3G

Complete
Knowledge

WCDMA Fundamentals
Separate users through different codes

Large bandwidth

Continuous transmission and reception

Code planning - Frequency reuse is 1

No frequency planning

Scrambling code planning

5 MHz carrier separation

Fast Power Control

Soft/Softer Handover

Admission Control

Congestion Control

3GPP : 3rd Generation Partnership Project

CDMA
tim

code

Code-Division
Multiple Access

frequency

http://www.3gpp.org

UTRAN Architecture
(Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)

OSS

RN Interfaces

Iu
Iu PS
Connection to the packet switched core network domain
SGSN/GGSN

Iu CS
Connection to the circuit switched core network domain
MSC

Protocol RANAP
Iur
RNC interconnection
[eg: for SHO support ]
Protocol RNSAP
Iub
Connection for the RBS to the RNC
Protocol NBAP
Uu
Air Interface to the UE
Protocol RRC, RLC, MAC

Core Network

Iu

Iur

RNC

RNC

Iub
RBS

RBS

RBS

Uu

UE

Basics of 3G

Basics of 3G

WCDMA Bandwidth

FDD 5 MHZ of Paired

TDD 5 MHZ Only

SF and Data rate

SF is lower when data rate is higher

SF and Power Relation

When lower the SF then more power required

SF and Coverage relation

SF is high then coverage will be high

CPICH Power -:

It takes about 8 to 10% of the total NodeB Power .For a 20W (43dBm)
NodeB, CPICH is around 2W (33dBm).
In urban areas where in-building coverage is taken care of by in-building
installations, the CPICH may sometimes go as low as 5% because:
The coverage area is small since users are close to the site, and
More power can be allocated to traffic channels.

Basics of 3G
RSCP

Stand for Received Signal Code Power, the energy per Chip in CPICH
averaged over 512 chip.

RSSI

The desired total signal of UTRA carrier frequency.

Received energy of all cells in particular location.

RSCP = RSSI/Ec/No

Basics of 3G
TCP

During the Power Control, transmit power control command is used to power up
and Power Down based on SIR Target in the step of 0.5 dB.

Active Set

It Consist group of cells that takes part in soft & softer HO and measured by UE.
Typically Active set size is 3 or 4.
HO Window size is 4 to 6 dB

Pilot Pollution

When number of strong cell added in Active set size there is pilot pollution.

Compressed Mode

Compressed mode is physical layer function that allowed to UE to temporally

tune to another frequency , and measured the RF environment of another UMTS
Frequency.

Cell Breathing

The cell coverage shrink as the loading increase in called cell breathing.

TTI

After every TTI resource can be redistributed among the user, resources uses is
more efficient.

Basics of 3G

TMA-

It reduce the system noise, Improve the UL sensitivity and leads to

longer UE Battery life
TMA Gain 12 dB

Sensitivity is the minimum input power needed to get a suitable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at
the output of the receiver. It is determined by receiver noise figure, thermo noise power and
required SNR. Thermo noise power is determined by bandwidth and temperature, SNR is
determined by modulation technique, therefore the only variable is noise figure.
The cascading noise figure can be calculated by Friis equation (Herald Friis):
NFt = NF1 + (NF2-1)/G1 + (NF3-1)/(G1*G2) + ... + (NFi-1)/(G1*G2*...*Gi)
As the equation shows, the first block imposes the minimum and the most prominent noise
figure on the system, and the following blocks imposes less and less impact to the system
provided the gains are positive. Linear passive devices have noise figure equal to their loss.
A TMA typically has a gain of 12dB.
There are typically top jumper, main feeder and a bottom jumper between antenna and BTS.
A TMA placed near antenna with a short jumper from antenna provides the best noise figure
improvement the noise figure will be restricted to the top jumper loss (NF1) and TMA ((NF21)/G1), and the remaining blocks (main feeder and bottom jumper) have little effect.
To summarize, a TMA has a gain thats close to feeder loss.

Why TMA are installed at the top near the antenna and not
the bottom near the NodeB?

Based on Friis Equation, having a TMA near the BTS will have the top jumper and main feeder
losses (noise figures) cascaded in and a TMA will not be able to help suppress the losses.

Basics of 3G
Processing gain

Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate over data bit rate, usually represented in
decibel (dB) scale. For example, with 3.84MHz chip rate and 12.2k data rate, the
processing gain is:
PG12.2k = 10 * log (3,840,000 / 12,200) = 25dB

calculate maximum number of users on a cell-

To calculate the maximum number of users (M) on a cell, we need to know:

W: chip rate (for UMTS 3,840,000 chips per second)
EbNo: Eb/No requirement (assuming 3dB for CS-12.2k)
i: other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (assuming 60%)
R: user data rate (assuming 12,200 kbps for CS-12.2k)
: loading factor (assuming 50%)
Take 12.2kbps as example:
M = W / (EnNo * (1 + i) * R) * = 3,840,000 (3 * (1 + 0.6) * 12,200) * 0.5 = 32.8
The number of users could also be hard-limited by OVSF code space. Take CS12.2k for
example:
A CS-12.2k bearer needs 1 SF128 code.
Total available codes for CS-12.2k = 128 2 (1 SF64) 2 (4 SF256) = 124.
Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8 and loading factor of 50%: 124 / 1.8 *.05 = 34 uers/cell.

Basics of 3G
Cell Selection Criteria

Qmean = the average SIR target cell

Qmin = minimum SIR required
Pcomponsation = a correction value for different UE classes

S = Qmean Qmin Compensation

If S>0 then the cell is valid candidate.
A UE camp on the cell with higher S

DRX Cycle

The UE listen to the PICH only at certain predefined times, reducing the power
consumption. The periodically of these search is set by the system and the time
interval is called Discontinues Reception.
Different DRX cycle are used for CS and PS service in Ideal mode. A separate DRX
cycle is also used to page connected mode UEs in state URA_CPH.

Near Far Effect

All users use the same bandwidth at the same time and therefore users interface
with one another. Due to the propagation path loss, the signal received by the
base station from UE close to the base station will be stronger the signal received
from another terminal located at the boundary. Hence the distant user will be
dominated by the close user. This is called near - far effect.
Solution of this problem is power control, which attempt to achieve the same
mean received power for each user.

Basics of 3G
Noise Rise

For every new user added to the service addition noise is added to the network.
This is each new user causes a noise rise . In theory the noise rise is defined
as the ratio of total received wideband power to the noise power.
Higher nose rise value implies more users are allowed on the network, and
each user has to transmit the higher power to over come the higher noise level.
This means smaller path loss can be tolerate and the cell radius is reduced.

AT what circumstances can a Node B reach its max

capacity? What are the Capacity Limitations?

NodeB reaches its max transmit power, runs out of its channel element, uplink
noise rise reaches its design target.

Resource Management for Capacity Management

DL Power
Received Total Wideband Power
OVSF Codes
RBS Channel Element

Three Sets in HO

Active Set
Monitor Set
Detected Set

Basics of 3G

Measure Difference between GSM and UMTS

HO decision
GSM:

Time based mobile measure of Rx Lev and Rx Qual mobile sends

measurement report every SACH period (480ms)
BSC instruct to mobile to HO based on these reports.

UMTS:

Event triggered reporting - UE send a measurement report only on certain

event triggered .
UE plays more part in the HO decision.

Direct Retry

When there is a co existing GSM RAN, Excess traffic in a WCDMA cell may be
offloaded to GSM.
In a call is chosen for Direct Retry to GSM, the request for the speech RAB will
be rejected with cause Direct Retry and then a request is made to the core
n/w to relocate the UE to a specific GSM cell, using the Inter RAT HO
procedure. This HO is blind one since the target cell is chosen not based on UE
measurements. Therefore, the target cell must be co located with the WCDMA
cell.
CO Located GSM cells are assumed to have similar coverage and accessibility
as their respective WCDMA cells.
Default Value -85

EVENTS

Basics of 3G

e1a - a primary CPICH enters the reporting range, i.e. add a cell to active set.
e1b - a primary CPICH leaves the reporting range, i.e. removed a cell from active set.
e1c - a non active primary CPICH becomes better than an active Primary CPICH, i.e.
replace a cell.
e1d - Change the best cell
e1e - a Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold.
e1f - a Primary CPICH becomes worse that an absolute threshold.
e2a - for inter frequency HO measurement. Change the best frequency.
e2d - for inter frequency HO measurement. The estimate quality of the currently used
frequency is below a certain threshold.
E2b the estimate quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold
and the estimate quality of non used frequency is above a certain threshold.
E2c - The estimate quality of a non used frequency is above certain threshold.
E2e- The estimate quality of non used frequency is below a certain threshold.
E2f The estimate quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain threshold.
e3a - for IRAT HO measurement.
e3d - for IRAT HO measurement. There was a change in the order of best GSM cell list.
E3b the GSM cell quality has moved below threshold
E3c the GSM cell quality has moved above a threshold
Inter frequency HO evaluation is based its decision on P CPICH quality measure on
the currently used frequency and on one or more non used frequency. If the evaluation
result is positive, one cell on a non used frequency is proposed to Inter Frequency HO
execution.
Inter Frequency Ho is hard HO where the UE is ordered by the n/w to tune to another
frequency . Means that there will be a small interruption in data flow to and from the UE

RABs supported in RAN P2.1

Conversational Speech

12.2 kbps Circuit switched

Conversational CS Data

64 kbps Circuit switched

Streaming

57.7 kbps Circuit switched

Interactive

Multi-RAB

Variable rate Packet Switched

RACH/FACH, 64/64, 64/128, 64/384

Combination of Conversational
Speech and Interactive 64/64

Radio Access Bearer (RAB)

A radio access bearer (RAB) connection via UTRAN is realised by two concatenated
segments, the Iu bearer connection and the radio bearer connection

UMTS Radio Access Protocol structure

User Plane and Control Plane
Signaling Radio
Bearer (SRB)

Control plane

User plane

Layer 3

Control

Measurements

RRC

Signaling
channels

RLC

Radio
bearers

RLC
RLC

Control

RLC

RLC

Radio Bearer for User

Data (RB)

RLC

RLC

RLC
Layer 2 RLC

Logical channels

MAC

Layer 2 MAC
Transport channels

Physical Layer

Layer 1

RAB and RAB realizations

RAB (Radio Access Bearer)
Owned by the core network (CN)
CN determines, traffic class, QoS etc

RB (Radio Bearer)
Owned by the Radio Network

One RAB can be mapped to several Radio Bearers

E.g., different bit classes for AMR
RB is how Radio Network realizes a RAB

SRB (Signaling Radio Bearers)

Needed for signaling of, e.g., connection setups, measurements,
RN procedures etc.
Logical Channels
An RB is mapped to a Logical Channel
All user data mapped to DTCH

Radio Access Bearers (RABs)

CS - Speech AMR 12.2 kbps
Data (Video) 64 kbps

PS I/B (UL/DL)

64/64 kbps
64/128 kbps
64/384 kbps
128/128 kbps (P5)

HSDPA
64/HSDPA interactive
384/HSDPA interactive

Multi-RAB
Speech AMR 12.2 kbps + 64/HSDPA (P5)
Speech AMR 12.2 kbps + 384/HSDPA (P5)

Radio Bearers

Interactive/background RAB forms the bases for normal PS

best effort data
M SC

RBS

RNC
UTRAN

/C S
UMTS e
on
Backb

SGSN

GGSN

UMTS/GP
RS
Backbon
e

RAB

Radio b
earer

No guaranteed performances for an interactive/background RAB

Dedicated 64/64, 128/64, 384/64 kbps RAB

Streaming 128/128 kbps RAB

Mapping of UMTS Services to RABs

Basics of 3G
Processing gain

Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate over data bit rate, usually represented in
decibel (dB) scale. For example, with 3.84MHz chip rate and 12.2k data rate, the
processing gain is:
PG12.2k = 10 * log (3,840,000 / 12,200) = 25dB

calculate maximum number of users on a cell-

To calculate the maximum number of users (M) on a cell, we need to know:

W: chip rate (for UMTS 3,840,000 chips per second)
EbNo: Eb/No requirement (assuming 3dB for CS-12.2k)
i: other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (assuming 60%)
R: user data rate (assuming 12,200 kbps for CS-12.2k)
: loading factor (assuming 50%)
Take 12.2kbps as example:
M = W / (EnNo * (1 + i) * R) * = 3,840,000 (3 * (1 + 0.6) * 12,200) * 0.5 = 32.8
The number of users could also be hard-limited by OVSF code space. Take CS12.2k for
example:
A CS-12.2k bearer needs 1 SF128 code.
Total available codes for CS-12.2k = 128 2 (1 SF64) 2 (4 SF256) = 124.
Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8 and loading factor of 50%: 124 / 1.8 *.05 = 34 uers/cell.

Eb/No
Eb/No

By definition Eb/No is energy bit over noise density, i.e. is the ratio of the energy
per information bit to the power spectral density (of interference and noise) after
dispreading.
Eb/No = Processing Gain + SIR
For example, if Eb/No is 5dB and processing gain is 25dB then the SIR should be
-20dB or better. The Eb/No targets are dependent on the service:

On the uplink, typically CS is 5 to 6dB and PS is 3 to 4dB PS is about 2dB lower.

On the downlink, typically CS has 6 to 7dB and PS is 5 to 6dB PS is about 1dB
lower.

Eb/No requirement lower for PS than for CS

PS has a better error correction capability and can utilize retransmission, therefore it can afford to a lower
Eb/No. CS is real-time and cannot tolerate delay so it needs a higher Eb/No to maintain a stronger RF link.

Eb/No

Io = own cell interference + surrounding cell interference + noise density

No = surrounding cell interference + noise density

Ec/Io

Ec/Io is the ratio of the energy per chip in CPICH to the total received power
density (including CPICH itself).

Ec/No
CPICH Ec/No
The CPICH Ec/No is used to determine the quality of the received
signal. It gives the received energy per received chip divided by
the bands power density. The quality is the primary CPICHs
signal strength in relation to the cell noise. (Please note, that
transport channel quality is determined by BLER, BER, etc. )

If the UE supports GSM, then it must be capable to make

measurements in the GSM bands, too. The measurements are
based on the

SF
Channelization operation: Transforms data symbols into chips. Thus
increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data
symbol is called the Spreading Factor SF .The operation is done
through multiplication with OVSF code.

Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal.

Separates users through different codes
Codes are used for two purposes:

Differentiate channels/users

Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth

Chips after
spreading

Data bit

OVSF
code

Scrambling
code

Spreading principle
Spreading code = Scrambling code + Channelization code
Scrambling codes (Repeat period 10 ms=38400 chips)
Separates different mobiles (in uplink)
Separates different cells (in downlink)

Channelization codes
Separates different channels that are transmitted on the same
scrambling code
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
Period depends on data rate

Spreading principle
User information bits are spread into a number of chips by multiplying them with
a spreading code
The chip rate for the system is 3.84 Mchip/s and the signal is spread in 5 MHz
The Spreading Factor (SF) is the ratio between the chip rate and the symbol rate
The same code is used for de/spreading the information after it is sent over the
air interface

Information signal
Spreading signal
Transmission signal

Spread Spectrum gain

Chanilization Code

OVSF code is used as channelization code

It is used to spread the signal and channel separation from the cell.
Channelization Codes have different length depending on the bit rate
In the Downlink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish
between data (and control) channels coming from the same RBS

In the Uplink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between

data (and control) channels from the same UE

DL 4 to 512
UL 4 to 256
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

Scrambling Code

Scrambling code GOLD sequence.

Scrambling code period : 10ms ,or 38400 chips.
The code used for scrambling of uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be
of either long or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short
uplink scrambling codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned
by higher layers.
For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143
scrambling codes can be generated. Only scrambling codes k
= 0, 1, , 8191 are used.
SC used to separate the cells in N/W
In UL it is used to differentiate the terminals.
After the Channelization Codes, the data stream is multiplied
by a special code to distinguish between different transmitters.
Scrambling codes are not orthogonal so they do not need to be
synchronized
The separation of scrambling codes is proportional to the code
length longer codes, better separation (but not 100%)
Scrambling codes are 38400 chips long

Scrambling Codes
In the Downlink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each cell
(assigned by operator SC planning)
In the Uplink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each UE
(assigned by network)
Cell 1 transmits using SC1

SC1

SC1

SC3

SC4

Cell 2 transmits using SC2

SC2

SC5

SC2

SC6

Scrambling Code planning

SC are organized in Code Groups.
The first SC in each Code Group differs from the first SC in the subsequent
Code Group by a multiple of 8

64 Code Groups
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

...
...
...
...
500
501
502
503

504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511

Power Control

Power Control
Open Loop
Fast closed Loop
Outer Loop

Open Loop

Controlled by UE
Determined in UL that how much power UE is uses
n/w inform to UE of current n/w status CPPICH Power, UL interference
UE use these parameter to calculate initial power of PRACH
Concept : Power is a common resource in WCDMA
Goal : Ensure sufficient received energy per information bit for all communication
links

When UE is switch on, UE start to send the power to NodeB, first it will send
minimum power then increase the power level till it gets Aquired in that perticuler
network(Information get through AICH).

36

Power Control
Fast Closed Loop (Inner Loop)

Located in NodeB and UE

Controlled the power of dedicated physical channel
PC changes can occur every slots 1500 times/sec
NodeB and UE continuously compare SIR with SIR target and inform each other to
either increase of decrease its power

Outer Loop

Located in RNC
Adjust the SIR for every user based on BLER
Keep the quality of communication at required level (BLER, SIR, BER) by setting SIR
target for fast power control
compensates for fading channels
needs dedicated control channel for power control commands

37

Handover

Hanover

Soft/Softer Hand Over

Inter Frequency hand Over
Inter RAT Handover
Core Network Hard Handover
Service Based Handover to GSM
HSDPA Mobility

Soft/Softer Hand Over

UE connected to two or more RBSs at the same time

40

Explain Soft and Softer handover?

In Soft Handover, the UE connection consists of at least two radio

links established with cells belonging to different RBSs.
In Softer handover, the UE connection consists of at least two radio links
established with cells belonging to the same RBS.
It acts as macro diversity since UE is connected to more than one radio link
at any given point, adds redundancy and reduces interference. However
there is a tradeoff between soft/softer handover & system capacity.
A UE involved in Soft/Softer Handover uses several radio links, more
DL channelization codes, and more DL power than a single-link connection.
Consequently, if all the UEs connected to a particular RNC are considered,
more resources are needed in the RBSs, more resources over the Iub and
Iur interfaces, and more resources in the RNC. For this reason, the number
of radio links involved in the Soft/Softer handover must be limited

Inter Frequency Handover

UE handover between different

frequencies or between WCDMA

Inter RAT Handover

Inter frequency handover between
WCDMA and GSM
GSM to WCDMA or Hard HO

HSPA

HSDPA represents an evolution of the WCDMA radio interface, which uses very
similar methods to those employed by EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution) technology for the GSM radio interface. The fundamental
characteristics which enable the increase in the data throughput and capacity
with reduced latency are summarized below:
Time and code multiplexing of the users
Multi-Code transmission
Fixed Spreading Factor (SF = 16)
Shorter TTI = 2ms
No DTX (Discontinuous transmission) for the data channel
Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) supporting higher order modulation
Node B scheduling and link adaptation
Node B retransmissions (H-ARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat-Request)
No power control
No soft handover
The subscribers request higher speed and better quality data access
Competition challenge from CDMA EV/DO, WiMAX
Up to now, the throughput request for downlink is much more higher than
that of uplink
The channel configuration of R99 lead a very low efficiency on the downlink
capacity

HSPA Calculation

Chip rate in KBPS = 3840

Spreading Factor = 16
Speed
=3840/16 = 240

Modulation = 4 (N)
Coding Scheme = 15(M)

Total Speed for 16 QAM = Speed * Modulation Type (N)*Coding Scheme (M)
= 240 * 4* 15 = 14.4 MBPS

Important Facts

2^n formula use for modulation scheme

QPSK
16 QAM
64 QAM
2^1, N=1
2^4, N= 4
2^6, N= 6

Code Used

QPSK
16 QAM
5
10
more then 64QAM

Total Speed for 64 QAM = 240*6*15 =21.6

64 QAM
15

dynamic code will use for

HSDPA Characteristics
HSDPA is the solution of WCDMA offering higher speed downlink
data services.
Peak data rate in DL: 14.4Mbps (physical layer)
Shorter delay
Higher efficiency using downlink code and power and
bigger downlink capacity
Flexible cell resource allocation
More high speed user access
HSDPA
UMTS R9
9
GSM

Fast Scheduling Basic

Physical Layer Basic
If a little part of received 10ms frame (15 slots - R99) cant be
decoded correctly, whole frame will be retransmit 10ms later.

An HSDPA frame is only 2ms(3 slots). If a 2ms frame cant be

decoded correctly, just this 2ms frame need be retransmitted. Other
2ms(up to 6) HARQ process may continue transmitting data, thus
radio resource could be used more effectively.

Fast Scheduling
By fast scheduling, HSDPA cell can allocate the available HSDPA power resource and
code resource among users effectively, to improves the throughout.

Scheduling Principle: based on channel

condition in short period; based on balance
between throughout and proportional fair for
all users in long period.

Scheduler may works

based on CDM and/or TDM
Channel condition
Amount of data waiting in the queue
(delay)
Fairness
Cell throughout, etc

Some basic scheduler

Round Robin (RR)
Maximum C/I (MAXC/I)
Proportional Fair (PF)

Share and Scheduling of Shared Channel

The following fig describes scheduling processing for 4 users.

All codes
reserved for
HSDPA
transmission
2ms

Max C/I Scheduling Algorithm

Features:
1) Allocates channel to the user with max C/I in one TTI.
2) Provides the highest cell throughout, because channel is allocated to the user in the
best radio condition .
3) It is not fair for the users located in areas of poor coverage. By max C/I
algorithm, the system hardly allocate channel for users under pool signal condition.

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

AMC could improve radio bandwidth and fit for high speed radio transmission.

AMC is based on channel quality

Adjust data rate
Good channel condition higher rate
Poor channel condition lower rate
Adjust code rate
Good channel condition higher rate (e.g. 3/4
code)
Poor channel condition lower rate (e.g. 2/4
code)
Adjust modulation scheme
Good channel condition 16QAM
Poor channel condition QPSK

Channel Quality Feedback (CQI)

UE measures channel quality (SNR) and reports to
Node B every 2ms or longer time.
Node-B chooses modulation scheme, Transport Block
size and data rate based on CQI.

Throughput ~ SIR Relationship

Modulation Scheme
HSDPA Modulation
QPSK
16QAM

AMC Processing Flow

UE measure CPICH strength
UE reports the signal quality by CQI
(channel quality indicator)
Node B may filter and rectify CQI report to
obtain actual CQI
Determine the channel number, transmit
power and modulation scheme, etc, based
on CQI, transmit data volume, available
power and code.

Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)

HARQ helps minimize retransmission time and increase cell throughout.
Tranditional ARQ

Hybrid ARQ

decode received transport block

decode received transport block

detect if there is CRC error in decoded

transport bolck

Detect if there is CRC error in decoded transport bolck

If there is CRC error

If there is CRC error

Store error block(no discard)

discard error block

Request retransmission

Request retransmission

Combine the currently received retranmission with

the previous failed decodes.

Combined HARQ
Block1

Block1

Block2

Soft Combine

Block1

Block1
Block1?

Increment redundancy

HARQ Concept
HARQ is a technique that transmitter sends new set of
check bits if the previous transmission failed (NACK)
while receiver buffers the failed decodes for soft
combining with future retransmissions.
The RV parameter indicates different code bit transmit
in IR buffer. Different RV parameter configuration
supports:
CC (Chase Combining): retransmit the same coded data
PIR (Partial Incremental Redundancy): transmit systematic bits
first
FIR (Full Incremental Redundancy): transmit parity bits first

HARQ Gain
One retransmission gain for different retransmission scheme

Code Rate
CC Gain (dB)
PIR Gain
(dB)

1/3

1/2

2/3

3/4

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.1

3.3

3.6

6.5

FIR Gain
(dB)

3.1

3.5

4.3

8.4

FIR scheme will transmit the check bits first, it has effective average
coded bits after retransmission. Especially for high code rate, the
HARQ gain is very evidence.

Channel Concept
Down Link

WCDMA Downlink (FDD) Rel.99

Logical Channels
(Layers 3+)

Transport Channels
(Layer 2)

Physical Channels
(Layer 1)

Null Data
BCCH
Broadcast Control Ch.
PCCH
Paging Control Ch.
CCCH
Common Control Ch.
CTCH
Common Traffic Ch.

BCH
Broadcast Ch.

Data
Encoding

PCH
Paging Ch.

Data
Encoding

FACH
Forward Access Ch.

Data
Encoding

DCH
Dedicated Ch.

Data
Encoding

DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1

DCH
Dedicated Ch.

Data
Encoding

DCH
Dedicated Ch.

S/P

P-CCPCH(*)
Primary Common Control Physical Ch.

Cch 256,0

Gain

Cch 256,1

Gain

PSC

S/P

GP

SSCi

S-CCPCH
Secondary Common Control

SCH (Sync Channel)

S/P

Physical Ch.

Cch

GS

Gain

Cell-specific
Scrambling
Code
M
U
X

DPDCH (one or more per UE)

Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

M
U
X

S/P
Cch

Gain

Data
Encoding
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits

DSCH
Downlink Shared Ch.

Sync Codes(*)

DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel)

CCTrCH One per UE

DCCH
Dedicated Control Ch.

DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. N

CPICH
Common Pilot Channel

Data
Encoding

PDSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel

S/P

PICH
(Paging Indicator Channel )

S/P

AP-AICH
(Access Preamble Indicator Channel )

S/P

CPCH Status Indication bits

CSICH
(CPCH Status Indicator Channel )

S/P

CPCH Status Indication bits

CD/CA-ICH
(Collision Detection/Channel

S/P

Access Preamble Indication bits

S/P

Paging Indication bits

I+jQ

Filter
Filter

I/Q
Modulator

DPCCH (one per UE)

Dedicated Physical Control Ch.

AICH
(Acquisition Indicator Channel)

Access Indication data

Downlink
RF Out

Assignment )

* Note regarding P-CCPCH and SCH

Cch

Gain

Cch

Gain

Cch

Gain

Cch

Gain

Cch

Gain

Cch

Gain

Sync Codes are transmitted only in bits 0-255 of each timeslot;

P-CCPCH transmits only during the remaining bits of each timeslot

Downlink Logical Channels (L3)

Control Logical Channels
BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel)
Broadcasts cell site and system information to all UE

PCCH (Paging Control Channel)

Transmits paging information to a UE when the UEs location is
unknown

CCCH (Common Control Channel)

Transmits control information to a UE when there is no RRC
Connection

DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel)

Transmits control information to a UE when there is a RRC
Connection

Traffic Logical Channels

CTCH (Common Traffic Channel)
Traffic channel for sending traffic to a group of UEs.

DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel)

Traffic channel dedicated to one UE

60

Downlink Transport Channels (L2)

Common Transport Channels
BCH (Broadcast Channel)
Continuous transmission of system and cell information

PCH (Paging Channel)

Carries control information to UE when location is unknown
Pending activity indicated by the PICH (paging indication channel)

FACH (Forward Access Channel)

Used for transmission of idle-mode control information to a UE
Also used for some user data

Dedicated Transport Channels

DCH (Dedicated Channel)
Carries dedicated traffic and control data to one UE
Used for BLER measurements
61

Downlink Physical Channels (L1)

Common Physical Channels
P-CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel (Primary)
Broadcasts cell site information
Timing reference for all DL

SCH Synchronization Channel

Fast Synch. codes 1 and 2; time-multiplexed with P-CCPCH

S-CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary)

Transmits idle-mode signaling and control information to UEs

CPICH

Common Pilot Channel

Dedicated Physical Channels

DPDCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Data Channel
DPCCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Control Channel
Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to UEs

62

Downlink Physical Channels

Indicator Physical Channels
AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel)
Acknowledges that BS has acquired a UE Random Access
attempt
(Echoes the UEs Random Access signature)

PICH (Page Indicator Channel)

Informs a UE to monitor the next paging frame

DPCCH: 15 kb/sec data rate, 10 total bits per DPCCH slot

PILOT:

Fixed patterns (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits per DPCCH slot)

TFCI:

Transmit Format Combination Indicator (0, 2, 3, or 4 bits)

FBI:

Feedback Information (0, 1, or 2 bits)

TPC:

Transmit Power Control bits (1 or 2 bits); power adjustment in steps of 1, 2, or 3 dB

63

Channel Concept
UP Link

WCDMA Uplink (FDD) Rel 99

Logical Channels
(Layers 3+)

Transport Channels
(Layer 2)

CCCH
Common Control Ch.

RACH
Random Access Ch.

Physical Channels
(Layer 1)
Data
Coding

Chd

Gd

PRACH
Physical Random Access Ch.

RACH Control Part

DTCH (packet mode)

Dedicated Traffic Ch.

CPCH
Common Packet Ch.

Data
Coding

Chc

Gc

Chd

Gd

PCPCH
Physical Common Packet Ch.

UE
Scrambling
Code

Uplink
RF Out

PCPCH Control Part

Chc

CCTrCH
DCCH
Dedicated Control Ch.
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1

DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. N

DCH
Dedicated Ch.
DCH
Dedicated Ch.

DCH
Dedicated Ch.

Data
Encoding
Data
Encoding

DPDCH #1
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #3 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

M
U
X

Data
Encoding

DPDCH #5 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #2 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #4 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #6 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits

DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Control Ch.

Gc

Chd,1

Gd

Chd,3

Gd

Chd,5

Gd

Chd,2

Gd

Chd,4

Gd

Chd,6

Gd

Chc

Gd

Q
j

I+jQ

Filter
Filter

I/Q
Mod.

Uplink Logical Channels (L3)

Control Logical Channels
CCCH (Common Control Channel)
Transmits control information to a UE when there is no RRC Connection

DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel)

Transmits control information from a UE when there is a RRC Connection

Traffic Logical Channels

CTCH (Common Traffic Channel)
Traffic channel for sending traffic to a group of UEs

DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel)

Traffic channel dedicated from one UE

66

Uplink Transport Channels (L2)

Common Transport Channels
RACH

- Random Access Channel

Carries access requests, control information, short data

Uses only open-loop power control
Subject to random access collisions

Dedicated Transport Channels

DCH - Dedicated Channel
Carries dedicated traffic and control data from one UE
Used for BLER measurements

67

Uplink Physical Channels (L1)

Common Physical Channels
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
Used by UE to initiate access to BS

Dedicated Physical Channels

DPDCH Dedicated Uplink Physical Data Channel
DPCCH Dedicated Uplink Physical Control Channel
Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to BS

68

WCDMA Physical Channels

Channels broadcast to all UE in the cell
P-CCPCH- Primary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH - Synchronization Channel
CPICH - Common Pilot Channel
Paging Channels
S-CCPCH - Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
PICH - Page Indicator Channel
Random Access and Packet Access Channels

Base
Station
(BS)

PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel

AICH - Acquisition Indicator Channel
AP-AICH - Acquisition Preamble Indicator Channel
CD/CA-AICH - Collision Detection Indicator Channel
CSICH - CPCH Status Indicator Channel

User
Equipment
(UE)

Dedicated Connection Channels

DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel

69

Channel Concept
HSDPA

HSDPA Relevant Physical Channel

Three new HSDPA Physical Channel
For each HS-PDSCH, SF=16

For each HS-SCCH, SF=128

Each cell is assigned up to 4 HSSCCH (limited by UE capability)

For each HS-DPCCH,

SF=256
Each H has one HS-DPCCH.

HSDPA Channel Mapping

Associated Channel - DPCH

There is another dedicated physical
channel named DPCH for each HSDPA
user. DPCH is also called associated
channel in HSDPA. It is used for
signaling transport and power control.
Normally DPCH doesnt carry service
data, only sometimes carry real time
services such as AMR (the user setup
multiple RAB: CS+PS).
Node B

HS-PDSCH

HS-SCCH

DPCH

UE

Associated? Or Concomitant?

HS-DPCCH

HSDPA Physical Channel (HS-SCCH)

HS-SCCH and HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH and HS-PDSCH
are downlink shared
are downlink shared
channel shared by all
channel shared by all
users. How can users
users. How can users
know when and on which
know when and on which
channel my data is
channel my data is
transported?
transported?

HS-SCCH is like soldiers holding

HS-SCCH is like soldiers holding
flags at the first row of queue. UE
flags at the first row of queue. UE
keeps on monitoring the HS-SCCH
keeps on monitoring the HS-SCCH
channels to identify any HS-PDSCH
channels to identify any HS-PDSCH
subframes addressed to it on the
subframes addressed to it on the
sets of HS-PDSCH channels. Upon
sets of HS-PDSCH channels. Upon
receiving an HS-PDSCH subframe for
receiving an HS-PDSCH subframe for
the UE, the UE physical layer will
the UE, the UE physical layer will
demodulates the subframe, otherwise
demodulates the subframe, otherwise
do nothing.
do nothing.

Physical Channel Slot Format (HS-SCCH)

HS-SCCH Slot Format Features
3 slots in one TTI (2ms)
SF=128, QPSK modulation
Maps users seven data attributes, including Xue, Xccs, Xms, Xrv, Xtbs,
Xhap and Xnd;
UE demodulates HS-SCCH and find out the received data addressed to
the UE. Then UE demodulates the HS-PDSCH.
In theory, one cell can configure up to 15 HS-SCCH. But now commercial
UE can only monitor up to 4 HS-SCCH channels simultaneously. So one
cell only configure up to 4 HS-SCCH channels.
Data
N data 1 bits

T slot = 2560 chips, 40 bits

Slot #0

Slot#1
HS-SCCH subframe: T = 2 ms

Slot #2

Physical Channel Slot Format (HS-PDSCH)

HS-PDSCH Slot Format Attributes:

3 slots in one TTI (2ms)
Fixed spreading factor SF16
QPSK or 16QAM modulation
Only carry user data
UE may be assigned multi channelization codes to support multi-code
transport
depending on UE capability.

Data
Ndata 1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, M*10*2 k bits (k=4)

Slot #0

Slot#1
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms

Slot #2

Physical Channel Slot Format (HS-DPCCH)

Uplink HS-DPCCH

TTI 2ms (3 slots), SF 256, Fixed rate of 15Kbps,carry 2 types of HSDPA uplink physical layer
signaling: ACK/NACK and CQI.
ACK and NACK notifies the NodeB if UE has received correct downlink data or not. The field
defines like this:1-Nack, 0-Ack
CQI is a metric that reflects physical channel quality indicator based on CPICH, and reported
by period ranging from 0, 2ms. to 160ms (0 means no transmission). Usually the period is
2ms (one TTI).
ACK/NAK and CQI having different function may be controlled independently by different
parameters .
ACK/NACK/CQI could be configured to repeat up to 4 times to improve TSTD gain.

Tslot = 2560 chips

2Tslot = 5120 chips

HARQ-ACK

CQI

One HS-DPCCH subframe (2 ms)

Subframe #0

Subframe #

Subframe #4

Physical Channel Timing

Start of HS-SCCH is aligned with the start of P-CCPCH, HS-PDSCH

subframe is transmitted two slots after the associated HS-SCCH
subframe. UE demodulates HS-PDSCH subframe according to HSSCCH.
HS-SCCH and PDSCH are common channels, so there are not timing
between HS-SCCH/PDSCH and DPCH.

10 ms

Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2) = 0

P-CCPCH

Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2)=1

3 slots = 2 ms

HS-SCCH Subframe #0 Subframe #1 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4

3 slots = 2 ms

Subframe #0 Subframe #1 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4

HS-PDSCH
2 slots

15 slots = 10 ms

Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot

DPCH

DPCH

~7.5 slots

HS-DPCCH
3 slots = 2 ms

UE Capacity Category( for reference)

HSDPA Physical Channel Transmit Power

PHSDPA(HSDPA total transmit power) PHS-PDSCH + PHS-SCCH
The HS-PDSCH transmit power is adjusted by Node B
according to the following factors:
CQI
Amount of data to be transmitted
Available power for HS-PDSCH
Available code resource for HS-PDSCH

HS-SCCH transmit power may use:

Fixed power transmission (outdoor 5%, indoor 3% of the total power)
A fixed power offset between HS-SCCH and DL associated channel (PDCH). HSPDSCH transmit power is usually bigger than the PDCH channel to keep a
proper transmit power.

HS-DPCCH transmit power has a power offset based on UL

DPCH.
Slot carrying HARQ-ACK/NACK or CQI may be set different power offset.

HSDPA Channel Mapping

When RAB is mapped onto HS-DSCH,
DPCH is needed to transport UL RLC
AM information and possible UL data, no
matter there is UL data to transport.
The following figure describes that DL
TRB is carried on HS-DSCH SRB and
SRB or UL service is carried on DCH. In
soft handover, there may be one or more
DCH, but only one HS-DSCH.

Channel Switching
Capability

Optimizes the utilization of radio resources, by switching UEs to the

most suitable transport channel based on traffic volume (throughput),
radio resources availability, radio conditions and mobility

Impacting features

Admission Control

Congestion Control

Soft Handover

Channel type switching

User 1

User 2
Random-Access
Request

Random-Access
Request

Switch to
dedicated

Random-Access Channel
TTime-out
Packet

Packet

Switch to
common

Packet

Dedicated Channel
Release dedicated
channel

Channel rate switching

Up-switch
e.g. 64
128

Distance
from RBS
or
Load in
the cell

384 Kbps

Bit rate

Down-switch
e.g. 384
128

64 Kbps

Distance
from RBS
or
Load in
the cell

Overview of trigger mechanisms

Channel Switching
Algorithms

Congestion Control

Channel
Switching

Down-switch from dedicated

to common channel to resolve
congestion

Soft Handover
Down-switch from 64/384 or 64/128 to
64/64 if Admission Control denies adding
a radio link to the Active Set

Down/up switch based on

coverage and user activity

Admission Control
Down-switch from one
dedicated channel to another,
e.g. from 64/384 to 64/128 to
free up radio resources

Single RAB State Transitions

Connected Mode
1. Common to Dedicated

Dedicated Channel (Cell_DCH)

Cell_DCH 64/384 kbps UL/DL

2. Dedicated to dedicated
Single RAB

Cell_DCH 64/128 kbps UL/DL

Cell_DCH 64/64 kbps UL/DL

3. Dedicated to common

1
Common Channel (Cell_FACH)
RACH/FACH
(max. 32 kbps)

Idle Mode

4. Common to Idle Mode

3G KPI
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