coach trains. Most trains of Blue & Yellow Lines
have been upgraded from 4 to 6 & 8 coaches to increase capacity.
The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by

BEML at its factory in Bangalore. The trains are four-car
consists with a capacity of 1506 commuters per train,[133]
accommodating 50 seated and 292 standing passengers in
each coach.[128] These trains will have CCTV cameras in
and outside the coaches, power supply connections inside
coaches to charge mobiles and laptops, better humidity
control, microprocessor-controlled disc brakes,[134] and
will be capable of maintaining an average speed of 34
km/h (21 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[128]
Park for the Red Line, and Sarita Vihar for the Violet
Airport Express
Line.[42][121][122][123][124]
Maglev trains were initially considered for some lines of Eight 6-car trains supplied by CAF Beasain were imPhase 3, but DMRC decided to continue with conven- ported from Spain.[135] CAF held 5% equity in the
tional rail in August 2012.[125]
DAME project, and Reliance Infrastructure held the remaining 95%[136] before DMRC took over the operations. The trains on this line are of a premium standard
Broad gauge
compared to the existing metro trains and have in-built
noise reduction and padded fabric seats. The coaches
The rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppli- are equipped with LCD screens for entertainment of the
ers. For the Phase I, the rolling stock was supplied by passengers and also provide ight information for convea consortium of companies comprising Hyundai Rotem, nience of air travellers. The trains are tted with an event
Mitsubishi Corporation, and MELCO.The coaches have recorder which can withstand high levels of temperature
a very similar look to MTR Rotem EMU, except with and impact and the wheels have ange lubrication system
only 4 doors and use sliding doors. The coaches were for less noise and better riding comfort.[99]
initially built in South Korea by ROTEM,[122] then
in Bangalore by BEML through a technology transfer arrangement.[126] These trains consist of four 3.2- 4.3.6 Signalling and telecommunication
metre (10 ft) wide stainless steel lightweight coaches
with vestibules permitting movement throughout their
length and can carry up to 1500 passengers,[127] with 50
seated and 330 standing passengers per coach.[128] The
coaches are fully air conditioned, equipped with automatic doors, microprocessor-controlled brakes and secondary air suspension,[129] and are capable of maintaining an average speed of 32 km/h (20 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[128] The system is extensible
up to eight coaches, and platforms have been designed
accordingly.[127]
The rolling stock for Phase II is being supplied by
Bombardier Transportation, which has received an order for 614 cars worth approximately US$1.1 billion.[130]
While initial trains were made in Grlitz, Germany and
Sweden, the remainder will be built at Bombardiers Inside a Hyundai Rotem coach.
factory in Savli, near Vadodara.[131] These trains are a
4.3. DELHI METRO
51
Nations,[144] RINA,[145] and the International Organization for Standardization,[145] becoming the second
metro in the world, after the New York City Subway,
to be ISO 14001 certied for environmentally friendly
construction.[146] Most of the Metro stations on the Blue
Line conduct rainwater harvesting as an environmental
protection measure.[147] It is also the rst railway project
in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered
with the United Nations under the Clean Development
Mechanism,[148] and has so far earned 400,000 carbon
credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative
braking systems on its trains.[149] To reduce its dependence on non-renewable sources of energy, DMRC is
looking forward to harness solar energy and install solar panels at the Karkardooma, Noida Sector-21, Anand
Vihar and Pragati Maidan Metro stations and DMRCs
residential complex at Pushp Vihar.[150][151]
European signalling system on the Delhi Metro
The Metro has been promoted as an integral part of

community infrastructure, and community artwork depicting the local way of life has been put on display
at stations.[152] Students of local art colleges have also
designed decorative murals at Metro stations,[153] while
pillars of the viaduct on some elevated sections have
been decorated with mosaic murals created by local
schoolchildren.[154] The Metro station at INA Colony has
a gallery showcasing artwork and handicrafts from across
India,[155] while all stations on the Central Secretariat
Qutub Minar section of the Yellow Line have panels installed on the monumental architectural heritage of
Delhi.[156] The Nobel Memorial Wall at Rajiv Chowk
has portraits of the seven Nobel Laureates from India:
Rabindranath Tagore, CV Raman, Hargobind Khorana,
Mother Teresa, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Amartya
Sen and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and provide details
about their contribution to society and a panel each on
Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prizes.
The Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a centralised automatic train control system consisting of
automatic train operation, Automatic Train Protection
and automatic train signalling modules.[137] A 380 MHz
digital trunked TETRA radio communication system
from Motorola is used on all lines to carry both voice
and data information.[138] For Blue Line Siemens Transportation Systems has supplied the electronic interlocking
Sicas, the operation control system Vicos OC 500 and
the automation control system LZB 700 M.[139] An integrated system comprising optical bre cable, on-train
radio, CCTV, and a centralised clock and public address 4.3.8 See also
system is used for telecommunication during train operations as well as emergencies.[140] For Red and Yel Temple Near Metro Station
low lines ALSTOM has supplied signalling system and
Transport in Delhi
for line Green and Voilet Bombardier Transportation has
supplied CITYFLO 350 signalling system.
Delhi Suburban Railway
The Airport Express line has introduced WiFi services
National Capital Region Transport Corporation
at all stations along the route on 13 January 2012.[141]
Connectivity inside metro trains travelling on the route is
Rapid transit in India
expected in the future. The WiFi service is provided by
YOU Broadband & Cable India Limited.[142]
List of rapid transit systems
A fully automated, operatorless train system has been offered to Delhi Metro by the French defence and civilian
technologies major Thales.[143]
List of metro systems
4.3.9 Notes
4.3.7
Environment and aesthetics
The Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally

friendly practices from organisations including the United
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54
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[109] Common tickets for DTC, Metro by 2011. Sify News.
26 March 2010.
[89] Tunnelling work starts for Metros Phase III. Economic
Times. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
[110] 10 % Discount on Metro SMART CARDS. DMRC.
[90] Metro to introduce advanced signalling system in Phase[111] Sweta Dutta (16 November 2009). Widening reach,
III. Economic Times. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 8
Metro looks at ways to ease rush. The Indian Express.
April 2012.
[91] DMRC to surpass London Metro by 2021. Hindustan
[112] Atul Mathur (19 November 2009). Crowded stations,
Times. 18 November 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
slow trains. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 21 November
2009.
[92] A Metro link for Narela Sub City. The Hindu. 29 January 2005.
[113] Atul Mathur (8 December 2009). Feeder service or the

lack of it. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 8 December
[93] Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar (25 December 2006). Delhi
2009.
Metro map to cover Greater Noida. The Hindu. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
[114] Parking, feeder bus woes on Metros Noida line. India
Today. 12 November 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
[94] Megha Suri (30 January 2010). Pvt metro link to get
Central nod soon. The Times of India. Retrieved 2 [115] {http://www.dailypioneer.com/todays-newspaper/
February 2010.
rakhi-rush-ties-road-delhi-metro-traffic-in-knots.html}
[95] Metro line between Noida, Greater Noida approved. [116] Singh, Pragya (25 December 2014). 100 per cent rise in
The Times of India. 10 July 2012.
Airport Metro Line ridership. The Asian Age. Retrieved
25 December 2014.
[96] 2014 Annual Report (pdf). DMRC. Retrieved 25
February 2015.
[117] http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/
delhi-metro-steep-rise-in-ridership-beats-network-expansion/
[97] Measures to Ensure Safe Passage for Metro Train Passtory-Q4FrOwPnIgI1j7wbVZk09L.html
sengers (Press release). Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 27 August 2010. Retrieved 27 August [118] http://www.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/
2010.
DELHI1-92english.pdf
[98] Delhi Metro routes now on Google Maps. The Eco- [119] Reuters Hyundai Rotem gets m order to supply trains.
nomic Times. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
In.reuters.com. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.
[99] Delhi Metro to reserve coach for women from October [120] Delhi Metro gets standard gauge train. The Hindu Busi2. The Times of India. 26 September 2010. Retrieved
ness Line. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
27 September 2010.
[121] Sweta Dutta (13 May 2009). Eight depots for Metro as it
[100] Women get exclusive coach in Delhi Metro. Hindustan
chugs along ever-widening network. The Indian Express.
Times. 2 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
[101] DMRC launches smart phone app. The Hindu. 23 Au- [122] Delhi Metro, India.
gust 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
trieved 12 May 2014.
Railway-Technology.com.
Re-
[102] CISF to take over Delhi Metro security. The Times of [123] Metro gets rst standard gauge depot. The Hindu. 23
India. 7 March 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
February 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
[103] Delhi metro parking areas to be bought under CCTV [124] Delhi Metro constructs Asias highest train washing
cameras. Daily News and Analysis. 21 March 2010. Replant. The Economic Times. 25 April 2010. Retrieved
trieved 15 April 2010.
28 July 2010.
4.3. DELHI METRO
55
[125] Delhi Metro says no to Maglev technology. Indian Ex- [145] Delhi Metro gets OHSAS 18001. DMRC. Archived
press. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 10 September
2009.
[126] P. Manoj (25 August 2005). BEML to rake in big money
from proposed metro projects. The Hindu. Retrieved 26 [146] Press Release: Delhi Metro Receives ISO 14001 For
September 2009.
Eco-friendly Systems. USAID. 24 December 2002. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
[127] Second Metro rail arrives in Delhi. The Times of India.
15 October 2002. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
[147] Delhi Metro shows the way with water harvesting units.
The Times of India. 26 September 2005. Retrieved 27
[128] Rolling Stock: Ensuring Passenger Comfort, Safety and
September 2010.
Reliability (jpg). DMRC. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
[148] Delhi Metro is rst rail project to earn carbon credits.
[129] Metro Rail gets rst train. The Hindu. 27 July 2002.
The Economic Times. 5 January 2008. Retrieved 2 FebruRetrieved 26 September 2009.
ary 2010.
[130] Bombardier to Deliver Further 76 MOVIA Metro Cars
[149] Neha Sinha (20 December 2009). Delhi Metro on track
to Delhi Metro from Savli India Site. Press Release.
to earn carbon credits. The Indian Express. Retrieved 2
Bombardier. 5 September 2011. Retrieved 3 November
February 2010.
2011.
[131] Bombardier to supply coaches to Delhi Metro. projectsmonitor.com.
[150] Metro mulls solar panels at stations to go green. The

Times of India. 5 June 2012.
[132] Metro to get swankier, bigger coaches. The Times of In- [151] Delhi Metro to install three new solar power plants.
IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
dia. 17 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
[133] BEML delivers Indias 1st standard gauge metro car. [152] Siemiatycki 2006, p. 284
The Economic Times. 11 September 2009. Retrieved 26
[153] Anuradha Mukherjee (13 December 2002). Vibrant
September 2009.
murals bring cheer. The Times of India. Retrieved 30
November 2009.
[134] Smriti Kak Ramachandran (30 July 2009). Trial run begins on rst standard gauge Metro line. The Hindu. Re[154] Preeti Jha (10 October 2007). Murals by Salwan Pubtrieved 26 July 2009.
lic School students decorate Metro pillars on Pusa Road.
The Indian Express. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
[135] Airport line handed over to Reliance Infra. Indian Express. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
[155] At INA Metro station, a gallery for traditional art, crafts.
Indian Express. 2 September 2010. Retrieved 21 Septem[136] Delhi Airport line contracts nalised (PDF).
ber 2010.
Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles.
[137] Technical Notes: Signalling. DMRC. Archived from [156] Smriti Kak Ramachandran (2 September 2010). Delhi
metro gets a handicrafts gallery. The Hindu. Retrieved
the original on 12 March 2008. Retrieved 23 November
21 September 2010.
2009.
[138] Delhi Metro Railway Corporation, India (PDF). Motorola Electronics. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
[139] Metro Line 3, New Delhi, India. Siemens AG. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
[140] Technical Notes: Telecommunication.
DMRC.
Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
[141] Delhi Airport Metro Express. Delhi metro times. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
[142] Reliance Metro Airport Express,WiFi-enabled,EVS
Chakravarthy, CEO YOU Broadband. Business Wire
India. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
4.3.10 References
Siemiatycki, Matti (June 2006). Message in a
Metro: Building Urban Rail Infrastructure and Image in Delhi, India (PDF). International Journal
of Urban and Regional Research 30 (2): 259277.
Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2014.
4.3.11 Further reading
[143] Delhi Metro oered fully-automated, driverless train

system. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
Rashmi Sadana (30 May 2 June 2012). Metrocity

Journal: Up, Up and Away. The Wall Street Journal.
[144] Delhi Metro gets UN certicate for preventing carbon

emission. The Times of India. 22 February 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
Rashmi Sadana (13 November 2010). On the

Delhi Metro: An Ethnographic View. Economic
and Political Weekly 45 (46): 7783.
56
G. S. Dhillon (29 January 2004). Trenchless tunnelling. The Tribune.
Other Lines
Other lines which are being proposed in addition to Phase

A dream revisited: an archival journey into the I are:[4]
making of the Delhi Metro Rail. DMRC. 2003.
OCLC 54073649.
From Badarpur to Mehrauli.
A journey to remember. DMRC. 2008. p. 94.
OCLC 300027063.
4.3.12
External links
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Ocial site)

Rapid Metro Rail Gurgaon (Ocial site)
4.4 Delhi Monorail
From Qutab Minar to Dwarka via Vasant Kunj - IGI

airport.
From Saket to IG Stadium via Siri Fort - South Extension - JLN Stadium - New Delhi Railway Station.
4.4.2 Status
Only the Feasibility study has been completed for PhaseI corridor(s) till date and the project has come to halt for
now.
The Delhi Monorail is a proposed monorail system for 4.4.3

the city of Delhi that will operate as Delhi Metro rail lines.
4.4.1
Lines
References
[1] The Economic Times :Delhis rst monorail project put

on track. economictimes.indiatimes.com. 2013-01-17.
The rst proposed line in which work has been planned

to start in mid-2013 will be
[2] The Economic Times :Work on monorail project to start

next month. economictimes.indiatimes.com. 2013-0116. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
From Shastri Park to Trilokpuri via Nirman Vihar.Length of this line will be 11 km
[3] Sujay Mehdudia (2010-01-21). The Hindu : Cities /

Delhi : Delhi likely to get monorail. Beta.thehindu.com.
It is planned to complete by 2017 and wiil cost government Rs.2235 crores.It is expected to connect densely
popualated Delhi areas where Metro could not reach.It
will connect 3 Metro Lines: Red line (Dilshad Garden
to Rithala) at Shastri Park .Blue Line (Anand Vihar to
Dwarka Line) at Nirman Vihar and proposed Mukundpur to Yamuna Vihar at TriLokPuri. It will start in East
New Delhi by end of 2017.
[4] Megha Suri, TNN, 21 February 2008, 07:56pm IST

(2008-02-21).
Monorail to hit Delhi streets by
2010 - Delhi - City - The Times of India. Timesondia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
4.5 Delhi BRTS
The Delhi Bus Rapid Transit System is a bus rapid

There are three lines proposed in phase I are as transit in Delhi. The rst route opened in 2008 ahead
follows:[3]
of the 2010 Commonwealth Games which were held in
the city. The project is well used but has been criticized
From Rohini Sector 21 to Red Fort via Wazir Pur - for the diculty of access to the bus platforms, which are
Shakti Nagar - Anand Parbat - Ajmeri Gate - Delhi in the middle of the road, for lack of enforcement and for
Gate (Delhi) Length of this line would be 28.5 km the eect it has had on other motor trac. A legal challenge was defeated in 2012.
From Kalyanpuri to Pul Mithai via Scope Minar - The Aam Aadmi Party Government has announced the
Geeta Colony - Shanti Van - Red Fort - Old Delhi scrapping of bus rapid transit system.[2]
Railway Station. Length of this line would be 15.5
km
[1][2]
4.5.1 History
From Gulabi Bagh to Delhi University via Shakti

Nagar - Kamla Nagar - Guru Teg Bahadur Road. Context
Length of this line would be 3.8 km
Total length of Phase I would be 47.8 km.
The number of vehicles on Delhis road increased from

3.3 million in 200001 to 7 million in 201011; however,
4.5. DELHI BRTS
57
Operation
The rst route, from Dr. Ambedkar Nagar to the south to
Delhi Gate in the centre of the city, passes through some
of the prime 'colonies (urban districts) in South Delhi
and is also on the main road from Delhi to the large commercial developments in Gurgaon. A trial section of the
rst route started in operation 20 April 2008 from Dr.
Ambedkar Nagar to Moolchand. Construction work for
the full length started in October 2008.
Legal challenge and 'mixed-use'
Tata Non-AC Bus
The city delayed implementation of a further 14 fasttrack bus corridors in response to the level of controversy
created by the rst scheme.[7]
The legality of the system was challenged in 2012.

less than 10% people in Delhi use private cars, with 33%
During the nine-month-long legal challenge the Delhi
traveling by bus and 30% walking to work.
High Court initially ruled that private vehicles should
The length of roads in Delhi has increased by 17% be- be allowed the use the bus lanes on a temporarily batween 1991 and 2008 with now yovers and underpasses sis and ordered the government to review the feasibilhave been built to improve trac ow; the Ring Road has ity of the project.[7] The Delhi government appealed to
been made completely signal-free with the construction the Supreme Court of India against the ruling in July
of 15 yovers. The Delhi Metro opened its rst section 2012, but was unsuccessful.[8] The high court subsein 2002 and now carries 2.06 million passengers each day quently ruled in favour of the scheme concluding that a
(as of 2011).[3]
developed country is not one where the poor own cars. It
[7]
Pedestrians became marginalized and journey times and is one where the rich use public transport.
air pollution both increased. In 2002, Supreme Court issued an order to convert all diesel buses to compressed
natural gas (CNG) to reduce air pollution; however, average total suspended particulate (TSP) level is still considerably higher than World Health Organizations (WHO)
recommendations.[4] There is little opportunity to build
new roads or widen existing roads, which already make
up 21% of the land area.
Planning and construction

The Delhi BRT system was inspired by a similar systems in Curitiba, Brazil which had been introduced a system in 1975,[5] with similar systems being introduced in
Bogot, Colombia (TransMilenio), Guayaquil, Ecuador
(Metrovia) and the Eugene, Oregon (Emerald Express
(EmX)).[6]
GNCTD appointed RITES and the Indian Institute of
Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) to design and implement
a system for the city in 2004. TRIPP IIT Delhi were appointed as technical and conceptual advisors.
GNCTD create the Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit
System (DIMTS) in 2006 to oversee the establishment of
public transport systems in Delhi and operate it on a dayto-day basis.
A trial run took place on 21 April 2008.[1]
4.5.2 Design and operation

The 14.5 km long corridor from Ambedkar Nagar to
Delhi Gate runs along a right of way which varying from
28 meters to 51.5 meters wide. Buses use a bus lane is
in the middle of the road which is 3.3 meters wide with
general purpose motor vehicle lanes with a width of 6.75
meters to each side. Separate lanes are also provided for
non-motorized vehicles, including pedestrians, cycles and
rickshaws etc. Buses run at the same level as normal trafc and share the same trac signals.
Bus passengers need to access the bus platforms in the
middle of the road by crossing the busy general purpose
trac lanes. Electronic Passenger information system
displays are available in all bus shelters with the new lowoor buses on four routes 419, 423, 521 and 522 being
tted with GPS tracking.
The rst route crosses 6 key intersections, including Chirag Delhi, which is one of the busiest in Delhi and also
the congested Moolchand instersection. More than 1.35
million vehicles of all types cross the junction in a typical
16-hour day. Approximately 200-250 buses which cross
the junction each peak hour carry some 11,000-12,000
passengers (which is 55-60% of the total people movements). A further some 15-20% of people use private
vehicles including cars, two wheelers and auto rickshaws
and make up 90% of the trac. Cars/Jeeps constitute
around 35-40% of total motorized vehicles.
58
180 road marshals are deployed on the corridor to guide

bus passengers, help children and old people to cross the
road, manage trac, instruct people to follow trac rules
and perform other corridor management activities. The
company employs security guards at the bus platforms on
a 24-hour basis.
The Operational Control Centre (OCC) at Kashmere
Gate and a camp oce at DTC Khan Pur Depot monitor
the daily progress. A crane is available to remove disabled vehicles from the corridor. On average there are 3
vehicles break down on the corridor each day. Disabled
vehicles including buses are typically removed in about
10 minutes.
4.5.3
Usage and performance
Diculty accessing bus platforms

Not only the private car owners but the bus users too complain about bad planning. Despite the claims of DIMTS,
the agency in-charge of the stretch, bus users say they
are forced to scamper across the stretch to cross between
the bus stands and the pavement. Without proper underpasses from the central median, where passengers get
down or board the bus, a passenger does not know how
to reach the bus stop as its in the middle of the road.
Not only are there no proper pedestrian crossings for road
users on the BRT, the maintenance of the stretch is so
poor that most of the safety markers, like bollards and
speedbreakers, are broken and in a state of severe disrepair.
Explains KK Kapila, Chairman of International Road
Federation (IRF), a Geneva-based global body for road
safety: "At present the buses run in the middle of the road
with cars and motorised trac on narrow left lanes. Since
the bus stands are in middle of the road, the scurrying passengers have to board or get o the bus in the middle of
the road and have to scuttle to safety towards pavements
through the regular trac lane. This is not the full-scale
BRT system followed abroad."
More than 60% of commuters use BRT Corridor mainly

for work. Most of the respondents showed their discontent with the previous public transportation system. Respondents preferred to use their private vehicles due to
inexibility and unreliability of the bus system (according to a DIMTS commissioned socio-economic survey at
BRT Corridor). More than 50% of respondents desired
timeliness of bus service, clean bus and well behaved sta
and certainty of bus service. 85% of the respondents, who
were currently not using public transport system, showed Longer trac signal cycle times
their willingness to use new BRT system if it is good.
At regular trac intersections, commuters have to wait
In 2012 it was reported that 70% of users were movfor transit of trac along the three other arms of the ining faster and there has been a 32% increase in bus
tersection before getting a green signal. On BRT, the sig[7]
ridership.
nal cycle is far more convoluted and, as a result, much
longer.
4.5.4
Proposed development
"As opposed to normal trac intersections, there are six

dierent movements of vehicles along the arms of the inA total 26 BRT corridors are planned, covering a total tersection. The two extra movements are that of the buses
length of 310 km by the year 2020. This will be in ad- on the BRT lane, which means that all commuters using the
dition to more than 400 km of metro train coverage by BRT or even passing through have to wait much longer. As
2020 and further coverage by Monorail and Light Rail.
the waiting time increases, the trac tail lengthens much
more than it normally would and there is a corresponding
ripple eect on trac," points out a senior trac police
4.5.5 Criticism
ocer.
This means that commuters are unable to cross the intersection in one signal cycle. It takes me at least three
green lights to cross each signal of the BRT. Even during
Frustrated vehicle owners choose to violate rules with imnon-peak hours, I am stuck in a never-ending jam. Somepunity by using the bus lane, defeating the very purpose
times, I feel like banging my car in frustration. I can walk
of BRT. With negligible prosecution, the entire concept
faster in this corridor, says a much hassled Ratika Dang,
of a BRT falls at. "BRT as a concept is good, but the
an interior designer.
success of the corridor depends on how it is implemented.
In its present form, it is congested and a large number of The BRT has created further choke points creating almost
violations occur on the stretch that are not punished. This half km long backups since 2008.
compromises the sanctity of the corridor. People have to be
prosecuted on the spot to discourage violations. We have
received complaints of pile-ups on the non-BRT lane and 4.5.6 Road safety
the long signal cycle adds to the delay in smooth crossover
on the stretch," says joint commissioner of police (trac) Increasing vehicle population is co-related with road accidents: every year road accidents cost India about 3%
Satyendra Garg.
Lack of enforcement
4.5. DELHI BRTS

of its gross domestic product, which was more than $1
trillion in 2007.[9]
4.5.7
See also
Delhi Monorail
59
Trac jams back on BRT
The Big, Bad BRT
Shorn of its halo, BRT works better for cars
Delhi HC orders reopening of BRT corridor for all
vehicles
Delhi Light Rail Transit

Indore BRTS
List of bus rapid transit systems
Ahmedabad BRTS
Jaipur BRTS
Pune Bus Rapid Transit
4.5.8
References
[1] http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/
brt-corridor-to-be-opened-to-public-on-may-1/
297272/ BRT corridor to be opened to public on May 1
Delhi-government-scraps-BRT-corridor-system/
[3] DMRC opens Sarita ViharBadarpur section. Hindustan Times. 2011-01-14. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
[4] Source: Central Pollution Control Board
[5] Delhi row over bus lane reveals class divide. BBC News.
2012-10-15.
[6] BBC mentions transit system as landmark of Brazils
south. BBC. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
[7] Delhi bus corridor stays, for common mans sake. 201010-18. The Delhi high court on Thursday dismissed a plea
seeking scrapping of the 5.8-km bus rapid transit stretch
between Ambedkar Nagar and Moolchand in south Delhi,
saying it was not an irrational decision but taken with an
eye on the future
[8] Supreme Court rejects govts plea on BRT. The Times
Of India.
[9] World Bank report (August 2008)
4.5.9
Source
DIMTS-Bus rapid transit

Private vehicles may ply on BRT bus lanes
Road rage: Rogue bikers beat up judge, driver on
Bus Rapid Transit corridor
Supreme Court rejects govts plea on BRT
Petitioner demolishes dividers on the bus rapid transit corridor

DIMTS
Chapter 5
Education
5.1 Education in Delhi
Education is based on three-tier model which includes
primary schools, followed by secondary schools and tertiary education at universities or other institutes of same
level. Education Department of the Government of Delhi
is a premier body which looks into the educational aairs.
Tertiary education is administrated by the Directorate of
Higher Education.[1]
Delhi has to its credit some of the premier institutions in
India like the Indian Institute of Technology, the School
of Planning and Architecture, the Netaji Subhas Insti- Jamia Millia Islamia, a Central University in Delhi
tute of Technology, the Delhi Technological University,
the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, University of
Jamia Millia Islamia: Central university (Ranked
Delhi, Jawaharlal Nehru University, the National InstiNo. 1)[4]
tute of Fashion Technology, AJK, Mass Communication
Research Centre under Jamia Millia Islamia University,
Delhi Technological University: State university
indian statistical institute and the Indian Institute of Mass
Communication.
Jawaharlal Nehru University: Central university
As per the 2011 census, Delhi has a literacy rate of 86.3%
with 91.0% of males and 80.9% of females.
Ambedkar University Delhi: State university

Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University: State
university
5.1.1
History
National Law University: State law university
In 1860-61, the North-Western Provinces education system was abolished in Delhi, and Punjab education system was introduced with opening of schools at Narela,
Najafgarh, Mehrauli and their suburbs.[2]
Indira Gandhi National Open University: Worlds

largest national university.[5]
Jamia Hamdard: Deemed university
indian statistical institute: Deemed university
5.1.2
Higher education
Technical education
There are about 500,000 university students in Delhi
NCR attending around more than 165 universities and See also: List of engineering colleges in Delhi
Delhi boasts of being home to some of the top
colleges.
engineering
colleges in India IIT Delhi, NIT Delhi,
Delhi has nine major universities:[3]
Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, NSIT
and Delhi Technological University (formerly DCE).
Indian Agricultural Research Institute,Pusa,New Delhi also boasts several private and few government
Delhi,Premier institute for agricultural research and engineering institutions like Ambedkar Institute of Adeducation in India,http://www.iari.res.in/
vanced Communication Technologies and Research and
G. B. Pant Engineering College, New Delhi, which are
University of Delhi: Central university
usually aliated to the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha
60
5.1. EDUCATION IN DELHI
61
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) is considered amongst the best medical research and treatment
centres in India.[9] Delhi has eight medical institutes, out
of which six provide both undergraduate and postgraduate education in medicine while other two are researched
based. These medical institutes are either aliated to the
University of Delhi or GGSIPU, only AIIMS is central
based. Faculty of Dentistry (Jamia Millia Islamia University) and Maulana Azad Dental College (Delhi University) are some of the dental schools.
5.1.3 Primary and secondary education

Schools in Delhi are run either by government or private sector. They are aliated to one of three education boards: the Council for the Indian School Certicate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for SecUniversity and a Faculty of Engineering under Jamia Mil- ondary Education (CBSE) and the National Institute of
lia Islamia University (a Central Univ).
Open Schooling (NIOS). As per the survey conducted
in 2001, Delhi had some 2416 primary, 715 middle and
1576 secondary schools.[10]
Industrial training institutes and centres Industrial
In 200405, approximately 1.5 million students were entraining institute (ITI) and industrial training centres,
rolled in primary schools, 822,000 in middle schools
constituted under the Ministry of Labour and Employand 669,000 in secondary schools across Delhi. Fement, provide diploma in technical elds. There are sevmale students represented 49% of the total enrolment.
[7]
eral ITIs in Delhi NCR. Normally a person who has
The same year, the Delhi government spent between
passed 10 standard (SSLC) is eligible for admission to an
1.58% and 1.95% of its gross state domestic product on
ITI. The objective of opening of ITI is provide technical
education.[11]
manpower to industries.
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi was ranked as Asias
fourth-best institute in science and technology in 1999.[6]
Architectural and Planning education

School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi
Medical education
5.1.4 Libraries
There are several libraries in Delhi, which are either
maintained by the government bodies or private organisations. Some of the major libraries in Delhi region are:
American Centre Library
British Council Library
Delhi Public Library
Delhi University Library
Ramakrishna Mission Library
IARI Library (Pusa)
Indian Council of Historical Research
Indian Council of Social Science Research
Maharaja Fatehsinhrao Gaekwad Library and Documentation Centre
All India Institute of Medical Sciences is consistently ranked as

Indias top medical college[8]
See also: Category: Medical colleges in New Delhi
Max Mueller Bhavan

National Archives of India
National Science Library
62
CHAPTER 5. EDUCATION
Russian Centre
Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute
Delhi Government
Zakir Hussain Central Library, Jamia Millia Islamia

University
Delhi Directorate of Education
5.1.5
Top 10 Engineering College of Delhi
See also
Industrial training institute

List of educational institutions in Delhi
List of colleges under Delhi University
5.1.6
References
[1] Directorate of Higher Education About us. Government of Delhi. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
[2] Sharma, p. 18
[3] Directorate of Higher Education. Delhi.gov.in. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
[4] Central University Ranking.
trieved 19 April 2013.
careerindia.com.
Re-
[5] Update 245: Indian University Honors WIPO Director

General. Listbox.wipo.int. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
[6] Asiaweek.com | Asias Best Universities 2000 | Overall
Ranking. Cgi.cnn.com. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
[7] Gasskov, Vladimir; Ashwani Aggarwal, Anil Grover,
Aswani Kumar and Q.L. Juneja (2003). INDUSTRIAL
TRAINING INSTITUTES OF INDIA: THE EFFICIENCY
STUDY REPORT (PDF). Geneva: InFocus Programme
on Skills, Knowledge, and Employability (IFP/SKILLS),
ILO. Retrieved 21 April 2010. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
[8] Malini Bhupta. India Today Indias most widely
read magazine. Indiatoday.digitaltoday.in. Retrieved 3
November 2008.
[9] Medical Meccas: An Oasis for Indias Poorest
| Newsweek Health for Life | Newsweek.com.
Newsweek.com. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
[10] Delhi Education Guide, Education in Delhi, Schools,
Colleges and Universities in Delhi. Delhicapital.com.
Retrieved 5 June 2011.
[11] Chapter 15: Education (PDF). Economic Survey of
National Capital Territory of Delhi. pp. 173187. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
5.1.7
Education in Delhi
Further reading
Ajay Kumar Sharma. A History of Educational Institutions in Delhi. Sanbun Publishers. ISBN 938021-314-X.
Chapter 6
Text and image sources, contributors, and

licenses
6.1 Text
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GreatWhiteNortherner, Utcursch, Murtasa, Summer Song, Woohookitty, Dwaipayanc, Tim!, Bgwhite, Quicksilvre, RussBot, Rsrikanth05,
Werdna, Nlu, Malaiya, SmackBot, Gilliam, Hmains, Skizzik, Chris the speller, Vikramsingh, TimBentley, Ankurjain, MalafayaBot, Stephen
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Elockid, TRBP, Chhora, Therash09, World8115, Onel5969, John of Reading, Mkrestin, Wieralee, Akram0101, Ankit28595, ClueBot
NG, Hind meri jaan, Helpful Pixie Bot, Cpidelhi, Delhicpi, Absconded Northerner, CitationCleanerBot, Fylbecatulous, BattyBot, Miszatomic, Darylgolden, ChrisGualtieri, Tech77, ABHYUDAYA KELKAR, Cpt.a.haddock, Little green rosetta, Corinne, Innovatingindiapics, LouisAragon, Haminoon, Karnsharma96, Monkbot, Boby1187, Liouasd, KH-1, Mahajan himanshu, Aryamanarora, Bhavika1990,
SamanthaAnderson12, Rajput Sirdar, JatDelhi and Anonymous: 129
Environment of Delhi Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Delhi?oldid=696349270 Contributors: Imc, Alan
Liefting, Wiki-uk, SmackBot, Shyamsunder, Tomwood0, LadyofShalott, Ekabhishek, Roleplayer, Lamro, Lightmouse, Drmies, WikHead,
MatthewVanitas, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, King Zebu, RjwilmsiBot, Indianenvironmentalist, ClueBot NG, MelbourneStar, Widr,
Helpful Pixie Bot, Frze, ChrisGualtieri, Jamesx12345, Shoonyea, Ruby Murray, Eyesnore, Evano1van, Monkbot, Govinddelhi, Liance,
OluwaCurtis and Anonymous: 31
Climate of Delhi Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Delhi?oldid=696202487 Contributors: Topbanana, Mushroom,
Kostja, Kelisi, Dwaipayanc, Syced, Welsh, CrazyC83, SmackBot, Skizzik, Chris the speller, NetherlandishYankee, Amartyabag, Shyamsunder, Luokehao, Imploder, Fundamental metric tensor, Oshwah, Manchurian candidate, SpecMode, Chhandama, 190319m9, Ariconte,
Darkblood777, Glane23, Lightbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, Shadowjams, Anna Roy, Full-date unlinking bot, Graphictopography, ZION ADOblr, Jonkerz, Therash09, Tbhotch, RjwilmsiBot, Ruderow, Bollyje, Xiaoyu of Yuxi, ClueBot NG, A520,
, BG19bot, Ashish.chakraborty, Yash!, Ssbbplayer, Abhijithnayak, Argha2399, Kashish Arora and Anonymous: 57
Transport in Delhi Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Delhi?oldid=694862472 Contributors: Mac, WhisperToMe, Eugene van der Pijll, PDH, Rich Farmbrough, Siddharthmukund, Tabletop, Melesse, Dwaipayanc, Pleiotrop3, Mskadu, Deeptrivia, Conscious,
Rsrikanth05, Jpbowen, Deepak~enwiki, Mugunth Kumar, Jkelly, Planemad, SmackBot, Hsachdevah, Chris the speller, Eer, Aktron,
Legaleagle86, Andrei Stroe, Mayur k100, Shyamsunder, Rameshng, Haus, CmdrObot, Ipsingh, Mato, Jay.Here, James086, Nick Number, Majorly, Ekabhishek, KuwarOnline, PhilKnight, Geniac, Dharmadhyaksha, CommonsDelinker, Coolguyche17, LordAnubisBOT,
Babedacus, Bonadea, PonyRider911, Tarungupta511, Magnet For Knowledge, Philip Trueman, Tri400, !dea4u, Sharadbob, AngChenrui,
Yulu, TvKimi, Absharaslam, 190319m9, Capitalismojo, ImageRemovalBot, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mulderpf, Lokantha, Lessogg, Jotterbot,
Edson Rosa, Belasd, DumZiBoT, Addbot, Narayansg, Bazza1971, Abhishek971, Enthusiast10, Yobot, Vikasch01, Playclever, Martinvogel, AnomieBOT, Rvd4life, Visor007, ArthurBot, J04n, Mittal.fdk, Ankitbhatt, FrescoBot, Amitmadanhrd, Ayushkapapa, Ak2431989,
Scribbleink, World8115, RjwilmsiBot, Marshall1984, EGroup, Vermani.gagan, John of Reading, Apoorvja, H3llBot, Bill william compton, Avoid simple2, ClueBot NG, Keepgoingraj.arora, Sektor 7G, Widr, Titodutta, Shresth Garg, Qx2020, Balendra Kaler, Broman178,
Iamtrhino, BattyBot, ChrisGualtieri, Pixelfrenzy, Steinsplitter, SFK2, Krishansubudhi, JaconaFrere, Aman33445, Shubhambansal57, Rubbish computer, Priyanshsingh25, NakulTarun frome re and Anonymous: 85
Delhi Suburban Railway Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Suburban_Railway?oldid=691515639 Contributors: William Avery, Woohookitty, DePiep, Red Slash, Tarunuee, SmackBot, Palrana, J Milburn, Ekabhishek, The Anomebot2, Coolguyche17, Signalhead,
66
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Delhi Metro Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro?oldid=697016887 Contributors: Patrick, D, Jpatokal, Vanished user
5zariu3jisj0j4irj, Mackensen, Hemanshu, Timrollpickering, Misterkillboy, Fudoreaper, Ferkelparade, CComMack, Moyogo, Bobblewik,
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BD2412, Vvuppala, NubKnacker, Rjwilmsi, Ravik, Aveekbh, MattFisher, CalJW, Nsdeonia, Mskadu, Gurubrahma, DVdm, Bgwhite,
KX675, Wasted Time R, YurikBot, Eraserhead1, Deeptrivia, Lincolnite, Rsrikanth05, D jinn, Thiseye, DAJF, Rwalker, Deepak~enwiki,
Sperril, Johndrinkwater, Ashishvashisht, Gppande, Tarunuee, Jonathan.s.kt, Planemad, SmackBot, Vivekr13, C.Fred, Raghu.kuttan, Paxse,
Drkarthi, Gilliam, Seann, Ohnoitsjamie, Betacommand, Ppntori, Chris the speller, Palrana, Eer, Saurabhmittal, OrphanBot, JonHarder,
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Seb951, Ravimetre, Coolleosandeep, Mufaddalp, Lumpio-, CPAScott, Slakr, Toakhilesh, Skabraham, Dl2000, Jim856796, Iridescent,
Rameshng, Twas Now, Theyer, CapitalR, RaviC, CmdrObot, DSachan, Anubhavklal, Cydebot, Ruchirjain, Grahamec, Ramitmahajan,
Preetikapoor0, Vanished User jdksfajlasd, Jay.Here, PKT, Thijs!bot, Barunghosh, CopperKettle, Anupam, Justinvjoseph, Raghavsethi,
Big Bird, Mentisto, WinBot, Chaleyer61, Majorly, Zaftig kraftig, Dr. Blofeld, Sexie, Coyets, IndianGeneralist, Trakesht, Altamel,
Raza 7226, Ekabhishek, Survivorfreak, Stewart Robertson, KuwarOnline, AshwiniKalantri, Magioladitis, Ujwal10101, Aru123, STBot,
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Kiranzhere, AlleborgoBot, Sharadbob, , Yulu, Parasrawal86, Fan Railer, Flyer22 Reborn, Harry the Dirty Dog, High
hills, Rohitnsit, Akarkera, 190319m9, Micky lakshya, Denisarona, ImageRemovalBot, Loren.wilton, ClueBot, UrsusArctosL71, EoGuy,
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MuZemike, Leovizza, Enthusiast10, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Legobot II, Nikharshukla, Hijay07, AnomieBOT, Mahmudmasri, Materialscientist, Srinivas, ArthurBot, Delhi Belly 2, Xqbot, ChrysalSnowlax, Shant2in, Johnxxx9, Almabot, J04n, Ita140188, Mihir29, Urprakhar,
Coolguyhunksmart, Stomar11, Vedabit, MerlLinkBot, Mittal.fdk, Pragvansh, Sainibindass, Ankitbhatt, Porko87, Ankit1010, Skcpublic,
Jain.atul, FrescoBot, Puneetnfc, Sidhant99, Abhi manit, Saiarcot895, Citation bot 1, Hometech, DrilBot, HRoestBot, Coekon, Orbitzen,
MastiBot, Full-date unlinking bot, IJBall, Crusoe8181, Trappist the monk, ZION ADOblr, Nikhil141088, Zanhe, Extra999, Lambanog,
Diannaa, Underlying lk, Samitus mallicus, World8115, Varunshiv, RjwilmsiBot, Anishmodi, Harrasis, Binoyjsdk, EmausBot, John of
Reading, MrZF, Avenue X at Cicero, Dewritech, Alexandre Duret-Lutz, Jeet221990, Tommy2010, Vefve, Ronk01, ZroBot, Anir1uph,
Bm1996, Terramorphous, Jimmy valentine, H3llBot, Rushil92, EWikist, JaneStillman, Dwaipayanghosh, Samaylivenews, Indiaforyou,
Sanjeetbond, LiquidIce, Ashish itct, Florentyna 1, Bill william compton, Aze0098, Abhishek Upadhaya, Logicalthinker33, 28bot, ClueBot
NG, Lamp089, Michaelmas1957, Mushroom9, Kakanana87, Prabhatkaushik, Vsharma07, Dimlys1994, Sw2nd, Sohil2520, Vrinda Vats,
Rezabot, Widr, Saagarwal31, AmrinderAroraSW, Titodutta, BG19bot, Iamehsaas, PhnomPencil, Darkness Shines, Fly2Blue, Mark Arsten, Raoyana, Amanmalik000, Creative.sudhir, Mail.winstar, Arinjatt, Getayush96, Rajshree.jk, Aaron-Tripel, Chini.sachin, M.soumen,
Maheshkum, Skyadume, Anbu121, Sqvox, STUDIOPINDROPDELHI, Mdharis123, BattyBot, Prtvtoc, Mallip, Tariqwani88, Cyberbot
II, Min2winit, Shashpant, Ars2520, BrightStarSky, Dexbot, BigJolly9, Ayushpsc, Mogism, Abitoby, Mang55, Hoshigaki, Satendra1990,
Joe stephany, Nipunnayar, Epicgenius, Danishhasan92, Chaman.deswal, SomeFreakOnTheInternet, Lfdder, Nickknack00, Vineethcmcm,
Evano1van, Crandshaft, Emily mainzer, Wikiuser13, Ugog Nizdast, Pops7003, Nehapant19, Monkbot, Filedelinkerbot, Subh9, RiSHisOm, Ankurc.17, Pritz.060191, Kunal Narendra Sarkar, Karangrover2000, Jonathanarpith, ZulzarAli, Sona1994, Deshwal, Picsart1, Vimalkverma, We1995, Sanjaygupta819, Kunwar989, Manastewari, Sudhirdeshwal, AusLondonder, Imranq1998, Ankur121188, GreenCricket, Atulk8996, Roshan08.08, Saummay7, Mpr7, Nikitajain881, RISHABHNAGPAL20, Priyanshsingh25, Shashank992 and Anonymous: 560
Delhi Monorail Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Monorail?oldid=683027084 Contributors: Slambo, Jaraalbe, Cydebot, Ekabhishek, KuwarOnline, VolkovBot, Trivialist, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot, Johnxxx9, Mittal.fdk, FrescoBot, Vinodtiwari2608, Lamp089,
Mushroom9, Snotbot, Frietjes, Shubham312, BG19bot, MKar, Harsh.ankur, Mrt3366, Khazar2, Mogism, Evano1van, ThinkingYouth,
Kunal Narendra Sarkar and Anonymous: 12
Delhi BRTS Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System?oldid=693763613 Contributors: Ankur Banerjee,
Tabletop, Wavelength, Rsrikanth05, Cerejota, SmackBot, Gjs238, Shyamsunder, CmdrObot, Cydebot, Nick Number, Akradecki, Ingolfson, KuwarOnline, Nankai, CommonsDelinker, Coolguyche17, SpecMode, Tri400, Michaeldsuarez, JL-Bot, Mild Bill Hiccup, Excirial,
Certes, Addbot, Enthusiast10, AnomieBOT, Piano non troppo, PeterEastern, Smita001, World8115, RjwilmsiBot, John of Reading, Bill
william compton, Wiki.Gunjan, Mr.vivek0305, ChunnuBhai, SangeetKhatri and Anonymous: 17
Education in Delhi Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Delhi?oldid=695934501 Contributors: Woohookitty, Rjwilmsi,
Bgwhite, Tachs, Amatulic, Ohconfucius, Fayenatic london, Ekabhishek, Maheshkumaryadav, Naniwako, Sitush, ImageRemovalBot, Apparition11, MatthewVanitas, Yobot, AnomieBOT, LilHelpa, Carrite, FrescoBot, Meyvun, Editorjob, Gsomp, Bill william compton,
Kay2rock, Helpful Pixie Bot, Naman297, Totallycoolliving, PhnomPencil, Niitnfc, Jor.langneh, Yoursmyk, Arundpaul, Monkbot, AusLondonder and Anonymous: 29
6.2 Images
File:1863_Dispatch_Atlas_Map_of_Delhi,_India_-_Geographicus_-_Delhi-dispatch-1867.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/1863_Dispatch_Atlas_Map_of_Delhi%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_Delhi-dispatch-1867.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: This le was provided to Wikimedia Commons by Geographicus Rare Antique Maps, a specialist dealer
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File:AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Personal collection Original artist: Dr.saptarshi
6.2. IMAGES
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File:Aerial_view_of_Air_Pollution_in_North_India,_Agriculture_Fires,_November_2013.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.

org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Aerial_view_of_Air_Pollution_in_North_India%2C_Agriculture_Fires%2C_November_2013.jpg
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File:DelhiMetroBlueLineBombardier.jpg
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File:DelhiMetro_AirportExpress_20111214.jpg Source:
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File:Delhi_Faridabad_Skyway.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Delhi_Faridabad_Skyway.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: RISHABHNAGPAL20
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File:Delhi_Gurgaon_Toll_Gate.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Delhi_Gurgaon_Toll_Gate.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/gurgaonshoppingmalls/2223804742/ Original artist: User:
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photographers (see above); Photoshopped by Nikkul (talk) 01:10, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
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File:Delhi_metro_six_coach_train_panoramic_view.jpg Source:
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File:Delhi_ring_rail.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Delhi_ring_rail.jpg License: FAL Contributors:
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File:Delhimap.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Delhimap.jpg License: Copyrighted free use Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Delhiuni.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Delhiuni.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
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File:Early_Political_History_of_Delhi,_1060-1947.png Source:
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Original artist:
Bhavika1990
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File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public
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6.2. IMAGES
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File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
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Unknown
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6.2. IMAGES
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[1]
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Delhi

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Government and politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.14 World Heritage status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.15 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.17 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.18 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8th century to 16th century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16th century to 19th century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Loss of ora and fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Overview of Seasonal Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Weather monitoring stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Delhi Trac Police transport helpline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

References and notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Delhi Suburban Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Delhi Ring Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Signalling and telecommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Environment and aesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3.11 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Design and operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Usage and performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.5.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Primary and secondary education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

and the local government of Delhi, and is the capital of

National Capital Territory redirects here. For the

CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE

Main articles: History of Delhi and Old Delhi

The iron pillar of Delhi, is said to have been fashioned at the

Khilji, the Delhi sultanate extended its control south of

The king Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in 1192 by

At 72.5 m (238 ft), A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Qutub

king, Hemu acceded to the throne of Delhi by defeating

A UNESCO World Heritage Site, built in 1560, Humayuns Tomb

In 1757, the Afghan ruler, Ahmad Shah Durrani, sacked

CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE

The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991

The National Capital Territory of Delhi covers an area

Urban sustainability analysis of the greater urban area of the

1.1.4 Civic administration

Dense smog blankets Connaught Place, Delhi.

however, as of 2015, awareness, particularly among the

Map showing the nine districts of Delhi

See also: Divisions of Delhi, Districts of Delhi and List

CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE

The Indian National Congress (Congress) formed all the

Delhi houses the Supreme Court of India and the regional

Government and politics

Connaught Place in Delhi is an important economic hub of the

Delhi is the largest commercial centre in northern India;

Main article: Government of Delhi

As per the Economic survey of Delhi (20052006), the

Main article: Transport in Delhi

Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi, it is the

The headquarters of the New Delhi Municipal Corporation

Delhis municipal water supply is managed by the Delhi

CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE

The Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway, connecting Delhi to the Important Roads in Delhi

Outer Ring Road is another major artery in Delhi

The Delhi Noida Direct Flyway (DND Flyway) is

The Delhi Gurgaon Expressway is a 28 km (17 mi)

The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de

and ends at the town of Fazilka in Punjab near the

Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS)