Annotated Bibliography

Primary Source
Bazell, Robert. U.S. apologies for Guatemala STD experiments. NBC News. 01, Oct..
2010.
<http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39456324/ns/health-sexual_health/t/us-apologizesguatemala-std-experiments/#.VhPmNfRAXYE>

NBC stands for National Broadcasting Company, meaning that all the information
provided from here is written for people from all around the world, as long as they are
able to access to it. This online article of NBC News is published on October 1, 2010
about the action U.S. took in apologizing for Guatemala STD experiments in the
1940s, more than 60 years ago. This tells us about the actions taken by the U.S
government on syphilis and how it affected other people. The author, Robert Bazell is
the Chief in Science and Health Correspondent. The author is more of describing the
situation than expressing his point of view.

Certificate for Participants in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The National Archives Catalog.
N.p.n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.
<https://research.archives.gov/id/649413>

This image is provided by the National Archives and Records Administration, a

nations record keeper of all the documents and materials created in the businesses
conducted by the United States Federal government. It is a government website that is
provided for people all around the world. This certificate is awarded by the U.S.
Public Health in 1958 to patients who remained in the Tuskegee Syphilis study for 25

years along with $25.00 for each year the participants had been in the study for the
purpose of promoting more participants. The photo of the certificate shows us how the
certificate looks like.

Draft Report. The National Archives Catalog. N.p.n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.
< https://research.archives.gov/id/650717?q=*:*>

This report is provided by the National Archives and Records Administration, a

nations record keeper of all the documents and materials created in the business
conducted by the United States Federal government, meaning that it is a government
website that is provided for people all around the world. In this draft report written by
one of the researchers in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study in October 8, 1949, it noted that
the original study population was selected during winter of 1931-1932 and 1932-1933
that was consisted of 410 participants with syphilis and 201 with no syphilis. By
1948, 140 participants have died and 98 have been autopsied. The information
provided by the report tells us about what the study started with and their observations
during the study.

Memorandum Terminating the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The National Archives

Catalog. N.p.n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.
<https://research.archives.gov/id/650716?q=*:*>

This memorandum is provided by the National Archives and Records Administration,

a government website for people all around the world that records down all the
documents and materials created in the businesses conducted by the United States

Federal government. This memorandum is written by Assistant Secretary for Health,

Merlin K. DuVal, to Director Center for Disease Control on Nov. 2, 1972 to announce
his decision to terminate the USPHS study of Untreated Syphilis (The Tuskegee
Study) based on the recommendations of the Ad Hoc Advisory Panel. This
memorandum shows how even a member of the Director Center for Disease Control
found the Tuskegee Study unnecessary. It is sent on the same year when the Tuskegee
Study officially ended. This is a primary source that shows the start of the termination
the study.

.Tuskegee Patient Medical Files. National Archives.N.p.n.d. Web. 07, Oct. 2015.
<http://www.archives.gov/atlanta/finding-aids/tuskegee.html>

This file is provided by the National Archives and Records Administration, which is
the nations record keeper. All the documents and materials created are conducted by
the United States Federal government. It is a government website that is provided for
all people around the world. This file is a record of the Tuskegee syphilis
experiments patients record of their names and study group they are in. The
experiment was a study on the fatal diseases effect of the patient if left untreated. The
patients were lied of being treated and were given placebos. All the human subjects
being African American also raised the public attention on the association of racism
with the experiment.

Genitourinary Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Feb. 1990. Web.
07,Oct. 2015.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1194440/?page=2>

This is website is provided by U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes

of Health, an organization that provides the users of this website with a variety of
educational resources. It is a government website that is provided for the public for
research purposes. This website provides pictures and articles of syphilis from
Genitourinary Medicine that are provided from courtesy of BMJ Group, a global
healthcare knowledge provider. The articles and pictures show studies of how syphilis
have affected art in the regions that are infected with this disease.

Presidential Apology - USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee. Perf. Bill Clinton. N.p., 15 Mar.
2010. Web. 12 Nov. 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1A-YP24QwA>.
This is a youtube video on the original apology speech that president Clinton gave
after the exposure of the Tuskegee Study. In this video, he apologised to the two
remaining survivors and all the victims' family members. He admitted that what the
United Stated government had done was shameful, and he was sorry for it. In
addition, president Clinton promised that tragedies like this will never happen again.
This apology marked the rising government awareness of human subjects' rights in
scientific researches, and laid the foundation for future laws on bioethics.

Public Law 93-348. July 12, 1974. Web. 07, Oct. 2015.
<https://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/PL93-348.pdf>

This is a PDF version of the Public Law Act provided by Office of NIH History
National Institutes of Health, an organization that provides advanced historical
understanding of biomedical research of the world to the public. The Public Law Act,
also known as the National Research Act, was passed by U.S. as a response to the

Tuskegee syphilis experiment. It created the National Commission for the Protection
of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research to create guidelines for
human experiments and oversee medical uses on human subjects. This shows how
much syphilis have impacted the political and social aspect of U.S.

"The Tuskegee Timeline." U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, 24 Sept. 2013. Web. 12 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm>.

This is a timeline by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, officially
published as a timeline for the Tuskegee Study. The timeline started from the funding
of the Rosenwood company to the last widow accepting the Tuskegee Health Benefit
Program. It included detailed events on why the study started, how it developed and
why Rosenwood company withdrew the funding for the study. It also offered years
when major papers on the study were published and years the law suit and responding
policies were formed. This timeline offers a very clear view of the reasons and
aftermath of the study, and offers insight on the general development of the events.

United States. A Presidential Apology for the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. N.p.: n.p.,
1997. BAD BLOOD: THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY. University of Virginia,
2007. Web. 12 Nov. 2015. <http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/badblood/report/>.

This is a presidential apology for the Tuskegee Study posted on University of

Virginia's website. The president addressed the harm to the participants and their
family members, including the fact that the uninformed participants might have

passed on the disease to their wives and children. The document addressed the need
for a public apology, and the effects the study had on the African American
community, the American community and the Tuskegee University. This document
tracked the harmful effects the Study had on various communities, and addressed the
need for laws regulating bioethical issues.

United States. Final Report of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy Committee. N.p.: n.p.,
1996. BAD BLOOD: THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY. University of Virginia,
2007. Web. 12 Nov. 2015. <http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/badblood/report/>.

This is the final report on the Tuskegee Study by the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy
Committee, posted on the website of University of Virginia. The committee's goal was
to preserve the remembrance of this event, and use it to promote the establishment of
protection against unethical medical studies. This report stated that the study left
mistrust between the African American community and the biomedical community.
The report explained their goal on persuading president Clinton and to amend for the
loss of the participants' family members. This report reveals how the Tuskegee Study
served as a promoter for government laws on bioethics.

Secondary Source
APHA. Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care. N.p.n.d. Web.
07, Oct. 2015.
<http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.87.11.1773>

APHA stands for American Public Health Association. It is used for scientific
research. This website provides an article written by V.N. Gamble, called Under the
shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care. This article mentioned the
impact of the Tuskegee syphilis experiment on the African American society. Mistrust
toward the government and the biomedical field was caused by this incident.This
shows the cultural conflict caused by Tuskegee syphilis experiment, which extends
the audiences knowledge of the Tuskegee experiment as being just an experiment to
prevent the spread of syphilis.

"About the USPHS Syphilis Study." Tuskegee University, n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.tuskegee.edu/about_us/centers_of_excellence/bioethics_center/about_the
_usphs_syphilis_study.aspx>.

This is a website of the Tuskegee University, where the Tuskegee Syphilis Study was
conducted. It provided information on the intention of the study, the details of the
study, how it ended and the apologies. This source informs that the study was
conducted on their college campus, and provided details on the law suit and apologies
after the exposure of the study. This is a trustable secondary source right from the
university where the study was conducted, and provided basic information on the
sequence of the study.

Brown and Kane. PBS NEWSHOUR .Did Shakespeare Have Syphilis? PBS
NEWSHOUR.
25, Jan. 2013.
<http://www.pbs.org/newshour/art/did-shakespeare-have-syphilis/>

This article is published on PBS, U.S.s largest stage for arts and it is for educational
purposes. The article argues that some of the great authors in the past may have been
infected by syphilis. It talks about how through the authors written works, there are
signs of syphilis and that syphilis has affected their way of writing. Some authors
mentioned are Shakespear, Milton, and the Bronte. This is a really interesting fact that
can be put under the fun facts category in our website. This tells us more about how
syphilis have affected the world.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How Tuskegee Changed Research
Practices.24, Sept. 2013. Web. Oct. 7, 2015.
<http://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/after.htm>

This website is provided by the CDC organization, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention , a major operating components of the Department of Heath and Human
Services. The mission of CDC is to protect America from health, safety, and security
threats, so all the information are provided for people of the U.S. This article explains
the consequences of the experiment on the society. It listed the policies passed as a
response to the Tuskegee syphilis experiment and how it changed the way the
American government reaction toward this kind of human subject experiments. This

provides information for the category of Tuskegee experiment and tells the
audience about the consequences and the impact of this experiment in the society.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases.24, Sept.
2013. Web. Jan. 7, 2016.
<http://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/after.htm>

This website is provided by the CDC organization. It provides us with pictures of the
primary, secondary, as well as the causative organism of syphilis. With these pictures,
they allow the viewers to better picture the symptoms of syphilis.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Syphilis Treatment and Care.3, Dec.. 2015.
Web. Jan. 7, 2016.
http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/treatment.htm

This website is provided by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. It tells us
the treatments used in medical to treat syphilis in the current era. We quoted it in the
Treatment category of our website.

GrabMore. US secretly infected Guatemalan mental patients with syphilis and gonorrhea
from 1946-48. Online video clip. YouTube, 4 October 2010.
< https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwTwefKjh1s>

This is a video clip posted on YouTube that talks about the Guatemalan Syphilis
Experience. It is a broadcast on October 1, 2010 in New York MBC. The brief

introduction of the Guatemalan Experience gives us an idea of what the experience

was for. We used this video in the Fun Fact category of our website.

Fred Gray. Tuskegee Alabama. N.d.n.p. Web. 7 Jan. 2016

< http://tuskegeealabama.gov/fred_gray.html>

This website is provided by the Tuskegee Alabama government. It provides

information about Alabama, including Fred Gray, who was an important character in
the civil rights movement and the lawsuit case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. We
used a picture provided by this website of Fred Gray to put it on the Termination
category.

Newsy Science. Did Columbus Bring Syphilis to Europe? Study Raises Doubts.
Online video clip. YouTube, 4 December 2014.
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nBPhkPZwhQ>

This is a clip provided by Newsy Science about the origin of syphilis. There are many
theories, but no one seems to be able to have enough evidence to prove one theory
correct. There was a new study that claims to have found evidence of syphilis in the
Old World before Columbuss voyage, and this new study reopened a debate. From
this clip, the viewers are able to see what the researchers have regarding the origin of
syphilis.

"Presidential Apology." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sept. 24. 2013. Web.

Jan. 5. 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/clintonp.htm >

This website is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It provides the
presidential apology that took place on May 16, 1997, when President Clinton,
representing the whole of the United States, made an apology to the African
Americans for the establishment of Tuskegee Syphilis Study.

"President Bill Clinton's Apology for the Tuskegee Syphilis Study at the White House- May
16, 1997." University of Virginia. N.p. n.d. Jan. 5, 2016
<http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/badblood/apology/ >

This is a website provided by the University of Virginia about President Clintons

Apology for the Tuskegee Syphilis Study in May 16, 1997. There are lists of
participants who have survived the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. We borrowed pictures of
President Clinton and the survivor, Herman Shaw, to use it in our Termination
category of our website.

Reverby, Susan M. "Examining Tuskegee: The Infamous Syphilis Study and Its
Legacy by Susan M. Reverby." Examining Tuskegee: The Infamous Syphilis Study
and Its Legacy by Susan M. Reverby. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.examiningtuskegee.com/index.html>.

This source is a website on Susan Reverby's book "Examining Tuskegee: The

Infamous Syphilis Study and Its Legacy". The home page described how syphilis

became the interest of study and how the Rosenwald Foundation founded the Public
Health Service for the study. The original intention was to help the black suffering
from syphilis, but when the fund was gone, they decided to continue studying without
issuing treatment. The website clarified some misunderstandings of the study, the
participants were not injected with the disease, and they willingly participated for
warm meal and burial fees offered. A link on top leads to the data page, where there
are various statistical analysis on the age, age of death and infection status.

Salvarsan Treatment Kit for Syphilis, Germany, 1909-1912. Science Museum. N.p.n.d. 7
Jan. 2016.
<http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display.aspx?id=5630>
This website is provided by Science Museum on the Salvarsan treatment of syphilis. It
provides a picture, as well as a brief introduction of how Salvarsan was used. We used
the picture and quoted the introduction of this website for the purpose of making it
clear to the viewers of how Salvarsan was used as a treatment for syphilis in the
1900s.

Science Museums History of Medicine. Keeping it Zipped: controlling sexually

transmitted infections.N.p.n.d. Web. 07, Oct. 2015.
<http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/sti.aspx>

This is the Science Museums History of Medicine website that is used for
educational and research purposes. It talks about the spread and treatment of syphilis,
as well as how the government played in the role of preventing the spread of syphilis
and the effects of syphilis on the military during the First and Second World Wars.

This website also talks about AIDS, which is a modern disease that is similar to
syphilis. We can use this source as a basic background information to provide our
audience with the basic concepts of syphilis.

Treatment of Syphilis in Early Modern Europe. Edward Worth Library. N.p.n.d. Web. Jan
7, 2016.
<http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/syphilis/treatment/>

This website is provided by Edward Worth Library. In this website, it talks about the
historical treatments used in Early Modern Europe to treat syphilis. We used the quote
from Calmette, who talked about how Mercury was used in the early Europe against
syphilis.

YouTube. Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Miss Evers Boys movie clip about Syphilis
Experiments on Blacks! Online video clip. YouTube, 10 April 2009.
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puiPcjnIHmU>

This is a clip from the movie, Miss Evers Boys (1997). It is during a testimony at a
Congressional hearing from Nurse Rivers about the wrongful event done by the U.S.
Government during the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment on African Americans.

YouTube. What Was the Great Pox? Searching for Syphilis (1/6). Online video clip.
YouTube, 26 July 2011.
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=pFn0gY5nFXQ&list=PLE5074CF7831DA140&index=1>

This video is a documentary clip provided by the Open University that talks about the
origin of syphilis. There are many theories of the origin of syphilis, but it is still
debatable and unsure of which of those theories is true. This documentary video clip
gives the viewers an idea of what did researchers come up with regarding the origin of
syphilis. We used it in the origin category of our website.