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Capitolul 6
Capitolul 6
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162
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Introducere
Reaciile biochimice, reacii deosebit de complexe i variate, sunt
mediate de biocatalizatori cu proprieti remarcabile, cunoscui sub
denumirea de enzime. Capacitatea enzimelor de a crete de pn la
1014ori viteza unei reacii, condiiile blnde de aciune, specificitatea i
posibilitatea de reglare a activitii, constitue un avantaj major al acestora.
Aplicaiile practice ale enzimelor n diferite sectoare de activitate au
condus la necesitatea obinerii n cantiti mari de preparate enzimatice cu
diferite activiti catalitice. n producia mondial de enzime un loc de frunte
l ocup tehnologiile care vizeaz obinerea de preparate proteice cu
activitate pectinolitic. Dezvoltarea biotehnologiilor care urmresc gsirea
de noi surse de izolare a enzimelor pectinolitice este o consecin fireasc
a implicrii i eficienei acestora n diferite procese. Numeroasele utilizri
ale enzimelor pectinolitice n cele mai diverse domenii de activitate industria alimentar, industria prelucrrii fibrelor naturale, industria
farmaceutic, industria chimic - au determinat demararea cercetrilor n
vederea obinerii acestora din surse microbiene. Orientarea ctre
microorganisme a avut n vedere avantajele oferite de astfel de surse i
proprietile enzimelor pectinolitice de origine microbian.
Larga rspndire, variabilitatea, adaptabilitatea i potenialul de
biosintez al microorganismelor pot fi considerate puncte de plecare
pentru noi cercetri consacrate descoperirii i manipulrii unor ageni cu
proprieti superioare.
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168
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Figura 2. Modelul unei molecule de pectin i de pectat. Punctele de atac ale enzimelor
pectinolitice.
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173
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175
40 000
33 000
32 800
10,0
5,0
5,9a
5,0
60
pn la 40
2-8
40 000
30 000
29 200
11,9
8,4-8,5
5,1b
5,0
55
pn la 50
3-7
40 000
30 000
29 300
9,2
7,6-7,8
1,7a
5,0
50
pn la 55
3-7
556
2 050
3 940
16 200
5 770
21 100
90
6,6
Hg2+,Hg+,Ag+
Ca2+,Ba2+,Pb2+
50
7,7
Hg2+,Hg+,Ca2+,
Ba2+,Co2+
30
9,0
Hg2+,Hg+,Ca2+,
Ba2+,Co2+
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4.3. Endopoligalacturonazele
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doua, etap mult mai lent, gradul de hidroliz crete la 50%, iar
tetragalacturonaii sunt hidrolizai la tri- i monogalacturonai. n ultima
etap, etap foarte lent, trigalacturonaii sunt scindai la digalacturonai
i acid galacturonic.
Pentru a explica diversitatea produilor rezultai sub aciunea
poligalacturonazelor de proveniene diferite, Rexov-Benkov (1976) a
propus trei modele care s explice modul de aciune al
poligalacturonazelor. Cele trei modele, numite A, B i C, sunt prezentate n
Figura 4. Endopoligalacturonazele din Aspergillus niger i cele din
Trichoderma reessi urmeaz modelul A, caracterizat prin scindarea
tetramerilor la trimeri i acid galacturonic, i prin scindarea extrem de
lent a trimerilor. Modelul B, caracterizat printr-o scindare alternativ a
tetramerilor (la trimeri i acid galacturonic sau la dou molecule de
digalacturonat) i prin degradarea rapid a trimerilor, a fost evideniat la
endopoligalacturonazele din roii. Modelul C, pus n eviden pentru endoenzima de la Erwinia carotovora, se deosebete de celelalte mecanisme
printr-o scindare specific a pentamerilor i a hexamerilor.
Avnd n vedere faptul c modul de aciune i specificitatea de
substrat a enzimelor depinde de natura situsului activ, Rexov-Benkov
(1976) a considerat c endopoligalacturonazele care acioneaz dup unul
din cele trei modele au centre catalitice diferite, alctuite dintr-un numr
diferit de subsitusuri.
Studii recente (Bonnin i alii 2001) au evideniat atacul multiplu
asupra substratelor i n cazul endopoligalacturonazei din Fusarium
moniliforme. Afinitatea i viteza maxim de reacie cresc cu creterea
lungimii catenei substratului. Situsul catalitic al enzimei este alctuit din
cinci subsitusuri, iar produii finali de hidroliz ai homogalacturonanilor
sunt monomeri i dimeri ai acidului galacturonic.
Stereochimia aciunii hidrolitice a dou endopoligalacturonaze din
Aspergillus niger, a fost investigat de Biely (1996a i b) cu ajutorul
spectroscopiei 1H-RMN. n mediu de D2O, toi produii de reacie au avut
noul capt reductor n conformaie , fapt care arat aciunea invertiv a
acestor enzime.
Model
A
Substrat
O-O-O
Produi de reacie
O-O + O
O-O-O + O
O-O-O-O + O
O-O-O + O-O
O-O-O-O-O + O
O-O-O-O + O-O
O-O-O + O-O-O
O-O-O-O
O-O-O-O-O
O-O-O-O-O-O
179
O-O-O
O-O-O-O
O-O-O-O-O
C
O-O-O
O-O-O-O
O-O-O-O-O
O-O-O-O-O-O
O-O + O
O-O-O + O
O-O + O-O
O-O-O-O + O
O-O-O + O-O
O-O + O-O-O
O-O + O
O + O-O
O-O-O + O
O-O + O-O
O-O-O + O-O
O-O-O + O-O-O
O-O-O-O + O-O
Pe baza studiilor de variaie a constantelor cinetice cu pH-ul, RexovBenkov (1976) a sugerat implicarea n mecanismul de aciune al
endopoligalacturonazei din Aspergillus niger a unei grupri carboxil i a
unei grupri imidazol protonate a histidinei.
Cercetrile intreprinse de Statilova i colab. (1996b) au evideniat
prezena n structura situsului activ al endopoligalacturonazei de la
Aspergillus niger a unui rest de tirozin, rest ionizat la pH 10,5. Studiile de
modificare chimic a unor resturi de aminoacizi din structura
endopoligalacturonazei din Aspergillus ustus au indicat participarea unui
rest de triptofan n legarea substratului i a unui rest de histidin n actul
catalitic (Rao i alii 1996 a i b, Niture i alii 2001). Pe baza acestor
studii, Rao i colab. (1996b) au presupus c n mecanismul de aciune al
acestei enzime are loc transferul unui singur proton de la restul de
histidin la O glicozidic din structura substratului, transfer urmat de
hidroliz prin adiia unei molecule de ap.
Studiile structurale realizate de Statilov (1998b) au pus n eviden
caracterul glicoproteic al formelor multiple ale poligalacturonazei din
Aspergillus niger. n structura celor dou forme majore ale
poligalacturonazei sunt prezente resturi de N-acetilgalactozamin i
manoz. i endopoligalacturonaza din Aspergillus aculeatus s-a dovedit a
fi o glicoprotein cu o structur secundar n care motivul predominant
este -structura paralel (Cho i alii 2001).
Endopoligalacturonazele au fost purificate i caracterizate din mai
multe surse microbiene. Proprietile ctorva endopoligalacturonaze sunt
prezentate n Tabelul 4. Aceste enzime au mase moleculare cuprinse
ntre 30 000 i 85 000 Da, pI variind n domeniul 3,7-8,3. Toate
endopoligalacturonazele au pH optim acid, cuprins ntre 3,8 i 5,5.
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181
182
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Studiile
ntreprinse
de
Biely
(1996a)
au
artat
c
exopoligalacturonaza
din
Aspergillus
tubingensis,
ca
i
endopoligalacturonazele din Aspergillus niger, determin modificarea
configuraiei la nivelul gruprii reductoare a produsului de reacie.
Proprietile fizico-chimice au fost stabilite pentru un numr mic de
exopoligalacturonaze microbiene.
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Microorganism
Oligogalacturonat
hidrolaze
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp
Aspergillus nigerc
Oligogalacturonat
liaze
Erwinia aroideae
Erwinia carotovora
PH
opti
m
6,5
6,5
7,2
Pseudomonas sp.
7,0
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Produi de reacie
O-O-O +
-O-O
O-O-O-O-O-O
O-O
O-O-O
O-O-O-O-O
O
O-O-O-O
O
190
O-O +
-O-
O +
-O-
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192
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