Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
B. diorama
D. . video
20. Which of the following is inappropriate in
using printed visuals such as charts, graphs,
and drawings?
A. Provide written or verbal cues to highlight
important aspects of visuals.
B. Allow the students to pass the materials
from one person to another.
C. Use materials that everyone can see.
D. Present the material one at time.
21. Under what category will a globe as an
instructional material fall?
A. Realia
C. solid model
B. mock up
D. cutaway model
22. Prof. Agustin would like to provide hands-on
experience on the expansion and contraction
of matter. Which of the following materials
would be the best to use?
A. models
C. realias
B. pictures
D. slides
23. Ms. Sarah finds the chalkboard an effective
instructional material up to present. However,
just like any other materials, it also has its
limitations. Which one is it?
A. It allows spontaneity, speed and change.
B. Absent students cannot keep up with their
assignments.
C. It is valuable for emphasizing the major
points of the lesson.
D. It can be used for displaying pictures and
important clippings.
24. With which learning style group are
manipulatives MOST effective?
A. Master style group
B. Interpersonal style group
C. Understanding style group
D. Self- expressive style group
25. Which does a pupil use when s/he sings a
concept to a familiar tune in order to help
himself commit the concept to memory?
A. rap
C. pop
B. jingle
D. lullaby
26. Prof. Arcilla would like to use audiocassette
tape in teaching a lesson in English. In which
activity is audiocassette tape very effective in
the teaching-learning process?
A. in developing listening skills
B. in teaching creative writing
C. in composing poems
D. in building concepts
27. Romalyn is going to discuss about The ADDIE
Model to a big class. She is planning to use a
technology by which parts of her presentation
could be partly hidden to make it more
exciting and interesting. What do you think
shall she use?
A. model
C. transparency
B. realia
D. video
28. Marife wants to make a presentation material
wherein more additional transparent sheets
with information can be placed over a base
transparency. Which one should she make?
A. cut-out
C. silhouette
B. puppet
D. overlay
29. Which one is used with 2D and 3D materials?
A. Opaque projector
C. digital projector
B. overhead projector D. slide projector
30. After watching the film, Muro Ami, the
students of Mrs. Tamaray are expected to
show a demonstrative proof of what they have
learned. How is the technology used in
thissituation?
A. entertainment
C.
instructional
B. informational
D. entertainment and
informational
31. Self made charts and illustrations serve as
universal aid for bringing fascinating and
exciting experiences in the classroom. To tap
A. economic
C. social
B. physical
D. technical
60. With the increasing use of educational
technology inside the classroom, what roles
are expected of the teacher?
A. facilitator
C. knowledge giver
B. demonstrator
D.
source
of
information
61. Which of the following technologies are
properly classified?
A. computers, compact discs, film, television
B. imaginative literature, book, programmed
instruction
C. versatile compact disc, printed material,
diagram, sketches
D. digital video, phonograph, compact discs,
radio, audio tape
62. Which of the following technologies are
arranged from the most concrete to the most
abstract?
A. motion pictures, verbal symbols, visual
symbols, radio, realias
B. realias, visual symbols, television, motion
pictures, still pictures
C. realias, motion pictures, still pictures,
visual symbols, verbal symbols
D. verbal symbols, still pictures, visual
symbols, models, motion pictures
63. Which is the best way to present instructional
materials?
A. concrete
->semi-concrete->
abstract>semi-abstract
B. semi-concrete-> concrete -> abstract->
semi-abstract
C. abstract->semi-abstract-> semi-concrete> concrete
D. concrete ->semi-concrete-> semi-abstract
-> abstract
64. Which of the following technologies provide
iconic experiences?
A. videos and computer
B. books and periodicals
C. audio and audio materials
D. printed and verbal symbols
65. How can Prof. Ubia best promote the use of
multimedia in teaching Science to her
coteachers?
A. Sell multimedia at low cost.
B. Demonstrate its use to them.
C. Explain the literature supporting its use.
D. Convince the principal to require the use
of technology.
D
B
A
A
B
D
B
A
C
A
B
D
D
A
D
D
D
C
A
B
C
C
B
C
B
A
C
D
A
C
C
C
D
B
C
B
C
A
C
B
C
D
D
B
C
B
D
D
D
B
51.
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
B
A
D
A
D
A
B
A
A
A
B
C
D
A
B
B
C
B
B
A
D
D
D
D
C
B
B
A
C
A
A
C
B
D
A
B
B
C
A
D
D
B
D
A
D
A
C
A
A
B
FILIPINO
POST TEST
I. Panuto: Bilugan ang titik ng wastong
sagot.
1. Agad na sumigaw ang bata ____ makitang
dumating ang kanyang kapatid
a. ng
b. nang
2. Ang mga mag-aaral ay nagkasundo _____ sa
iminungkahi ng guro.
a. din
b. rin
3. Ang
bawat
tao
_____
ay
kailangang
isakatuparan ang kanyang mithiin sa buhay.
a. Daw
b. raw
4. Ang kirot ay unti-unti ______ nawawala.
a. ng
b. nang
5. Ayon kay Jose Rizal, ang mga bata _____ ang
siyang pag asa ng bansa.
a. daw
b. raw
6. Sa Sabado _____ gabi mawawalan ng
kuryente.
a. ng
b. nang
7. Hindi na nakaramdam ng gutom si Kuya mula
_____ siya ay natulog.
a. ng
b. nang
8. _____ dalang pusa ang Inay nang umuwi.
a. May
b. Mayroon
9. Maya-maya ay sisingaw _____ ang amoy ng
Patay.
a. din
b. rin
10. Ang dunong ay kailangan ng tao ngunit
kailangan _____ niya ang tulong ng Maykapal.
a. din
b. rin
11. Sino
ba
ang
sumisigaw
_____
at
nagtatakbuhan ang mga tao.
a. doon
b. roon
12. _____ tainga ang lupa, may pakpak ang balita.
a. May
b. Mayroon
13. Ang bawat tao sa mundo ___ ay dapat
magkaunawaan para sa kanilang ikabubuti.
a. Daw
b. raw
14. Ang Pilipinas ay malakas ____ tulad ng
Singapore kung karapatan ang Pag-uusapan.
a. din
b. rin
15. Unti- unti ____ humuhupa ang kanyang galit.
a. Ng
b. nang
II. Ibinigay ang kahulugan ng salitang may
salungguhit.
16. Narinig ko ang alawat ng mga bata sa silid ng
mag-asawang Maria at Jose.
a. ingay
c. sigaw
b. mahinang alingawngaw d. tawanan
17. Ang Itay ay alimbuyaw nang dumating kanina.
a. Aburido
c. Patakbo
b. Masaya
d. sumigaw
18. Si Tj ay isang anluwagi nang mapangasawa ni
Luisa.
a. Guro
c. karpintero
b. katulong
d. pulis
19. Kakarampot ang nakuha kong ulam sa mesa.
a. marami
c. malalaki
b. katiting
d. mamhahaba
20. Alumpihit ang Itay habang hinihintay ang Inay.
a. Kabang-kaba
c. Di-mapalagay
b. Siyang- siya
d.
Tuwangtuwa
21. Iyon ang kinamihasnan ng babaeng iyon sa
bundok kaya di-makaunawa sa iyo.
a. natutuhan
c.
napagaralan
b. kinagawian
d. nagustuhan
22. Ang alipustahin ang mga dukha ay di kanaisnais na pag-uugali.
a. layuan
c. talikdan
b. apihin
d. kagalitan
23. Nakita kong pakimod na sumagot ang babae
sa dalaga nang mag-usap sila.
a. Paismid
c. patawa
b. Pangiti
d. pasigaw
24. Isang indihente ang tumawag ng aking pansin
dahil sa nakakatawang ayos nito.
a. Maralita
c. mag-asawa
b. Matanda
d. paslit
25. Naging Cum Laude si Memi dahil siya ay
nagsunog ng kilay gabi-gabi.
a. nagbubunot
c. nag-aahit
b. puspos sa pag-aaral d. nag-aayuno
26. Parang balat-sibuyas ang kutis ng babaeng
ito.
a. namumula sa bilog c. mahaba at payat
b. napakaputi at malinis
d. pino at
malambot
27. Kapit-tuko sa isat-isa habang naglalakad ang
magkasintahang Heart at Echo.
a. away nang away
b. mahigpit na magkahawak-kamay
c. malayo ang agwat
d. patakbo
28. Ang langitngit ng mga bintana ay gumigising
nang lubos sa katahimikan ng silid-aralan.
a. Alatiit
c. dekorasyon
b. kulay
d. sira
29. Mataginting na tinanggap ng batang paslit
ang pangaral ng guro.
a. maingay
c. mapayapa
b. pasigaw
d. paismid
30. Ang paswit ay sa aso, ang Oo ay sa tao.
a. Palo
c. buto
b. Sipol
d. sigaw
III.
Ibinigay ang tamang sa mga tulang
bayani
31. Ang tawag sa mga tulang bayani
a. dalit
c. senakulo
b. epiko
d. duplo
32. Tinaguriang Joseng Batute ng Pilipinas
a. Jose Garcia Villa
c. Jose Corazon de
Jesus
b. Francisco Baltazar
d. Modesto de Castro
33. Mga sagisag na ginamit ni Rizal
a. Piping Dilat
c. Pudpod at Plaridel
b. Dolores Manapat
d. Dimasalang at
laong laan
34. Ang prinsipe ng makatang Tagalog
a. Modesto de Castro
b. Francisco Baltazar
c. Fernando bagong Lanta
d. Jose Garcia Villa
35. Siya ay tinaguriang Ama ng Balarila ng
Wikang Pambansa
a. Jose Villa Panganiban
c.
Severino
Reyes
b. Lope K. Santos
d.
Rafael
Palma
36. Isang dula noong panahon ng Hapon na
isinulat ni Francisco Soc Rodrigo
a. Panibugho
c. Panday Pira
b. Sa pula, Sa Puti
d. Luha ng
Buwaya
37. Ama ng Katipunan
a. Emilio Jacinto
c. Apolinario Mabini
b. Andres Bonifacio
d. Marcelo H.
del Pilar
38. Isang uri ng panitikan na nagsasaad ng
simulain ng mga bagay o tao sa daigdig
a. tula
c. alamat
b. tibag
d. maikling kwento
39. Pinakabantog at pinakamahalagang awit na
nasulat ni Francisco Baltazar
a. Senakulo
c. duplo
b. epiko
d. Florante at Laura
40. Ang kauna-unahang Pilipinong manlilimbag
a. Marcelo del Pilar
c. Jose Maria
Panganiban
b. Tomas Pinpin
d. Emilio Aguinaldo
41. Ang tawag sa ating unang alpabeto
a. Alpabetong Romano c. Kartilya
b. Alibata
d. Romanisasyon
42. Ang taong may memorya fotograpica
a. Jose Maria Panganiban
b. Jose Garcia Villa
c. Jose Corazon de Jesus
d. Jose Rizal
43. Ama ng Dulang Pilipino
a. Julian Balmaceda
c. Lope K. Santos
b. Severino Reyes
d.
Emilio
Jacinto
44. Siya ay tinaguriang Joseng Sisiw
a. Jose Villa Panganiban
c. Jose dela Cruz
b. Pedro Paterno
d. Modesto
de Castro
45. Ang kilalang epiko ng mga Muslim
a. Hudhud
c. Hinalawod
b. Darangan
d. Bantugan
46. Ang kauna-unahang aklat na nalimbag sa
pilipinas
a. Pasyon
c. Doctrina
Christiana
b. Barlaan at Josaphat d. Florante at Laura
47. Ama ng Wikang Pambansa
a. Emilio Aguinaldo
c. Aurelio Tolentino
b. Manuel L. Quezon
d. Florante at Laura
48. Ang Orator ng Pagbabago
a. Graciano Lopez Jaena
c. Urbana at
Feliza
b. Mariano Ponce
d. Jose Buhain
49. Isang dulang nagwagi ng kauna-unahang
Gatimpalang Palanca
a. Medusa
c. Urbana at Feliza
b. Tibag
d. Hulyo 4, 1946 A.D
50. Ang may-akda ng Ang Cadaquilaan ng Dios
a. Emilio Aguinaldo
c. Julian Felipe
b. Marcelo H. del Pilar d. Lopez Jaena
51. Baston ni Adan Hindi mabilang-bilang
a. buhok
c. dahon
b. ulan
d. palay
52. Ang dalawaY tatlo na,
Ang maitim ay maputi na
Ang bakod ay lagas na
a. aso
c. matandang tao
b. kalabaw
d. punong kahoy
53. Ang anak ay nakaupo na
Ang inay gumagapang pa
a. kalabasa
c. sanggol
b. saging
d. aso
54. Kung araw ay bumbong
Kung gabi ay dahon
a. saging
c.
atip
ng
bahay
b. banig
d. paying
55. Isang reyna
Nakaupo sa tasa
a. kandila
c. kasoy
b. kapa
d. santol
56. Dalawang magkaibigan,
unahan nang unahan.
a. trak
c. bibig
b. paa
d. mata
57. Dalawang bolang sinulid
Umaabot hanggang langit
a. bola
c. lobo
b. mata
d. saranggola
58. May ulong walang mukha
May katawan, walang sikmura
Namamahay nang sadya
a. pako
c. upo
b. palito ng posporo
d. talong
59. Bumili ako ng alipin
Mataas pa sa akin
a. payong
c. sombrero
b. atip
d. bahay
60. Tubig sa ining-ining
Di mahipan ng hangin
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
a. ilog
b. balon
c. ulan
d. dagat
a. eskursiyon
b. iskursiyon
c. exkursion
d. excursion
a. scout
b. escout
c. iskawt
d. skawt
a. colisiyon
b. kolisiyum
c. koliseum
d. coliseum
a. Istadyum
b. Stadium
c. Estadyum
d. estadium
a. Matematika
c. matimatika
b. Mathematica
d. matemateka
66. Karamihan sa mga sugapa ay mula sa wasak
na tahanan.
a. malaki ang sita ng bahay
b. maliit lamang ang bahay
c. magkahiwalay ang magulang
d. walng magulang
67. Matagal na lumagay sa tahimik si Marcia. Ang
ibig sabihinay _______.
a. matagal na namatay c. hindi na nagpakita
b. nag-asawa na
d. nanganak
na
68. Alin ang salawikain sa sumusunod:
a. Nasa Diyos ang awa
Nasa Tao ang gawa
b. Di-maliparang uwak
c. May puno walang bunga
May dahon walang sanga
d. Nag-bubuhat ng sariling bangko
69. Ang bagong alpabetong Filipino ay may ______
ng letra.
a. 20
b. 24
c. 28
d. 30
70. Ito ay bahagi ng aklat na makikita sa likod. Ito
ay talaan ng lahat na mahalagang paksa
kasama ang pahina. Ang mga paksa ay
nakasulat sa paalpabeto.
a. Talatuntunan
c. Talahulugan
b. Talatinigan
d.
Talaan
ng
nilalaman
71. Isang kuwento ng ang gumagapang ay mga
hayop na kumikilos at nagsasalita na parang
tao.
a. Parabola
c. kuwento
b. pabula
d. alamat
72. Ito ay isang uri ng dula na nawawakas a
pagkamatay ng pangunahing tauhan.
a. komedya
c. melodrama
b. epiko
d. trahedya
73. Isang kuwento hango sa banal na kasulatan
na umaakay sa tao sa matuwid na landas ng
buhay. Ito ay may aral.
a. Anekdota
c. parabola
b. alamat
d. sanaysay
74. Isang tagisan ng mga talino sa pamamagitan
ng katwiran sa pamamaraang patula.
a. balagtasan
c. tula
b. talumpati
d. duplo
75. Si severino Reyes na lalong kilala sa tawag na
Lola Basyang ay higit na kilala sa larangan ng:
a. dulaan
c. pag-awit
b. pagtula
d. balagtasan
76. Ang Kumitang ay isang uri ng awiting bayan.
Ito ay may karaniwang inaawit sa:
a. paghaharana
c. paghehele
b. pakikidigma
d. pamamangka
77. Ang senakulo ay isang panrelihiyon; ito ay
naglalayon na
a. ipaala ang kapanganakan ni Hesukristo
b. ipakita ang pagkakapatiran ng mga
Kristiyano at Muslim
c. magsalarawan
ngmga
pinagdaanang
buhay at kamatayan ni Hesukristo
d. magligtas sa mga kasalanan
a. Madali
c. mahirap
b. masayang Gawain
d. maayos
93. Si Miguel ay sumakabilang buhay na noong
Linggo.
a. nagpaalam
c.
nagpunta
sa
siyudad
b. namatay
d.
nagbayad
ng
utang
94. Bakit mukhang Biyernes Santo si Marko.
a. malungkot
c. mukhang masaya
b. lumuluha
d. tumatawa
95. Nakaririmarim ang nangyaring sakuna sa
dagat.
a. nakalulungkot
c. nakaiinis
b. nakatatakot d. nakapangingilabot
96. Ang dayuhang siyang pinakamatalik na
kaibigan ni Rizal ay
a. Austin Craig
c. Otley beyer
b. Ferdinand Blumentritt
d.
Don
Eulogio Despujl
97. Dahil sa tulong at pagmamalasakit ni
a. Dona Aurora A. Quezon
b. Tandang Sora
c. Luz B. Magsaysay
Sa kapakanan ng mga sinalanta ng sakuna,
siyay tinaguriang Ina ng Kruz na Pula.
98. Kung ano ang Urbana at felisa sa mga
tagalog ang
a. Lagda
c. Bidasari
b. Maragtas
d. Hudhud
ay siya naman sa mga Bisaya.
99. Sa mga tauhan ng Noli Me Tangere ni Rizal, si
a. Basilio
c. Capitan Tiago
b. Elias
d. Simon
Ang nagligtas kay Ibarra sa kapahamakan
100. Ang aklat ng mga tinipong tula sa Tagalog
ni Lope K. Santos ay pinamagatang
a. Damdamin
c. Tungkos ng Alaala
b. Puso at Diwa
d. Mga Dahong Ginto
***** THE END *****
WORK HARD, DREAM HARDER
filipino
1
2
3
4
5
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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
B
B
B
B
B
A
B
A
B
A
A
A
B
A
B
B
A
C
B
C
B
B
A
A
B
D
B
A
C
51
52
53
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56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
B
C
A
B
C
B
B
B
C
B
B
C
B
A
A
C
B
A
C
A
B
D
C
A
A
B
C
A
A
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
B
A
C
D
B
B
B
B
C
D
B
A
A
B
C
B
C
B
A
D
B
80
81
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84
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100
D
B
A
D
A
D
D
C
B
D
A
B
C
B
A
D
B
A
D
D
B
d. Voluntary accreditation
21. The period of physical, especially sexual, and
mental maturation which is characterized by
rapid somatic growth is known as
a. infancy
c. puberty
b. early childhood
d. adulthood
22. Claustrophobia is an irrational fear of
a. Darkness
c. closed space
b. strangers
d. height
23. An eye defect characterized by clear vision in
one dimension but unfocused vision on the
other is called
a. myopia
c. hyperopia
b. astigmatism
d. presbyopia
24. Which of the following statements does not
apply to adolescents?
a. they desire the approval of their peers
b. they seek dependence on their parents
c. they have a marked sex development
d. none of the above
25. As young people mature, society expects
them to develop competencies and assume
social roles in a conventional manner.
a. expectation of parents
b. influence of peers groups
c. influence of formal education
d. cultural demands
26. The founder of the theory of psychology called
psychoanalysis was
a. Lock
c. Freud
b. Hume
d. leibnitz
27. When the learner reaches a point where no
further improvement can be expected, he is in
a so-called
a. development crisis c. regression
b. learning plateau
d. depression
28. Regarding the sexual maturation o boys and
girls, teachers should bear in mind that:
a. girls mature at a late stage than boys
b. girls mature at an earlier stage than boys
c. boys and girls mature at the same time
d. there are no marked differences in heir
time of maturity
29. Rationalization is used by student who
a. always give explanation or reason for their
failures rather than own their faults
b. like to take the blame for their faults
c. bribe their elders with promises
d. substitute words for deeds
30. Which of the following is true of Abnormal
Psychology?
a. it studies the cause of personality defects
b. it measures the accomplishments of the
individual
c. it
concentrates
on
the
scholastic
performance of the individual
d. it investigates the educational background
of the individual
31. Which of the following is a continuous
variable?
a. weight
c. nationality
b. sex
d. race
32. Which of the following is true about ones IQ?
a. it remains fairly constant
b. it is highly changeable
c. it is affected by attitude
d. it is never constant
33. Transfer of training easily takes place if the
activities involved
a. Are different
b. Have identical element
c. Occur in the same place
d. Vary in difficulty
34. When the learner is well-motivated, he
performs his task
a. with indifference
c. with arrogance
b. with disinterest
d. with enthusiasm
35. A six-year-old child who has a mental age of
eight years has an IQ of
a. 120
b. 130
c. 132
d.
133
36. The ratio obtained by dividing mental age by
chronological age times 100 is called
a. derived quotient
b. deviation
c. intelligence quotient or IQ
d. intelligence ratio
37. Which of the following was written by Plato?
a. Sic et Non
c. The Republic
b. The School and Society
d. Emile
38. Who among those below asserted that
Education is for complete living
a. Dewey
c. Kant
b. Spencer
d. Froebel
39. The right of an educational institution and its
faculty to prescribe the methods/strategies of
teaching refers to:
a. building style
b. choice of curriculum
c. academic freedom
d. co and extra curricular program
40. The 1987 Constitution provides that religious
institution can be given
a. with the students consent
b. with the parent/guardian approval
c. with mayors permit
d. with the schools support
41. Public schools in the Philippines are the
contribution of which colonizer?
a. American
c. Japanese
b. British
d. Spanish
42. Hardship allowance is given to a teacher when
a. hes assigned in a depressed area
b. hes given additional teaching load
c. hes in lahar area
d. hes assigned in a hazardous area
43. The ability for quantitative learning of the
relations of facts taken from newspaper
readings, letter writing and the like is called:
a. functional literacy
c.
Knowledge
outcome
b. adjustment learning d. Social competence
44. A teacher who gives a uniform assignment to
be worked out by all learners in Arithmetic is
not observing a characteristic of a good
assignment.
Which
characteristic
is
overlooked?
a. It should be definite
b. It should be stimulating
c. It should emphasize the essential
d. It should provide for individual differences
45. If a student ask a question which the teacher
does not have a ready answer, the latter
should:
a. dismiss the question as irrelevant
b. offer a bluff
c. admit the fact that he doesnt know the
answer
d. ask volunteers to answer the question and
do research on it later.
46. The heredity traits acquired by a person in his
lifetime;
a. are transmissible to his offspring
b. reappear in his future grandparent
c. Have no influence on the offspring
d. Become recessive traits
47. When student are given a chance to settle
differences of opinion by discussion, they
develop:
a. fair play
c. irritants
b. tolerance
d. sociability
48. The schools responsibility towards teenagers
gang age is:
a. provide the gang all the freedom it needs
b. gives classroom activities to give direction
to out-of-school youth activities
c. supervise gang activities
d. anticipated behavior
60. It is a measurement of personality which is
the result by dividing the mental age by the
chronological age.
a. emotional quotient (E.Q.)
b. intelligence quotient (I.Q.)
c. multiple Intelligence
d. forecasted behavior quotient
61. The teacher must be aware that both heredity
and environment represent complex factors,
exerting many specific influences on an
individuals growth. Which of the following
statements best represents the influence of
heredity and environment?
a. Heredity counts; environment is less
important.
b. If the environment is changed, heredity
becomes less important.
c. The relative influences of heredity and
environment can vary widely in an
individuals growth.
d. In the long run, both tend to cancel each
others influences
e. None of the above
62. The best possible way to measure the
influence of heredity is by:
a. keeping the environment constant.
b. Ignoring the environment
c. Studying only fraternal o normal capability
d. Studying only identical twins of normal
capability
e. Doing none of the above
63. Educators who contributed to the open
education movement includes:
a. Neill and piaget
c.
Bruner
and
Silberman
b. Kohl and kozol
d. All of the above
64. A childs social skills can be measured by:
a. direct observation and parent-teacher
conferences
b. psychological test
c. adaptive behavior scales
d. A and C above
65. A teacher uses behavioral modification
techniques in his classes. Which of the
following student behaviors would he find
most difficult to change?
a. Aggressive tendencies toward classmates
b. Poor habits in organizing work materials
c. Interrupting a speaker
d. Abandoning a project before it is finished
66. Learning-disabled
children
most
characteristically have:
a. low IQ
b. poor socio-economic backgrounds
c. an average level of intelligence
d. minimal brain damage
67. Which of the following is true about educable
mentally retarded children?
a. Their IQ range between 50 and 70
b. They have short attention spans and
experience difficulty in generalizing
c. Their reading, writing, and arithmetic skills
cannot be improved
d. A and B above
68. Which of the following is characteristics of a
dyslexic child
a. Mirror writing
b. listlessness
c. Below-average intelligence
d. Hyperactivity
69. Primary reading retardation is presumed to be
neurologically based, related to parietal lobe
dysfunction?
a. Inability to relate sound to letter symbols
b. Inadequate
auditory
information
processing
Cartesian plane. Each ordered pair corresponds to exactly one point in the Cartesian plane.
For numbers 1-2, use the following condition: Two insects M and T are initially at a point
A(-4, -7) on a Cartesian plane.
1. If M traveled 7 units to the right and 8 units downward, at what point is it now?
Solution: (-4+7, -7-8) or (-3,-15)
2. If T traveled 5 units to the left and 11 units downward, at what point is it now?
Solution: (-4-5, -7-11) or (-9, -18)
II. The Straight Line
A. Distance Between Two Points
( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2
A. The distance between two points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is given by
Example: Given the points A(2,1) and B(5,4). Determine the length AB.
2 5 2 1 4 2
9 2 3 2
9 9 18
92
3 2
Solution: AB =
or
or
.
Exercises: For 1-2, use the following condition: Two insects L and O are initially at a point (-1,3) on
a Cartesian plane.
1. If L traveled 5 units to the left and 4 units upward, at what point is it now?
A) (-6, 7)
B) (4, 7)
C) (-6, -1)
D) (4, -7)
2. If O traveled 6 units to the right and 2 units upward, at what point is it now?
A) (7, 5)
B) (5,5)
C) (-7, 5)
D) (-5, -5)
St. Louis Review Center-Inc-Davao Tel. no. (082) 224-2515
15
3. Two buses leave the same station at 9:00 p.m. One bus travels at the rate of 30 kph and the
other travels at 40 kph. If they go on the same direction, how many km apart are the buses at
10:00 p.m.?
A) 70 km
B) 10 km
C) 140 km
D) 50 km
4. Two buses leave the same station at 8:00 a.m. One bus travels at the rate of 30 kph and the
other travels at 40 kph. If they go on opposite direction, how many km apart are the buses at 9:00
a.m.?
A) 70 km
B) 10 km
C) 140 km
D) 50 km
5. Two buses leave the same station at 7:00 a.m. One bus travels north at the rate of 30 kph and
the other travels east at 40 kph. How many km apart are the buses at 8:00 a.m.?
A) 70 km
B) 10 km
C) 140 km
D) 50 km
6. Which of the following is true about the quadrilateral with vertices A(0,0), B(-2,1), C(3,4) and
D(5,3)?
i) AD and BC are equal
ii) BD and AC are equal
iii) AB and CD are equal
A) both i and iii
B) ii only
D) i, ii, and
iii
7. What is the distance between (-5,-8) and (10,0)?
A) 17
B) 13
C) 23
D) -0.5
B. Slope of a line
y1 y2
x1 x2
a) The slope of the non-vertical line containing A(x 1,y1) and B(x2,y2) is
or
y y
m 2 1
x2 x1
.
b) The slope of the line parallel to the x-axis is 0.
c) The slope of the line parallel to the y-axis is undefined.
d) The slope of the line that leans to the right is positive.
e) The slope of the line that leans to the left is negative.
C. The Equation of the line
In general, a line has an equation of the form ax + by + c = 0 where
numbers and that a and b are not both zero.
a, b, c are real
y y1 m( x x1 )
y y
y y1 2 1 ( x x1 )
x2 x1
where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are any two points on the
x y
1
a b
Intercept form:
Reminders:
A line that leans to the right has positive slope. The steeper the line, the higher the slope
is.
p
q
r
The slopes of lines p, q, r are all positive. Of the three slopes, the slope of line p is the
lowest, the slope of r is the highest.
16
A line that leans to the left has negative slope. The steeper the line, the lower the slope is.
The slopes of lines t, s, u are all negative. Of the three slopes, t is the highest, while u has the
lowest (because the values are negative.)
Exercises
5x - 4 y +12 = 0
1. What is the slope of
A)1.25
?
B) -1.25
C) 0.8
D) -0.8
C) 0
D) undefined
C) 0
D) undefined
x y
+ =1
4 9
4. What is the slope of
0.4
0.4
A)
2.25
B) 2.25
C) -
D)
M(
x1 x2 y1 y2
,
)
2
2
AB
If a point P divides
r1
r2
in the ratio
AP r1
PB r2
so that
rx r x
x 1 2 2 1
r1 r2
r y r y
y 1 2 2 1
r1 r2
and
d
Exercises
Ax1 By1 C
A2 B 2
.
1. Write an equation in standard form for the line passing through (2,3) and (3,4).
a. 5x y = -13
b. x 5y = 19
c. x y = -5
17
d. x 5y =
2. Write an equation in slope intercept form for the line with a slope of 3 and a y-intercept of 28.
a. y = 3x + 28
b. y = 0.5x + 28
c. y = 3x + 28
d. y
= 3x + 21
3. Write the equation in standard form for a line with slope of 3 and a y-intercept of 7.
a. 3x y = 7
b. 3x + y = 7
c. 3x + y = 7
d. 3x + y = 7
4. Which of the following best describes the graphs of 2x 3y = 9 and 6x 9y = 18?
a. Parallel
b. Perpendicular
c. Coinciding
d. Intersecting
5. Write the standard equation of the line parallel to the graph of
through (0,1).
a. x + 2y = 2
b. 2x y = 2
c. x 2y = 2
St. Louis Review Center-Inc-Davao Tel. no. (082) 224-2515
x 2y 6 = 0 and passing
d. 2x + y = 2
17
6. Write the equation of the line perpendicular to the graph of x = 3 and passing through (4, 1).
a. x 4 = 0
b. y + 1 = 0
c. x + 1 = 0
d. y 4 = 0
7. For what value of d will the graph of 6x + dy = 6 be perpendicular to the graph 2x 6y = 12?
a. 0.5
b. 2
c. 4
d. 5
III. Conic Section
A conic section or simply conic, is defined as the graph of a second-degree equation in x
and y.
In terms of locus of points, a conic is defined as the path of a point, which moves so that its
distance from a fixed point is in constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line. The fixed point is
called the focus of the conic, the fixed line is called the directrix of the conic, and the constant
ratio is called the eccentricity, usually denoted by e.
If e < 1, the conic is an ellipse. (Note that a circle has e=0.)
If e = 1, the conic is a parabola.
If e > 1, the conic is hyperbola.
A. The Circle
1. A circle is the set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point on the
plane. The fixed point is called the center, and the distance from the center to any point of
the circle is called the radius.
2. Equation of a circle
a) general form: x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
b) center-radius form: (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 where the center is at (h,k) and the radius
is equal to r.
3. Line tangent to a circle
A line tangent to a circle touches the circle at exactly one point called the point of
tangency. The tangent line is perpendicular to the radius of the circle, at the point of
tangency.
Exercises
For items 1-2, use the illustration on the right.
y
2
1.5
0.5
y 2 x 3 1
a.
( y 1) 2 x 3 1
c.
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
( y 1) 2 x 3 1
b.
( y 1) 2 x 3 1
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
d.
B. The Parabola
1. Definition. A parabola is the set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a
fixed point and a fixed line of the plane. The fixed point is called the focus and the fixed line is
the directrix.
2. Equation and Graph of a Parabola
a) The equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and focus at (a,0) is
The parabola opens to the right if a > 0 and opens to the left if a < 0.
y2 = 4ax.
b) The equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and focus at (0,a) is
The parabola opens upward if a > 0 and opens downward if a < 0.
x2 = 4ay.
(y k)2 =
(x h)2 =
Standard form:
g) General form:
18
3. Parts of a Parabola
a) The vertex is the point, midway between the focus and the directrix.
b) The axis of the parabola is the line containing the focus and perpendicular to the
directrix. The parabola is symmetric with respect to its axis.
c) The latus rectum is the chord drawn through the focus and parallel to the directrix
(and therefore perpendicular to the axis) of the parabola.
d) In the parabola y2=4ax, the length of latus rectum is 4a, and the endpoints of the latus
rectum are (a, -2a) and (a, 2a).
In the figure at the right, the vertex of the parabola is the origin,
LL'
the focus is F(a,o), the directrix is the line containing
CC '
the axis is the x-axis, the latus rectum is the line containing
x2
The graph of
16
y
3
The graph of (y-2)2 = 8 (x-3).
C. Ellipse
1. An ellipse is the set of all points P on a plane such that the sum of the distances of P from two
fixed points F and F on the plane is constant. Each fixed point is called focus (plural: foci).
2. Equation of an Ellipse
a) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at ( a, 0), the foci are at ( c,0), the
endpoints of the minor axis are at (0, b) and
2
b2 a2 c2
,
x
y
2 1
2
a
b
.
b) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at (0, a), the foci are at (0, c), the
b2 a 2 c2
endpoints of the minor axis are at ( b, 0) and
2
x
y
2 1
2
b
a
.
c) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, the principal axis is
b2 a 2 c2
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
1
a2
b2
horizontal and
, then the equation is
.
d) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, the principal axis is
( y k ) 2 ( x h) 2
1
a2
b2
b2 a2 c2
vertical and
19
y
B(0,b)
(c, ba )
V(-a,0)F(-c,0) O
(c, ba )
F(c,0) V(a,0) x
2
(c, ba )
(c, ba )
4.
B(0,-b)
Parts of an Ellipse
For the terms described below, refer to the ellipse
shown with center at O, vertices at V(-a,0) and V(a,0),
foci at F(-c,0) and F(c,0), endpoints of the minor axis
at B(0,-b) and B(0,b), endpoints of one latus rectum
b2
a
at G (-c,
H (c,
b2
a
) and G(-c,
b
a
b
a
) and G(c,
).
a) The center of an ellipse is the midpoint of the segment joining the two foci. It is the
intersection of the axes of the ellipse. In the figure above, point O is the center.
b) The principal axis of the ellipse is the line containing the foci and intersecting the
ellipse at its vertices. The major axis is a segment of the principal axis whose endpoints
V 'V
are the vertices of the ellipse. In the figure,
is the major axis and has length of 2a
units.
c) The minor axis is the perpendicular bisector of the major axis and whose endpoints are
B' B
both on the ellipse. In the figure,
G' G
d) The latus rectum is the chord through a focus and perpendicular to the major axis.
2b 2
a
H'H
and
(0, 3)
(-4,9)
5
(-5,0)
(4, 9)
5
(4,0)
(-4,0)
(5,0)
O
(-4,- 9)
5
(0, -3)
(4,- 9)
5
y
(2,6)
(-6,4)
(8,5)
(2,1)
(12,1)
O
(8,3)
(2,-4)
20
( x 2) 2 ( y 1) 2
1
100
25
x2 y2
1
25 9
The graph of
The graph of
4. Kinds of Ellipses
a) Horizontal ellipse. An ellipse is horizontal if its principal axis is horizontal. The graphs above
are both horizontal ellipses.
b) Vertical ellipse. An ellipse is vertical if its principal axis is vertical.
D. The Hyperbola
1. A hyperbola is the set of points on a plane such that the difference of the distances of each
point on the set from two fixed points on the plane is constant. Each of the fixed points is
called focus.
2. Equation of a hyperbola
a) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at ( a, 0), the foci are at ( c,0), the endpoints
x2 y2
1
a 2 b2
b2 c 2 a 2
y2 x2
1
a2 b2
b2 c2 a2
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
1
a2
b2
b2 c 2 a 2
horizontal and
, then the equation is
.
d) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, the principal axis is
( y k ) 2 ( x h) 2
1
a2
b2
b2 c2 a2
vertical and
2. Parts of a hyperbola
For the terms described below, refer to the hyperbola shown which has its center at O,
vertices at V(-a,0) and V(a,0), foci at F(-c,0) and F(c,0) and endpoints of one latus rectum at
b2
a
G (-c,
b2
a
) and
G(-c,
b2
a
) and the other at H (c,
b2
a
) and
H(c,
).
21
V 'V
e) The segment whose endpoints are the vertices is called the transverse axis. In the figure
is the transverse axis.
b2 c2 a2
f) The line segment with endpoints (0,b) and (0,-b) where
G' G
the figure,
G (-c,
b2
a
b2
a
) and
G(-c,
) and has a
2b 2
a
length of
These two diagonal lines are said to be the asymptotes of the curve, and are helpful in
x2 y2
1
a 2 b2
sketching the graph of a hyperbola. The equations of the asymptotes associated with
b
y x
a
are
and
y
are
y 2 x2
1
a 2 b2
b
y x
a
a
x
b
a
x
b
and
y
(6,9)
(-9,6)
F(0,6)
(9,6)
3y x 0
F(-6,0) (-3,0) O
(0,3)
(3,0)
F(6,0)
x
(0,-3)
3y x 0
(6,-9)
F(0,-6)
22
x2 y2
1
9 27
The graph of
y2 x2
1
9 27
.
The graph of
PRACTICE EXERCISES
Directions: Choose the best answer from the choices given and write the corresponding letter of
your choice.
For items 1-5, use the illustration on the right.
1. Which of the following are the coordinates of A?
a. (1,2)
b. (2,1)
2. What is the distance between points M and T?
61
M
c. (-3,3)
d. (2,-3)
x
2
1
1
-10
-3 -2 -1
51
-3
-2
a.
units b. 6 sq. units
c.
units d. 8 units
3. Which of the following points has the coordinates (-3,-1)
a. M
b. A
c. T
d. H
4. Which of the following is the area of the triangle formed with vertices M, A and H?
a. 5 sq. units b. 10 sq. units
c. 5 units
d. 10 units
5. Which of the following is the equation of the line containing points A and T?
a. y= 2
b. x=2
c. y+2x=3
d. y-2x+3=0 x
6. Suppose that an isosceles trapezoid is placed on the Cartesian plane as shown
On the right, which of the following should be the coordinates of vertex V?
a. (a,b)
b. (b+a, 0)
c. (b-a,b)
d. (b+a,b)
7. The points (-11,3), (3,8) and (-8,-2) are vertices of what triangle?
a. Isosceles
b. Scalene
c. Equilateral
d. Right
T
y
O(0,b)
0 D(a,0)
E(b,0)
sq
3
7
10. If the point (9,2) divides the segment of the line from P 1(6,8) to P2(x2,y2) in the ratio r =
,
give the coordinates of P2.
a. (16,12)
b. (16, 15)
c. (14,15)
d. (12,12)
11. Give the fourth vertex, at the third quadrant, of the parallelogram whose three vertices are (1,-5), (2,1) and (1,5).
a. (-3,-2)
c. (-3,-4)
c. (-4,-1)
d. (-2,-1)
12. The line segment joining A(-2,-1) and B(3,3) is extended to C. If BC = 3AB, give the
coordinates of C.
a. (17,12)
b. (15,17)
c. (18,15)
d. (12,18)
13. The line L2 makes an angle of 600 with the L1. If the slope of L1 is 1, give the slope of L2.
a. (3 + 20.5)
b. (2 + 20.5)
c. (2 + 30.5)
d. (3 + 30.5)
14. The angle from the line through (-4,5) and (3,m) to the line (-2,4) and (9,1) is 135 0. Give the
value of m.
a.7
b. 8
c. 9
d. 10
15. Which equation represents a line perpendicular to the graph of 2x + y = 2?
a. y = -0.5x 2
b. y = 2x + 2
c. y = 2x 2
d. y
= 0.5x + 2
16. Which of the following is the y intercept of the graph 2x 2y + 8 = 0?
a. -4
b. -2
c. 2
d. 4
17. Which of the following may be a graph of x y = a where a is a positive real number?
a.
b. y
c.
d.
y
y
x
y
2
1.5
18. Write an equation in standard form for a line with a slope of 1 passing through (2,1).
a. x + y = 3
b. x + y = 3
c. x + y = 3
d. x y = 3
b.
For items 19-22, use the illustration on the right.
T
19. Which of the following are the coordinates of A?
1
0.5
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0.5
1.5
23
2.5
3.5
a. (1,1)
b. (1,-1)
c. (-1,1)
d. (-1,-1)
20. What is the distance between points A and H?
61
a.
units
b. 6 sq. units
51
c.
units
d. 8 units
21. Which of the following points has the coordinates (-2,-2)?
a. M
b. A
c. T
d. H
22. Which of the following is the equation of the given graph?
y x2 2
y x 2 2
a.
y x 2
b.
y x2 2
.
c.
d.
.
23. Which of the following is the equation of the line containing points M and T?
a. y= 2
b. x=2
c. y-2x-2=0
d. y+2x+2=0
x2 8 y
x3
?
c. 3 units
d. 8 units
y
x
1
12 4
25. Which of the following is a focus of
a. (0,-4)
b. (-4,0)
2
c. (0,4)
d. (4,0)
x
y
1
4
9
26. What are the x-intercepts of
a. none
b.
3
c.
d.
b.
y
15
15
10
10
5
- 25
-20
- 15
-10
-5
-30
0
-30
10
15
20
25
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
30
10
15
20
25
30
-5
-5
-10
-10
-15
-15
c.
d.
y
2
2
1 .5
1.5
1
1
0 .5
0.5
0
-3 .5
-3
-2 .5
-2
-1 .5
-1
- 0. 5
0. 5
1. 5
2 .5
3 .5
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0 .5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1 .5
-1.5
-2
-2
28. Which of the following is an equation of an ellipse that has 10 as length of the major axis and
has foci which are 4 units away from the center?
y2 x2
1
25 9
a.
y2 x2
1
9 16
y2 x2
1
5
3
b.
y2 x2
1
16 25
c.
d.
100 y 2 25 x 2 2500
10
a.
100 x 2 25 y 2 2500
b.
100 y 2 25 x 2 2500
-30
-20
-10
10
20
c.
100 x 2 25 y 2 2500
-10
d.
30. What are the x-intercepts of the graph?
St. Louis Review Center-Inc-Davao Tel. no. (082) 224-2515
24
30
a. none
c.
10
b.
d.
c. hyperbola
d. Parabola
y
10
0
-20
-10
10
20
30
-10
Read the question/s or the items carefully and understand what they say.
St. Louis Review Center-Inc-Davao Tel. no. (082) 224-2515
25
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
RATIONAL EXPONENTS
an
If a is a real number and n is any positive integer, the symbol
denotes the nth power of
a. The real number a is called the base and n is called the exponent. In symbols,
a n a a a ... a
.
n factors
3 3 3 3 34
Examples:
a)
2m 3 2m 2m 2m .
or 81.
1
2
c)
math
b)
1 1 1 1
.
2 2 2 2
1.31.3 1.3 2 .
d)
math math
2 m m 2 m .
2
e)
.
e)
Note that any base raised to the power of 1, is just the base. Moreover, any base raised to
the power of 0 is 1, while 00 is indeterminate.
9 0 1.
41 4.
Examples: a)
c) (-m)1 = - m.
b)
h op e
2
e)
j o y
38.23 0 1
1
.
f)
2 3
5 1
d) z0 = 1.
1 0 1 1
m a a
4
4
j 2o3 y 5
g)
h)
Laws of Exponents
true.
If a and b are real numbers and m and n are positive real numbers, then the following are
n m
a m a n a mn
a nm
.
If
If
a
a mn
n
a
a0
mn
and
, then
and
am
1
n m
n
a
a
a0
nm
ab n a nb n
, then
If
a
b
b0
an
n
b
, then
If
a
a0 1
n
a
a0
, then
2 3
2 2 2
3
4.
6
Examples: a)
3 2
25 32.
c) (3 x 4 )2 = 32 x 42.
b)
32
1.
32
35
352 33 27.
32
d)
e)
f).
3
1
1
325 33 3 .
5
3
3
27
Exercises
1. In the expression 8m5, 5 is called the ________.
A. base
B. coefficient
C. constant
0
25 m
20 m n s
0
5m 10s 6 n8 m 10
2. Evaluate
D. exponent
3 14 0
0
26
m 2 20
12
A. 5
4 -2
B. 23m n s
3a 4b 4
( 3a ) 4
C.
D. undefined
4b 4
3. Anthony wrote
=
+
. Which of the following is his misconception?
A. It is possible to factor out the exponent.
B. It is possible to distribute exponents over a sum.
C. The exponents should be multiplied with the base.
D. The coefficient inside the parentheses should be added.
2
5r 4
3
3s
25r 6
?
9s 5
4. Is
equal to
Why or why not?
A. Yes, for the exponents inside the parenthesis and the numerical coefficients should be
added to 2.
B. No, for the exponents inside the parenthesis and the numerical coefficients should be
subtracted from 2.
C. Yes, for the exponents inside the parenthesis should be added and the numerical
coefficients should be
raised to 2.
D. No, for the exponent inside the parenthesis should be multiplied by 2 and the
numerical coefficients should
be raised to 2.
x12
x3
5. Explain why
is not equal to x4?
A. Because the exponents should be added.
B. Because the exponents should be multiplied.
C. Because the numerator should be divided by the denominator.
D. Because the exponent of the numerator should be subtracted by the exponent of the
denominator.
6. Which of the following is the product of x5y3z and x2y4z2?
A. 2x102y122z2
B. x10y12z2
C. 2x72y72z3
D. x7y7z3
a 3 2a 5 11a.
5a
7. Give the product of
and
5a 10a 55a 2
4
5a 3 10a 6 55a
A.
C.
5a 10a 55a
4
B.
5a 3 10a 5 55a
D.
2 2
3
2
2 5
7
5
m3 m3 m3 3 m3
1
1 1
1
3 2 3 2 3 2 2 31 3
a)
5
5
2
3
1
3
2 1
3 3
b)
1
3
c)
5
7
3
7
5 3
7 7
d)
2
7
2
3
e e 23 23 e 0 1
2
e 3
e)
3x y
2
3 4
314 x 24 y 34 34 x 8 y12
f)
27
2
5
art
xy
5y
art 5
2
xy 5
g)
Negative Exponents
x 4 1 1 1
11 y
11 y 5 y
6y
3y
x 4 x 4 4 x 4 x 2
.
h)
1
an
If a is a nonzero real number and n is any rational number, then a-n =
.
To simplify algebraic expressions with negative exponents is just to express the given
expression into an equivalent quantity where the exponents become positive.
Examples: Simplify the following such that they only have positive exponents.
1
2
a)
3
4
2m 4
b)
1
3
1
2
c)
3
4
2m 4
1
1
2m 4
Solution: a)
b)
c)
Examples: Simplify the following such that they only have positive exponents. Assume nonzero
bases and no denominator is zero.
16 2
4 4
m 4
m 3
a)
b)
c)
m 4 g 3
g 1h 3
16 2 m 4 at 3
4 4 m 3a 2t 3
e)
f)
2 2
16 2
4 4
a)
4 4
1
4 4
.
1
3 2
1
)
2
( 3)(
1
)
2
5
2
3
2
x 2
h)
1
x 2 2
=
1
x 4x 4
x 2 x 2
or
or
1
1
x 2 x 2
x 2 x 2
is equal to
Note that
g 3 1 h 3 g 4 h 3
4
m4
m
5
2
=
2
= 1.
=
( 5)(
1
m
m 4 g 3 1
1
1 3 4 g 3 1 h3
1 g
h
m
g)
m 4 3 m 43 m 1
4 4 m 3 aa 2t 3 4 4 m3 a 3t 3 a 3
4 43 .
16 2 m 4t 3
4 mt
m
h)
d)
e)
x 2 2
t 3
t 3
16 2 m 4 at 3
4 4 m 3 a 2t 3
f)
b)
m 4 g 3
g 1h 3
3 2
m 4
m 3
a1 2 a1 2 a 3
c)
d)
g)
Solution:
a
a 2
t 3
t 3
a
a 2
1
x 4x 4
1
1 1
2
x
4x 4
but
is not equal to
a
b
Whenever the exponent of a base is in rational form
always be expressed in radical form.
RADICALS
28
an
If n is a positive integer and a is a real number for which
n
The symbol
n
1
n
is a radical sign, the number a is the radicand and n is the index of the
radical
.
3
27
1
4
27
b) The expression
can be written as
.
When a radical notation has no index, it is understood that n=2 or we are going to extract
the square roots of the radicand.
2
1
2
49 49 .
3 2 3 3.
Examples: a)
b)
Simplified radicals
An expression with radicals is simplified when all of the following conditions are satisfied.
Exponents of the radicand and index of the radical have no common factor except 1.
The radicand has no factor raised to a power greater than or equal to the index.
All indicated operations have been performed (if possible).
No denominator contains a radical.
The radicand has no fractions.
m
n
Radical notation of
n
a3
m4
52
a)
b)
a
Solution: a)
1
3
m
.
am
c)
a
n
an
3
4
b)
( 4 m ) 3
=
5
.
3
2
c)
5
2
53
=
53
or
Examples: Write each radical expression using exponential notation and simplify.
3
22
a)
27
b)
22
Solution: a)
22
=
1
2
x6
c)
27
b)
(27)
1
3
=
n
1
3 3
c)
x6
x2
x3
=
an = a
and
a =a
n
.
Examples: Simplify each of the following and give all the roots.
4
625
a)
169x 6
81
b)
c)
d)
Solution:
625 252 25
a)
b)
81
34
3.
29
27 x 6 y 9
132 x 3
169x 6
c)
d)
33 x 2 y 3
3
27 x 6 y 9
13x3.
3
=3x2y3.
For all real numbers a and b, and positive integers m and n for which the indicated roots
are real numbers, the following are true.
( a )( b ) =
n
.
n
a mn a
m n
ab
a
b
3 5 15.
a)
b)
3
12 x 6 x 12
c)
8
125
a)
32 y 5
243
b)
( 2)
2 2 .
8
8
3
125
5
5
5
53
3
Solution:
a)
32y 5
243
b)
16 2 y 4 y
4
81 3
24 2 y 4 y
4
3 3
4
2 y4 2 y
3 3
2y
2y
2 y 4 54 y
3
,3
15
b) Evaluate 10
,2
15
+3
and 4
7
.
15
-
2 6
24
perimeter.
Solution: a)
+3
+2
15
15
7
+4
15
7
=10
cm,
7
.
15
b) 10
+3
= 12
.
c) Given a triangle, its perimeter is determined by adding the lengths of its sides.
Hence,
46
2 6
24
cm +
+ 4cm =
2 6
cm +
2 6
=
cm + 4cm
2 6
cm +
4 6
cm+ 4cm =
cm + 4cm.
Multiplication of Radicals
n
Note that
ab
=
a nb
Examples: Give the product of the following in simplest form. Take only the positive roots.
St. Louis Review Center-Inc-Davao Tel. no. (082) 224-2515
30
2 3
6 8 9 10
a)
(3 7
b)
2 3 m 2 [3
c)
6 9
6 8 9 10
Solution: a)
m 2 (3 m 33 m 2 )
8)
8 10 54 80 54 16 5 54 4 5 216 5
m 3 3 m 2 ]
b)
8 ) (3 7
2 3 m 2 m 2 3 3 m 2 m 2 2 3 m 3
=
m4
-(6)
2m 6m 3 m
=
(3 7
c)
9 7 8
8 ) 9 7 2 82
8 ) (3 7
+
=63-8=55.
Exercises
34 5
1. In the expression
A. base
D. root
2
5
2. Write
as a radical expression.
2
35
A.
5
32
B.
5y
25 3
C.
D.
3. Write
as an exponential expression.
1
3 5
3 5
A.
5y
5y
B.
15
D.
15
m, 5
15
m and
15
cm
3
3 5
C.
15
A. 5
5y
5 5y3
B. 8
15
cm
C. 10
15
cm
D. 12
cm
3
5. The side of a square measures 4
3
A. 4
3
m
B. 8
3
m
C. 16
3
m
D. 20
FUNCTIONS
A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that for every first element x, there
corresponds at least one y. The set of all first elements is called the domain of the relation,
whereas the set of second elements is the codomain of the relation.
A function is a relation such that for every first element x of the ordered pair (x, y), there
corresponds a unique second element y. The set of all first elements is called the domain of the
function, whereas the set of second elements is the range of the function.
Tests for a Function
There are some tests that can determine whether a relation is a function or not. We have a
function if no two pairs in the set consisting of ordered pairs have the same first components.
Examples: a) The relation {(Mr. Cruz, Mark), (Mr. Cruz, Mary), (Mr. Gonzales, Art), (Mrs. Tan, Alice),
(Miss Peralta, Niko)} is not a function because more than one ordered pair have the same first
component- Mr. Cruz.
b) The relation {(-1,0), (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)} has no ordered pair that has the same
first component. Thus, it is a function. Moreover, its domain is the set {-1,0,1,2,3} and its range is
{0,1,2,3,4}.
c) Consider the relation {(-3, -9), (-2, -4), (-1, -1), (0, 0),(1, -1), (2, -4), (3, -9)}. This
relation is considered a function because it has no ordered pair that has the same first component.
A relation may be described by a set of ordered pairs. A function is described by a set of
ordered pairs with no two pairs having the same first components.
Example: The table below shows the relation of the distance traveled by a car for a given length of
time.
d = rt
Number of Hours
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Distance
60
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
31
It can be observed that the distance traveled depends upon the number of hours or time.
We say that distance is a function of time. The relation can be expressed as d = rt or d = 60t in
this particular example.
Example: The area of a square is a function of the length of its side.
A = s2
Side
1
2
3
4
Area
1
4
9
16
5
25
16
24
0
Example: An arrow diagram for the relation {(x, y) y = x2 + 2} -1
is
shown on the right where x = -3, -2,-1,0,1,2,3 and y = 2,3,6,11.
-2
2
-3
3
11
there exists a one-to-one correspondence between the elements of the two sets
there exists a many-to-one correspondence between the elements of the two sets.
Another method of identifying a function from a mere relation is through its graph. A graph
of a relation is a function if a vertical line is drawn through the graph will intersect the graph in no
more than one point.
The most fundamental way to graph a function is to plot points. Once the behavior of the
graph of the function becomes familiar, graphing becomes easier. Note that in graphing functions,
we include all possible real numbers in the domain.
We may start by creating a table of values in order to find out the behavior of the function.
It is very important to choose different numbers to get a clear picture of the graph. That is, it is
helpful to generate as many points possible.
1
f x, y y 3 x
2
Example: Graph
1
f x, y y 3 x
2
Solution: We note that
intercept
0.5
b=
X
f(x)
2
5.5
3
8.5
-0.5
32
y
8
0
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
10
12
14
-2
-4
-6
-8
Note that the when a vertical line is drawn through the graph, it will intersect the graph in
no more than one point. Hence, the given relation is a function.
Example: If we have f(x) = x, this function is called an identity function defined by f = {(x, y) y
= x}.
Let us graph the identity function by assigning to x the values 0, 1, 2. Hence, the
corresponding values of y are 0, 1 and 2 respectively. Moreover, the line is determined by the
following points.
X
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
f(x)
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
We now have the graph on the right.
y
8
0
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
-2
-6
Example:
-8
Graph f(x) = 4.
-2
4
-1
4
0
4
1
4
6
2
4
3
4
0
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-1
-2
y2 x
Non-example: Graph
-3
0
0
1
1
1
-1
4
2
4
2
y
4
0
-3
-2
-1
10
11
12
-1
-2
-4
33
10
12
14
Observe that the graph of the said set of points shows that if any vertical line drawn
through the graph intersects the graph at more than one point. Hence, it is not a function.
The graph of a relation shows a function if any vertical line drawn through the graph
intersects the graph at no more than one point.
Non-examples: The graphs below do not define functions.
5
2.5
3
1.5
2
1
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0.5
0
-8
0
-4.5
-1
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
-0.5
-2
-1
-3
-1.5
-4
PRACTICE EXERCISES
Directions: Choose the best answer from the choices given. Write the corresponding letter of
your choice.
1. In the expression 9m3, 3 is called the ________.
A. base
B. coefficient
C. constant
D. exponent
1
3
77 77
2. Evaluate
72
A. 7
B.
2
7
77
C.
D.
m2n 2
mn3
A. 0
B. 1
C.
2
2
A.
D.
3
4
m 2 n3
24
B.
23
C.
3
D.
34m
C. 3
D. 34 m
888tm
6. In the expression
A. Index
D. Exponent
5
5
7. Which of the following is equal to
5
A. 0
B. 1
C.
3 3
8. The length of a rectangle is
the rectangle?
B.
D.
2 2
m and its width is
5 6
A. 10 m2
2 5
9 6
m2
C.
6 6
m2
D.
m2
34
5
9. Rosalinda was asked to get the perimeter of a rectangle whose width is 2
mm and whose
5 5
length is
7 10
10
A.
mm
B. 14
mm
10 5
C. 14
mm
D.
mm
42
3x 2
3x
3x
1
2 3
2 3
A.
B.
C.
7
12. The sides of a triangle measure 2
7
A. 5
D.
7
m, 3
28
m and
7
m
3x 3
3 3x 2
B. 7
7
m
C. 9
7
m
D. 35
22
13. The side of a square measures 5
22
22
22
11
A. 10
cm
B.15
cm
C. 20
cm
D. 20
cm
14. A secretary can type 324k words in 32k minutes. How many words can she type in a minute?
1
3
A. 322k
B. 326k
7
8x y
27
2 x y x
2
1
3
C.
23
D.
15. Simplify
23k
2x y
2
2 3
A.
2x y
8x3 y 3 x
27
B. -
C.
D.
h 3o 4 p 3e 5
16. Which of the following is the index of the expression
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
3
D. 4
8m
, 8m is called the __________.
B. Radicand
C. Radical sign
D. Exponent
3 3
4
5
A.
6
10
C.
3
3
19. Which of the following is equal to
B. 1
2
3
35
B.
A. 0
2
5
3 25
D.
4
5
4
5
?
4
35
35
C.
D.
1
3
x y
20. Evaluate
35
x2 y
A. 0
B. 1
x3 y
C.
D.
1
-2
1
-4
2
-6
4
-8
4
-10
6
-12
6
-14
1
-2
3
4
5
-6
7
8
9
-10
11
12
13
-14
1
2
2
4
3
6
1
8
2
10
3
12
4
14
1
0.5
2
1
3
1.5
4
2
5
2.5
1
3
2
3.5
B.
x
y
C.
x
y
D.
x
y
-1
2
-2
4
-3
6
-4
8
-5
10
-6
12
7
14
-1
2
1
4
-2
6
2
8
3
10
3
12
4
14
1
-2
-2
-4
3
-6
-1
8
-2
10
-3
12
4
14
1
-0.5
2
-1
3
-1.5
4
-2
5
-2.5
1
-3
2
-3.5
B.
x
y
C.
x
y
D.
x
y
27. Which of the following arrows or mapping diagrams DOES NOT specify a function?
A.
B.
36
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
-2
-1
0
C.
-2
2
-3
3
-4
4
9
4
0
D.
2
3
16
B.
2
4
6
1
4
5
C.
D.
1
2
8
4
2
0
16
C.
7
29. Which of the following arrows or mapping diagrams DOES NOT specify a function?
A.
B.
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
C.
-1
0
1
9
4
0
D.
-2
2
-3
3
-4
4
-4
-9
12
-16
4
37
A.
C.
3
2.5
1.5
2
1
1.5
0.5
0
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
0.5
-0.5
0
-1
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
-0.5
-1.5
-1
-2
B.
D.
-1.5
2.5
1.5
1
1
0.5
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
-3
-2
-1
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
-1
-0.5
-1
-2
-1.5
-3
C.
D.
30
25
20
0
-4
15
1
-3
-2
-1
-2
10
-4
-6
0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
-5
-8
-10
-10
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
-5
-10
C.
2.5
1.5
1.5
1
0.5
0
-3.5
0.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
-0.5
-1
-0.5
-1
0
-1.5
0.5
1.5
-1.5
-2
-0.5
B.
D.
y
0.5
0
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
-0.5
0
-3
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1.5
-2
-2
-3
38
C.
1
1
0
-3
-2
-1
3
-3
-2
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
C.
D.
y
2
4
1
3
0
-3
-2
-1
-1
1
-2
0
-3
-2
-1
-3
34. Which of the graphs below best represents the following scenario? Chok was at home when he
decided to visit his friend. After a few hours, he was already at his friends house which is a few
kilometers away from his home. He stayed there for a few hours and went back home.
A.
C.
Distance
Distance
Time
Time
B.
D.
Distance
Distance
Time
Time
35. Which of the graphs below best represents the following scenario? Avel is running at a steady
rate and then comes to a hill, which causes him to run at a slower rate. Once he reaches the top
of the hill, he runs down the hill very fast. Upon reaching the bottom of the hill, he resumes his
original pace.
A.
B.
Speed
Speed
Time
Time
39
C.
D.
Speed
Speed
Time
Time
40
LET Competencies:
Counting Techniques
Experiment: any activity that can be done repeatedly (e.g. tossing a coin, rolling a die).
Sample space: the set of all possible outcomes in an experiment.
Example: In rolling a die, the sample space is S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Sample point: an element of the sample space.
Example: In rolling a die, there are 6 sample points.
Counting Sample Points
1. Fundamental Principle of Counting (FPC)
If a choice consists of k steps, of which the first can be performed in n 1 ways, for each of
these the second can be performed in n 2 ways, for each of these the third can be
performed in n3 ways, and for each of these the kth can be made in n k ways, then the
whole choice can be made in n1n2n3nk ways.
Example: In how many ways can two dice fall?
Ans. : 6 6 = 36 ways
2. Permutation
Permutation is an arrangement of objects wherein the order is important.
a. Linear Permutation
If n objects are to be arranged r objects at a time, then the number of distinct arrangements is
given by
n
Pr =
n!
, n r
.
( nr ) !
Example: In how many ways can the first, second and third winners may be chosen with 10
contestants?
10P3 =
10 !
=10 9 8=720 ways
( 103 ) !
b. Circular Permutation
If n objects are to be arranged in a circular manner, then the number of distinct arrangements
is (n - 1)!
Example: In how many ways can 6 people be arranged around a circular table?
Answer: (6 - 1)! = 5!
c. Permutation with Repetitions
The number of permutations of n things of which n1 are one of a kind, n2 second of a kind, , nk of
a kth kind is
n!
n1! n2 !...nk !
Example: How many different permutations are there in the word WAGAYWAY if all letters are to be
taken?
8!
2 !3!2 !
Answer:
3. Combination
Combination is the arrangement of objects regardless of order. In other words, the order of
arranging the objects is not important. If n objects are to be arranged r at a time, the number of
distinct combinations is given by:
n
Cr =
n!
,n r
.
r ! ( nr ) !
7!
3!4 !
Answer:
Probability
Probability: the likelihood of occurrence of an event.
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41
If E is any event, then the probability of an event denoted by P(E) has a value between 0
and 1, inclusive. In symbols,
0 P (E) 1
If P(E) = 1, then E is sure to happen.
If P(E) = 0, then E is impossible to happen.
Moreover, if the probability that E will not happen is P(E), then P (E) + P (E) = 1.
Theoretical Probability
Theoretically, the probability of an event E, denoted by P(E), is defined as
n( E )
n(S )
P(E) =
where n(E) = number of favorable outcomes
n(S) = number of possible outcomes
Exercises
1. A coin is flipped once.
a. How many possible outcomes are there?
b. What are these outcomes?
c. How many of these outcomes consist of a face facing up?
d. What is the probability that a tail faces up?
2. A spinner can land on any of the numbers 1 through 12 with equal likelihood. What is the
probability that the spinner lands on a/an
a. odd number?
b. number greater than 12?
c. prime number?
d. number divisible by 3 or 4?
e. number divisible by 3 and 4?
f. number between 3 and 9?
3. A box contains cards printed with the letters of the word PHILIPPINES, so that P is one 3
cards, H is on one card, and so on. A card is drawn from the box.
a. How many possible outcomes are there?
b. What are these outcomes?
c. Are these outcomes equally likely?
d. What is the probability that the card drawn is
i. a P
ii. a H
ii. a I
iv. not a P
STATISTICS
Statistics is the branch of mathematics used to summarize quantities of data and help
investigators draw sound conclusions. Its two main branches are descriptive statistics and
inferential statistics.
A sample is a specified set of measurements or data, which is drawn from a much larger
body of measurements or data called the population.
Kinds of Sampling
1. Random sampling techniques are used to ensure that every member of the population has
an equal chance of being included in the sample. A random sample is said to be representative
of the entire population. The two methods of random sampling are lottery method and the use
of the table of random numbers.
2. Systematic sampling is a technique which selects every nth element of the population for the
sample, with the starting point determined at random from the first n elements.
3. Stratified random sampling is a technique of selecting simple random samples from
mutually exclusive groupings or strata of the population.
Graphical Representations of Data
Graphs are used in mathematics to show relationships between sets of numbers. Graphs
are useful in the field of statistics because they can show the relationships in a set of data.
1. Histogram - a graphical picture of a frequency distribution consisting of a series of vertical
columns or rectangles, each drawn with a base equal to the class interval and a height
corresponding to the class frequency. The bars of a histogram are joined together, that is, there
are no spaces between bars.
2. Bar Chart- uses rectangles or bars to represent discrete classes of data. The length of each
bar corresponds to the frequency or percentage of the given class or category. The categories are
in turn placed in either horizontal
3. Frequency Polygon- a special type of line graph, where each class frequency is plotted
directly above the midpoint or class mark of its class interval and lines are then drawn to connect
the points.
4. Pie Chart- an effective way of presenting categorized (qualitative) distributions, where a circle
is divided into sectors - pie-shaped pieces - which are proportional in size to the corresponding
frequencies or percentages.
5. Pictogram- known as picture graph where picture symbols are used to represent values.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
A measure of central tendency is a single, central value that summarizes a set of
numerical data. It describes a set of data by locating the middle region of the set.
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42
Measure
s
of
Central
Tendenc
y
Mean
Definition
How to find
Ungrouped data:
x
N
Grouped Data:
Median
xf
N
Ungrouped data:
The middle for the
( N 2+ 1 )t h score
Grouped Data:
Advantages
Disadvantages
A single, unique
value that is
representative
of all the scores
Not appropriate
for skewed
distribution as it
is affected by
extreme scores
or outliers
Stable from
group to group
May be used in
further
computations
More stable
from group to
group than the
mode
Appropriate for
skewed
distribution
Mdn = L +
Not necessarily
representative
of all scores
Unstable from
group to group
Cannot be used
in further
analyses
n
cf
2
i
f
( )
Mode
Ungrouped data:
The most frequent
score
Easy to obtain
Not necessarily
representative
of all scores
Grouped Data:
Cannot be used
The class mark of
in further
the class interval
analyses
with the highest
frequency
Example: The scores for five students on a quiz are 40, 20, 30, 25, and 15. To find the mean score
for this group of students, we first find the sum of the scores:
40+20+30+25+15=130
We then divide the sum by 5, the number of scores:
130
26
5
.
Example: Determine the median for the set of scores
82,
81,
80,
87,
20
Solution: We arrange the scores in Example 1 in order fro lowest to highest:
20,
80,
81,
82,
87
The middle number in this arrangement is 81 and it is the median.
Exercises
1. The mean score on a set of 10 scores is 71. What is the sum of the 10 test scores?
2. The mean score on a set of 13 score is 77. What is the sum of the 13 test scores?
3. The mean score on four of a set of five scores is 75. The fifth score is 90. What is the sum
of the five scores? What is the mean of the five scores?
4. Two sets of data are given. The first set of data has 10 scores with a mean of 70, and the
second set of data has 20 scores with a mean of 80. what is the mean for both sets of data
combined?
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43
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
A measure of variation or variability describes how large the differences between the
individual scores. The common measures of variability are range and standard deviation.
Measure
s
of
Variation
Definition
How to find
Advantages
Disadvantages
Range
Ungrouped
data:
R = HS - LS
Easy to compute
Unstable
Gives a unique
value
Not
representative
of the set of
data
Grouped Data:
Standard
deviation
R = Upper Limit
of the Highest
Class Interval Lower Limit of
the Lowest Class
Interval
Ungrouped
data:
S
( x x )
to
Not
used
in
further
computations
Most stable
Gives a unique
value
Most
representative
Grouped Data:
S
Easy
understand
Affected
by
extreme scores
More difficult to
compute
and
understand
Used in further
computations
f ( x x )
n
Exercises
1. On a quiz, the following scores were made in a class of 10 students: 72, 83, 86, 97, 90, 70, 65,
71, 80, 86. For this set of scores, give the
a. mean
b. median
c. mode
d. range
e. midrange
f. standard deviation
2. Jao, Dhei, Nelfe, Dada and Ched are all in the same statistics class. Their scores for the first two
exams in the class are listed in the accompanying table. The first exam had a mean of 84 and a
standard deviation of 6, whereas the second exam had a mean of 78 and a standard deviation of
4.
__________________________________
Exam 1
Exam 2
__________________________________
Jao
84
78
Dhei
90
74
Nelfe
66
78
Dada
78
70
Ched
84
78
__________________________________
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. In a political science survey, voters are classified into six income categories and five education
categories. In how many different ways can a voter be classified?
A. 11
B. 25
C. 30
D. 45
2. The number of permutations of the word probabilities is
A. 13
B. 2!3!
C. 13!
D. 13!/(2!3!)
3. The number of ways seven visitors can be seated on a round table is
A. 6!
B. 7!
C. 6!7!
D. 6!/2
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44
4. In a certain town, 40% of the people have brown hair, 25% have brown eyes, and 15% have
both brown hair and brown eyes. A person is selected at random from the town. If he has brown
eyes, what is the probability that he does not have brown hair?
A. 3/8
B. 2/5
C.
D. none of these
5. A die is tossed. If the number is odd, what is the probability that it is prime?
2
3
3
4
2
5
1
3
A.
B.
C.
D.
6. An accounting professor can assign grades of A, B, C, D, or F to students examinations. In how
many ways can the professor assign grades to three different student examinations?
A. 120 ways
B.125 ways
C. 25 ways
D. 50 ways
7. A bag contains 15 red beads, 30 white beads, 20 blue beads, and 7 black beads. If one of the
beads as drawn at random, what is the probability that it will be white or blue?
25
36
15
42
13
40
17
52
A.
B.
C.
D.
8. A whole number is chosen at random from the whole numbers from 1 to 50. What is the
probability that it is an even square?
A. 0.07
B. 0.06
C. 0.02
D. 0.09
9. A pair of dice is tossed. If the numbers appearing are different, find the probability that the sum
is even.
A.
1
2
B.
2
3
C.
2
5
D. none of these
10. If repetitions are not permitted, how many 3 digits number less than 400 can be formed from
the digits 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9?
A.30
B.126
C.40
D. 162
11. In how many different ways can a true-false test be answered if there are five items, assuming
that the student give an answer for each item.
52
25
A.5!
B.2!
C.
D.
12. There are five musical numbers in a program. The number of ways these numbers can be
presented is
5!/ 3!2!
25
A. 5
B.5!
C.
13. The numbers of permutations of the word probabilities is
A.13
B. 13!
D.
13!/ 2!3!
C.2! 3!
D.
14. The number of ways seven students can be seated on a round table is
A. 6!
B.6! 7!
C.7!
D. 6! /2
15. How many different signals, each consisting of 6 flags hung in a vertical line, can be formed
from 4 identical red flags and 2 identical blue flags?
4!2!
6 4!
A. 6!
B.
16. The probability of getting a black heart is
C.4! 2!
D. 6!
14
1 52
A.0
B.
C.1
D.
17. In a certain town, 40% of the people have brown hair, 25% have brown eyes, and 15% have
both brown hair and brown eyes. A person is selected at random from the town. I he has brown
eyes, what is the probability that he does not have brown hair?
38
12
25
A.
B.
C.
For items 18-20: The scores of 10 students in a Math quiz are as follows:
Student
Score
A
18
B
32
C
10
D
15
E
27
F
18
G
23
H
28
D. None of these
I
29
J
30
45
Equations
An equation that contains at least one variable is called an open sentence. Equations
b&c
above are examples of open sentences. In equation b, only -1 makes the sentence true or
satisfies the equation. However, more than one number might satisfy an equation. For example,
x2 4 0
+2 and -2 satisfy the equation
. Any number that satisfies an equation is called a
solution or root to the equation. The set of numbers from which you can select replacements for
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46
the variable is called the replacement set. The set of all solutions to an equation is called the
solution set to the equation. To solve an equation means to find all of its solutions.
QUADRATIC EQUATION
An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a
quadratic equation.
2. Quadratic Formula
b b 2 4ac
2a
a n na n 1 b
... nab n 1 b n
2!
3!
(a + b)n =
THE rth TERM OF THE EXPANSION (a + b)n
Properties of f(x) = bx
b > 0 , b
f is a one-to-one function.
47
f ( x) e x
For all real numbers x, the function defined by
is called the natural exponential
function. Note that e is an irrational number and its accurate value to eight places is 2.71828183.
EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
An equation where the unknown quantity appears in an exponent is called an exponential
equation.
SOLVING EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
To solve an exponential equation is to find the value of the unknown quantity in the given
equation.
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
1. If the base of the logarithm is not indicated it is understood that the base is 10.
2. If the base of the logarithm is the number e, then it is called a natural logarithm and it is
written as f(x) = ln x.
f x log b x
Properties of
f is a one-to-one function.
Remarks
The two most common logarithms are called common logarithms and natural logarithms.
Common logarithms have a base of 10, and natural logarithms have a base of e.
Equation in exponential form can be rewritten in logarithmic form, and vice versa.
y log b x
The exponential form of
by x
is
1
93
Example 2: The exponential equation 9-3 =
1
729
or
729
equation as log9
= -3
48
Example 1: In the equation 220 = 1, the base is 22 and the exponent is 0. Remember that a
logarithm is an exponent, and the corresponding logarithmic equation is log 22 (1) = 0, where the 0
is the exponent.
2
5
Example 2: In the equation
2
5
= 1, the base is
log 2
5
1 = 0.
0
where n is a nonnegative integer and a 0, a1,
. . .,
is a polynomial
function in x of degree n. The zeros or roots of f(x) are the numbers that will make f(x) = 0.
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49
50
25 , 49 , negative numbers
Example: Some examples of imaginary numbers are:
, 3i, -7i.
2
3
expressed as fractions in simplest forms. Examples are 8, -3, 3.45, and
.
Irrational numbers are numbers which cannot be expressed as fractions in simplest forms.
3
3
Examples are
,4
, , e and
.
Set of Natural/Counting numbers: {1, 2, 3, 4, }. This set contains the numbers that we use in
counting; also called natural numbers.
Set of Whole Numbers: { 0 , 1, 2, 3, }. This set is the union of the number zero and the set of
counting numbers.
Set of Integers: { , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, }. This set is the union of the set of counting numbers,
their negatives, and zero
II. THE COUNTING NUMBERS
A. Divisibility. An integer is divisible by a certain divisor (also an integer) if it can be divided
exactly by that divisor. That is, the remainder is zero after the division process is completed.
To illustrate, the integer 12 is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.
To determine whether the integer is divisible by a certain integer or not, you may use the
following divisibility rules.
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51
An integer is divisible by
a) 2 if it ends with 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. (Examples: 134 or 12 or 12,330 or 4)
b) 3 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3. (Examples: 132 or 18 or 12,330 or 45)
c) 4 if the last two digits form a number which is divisible by 4. (Examples: 13,412 or 12,332)
d) 5 if it ends with 0 or 5. (Examples: 135 or 10 or 12,330 or 495)
e) 6 if it ends with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and the sum of the digits is divisible by 3.(Examples: 134 or
12)
f) 7 if the difference obtained after subtracting twice the last digit from the number formed
by the remaining digits is divisible by 7. (Examples: 14 or 364)
g) 8 if the last three digits form a number which is divisible by 8. (Examples: 24160 or 5328)
h) 9 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9. (Examples: 9, 432 or 18,504 or 270)
i) 10 if it ends with 0. (Examples: 120 or 7, 890 or 1, 230)
j) 11 if the difference between the sum of the digits on the even powers of 10 and the sum of
the digits on the odd powers of 10 is divisible by 11. (Examples: 2123 or 2816 or 94369 or
36465)
k) 12 if it is both divisible by 3 and 4. (Examples: 413,412 or 112,332)
l) 15 if it is both divisible by 3 and 5. (Examples: 150 or 350)
Remarks: Divisibility rules for two or more relatively prime numbers (GCF is 1) may be combined
to serve as a divisibility rule for their product.
Example: The rules for 3, 4, and 5 may be combined to serve as the rule for their product which is
60 since 3, 4, and 5 are relatively prime.
Exercises: Put a check mark on the space provided for, if the integer on the first column divides exactly the integer on the
top row.
456
36,720
800,112
456
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
36,720
800,112
10
11
12
14
24
32
45
77
Even numbers are whole numbers which can be divided exactly by two whole numbers.
Odd numbers are whole numbers which cannot be divided exactly by two whole numbers.
Example: If n3 is odd, which of the following is true?
I. n is odd
II. n2 is odd
III. n2 + 1 is odd
A) II only
B) I and II only
C) I only
D) I and III only
Example: If x is an odd integer and y is an even integer, which of the following is an odd integer?
x 2 +3y
A. 2x-y
C.
x +y- 1
x- 1
B.
D.
B. Factors and Multiples. In the number sentence 2 x 3 = 6, the numbers 2 and 3 are called
factors, while 6 is their product. Or we say, 2 and 3 are divisors of 6. Moreover, we say that 6 is a
multiple of 2 and 3.
Example: How many factors does 42 have?
A) 2
B) 4
c) 5
Answer:
(C). The factors of 42= 16 are {1, 2, 4, 8, 16}.
Example: What are the multiples of 6?
Answer: The multiples of 12 are {12, 24, 36, 48, }
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
______
______
______
______
______
D) 16
52
Composite numbers are counting numbers that have more than two factors in the set of counting
numbers.
The numbers 0 and 1 are special numbers. They are neither prime nor composite.
Example: What is the sum of prime numbers less than 15?
A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 14
Answer: The number 2,3,5,7, 11 and 13 are prime number less than 15. Hence, the answer is C.
III. INTEGERS
Consecutive integers are two or more integers, written in sequence, in which each integer after
the first is 1 more than the preceding integer.
Examples:
1,2,3,4,5, 6
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3
The absolute value of a number x, denoted by x , is the undirected distance between x and 0
on the number line.
53
It is also defined as
x
x
if x 0
if x < 0
Examples:
Evaluate each of the following.
a) 2 = 2
c) 0 = 0
b) 7 = 7
d) 15 = 15
A. Multiplication. The product of two integers with like signs is a positive while the product of
two integers with unlike signs is negative.
Example:
Example:
(-4) x 7 = (-28)
(-8) x (-5) = 40
or (-4) 7 = (-28)
or (-8) (-5) = 40
B. Division. The quotient of two integers with like signs is a positive while the quotient of two
integers with unlike signs is negative.
Example:
(-72) (-8) = 9
Example:
(-123) 3 = - 41
C. Addition. The sum of two integers with like signs is the sum of their absolute values with the
common sign prefixed before it.
The sum of two integers with unlike signs is the difference of their absolute values with the
sign of the integer with the larger absolute value prefixed before the difference.
Example: (-3) + (-23) = (-26)
Example: (-34) + 12 = (-22)
D. Subtraction. Express subtraction statements as addition statements and follow the procedure
in addition. (That is, change the sign of the subtrahend to its opposite, and proceed to addition.)
Example: (-12) (-3) = (-12) + 3 = -9
Exercise: What number should
a) be added to (-12) to yield 26?
b) be subtracted from (-2) to yield 5?
c) be multiplied by (-4) to yield (-36)?
d) be divided by (-2) to yield 30?
E. P-E-MDAS. P-E-MDAS stands for Parenthesis-Exponent-Multiplication Division Addition
Subtraction.
When two or more operations are involved in a single expression, operations are performed
in the order of P-E-MDAS. That is, we perform first the operation inside the parenthesis (or any
grouping symbol), then followed by determining the power of the number which is raised to a
given exponent, then followed by multiplication/division, and lastly by the addition/subtraction.
Should there be multiplication and division only, perform the operation from left to right.
Should there be addition and subtraction only, perform the operation from left to right.
Example:
Solution:
20 + 100 ( 5 63 32 + 12)
= 20 + 100 ( 5 63 9 + 12)
= 20 + 100 ( 5 7+ 12)
= 20 + 100 ( (2) + 12)
= 20 + 100 10
= 20 + 10
= 30.
54
1. Two bells ring at 5 P.M. For the rest of the day, one bell rings every half hour whereas the other
rings every 45 minutes. When is the first time, on that same day, that both bells ring at the same
time again?
a. 6:30 P.M.
b. 8:30 P.M.
c. 8:45 P.M.
d. 9:00 P.M.
2. Which is true?
a. The set of prime factors of 6 is {1,2,3}
numbers.
b. The product of irrational and rational is irrational.
3. Which of the two-digit numbers below when inserted in the blank will make 38__09 divisible by
3?
a. 98
b. 84
c. 34
d. 60
4. Which of the following number is divisible by 45?
a. 300,000,000,450 b.600,000,000,045 c. 100,200,600,090
d. 400,450,000,000
5. On its anniversary, a certain store offers a free sandwich for every 4 th customer and a free
softdrink for every 6th customer. After 75 customers, how many had received both free sandwich
and softdrink?
a. 30
b. 18
c. 12
d. 6
IV. FRACTIONS
Kinds of Fractions
As to relation between the numerator and the denominator
a. Proper the numerator is less than the denominator
b. Improper the numerator is equal to or greater than the denominator
As to relation of the denominators of two or more fractions
1 3 4
, ,
5 5 5
a. Similar the denominators are equal. Examples:
3 5 5
, ,
4 8 6
b. Dissimilar the denominators are not equal. Examples:
Other classes
3 6 12
, ,
4 8 14
a. Equivalent fractions having the same value. Examples:
3
5
2 , 5 .
4
8
b.
Rules
a.
b.
c.
12 5 60
25 6 150
Example:
2
5
or
B. Division of Fractions. Multiply the supposed dividend by the reciprocal of the supposed
divisor.
36 6
36 10 360
25 10 25 6 150
Example:
12
5
=
2
or
2
5
.
1 2
2 3
4 5
Exercises: Evaluate the following.
a)
19
3
5
21 20
b)
5
1
3 1
15 6
1
7
2 1
3 18
c)
St. Louis Review Center-Inc-Davao Tel. no. (082) 224-2515
d)
55
1
3
Example:
Express
1 4
3 4
3
4
,
5
6
,
4
12
Solution:
to similar fractions.
3 3
4 3
,
9
12
5 2
6 2
and
10
12
=
4 9
,
12 12
Therefore, the similar fractions are
10
.
12
and
E. Addition of fractions. Convert the fractions to similar fractions. Then add the numerators to
obtain the numerator of the sum and copy the denominator.
1
3
3
4
Example:
Evaluate
Solution:
The LCM is 12, so convert the addends to similar fractions with 24 as the
denominator.
1
3
3
4
+
5
6
+
5
6
+
4 9
12 12
=
10 23
12 12
+
11
.
12
or
F. Subtraction of Fractions. Convert the fractions to similar fractions. Then subtract the
numerators to obtain the numerator of the difference and copy the denominator.
7
12
Example: What number should be subtracted from
1
2
to obtain
7
12
1
2
-x=
7
12
x=
1
2
-
7
6
12 12
=
1
12
=
3
4
Example: What is
of 28?
Solution: Let the desired number be m. Then, the equation is given by
3
3
28
84
28
21
4
4
1
4
M =
4
1
or
24
6
q=
.
H. Simplifying Fractions
A fraction is in simplest form if the numerator and the denominator are relatively prime
(their GCF is 1). Thus, to simplify fractions, multiply by the fraction whose numerator and
denominator are the reciprocal of the GCF of the numerator and the denominator of the given
fraction.
56
12
18
Example: The simplest form of
2
3
is
because
12 2 6 2
18 3 6 3
I. Ordering Fractions
Two fractions are equivalent if their cross products are equal. Otherwise, that fraction the
numerator of which was used to get the greater of the two cross products is the larger fraction.
Exercises
1. A 100-m wire is cut into two parts so that one part is of the other. How long is the shorter
piece of wire?
a. 120m
b. 80m
c. 25m
d.
20m
2. Luis left pan of a cake on the table. Dada ate of it. What fraction of cake was left?
a. 1/8
b. 3/8
c.
d.
n
26
21
39
3. If
and
a. 13
5
8
1
5
d. 21
100 000
10 000
1 000 100
10
0.1
0.01
Hundred Thousands
Ten Thousandths
Thousandths
Hundredths
Tenths
Ones
Tens
Hundreds
Thousands
Ten Thousand
Hundred Thousand
0.001 0.0001
0.00001
The number 0.8 is read as eight tenths and .214 as two hundred fourteen thousandths.
The number 0.8 is equal to .800.
The number 0.8 is greater than 0.214.
Exercise:
a) Arrange the following decimal numbers in ascending order:
0.5, 0.343, 0.142, 0.5254
b) In 2.3456, what digit is in the thousandths place?
B. Addition and Subtraction of Decimal Numbers. Addition of decimals is done by writing
them in a column so that their decimal points are aligned. Thus aligned, digits with the same place
values would be in the same column, and the addends (or the minuend and the subtrahend) are
added (or subtracted) as if they were whole numbers.
St. Louis Review Center-Inc-Davao Tel. no. (082) 224-2515
57
c) 7/8 = ______
B. Decimal to fraction
a) Terminating multiply the number by a fraction (equal to one) whose numerator and
denominator is a multiple of 10 such that the numerator of the product is a whole number.
Example:
0.15
Solution:
15
3
100
20
100
100
=
0.5
Example:
Convert
to fraction
0.5555555.
0.5
Solution:
Let n =
5.5555555.
10 n =
0.5555555.
n=
----------------------------------9n= 5
5
9
n=
5
9
0.5
Hence,
is equal to
Exercises
1. Jeepney fares are computed as follows: P7.50 for the four kilometers plus P0.50 for every
additional kilometer thereof. How much should Au pay for a ride that covers 10 kilometers?
a. P8.00
b. P9.50
c. P10.00
d. P10.50
2. Which of the following is 0.3 of ?
a.
b.
c.
d.
3. Which of the following is between 3 and 4?
15
2
a.
b. -3.5
c.
d.
4. Evaluate 14.8 + 3.95 + .003.
a. 5433
b. 753
c. 446
d. 18.753
5. Carmen bought 4 kilograms of rice at P31.45 per kilo and 6 kilograms of salt at P22.35 per kilo.
If she gave a P1000 bill to the cashier, how much change did she get?
a. P8.00
b. P9.50
c. P120.10
d. P740.10
St. Louis Review Center-Inc-Davao Tel. no. (082) 224-2515
58
6. Each capsule of a certain commercial vitamins contains 0.6 mg of calcium. In how many pieces
of capsules can 22.2 mg of calcium be distributed?
a. 8
b. 37
c. 50
d. 105
7. Which of the following is equal to 2.4545454545 ?
5
11
5
11
a.
44
45
b. 2
1
100
44
45
c.
1
1000
d. 2
1
25
8. The expression
+
+
is equal to _____________.
a. 0.0051
b. 0.006
c. 0.51
9. Which of these numbers is greater than ?
a. .04
b. (1/2)2
c. 1/8
d. 0.051
d. 1/0.04
VII. PERCENT
Per Cent literally meaning per hundred, it is one way of writing fractions in which the
denominator which is required to be 100 is written as %, and read as per cent.
3 75 1
4 100 4
Since 1 = 100% hence
= 75%
A. CONVERSION
Percent to Decimal Number. Divide the number by 100%. Note that 100% = 1.
Example: Convert the following to decimal:
a) 35%
c) 8.37%
1
4
b) 6
Solution:
1
4
%
d)
b) (6 %) 100%
(6.25%) 100% = .0625
c) (8.37) 100% = .0837
d) (1/4%) 100%
Decimal Numbers to Percent. Multiply the decimal number by 100%. Note that 100% = 1.
Example:
Solution:
c) 2.03
d) .005
Exercises: Fill in the blanks so that the entries in each row are equal.
Fraction
Decimal
Percent
A
4/7
B
160%
C
0.95
D
6/11
E
%
B. Percentage. Percentage is a percent of a given number. The given number is called the base.
The percent is called the rate.
Base
Percentage
Rate
Rate
and
Example:
Solution:
Example:
Percentage
100%
Base
59
Solution:
36 = 0.10
Example:
Solution:
22 = P
36
360
0.10
88
22
0.25 100% 25%
88
Example:
Mr. Ballaran receives a 10% increase in his salary. With the increase, he now
receives P22, 000. How much is his monthly salary before the increase?
Solution:
present salary = previous salary + increase
22, 000 = previous salary + (10% of previous salary)
22,000= previous salary (1 + .10)
22 000 1.1 = previous salary
20,000 = previous salary
C. Discount
The discussion on DISCOUNT is very similar with
Original Price/ Marked Price/ List price
Rate of Discount
Discount
Selling Price
Example:
price.
A skirt with an original price of P250 is being sold at 40% discount. Find its selling
Solution:
S.P.
Example:
An item has a selling price of P 210.00. If the selling price is 70% of the original
price, what is its original price?
Solution:
Selling price is 70% of the original price
210 = 0.70 O.P.
A shirt is being sold at P 199.95. If its original price is P 430, find the rate of
Discount = O.P. S.P.
= 430 199.95 = 230.05
230.05
100% 53.5%
430
Rate of Discount =
D. Simple Interest
Interest (I) is the amount paid for the use of money or the money earned for depositing
the money.
Principal (P) is the money that is borrowed or deposited.
Time (t) is the number of days/months/years for which the money is being
I = Prt,
P=
I
rt
t=
I
Pr
r=
Example:
Solution:
Give the simple interest of P10,000 for three years at 5.5% per year.
I=Prt
I = (10 000) (.055) (3)
I = P1 100.
Example:
months is
Determine the amount of the principal if the interest at 10% per annum after 8
P3,600.
60
P
Solution:
I
rt
I=Prt
3600
(0.10)(8 / 12)
=
= 45,000
Compound interest is different from simple interest because after the first interest calculation, the interest is added
to the principal, so interest is earned on previous interest in addition to the principal. Compound Interest rates may be
given as annual (1 time a year), semiannual (2 times a year), quarterly (4 times a year), monthly (12 times a year), and daily
(365 times a year).
Example: If P500is invested at 8% compounded semiannually, what will the final amount be after three years?
Final Amount
Exercises
1. John bought a jacket for Php 850.00. If he was given a discount of 15%, what was the original
price?
a. P8,500.00
b. P1,000.00
c. P900.00
d.P765.00
2. In a basket, there are 15 santol, 12 balimbing, and 3 durian. What percent of the fruits are
durian?
a. 10%
b. 12.5%
c. 12%
d. 15%
3. A certain mobile phone model was sold for P4,000 in 2000. Two years later, the same mobile
phone model sold for P2,800. What was the percent decrease of the price?
a. 15%
b. 30%
c. 20%
d.
35%
4. If is 50% of a larger figure, which of the following is the larger figure?
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. A senior class of 50 girls and 70 boys sponsored a dance. If 40% of the girls and 50 % of the
boys attended the dance, approximately what percent attended?
a 44
b. 46
c. 42
d. 40
1
2 %
2
6. Which of the following is equal to
5
2
a. 2.5
b. 0.25
c.
d. 0.025
7. Sarahs earning P 9,200 a month will receive a 15% increase next month. How much
will her new salary be?
a. P 10,500
b. P 10,530
c. P 10,580
d. P 10,560
8. How much is 37% of 80% of 24?
a. 7.1
b. 1.92
c. 19.2
d. 71
9. According to the latest survey, 60% of the cancer patients were smokers. If there were 180
smoking cancer patients, how many cancer patients are there in all?
a. 90
b. 108
c. 240
d. 300
10. Which of the following is 70% of 50?
a. 7
b. 17.5
c. 35
d. 71
11. Twenty four is 12% of what number?
a. 40
b. 150
c. 200
d. 400
12. Thirty six is what percent of 90?
a. 32.4%
b. 40%
c. 45%
d. 76%
13. In a mathematics test of 40 items, Mavic got 90%. How many items did Mavic get?
a. 7
b. 28
c. 36
d. 360
14. Mr. Mabini receives a 10% increase in his salary. With the increase, he now receives P13,200.
How much is his monthly salary before the increase?
a. P12 000
b. P 13, 500
c. 14, 100
d. P14, 520
15. According to the latest survey, 60% of the cancer patients were smokers. If there were 180
smoking cancer patients, how many cancer patients are there in all?
a. 70
b. 150
c. 300
d. 360
61
Note that in ratio, we are comparing quantities of the same units and that the ratio is
expressed in terms of integers.
Examples:
a) The ratio of 12 days to 3 weeks is 12:21 or 4:7.
b) The ratio of 3 meters to 180 cm is 300:180 or 5:3.
c) The ratio of 2 hours to 25 minutes is 120:25 or 24:5.
d) The ratio of 1 to 4 is 1:3.
2014
18
18.6
15
=
or
2
3
.
Example:
A car travels at an average rate of 260 km in 5 hours. How far can it go in 8 hours,
if traveling at the same rate?
Solution:
260 : 5 = x : 8
260 8
= 416.
Example: If the ratio of teachers to students in a school is 1 to 18 and there are 360 students, how
many teachers are there?
Solution: Let x be the number of teachers,
1
x
18 360
or 1 : 18 = x : 360
(18)x = (360)1
x = 360/18 = 20 teachers
B. Inverse Proportion. As one quantity increases, the other decreases.
Example:
If the food is sufficient to feed 10 flood victims in 15 days, how many days would it
last for 8 flood victims?
Solution:
Equate the product of the terms in the first condition to the product of the terms in
the second condition. Thus, we have:
(10 victims)(15 days) = (x) (8 victims)
1015
8
= 18.75 days
A wood 120 m long is cut in the ratio 2:3:5. Determine the measure of each part.
2 120
24
=
= 24
10 1
1
Solution:
3 120
36
=
= 36
10 1
1
m
62
5 120
60
=
= 60
10 1
1
m
Example: A wire is cut into three equal parts. The resulting segments are then cut into 4, 6, and 8
equal parts respectively. If each of the resulting segments has an integer length, what is the
minimum length of the wire?
A) 24
B) 48
C) 72
D) 96
Solution: Each third of the wire is cut into 4,6 and 8 parts respectively, and all the resulting
segments have integer lengths. This means that each third of the wire has a length that is evenly
divisible by 4, 6, and 8. The smallest positive integer that is divisible by 4, 6, and 8 is 24, so each
third of the wire has a minimum length of 24. So, the minimum length of the whole wire is three
times 24, or 72.
Exercises
1. A 300 m ribbon is cut into four pieces in the ratio 1:2:3:4. Give the length of the shortest
piece.2. If there are 18 boys and 45 girls in the gym, what is the ratio of the girls to the boys?
a. 2:5
b. 2:3
c. 5:2
d. 3:7
2. What one number can replace x in 2: x = x: 32?
a. 2
b. 6
c. 4
d. 8
3. If 5 men can do a job in 12 days, how long will it take 10 men to complete this task, assuming
that they work at the same rate?
a. 20 days
b. 6 days
c. 2 days
d. 0.06 day
4. If 3 kg of oranges cost as much as 5 kg of chicos, how many kg of oranges would cost as much
as 60 kg of chicos?
A. 100
B. 36
C. 7.5
D. 4
5. If 2/5 mm in a map represents 120 km, how many km will be represented by 2 mm?
A. 600 km
B. 300 km
C. 96 km
D. 24 km
6. In a Mathematics Club, the ratio of boys to girls is 3:5. If there are 240 members, how many are
girls?
A. 90
B. 144
C. 150
D. 450
7. A photographer wishes to enlarge a picture 18 cm long and 12 cm wide so that it will be
36 cm wide. How long will the enlarged picture be?
A. 54 cm
B. 72 cm
C. 24 cm
D. 6 cm
8. If 8 secretaries can type 800 pages in 5 hours, how long would it take for 12 secretaries to
type 800 pages at the same rate?
A. 7 1/2 hours
B. 3 1/3 hours
C. 10 hours
D. 2 1/2 hours
THE THEORY OF CONGRUENCES
Theorem: If a and b are integers and m a positive integer then a b (mod m) if and only if a and b
leave the same remainder upon division by m.
{ a , a ,..., a }
1
Properties of Congruence
Congruence is an equivalence relation in the set of integers; that is, congruence is reflexive,
symmetric and transitive with respect to integers.
In the following, let a, b, c, and d be integers and m a positive integer.
St. Louis Review Center-Inc-Davao Tel. no. (082) 224-2515
63
If a b (mod m) then
a+c b+c (mod m).
ac bc (mod m).
ar br (mod m) where r is a positive integer.
If a b (mod m) and c d (mod m), then
a + c (b + d) (mod m).
a b mod
d
(m)
DEFINITION OF
Let m be a positive integer greater than 1. The number of positive integers less than and
(m)
( p)
Remarks: If p is prime, then
= p 1.
Theorem 7. Eulers Theorem: If n is a positive integer and the greatest common divisor of a and
n is 1, then
a n 1 mod n
.
LINEAR DIOPHANTINE EQUATIONS
An equation in one or more unknowns having integral solutions is called a Diophantine
equation, in honor of Diophantus of Alexandria.
Theorem 8. Given two integers a and b where (a , b) = d. The linear Diophantine equation
ax + by = c has an integral solution if and only if d c.
Theorem 9. If the equation ax + by = c has a solution x = x0 , y = y0,
can be expressed in the form
x x0
b
t
d
,
y y0
t Z
and
a
t
d
,
t Z.
Example: To determine the integral solution of 24x + 138y = 18, we note that since (24,138) = 6
and 6 18. Then we know that it has solution. We now have the following.
138 = 5 (24) + 18
24 = 1 (18) + 6
18 = 6 (3).
Observe that,
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64
= 24 1(18)
= 24 [138 - 5 (24)]
= (-1)(138) + 6(24)
Moreover,
18 = 3(6)
= 3[(-1)(138) + 6(24)]
=(-3)(138) +(18)(24)
Thus,
y0 = -3
and
x0 = 18
Hence, the solution of the equation is of the form y = -3+23t and x = 18 4t where t is an
integer.
There are problems which can be solved using linear Diophantine equations as working
equations.
The following steps may be used in solving word problems which involve linear Diophantine
equations in two unknowns/variables:
Step 1. Represent the unknown values using any two variables.
Step 2. Form the equation using the condition given in the problem.
Step 3. Solve the resulting linear Diophantine equation.
Step 4. Determine the solution/s to the problem using the results in step 3.
1 mod p
Theorem: (Wilsons Theorem) If p is a prime, then (p-1)!
Exercises
1. Which of the following is true?
54 5 mod 25
34 3 mod 5
A.
B.
15 9 mod 6
308 0 mod 11
C.
3 4 mod 15
D.
15 9 61
n 6 1 0 mod 7
.
D. 4
5105
5. What is the remainder when
A. 1
B. 2
is divided by 3?
C. 3
D. 5
C. 5
D. 9
7. What is
A. 1
C.6
D. 11
100
12
?
B.4
65
a. 21 m
b. 24 m
c. 28 m
d. 32
m
4. An orange light blinks every 4 seconds. A blue one blinks every 5 seconds while a red one
blinks every 6 seconds. How many times will they blink together in two hours?
a. once
b. 2 times
c. 10 times
d. 60 times
5. If one prime factor of 84 is 3, what are the other prime factors?
a. 2 and 3
b. 2 and 7
c. 3 and 5
d. 4 and 7
5
13. If each container contains
b. 68 kg
kg
2
3
kg of flour, how many kg of flour are there in 12 container?
b. 70kg
c. 72 kg
d. 80
66
A. 4
B. 5
C. 5 1/3
D. 6
28. If the assembly, ratio of boys to girls is 1:4. What percent of the assembly are the boys?
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 25 %
D. 80%
1130
29. What is the remainder when
A. 1
B. 2
is divided by 31?
C. 10
D. 101
2061
3 z 1 mod 13
11
1
5
5. Edwin, Doms and Lon weigh 45 kg. If Edwin and Doms weigh
respectively, what is the weight of Lon in kilograms?
20
a.
1
20
24
19
20
b.
42
9
20
c.
13
3
4
kg and
kg,
19
20
69
d.
3
4
4
6. Which of the following should be multiplied to
so that the product is 57?
a. 6
b. 12
c. 6
d. 75
15 1 mod m
C. 23
D. 32
1
3
3
8. Alex works on his assignment
hours a day, what part of the day does he spend doing his
assignment?
a. 1/8
b. 1/7
c. 5/36
d.
15/28
9. What value of p will satisfy the equation 0.2 (2p + 1470) = p?
a. 294
b. 490
c. 560
d. 1470
10. A blouse originally priced at P600 is being sold at a discount of 30%. How much would you
pay if you buy that blouse?
a. P 30
b. P180
c. P 420
d. P 570
11. A pair of slippers with a selling price of P120 is sold at 40% discount. What is its original price?
a. P 48
b. P72
c. P 200
d. P 300
12. An item is offered at 20% discount. Later, it is offered at 30% discount. If the new selling price
is P112, what is the first original price?
a. P162
b. P200
c. P224
d. P1866.67
13. To have a 25% profit, the vendor should sell the item at P80.00. How much is his profit?
a. P20.00
b. P60.00
c. P16.00
d. P64.00
14
14. Minda deposited P50,000 in a bank that pays a simple annual interest of
money will she have in the bank after five years.
St. Louis Review Center-Inc-Davao Tel. no. (082) 224-2515
1
5
%. How much
67
a. P 85,500
b. P35,500
c. P36,250
d. P86,250
15. The ratio of cows and carabaos in the field is 4:9. If there are 468 cows and carabaos in the
field, how many are carabaos?
A. 52
B. 117
C. 144
D. 324
16. In the class, the ratio of boys to girls is 6:5. If there are 90 girls, how many persons are in the
class?
A. 75
B. 108
C. 165
D. 198
17. Edwin painting a wall at 9:00 a.m. and was able to finish painting 3/5 of it at 10:30 a.m.
Continuing at this rate, at what time will he finish?
A. 10:45 a.m.
B. 11:30 a.m.
C. 11:45 a.m. D. 12:15 a.m.
4 200
18. What is the remainder when
is divided by 15?
A. -1
B. 1
C. 2
19. If x is any positive integer, then 23x + 1 is _______ divisible by 8.
A. Always
B. Never
C. Sometimes
D. 4
D. Equivalently
29
20. What is
A. 0
?
B. 1
C. 2
2 1
D. 28
50
is divided by 7?
D. 5
x 1 mod 4
x 1 mod 12
A.
x 2 mod 12
B.
x 3 mod 12
a 5 a mod 10
a5
A. a divides
x 5 mod 12
C.
D.
23. Which of the following is NOT true if a is a positive integer?
x 2 mod 3
and
C.
a 1
B.
divides
.
D. a and
have the same units digit
24. Which of the following gives a remainder of 2 when divided by 5 and a remainder of
12 when divided by 13?
A. 22
B.38
C. 77
D. 92
2!4!6!... 2008!2010!
21x 13 mod 77
A.
3 x 5 mod 36
C.
28. How many integral solutions does
A. 2
B. 3
by 5?
D. 4
D. 5
3 x 4 mod 81
B.
3 x 4 mod 5
D.
18 x 21 mod 24
have?
C. 6
D. 10
29. Which of the following has a solution if the variables are positive integers?
A. 5x + 30y = 18
B. 8x + 10y = 15
101x 37 y 3819
C. 22x + 4y = 28
D.
30. When 16! is divided by 17, the remainder is ______.
A. 0
B. 1
C. 17
D. 18
31. A Johns transcript shows x number of 3-unit courses and y number of 5-unit courses for a total
of 64 units. Which of the following may appear in the transcript?
A. 2 xs and 18 ys
C. 11 xs and 3 ys
B. 13 xs and 5 ys
D. 9 xs and 8 ys
x 2 1 mod 8
68
A. 227
B.1,534
C. 1,379
D. 2,778
69
A
..
B
.
A
.
B.
Line
A.
Ray
AB
AB
B.
Line segment
AB
PQ
(2) if P is in one of the sets and Q is in the other, then the segment
The Space Separation Postulate. The points of space that do not lie in a given plane form two sets,
such that
(1) each of the sets is convex, and
PQ
(2) if P is in one of the sets and Q is in the other, then the segment
plane.
intersects the
If A,B, and C are three different points of the same line, then exactly one of them is between the
other two.
AB
AB
AP x
70
If B and C are equidistant from P and Q, then every point between B and C is equidistant from p
and Q.
If a line is perpendicular to each of two intersecting lines at their point of intersection, then it is
perpendicular to the plane that contains them.
Through a given point of a given line there passes a plane perpendicular to the given line.
If a line and a plane are perpendicular, then the plane contains every line perpendicular to the
given line at its point of intersection with the given plan.
Through a given point of a given line there is only one plane perpendicular to the line.
The Perpendicular Bisecting Plane Theorem. The perpendicular bisecting plane of a segment is
the set of all points equidistant from the end points of the segment.
Two lines perpendicular to the same plane are coplanar.
Through a given point there passes one and only one plane perpendicular to a given line.
Through a given point there passes one and only one line perpendicular to a given plane.
The Second Minimum Theorem. The shortest segment to a plane from an external point is the
perpendicular segment.
Two parallel lines lie in exactly one plane.
In a plane two lines are parallel if they are both perpendicular to the same line.
Let L be a line and let P be a point on L. Then there is at least one line through P, parallel to L.
The Angle Measurement Postulate. To every angle there corresponds a real number
between 0 and 180.
AB
The Angle Construction Postulate. Let
AP
every number r between 0 and 180 there is exactly one ray
mPAB r
The
BAC
Angle
Addition
Postulate.
If
is
in
the
interior
of
then
.
The Supplement Postulate. If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.
The transversal line is a line intersecting two or more coplanar lines at different points
1
3
5
7
2
4
Interior angles: 3, 4, 5, 6
Exterior angles: 1, 2, 7, 8
Corresponding angles: 1 and 5, 2 and 6
3 and 7, 4 and 8
Given two lines cut by transversal. If a pair of alternate interior angles are congruent, then the
lines are parallel.
Given two lines cut by transversal. If a pair of corresponding angles are congruent, then a pair
of alternate interior angles are congruent.
Given two lines cut by transversal. If a pair of corresponding angles are congruent, then the
lines are parallel.
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71
Given two lines cut by transversal. If a pair of interior angles on the same side of the
transversal are supplementary, the lines are parallel.
If two parallel lines cut by transversal, each pair of corresponding angles are congruent.
In a plane, if a line intersects one of two parallel lines in only one point, then it intersects the
other.
Every right angle has measure 90, and every angle with measure 90 is a right angle.
If two angles are complementary, then both are acute.
Any two right angles are congruent.
If two angles are both congruent and supplementary, then each is a right angle.
The Supplement Theorem. Supplements of congruent angles are congruent.
The Complement Theorem. Complements of congruent angles are congruent.
The Vertical Angle Theorem. Vertical angles are congruent.
If two intersecting lines form one right angle, then they form four right angles.
The Angle Bisector Theorem. Every angle has exactly one bisector.
The Isosceles Triangle Theorem. If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles
opposite these sides are congruent.
If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite them are congruent.
BAC
BC
Polygon. It is a closed plane figure with three or more sides, consists of segments (sides) that
meet only at their endpoints (vertices) such that every side contains only two vertices, and every
vertex is on exactly two sides.
Name of Polygon
Triangle
Quadrilateral
Pentagon
Hexagon
Heptagon
Octagon
Number
Sides
3
4
5
6
7
8
of
Exact
Name of Polygon
nonagon
decagon
undecagon
dodecagon
pentadecagon
Number
sides
9
10
11
12
15
Notes:
of
the
always
of
the
legs x, y
y2 = z2
is
of
Exact
A polygon is regular if all its sides and angles are correspondingly congruent.
The Area Postulate. To every polygonal region there corresponds a unique positive real
number.
The Congruence Postulate. If two triangles are congruent, then the triangular regions
determined by them have the same area.
72
The Area Addition Postulate. If two polygonal regions intersect only in edges and vertices
(or do not intersect at all), then the area of their union is the sum of their areas.
The Unit Postulate. The area of a square region is the square of the length of its edge.
The Unit Postulate. The volume of a rectangular parallelepiped is the product of the
altitude and the area of the base.
The Cavalieris Principle. Given two solids and a plane. Suppose that every plane parallel
to the given plane, intersecting one of the two solids, also intersects the other, and gives cross
sections with the same area. Then the two solids have the same volume.
The SAA Theorem. Every SAA correspondence is a congruence.
The Hypotenuse-Leg Theorem. Given a correspondence between two right triangles, if the
hypotenuse and one leg of one of the triangles are congruent to the corresponding parts of the
second triangle, then the correspondence is a congruence.
If two sides of a triangle are not congruent, then the angles opposite them are not
congruent, and the larger angle is opposite the longer side.
If two angles of a triangle are not congruent, then the sides opposite them are not
congruent, and the longer side is opposite the larger angle.
The Triangle Inequality. The sum of the length of any two sides of a triangle is greater than
the length of the third side.
The Hinge Theorem. If two sides of one triangle are congruent, respectively, to two sides
of a second triangle, and the included angle of the first triangle is larger than the included angle
of the second, then the third side of the first triangle is larger than the included angle of the
second.
The Converse Hinge Theorem. If two sides of one triangle are congruent respectively to
two sides of a second triangle, and the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side
o the second, then the included angle of the first triangle is larger than the included angle of the
second.
For every triangle, the sum of the measures of the angles is 180.
Each diagonal separates a parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
In a parallelogram, any two opposite sides are congruent.
In a parallelogram, any two opposite angles are congruent.
In a parallelogram, any two consecutive angles are supplementary.
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
Exercises
1. Which of the following has a definite length?
A) ray
B) line
C) angle
2. A plane is determined by ______________.
i. a line and a point.
iii. any three points.
A) ii only
B) iv only
3. In angle LON, what is the vertex?
A) L
B) O
D) line segment
D) ii and iv
C) N
D) cannot be determined
B)
C)
D)
C) obtuse
D) scalene
73
A) ii only
B) iv only
C) ii and iii
D) i and iv
7. Refer to the figure on the right. Given: m 1 = 57 and m 3 = 80. What is m 5?
A) 43
B) 63
C) 137
D) 180
8. A quadrilateral MUST be a parallelogram if it has ________________________.
A) one pair of adjacent sides equal
B) one pair of parallel sides
C) two pairs of parallel sides
C) two adjacent angles equal
9. NCTE is a parallelogram. If m N = 67, then m T = _____.
A) 113
B) 90
C) 67
D) 23
10. Which two properties of the rhombus do not hold true for other parallelograms?
A) Diagonals are perpendicular and congruent.
B) Diagonals are congruent and bisect each other.
C) Diagonals are perpendicular and bisect each other.
D) Diagonals are perpendicular and each bisects the angles of the parallelogram.
11. The supplement of an angle is three times its measure. What is the measure of its
supplement?
A) 22.5
B) 45
C) 67.5
D) 135
12. Refer to the figure on the right. If lines r and s are parallel,
which of the following pairs of angles are congruent?
A) 4 and 5
B) 4 and 3
C) 1 and 8
D) 3 and 5
13. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2: 3: 5. What is the largest angle?
A) 36
B) 54
C) 90
D) 99
14. An angle measures 65.5. What is the measure of its supplement?
A) 24.5
B) 25. 5
C) 114.5
D) 124.5
15. Which refers to a pair of lines that intersect and form 4 right angles?
A) parallel lines
B) perpendicular lines
C) intersecting lines D) skew lines
16. Which of the following quadrilaterals best describes a square?
A) Its diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
B) It is an equiangular rhombus.
C) Its diagonals are congruent.
D) It has four right angles.
17. If ABC is an isosceles triangle with a right angle at B, then
A)
BC
is the hypotenuse.
B) AC = BC
D) 540
19. What is the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a regular heptagon?
A) 1260
B) 1080
C) 900
D) 112.5
20. In the adjoining figure, if m = 63 and h = 134, then a must be equal to _____.
A) 46
B) 71
C) 109
D) 117
21. Which of the following statements is true about parallel lines?
A) They form a right angle.
B) They do not intersect at all.
C) They are skew.
D) None of these.
22. In the adjoining figure, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. What is the value of x?
A) 150
B) 75
C) 60
D) 50
23. Which of the following can be lengths of the sides of a triangle?
A) {3, 4, 9}
B) {5, 5, 10}
C) {-12, 6, 8}
D) {3, 18, 20}
24. The measures of the exterior angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:3:4. What is the measure of
the widest angle?
A) 40
B) 80
C) 160
D) 170
G. Perimeter. The distance around a polygon is called a perimeter. To obtain this, we just add the
length of all the sides of the polygon. In the case of equilateral polygons, we just multiply the
length of one side to the number of sides.
Example:
Solution:
Exercises:
74
Regular Polygon
a) square
b)
c) nonagon
d)
e) heptagon
Length of a Side
13 cm
7 cm
Perimeter
56
54
45
28
9 cm
cm
cm
cm
cm
Example:
Solution:
Example:
base.
1
bh
2
1
(10) [(3) (10)]
2
150
mm2 .
Solution:
A=
Example:
width by 3.
Solution:
Give the area of a rectangle whose width is 5 cm and its length exceeds 4 times the
A = lw
= [4w + 3] (w)
= [(4)(5) + 3] (5)
= (23) (5) = 115 sq. cm.
Example:
Determine the area of the trapezoid whose bases are 6 cm and 10 m, while the
altitude is 7 m.
A = (1/2) (b1 + b2) (height) = (1/2) (6 + 10) (7) = 56 m2
Solution:
I. Circle. This is a set of points in a plane, equidistant from a fixed point. The fixed point is
called the center, and the fixed distance is the length of the radius.
75
Example:
Solution:
Exercises
1. Complete the table below.
Radius
Diameter
1. 2 cm
2.
6 dm
3.
4.
5. 9 m
Circumference (in )
Area (in )
50 m
36 km2
6 , 6 ,2 3
3, 6 ,3 2
A. 4, 5, 6
B.
C.
D. 2, 2, 3
4. The length and width of a rectangle are (3x 2) and (2x + 1). What is its perimeter?
A. 5x-1
B. 10 x - 2
C. 6x2 x -2
D. 6x2 x +2
5. The area of a square is 32x. Which of the following could be the value of x?
A. 2
B. 6
C. 3
D. 4
6. If the area of one circle is twice of another circle, what is the ratio of the area in percent of the
smaller to larger circle?
A. 70%
B. 25%
C. 75%
D. 50%
J. Volume of Solids. It describes how much space a three dimensional figure occupies.
= (side)3
a) cube
d) sphere
= (4/3)( )(radius)3
e) cylinder
= (radius)2 (height)
f)
cone
Example:
Solution:
Example:
The length of a rectangular box is 20 cm. Its width exceeds 1/4 of the length by 5
cm, while the height is 7 cm less than 1/2 of the length. What is its volume?
Solution:
Volume = (length)(width)(height)
20cm 5cm
4
= (20 cm)
= (20
20cm 7cm
2
Example:
The area of the base of a pyramid is 48 cm2 while the height is 6 cm. What is its
volume?
Solution:
Example:
Solution:
Example:
A cone has a base diameter of 32 cm and its height is 3 cm less than 3/4 of the
radius. What is its volume?
Solution:
1
3
=
(16 cm)2
16cm 3cm
4
76
= 768 cm3
K. Lateral and Total Surface Areas of Solids.
Solids
a) cube
b)
rectangular
prism
c) pyramid
Lateral area
4 s2
(perimeter of the base)x height
d) sphere
e) cylinder
f) cone
None
(Circumference of the base) (slant height)
1/2 (Circumference of the base)
(slant
height)
B + 1/2
p (slant
height)
4r2
2r2 + 2r (slant height)
r2 + r (slant height)
Exercise
1. Determine the volume, lateral and surface area of the following: (All units are in cm.) Express
your answers in , if possible.
edge
10cm,
base edge = 10 m
width = 3cm,
height = 4cm
radius = 5
radius = 5
height = 12
= 2
length
radius = 5
slant height = 5
altitude = 4
Total Surface Area (in cm2)
a) cube
b)
rectangular
prism
c) square pyramid
d) sphere
e) cylinder
f) cone
PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. What will happen to the area of a circle if its radius is doubled?
a. The area will be doubled.
c. The area will be quadrupled.
b. The area will remain the same.
d. The area will be reduced to half.
77
mm
=
5. If the base of a triangle measures 20 centimeters and its height measures 1 inch, which of
the following is its area?
a. 20 cm
b. 25.4 cm
c. 20 cm2
d. 25.4 cm2
6. A string 1mm long is used to form a shape that would give a maximum area. What shape is
it?
a. square
b. rectangle
c. circle
d. parallelogram
7. If the length of the side of a square is reduced to half, what will happen to its perimeter?
a. It will be tripled.
c. It will be doubled.
b. It will remain the same.
d. It will be reduced to half.
8. The area of a new circle is nine times its original area. What made this happen?
a. The radius was tripled.
c. The value of was squared.
b. The radius was multiplied by 9.
d. The radius was reduced to half.
9. A regular polygon is inscribed in a circle. Suppose we increase continuously the number of
its sides, what do you think will happen?
a. The regular polygon with infinitely many sides will never exist.
b. It is impossible for a regular polygon with infinitely many sides to be inscribed in a
circle.
c. The perimeter of the regular polygon will be greater than the circumference of the
circle.
d. The perimeter of the regular polygon will be approximately equal to the
circumference of the circle.
10. Which of the following is the most reasonable weight of an adult woman?
a. 12 lbs
b. 120 lbs
c. 1,200 lbs
d. 12,000 lbs
11. Which of the following is the nearest approximation of 10 kilometers?
a. 5 miles
b. 10miles
c. 16 miles
d. 20 miles
12. Consider a rectangle with a fixed perimeter. Assume that we allow continuous variations of
either its width of length. Which of the following is NOT possible?
a. The area of the new rectangle will be greater than the original area.
b. The area of the new rectangle will be smaller than the original area.
c. The area of the original rectangle will be equal to the area of all new rectangles that
can be formed.
d. The area of the original rectangle will be equal to the area of some new rectangles
that can be formed.
13. What is the reason for your answer in item number 12?
a. Rectangles possibly have the same perimeter but of different area.
b. Rectangles with the same perimeter always have the same area.
c. If rectangles have larger perimeter, then their area is wide.
d. If rectangles have small perimeter, then their area is small.
14. A largest circle is to be made out of a square having sides of 20 cm. Approximate the
materials that will be wasted.
a. 400.00 sq. cm
b. 314.00 sq. cm
c. 86.00 sq. cm
d. 22.80 sq.
cm
15. A circle with radius 12 cm and a rectangle with width 16 cm have equal areas. Which of the
following is the approximation of the length of the rectangle?
a. 4.19 cm
b. 9.00 cm
c. 4.71 cm
d. 28.26 cm
16. 2. One hectare is equivalent to 10,000 square meters. How many hectares are in a
rectangular field which is 750 m wide and 800 m long?
A. 120
B. 56
C. 60
D. 40
17. An aquarium is 40 cm high. Its length is twice its height, while its width is half its height.
How much water is needed to fill in the aquarium in cu. cm.?
A. 64,000
B. 32,000
C. 16,000
D. 8,000
18. What is the volume of a cube if one face has a perimeter of 36 cm?
A. 729 cu. cm.B. 216 cu. cm.
C. 46,656 cu. cm
D. 5,832 cu. cm
19. How much water can be filled with a cone whose diameter is 24 cm and whose height
exceeds 2/3 of the radius by 2 cm?
A. 480 cu. cm.
B. 540 cu. cm.
C. 660 cu. cm.
D.
900 cu. cm.
78
Refresher Course
Content Area: MATHEMATICS
Focus: Algebra
Prepared by: Daisy de Borja-Marcelino
LET Competencies:
Equations
An equation that contains at least one variable is called an open sentence. Equations
b&c
above are examples of open sentences. In equation b, only -1 makes the sentence true or
satisfies the equation. However, more than one number might satisfy an equation. For example,
x2 4 0
+2 and -2 satisfy the equation
. Any number that satisfies an equation is called a
solution or root to the equation. The set of numbers from which you can select replacements for
the variable is called the replacement set. The set of all solutions to an equation is called the
solution set to the equation. To solve an equation means to find all of its solutions.
QUADRATIC EQUATION
An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a
quadratic equation.
b b 2 4ac
x
2a
The quadratic formula is
BINOMIAL FORMULA
To obtain the terms of the binomial expansion (a + b)n, we use the binomial formula:
a na
n
n 1
... nab n 1 b n
2!
3!
(a + b)n =
THE rth TERM OF THE EXPANSION (a + b)n
79
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Properties of f(x) = bx
b > 0 , b
f is a one-to-one function.
f ( x) e x
For all real numbers x, the function defined by
is called the natural exponential
function. Note that e is an irrational number and its accurate value to eight places is 2.71828183.
EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
An equation where the unknown quantity appears in an exponent is called an exponential
equation.
SOLVING EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
To solve an exponential equation is to find the value of the unknown quantity in the given
equation.
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
1. If the base of the logarithm is not indicated it is understood that the base is 10.
2. If the base of the logarithm is the number e, then it is called a natural logarithm and it is
written as f(x) = ln x.
f x log b x
Properties of
f is a one-to-one function.
80
Remarks
The two most common logarithms are called common logarithms and natural logarithms.
Common logarithms have a base of 10, and natural logarithms have a base of e.
Equation in exponential form can be rewritten in logarithmic form, and vice versa.
y log b x
The exponential form of
by x
is
1
93
Example 2: The exponential equation 9-3 =
1
729
or
729
equation as log9
= -3
2
5
Example 2: In the equation
2
5
= 1, the base is
log 2
5
1 = 0.
81
1. Trichotomy Property
a > b or a < b or a = b
2. a > b if a - b > 0
a < b if a b < 0
3.
a. If a> 0 and b> 0, then a + b> 0 and ab>0.
b. If a < 0 and b < 0, then a+b< 0 and ab> 0
4. Transitivity
If a < b and b < c then a < c.
5. Addition Property
If a < b and c < d, then a + c < b+ d
6. Multiplication Property
If a < b and c > 0, then ac < bc
If a < b and c < 0, then ac > bc
SOLVING INEQUALITIES
To solve an inequality means to find the value of the unknown that will make the inequality
true.
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
The function defined by the equation
f(x) = a0xn +a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 + . . .+ an-2x2 + an-1x + an
0
where n is a nonnegative integer and a 0, a1,
. . .,
is a polynomial
function in x of degree n. The zeros or roots of f(x) are the numbers that will make f(x) = 0.
The Number of Positive and Negative Roots of a Polynomial Function
If f(x) is a polynomial function with real coefficients, then the following are true.
The number of positive real zeros of f(x) is either equal to the number of variations in sign in
f(x), or to that number diminished by a positive even integer.
The number of negative real zeros of f(x) is either equal to the number of variations in sign in f(x), or to that number diminished by a positive even integer.
LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
Refresher Course
Majorship: MATHEMATICS
Prepared by: Daisy de Borja-Marcelino
FOCUS: Mathematical Investigation and Problem Solving
LET COMPETENCIES:
1. Cite differences between problem solving and mathematical investigations.
2. State patterns observed as conjectures.
3. Solve non-routine problems.
CONTENT UPDATE
I. Problem Solving
Problem solving is defined as a set of actions to be done to perform the task or to solve the
problem. It is a process of applying acquired knowledge to a new or unfamiliar situation.
I. Polyas Problem-Solving Principles
1. Understand the problem
Understanding the given problem is a very important principle in order to solve it correctly.
The following questions may be helpful in the analysis of a given problem:
Do you understand all the words used in stating the problem?
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82
2. Devise a plan
The following strategies may be of great help as you learn the art of problem solving.
guess and check
make a table
make an orderly list
use a variable
draw a diagram
work backward
look for a pattern
eliminate possibilities
83
LET COMPETENCIES:
1. Give characteristics of non-Euclidean geometry which are not found in Plane Euclidean
Geometry.
2. Define and illustrate concepts in linear algebra
3. Apply properties of matrices in performing matrix operations
4. Evaluate determinants
5. Perform modular clock arithmetic
MODERN GEOMETRY
Non-Euclidean geometry
Non-Euclidean Geometry is any geometry that is different from Euclidean geometry. The two most
common non-Euclidean geometries are elliptic geometry and hyperbolic geometry.
A. Hyperbolic Geometry
Hyperbolic geometry is known as saddle geometry or Lobachevskian geometry. It differs in many
ways from Euclidean geometry, often leading to quite counter-intuitive results. Some of the
remarkable consequences of this geometry's unique fifth postulate include: Moreover, in this field,
more than one distinct line through a particular point will not intersect another given line..
1. The sum of the three interior angles of a triangle is strictly less than 180. Moreover, the angle
sums of two distinct triangles are not necessarily the same.
2. Two triangles with the same interior angles have the same area.
B. Elliptic Geometry
In Elliptic geometry there are no lines that will not intersect,
Some theorems in Elliptic Geometry
1. The angle sum of any triangle is more than 180o.
2. Given two lines perpendicular to line CG. By the parallel postulate for elliptic geometry,
these two lines meet at a point A. Then every line through A is perpendicular to line CG.
C. Projective Geometry
Projective geometry is the most general and least restrictive in the hierarchy of fundamental
geometries. It is an intrinsically non-metric geometry, whose facts are independent of any metric
structure. Under the projective transformations, the incidence structure and the cross-ratio are
preserved. In particular, it formalizes one of the central principles of perspective art: that parallel
lines meet at a point called an ideal point. Consequently, the five initial axioms in Euclidean
Geometry resulted to the following axioms.
1. Any two distinct points determine one and only one line.
2. Any two distinct coplanar lines intersect in one and only one point.
3. Any line not in a given plane intersects the plane in one and only one point.
4. Any two distinct planes intersect in one and only one line.
5. Any three noncollinear points, also any line and a point not on the line, determine one and
only one plane.
MATRICES AND MATRIX OPERATIONS
Definition
A matrix is defined as a rectangular array of elements. The entries, also called elements, may
be real, complex or functions. If the arrangement has m rows and n columns, then the matrix is of
order m x n (read as m by n). A matrix is enclosed by a pair of parameters such as ( ) or [ ]. It is
denoted by a capital letter.
St. Louis Review Center-Inc-Davao Tel. no. (082) 224-2515
84
a11
a
A 21
am1
a12
a22
am 2
a1n
a2 n
aij
amn
A = [ a ij ]
TYPES OF MATRICES
10
2
8
Example:
3. The RECTANGULAR MATRIX: This has two or more rows with two or more columns.
Example
2 3 5 2
0
8 1 4
columns
0
8 11 22
7
6
95 10
0
45 49
68
This is a 3 X 4 matrix
4. The SQUARE MATRIX: This is a special case of a Rectangular Matrix; here the
number of rows is equal to the number of columns.
a b
d e
g h
Example:
1
5
c
f
i
3
1
1
5
4
1
1
2
3
1
3
B=
8 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 8
92 0
0 1
(a)
5
0
(b)
0
6
0
0
0 0
0 0
3 0
0 10
(c)
85
6
0
3 0 0
0 3 0
0 0 3
2 0
0 2
0
6
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
(a)
(b)
(c)
7. The IDENTITY MATRIX: This is a scalar matrix where the elements on its leading diagonal
(the diagonal running from top left to bottom right) are 1 and the rest are of value 0
Example:
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
This is an identity matrix I4 of order 4.
(Commutativity)
2. A + (B + C) = (A + B ) + C
(Associativity)
(Associativity)
2. A(B + C) = AB + AC
(Right Distributivity)
3. (A + B)C = AC + BC
(Left Distributivity)
86
Definition
A
det(A) or
) by
()a
A
det A =
1 j1
a 2 j ...a n j
2
Second-order Determinant
a1
a
2
b1
b2
a1
a2
either det A or
b1
b2
a1
a2
,is defined by
b1
b2
= a1b2 a2b1
Example:
Compute the determinant:
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT
1. The determinant of a matrix and its transpose are equal, that is, det(AT ) = det(A).
2. If two rows (columns) of A are equal, then det (A) = 0
3. If a row (column) of A consists entirely of zeros, then det (A) = 0
4. The determinant of a diagonal matrix is the product of the entries on its main diagonal.
5. If matrix A = [ai j] is upper (lower) triangular, then det (A) =a11a22ann; that is
The determinant of a triangular matrix is the product of the elements on the main diagonal.
6. If a multiple of one row of A is added to another row to produce a matrix B,
then det B = det A.
87
9. The determinant of a product of two matrices is the product of their determinants; That is,
det(A B) = det(A) det(B)
MODULAR CLOCK ARTITHMETIC
Clock (or modular) arithmetic is arithmetic you do on a clock instead of a number line. On a 12hour clock, there are only twelve numbers in the whole number system. However, every number
has lots of different names. For example, the number before 1 is 0, so 12 = 0 on a 12-hour clock
In clock arithmetic, you can add, subtract, and multiply, you can divide by some numbers.
Addition and Subtraction
Addition and subtraction work the same as on number line. For example, to add 9 and 7, start at
0, count 9 along the line, and then count 7 more. You are at 16.If you count on a 12-hour clock,
you will be at 4.
To add negative numbers, use the minus (-) sign to change direction. To subtract on a clock, first
find standard (positive) names for the two numbers, count clockwise for the first one, and count
counter clockwise for the second.
In ordinary arithmetic, the additive inverse of 4 is -4. In mod 12 arithmetic, the additive
inverse of 4 is 8. In either system, the sum of a number and its additive inverse is zero.
Rows corresponding to additive inverses are opposites of one another, save for the
number 0.
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
a. Reconstructionism
c.Philosophical
analysis
b. Existentialism
d.
Social
traditionalism
The educational theory, in response to
progressivism, which concerns with the
revival of effort in the direction of
teaching the fundamental tools of
learning as the most indispensable type
of education
a. Essentialism c. Philosophical analysis
b. Perennialism d. Social traditionalism
This philosophy believes that the schools
should originate policies and progress
which would bring about reform of the
social order
a. reconstructionism
c.
Existentialism
b. Progressivism
d.
Perennialism
This is the logical conclusion if we are to
apply the philosophy of martin Buber to
education
a. Education will be characterize by
imposition and rules
b. Education will be characterize by
mutual unfolding of persons
c. Education will be characterize by
pretensions
d. Education will be characterize by self
motivation
Man as an embodied spirit means
a. Man is a body and soul
b. Man is a rational animal
c. Man is a totally, unique core or center,
source wellspring of initiative and
meaning
d. Man is subjective
Man as an embodied sprit implies that
education should
a. Develop the intellect / mind
b. Develop mans individuality
c. Develop
essential
physical
and
intellectual skills
d. Develop the total man
human beings are living in a human world
implies that
a. Education must help man give
meaning to his world of others
b. Education must develop skills to
survive in this world
c. Education must be relevant to this
world
d. Education must be in the context of
societal needs
This philosophy contends that the
intellectual faculty of man is higher that
the physical faculties
a. Idealism
c.
Existentialism
b. Realism
d.
Logical
Positivism
The philosophical study of the essence
and nature of man
a. Rational psychology
b. Epistemology
c. Philosophy of human person
d. Social Philosophy
The branch of philosophy that studies the
morality of human acts
a. Aesthetics
c. Ethics
b. Cosmology
d. Theodicy
This is the philosophical study of human
knowledge and the criteria of truth
a. Axiology
c. Logic
b. Epistemology
d. Metaphysics
89
90
59
60
61
62
63
91
69
70
71
72
73
74 A cross-sectional study is
a. A research technique in which
investigators enter into activities of
the group at the same time they study
the groups behavior
b. Research examines a population at a
given point in a time
c. Research
which
examines
a
population, or portion thereof, is
questioned in order to reveal specific
facts about itself
d. Research
that
investigates
a
population at several intervals over
relatively a long period of time
75 Research that investigates a population at
several intervals over a relatively long
period of time is called
a. A cross-sectional study
c.
Secondary Analysis
b. A residual analysis d.
Longitudinal
research
76 Survey are used when:
a. Other measure do not produce
statistical significance
b. The findings of the study must be
repeatable
c. It is desirable to discover he
contribution and interrelations of
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
92
a. Rizal
c. Kawal
b. Gomburza
d. Sundalo
99 Pre-colonial trade in the Philippines was
prosperous. Business transactions made
use of:
a. Money system
c. Credit system
b. Barter system
d.
Banking
System
100
The use of magic charms was very
common among pre-Spanish Filipinos.
One of these is the anting-anting or
agimat which is meant to:
a. Insure a man against a weapon of
every kind
b. Made a man lovable to all ladies
c. Made a man invisible
d. Made him walk in storm or sea
without getting wet
***** THE END *****
WORK HARD,
Social science
1 C
2 A
3 B
4 B
5 C
6 B
7 D
8 A
9 A
10 C
11 D
12 C
13 A
14 A
15 B
16 C
17 D
18 A
19 A
20 C
21 C
22 B
23 C
24 B
25 d
26 b
27 d
28 a
29 c
30 c
31 d
32 a
33 c
34 c
35 d
36 a
37 b
38 a
39 d
40 c
41 b
42 a
43 c
44 c
45 d
46 c
47 b
48 c
49 a
DREAM HARDER
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
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95
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99
a
d
b
c
c
b
c
b
a
a
a
c
c
d
a
a
a
c
c
b
b
b
c
b
d
c
a
d
b
b
c
c
d
d
b
d
b
d
a
a
b
d
a
c
d
a
b
b
b
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50
100
a. Cosmology
c. Metaphysics
b. Ethics
d. Axiology
103
What philosophy posits that a social
teacher is a revered person, central to the
educative process and therefore must be
excellent mentally and morally in
personally conduct and conviction?
a. Realism
c. Essentialism
b. Idealism
d. Progressivism
104
What would the aim of a realist
education likely be?
a. Contribute to the development of
mind and self
b. Provide students with the knowledge
he will need to survive in the natural
world
c. Give students insights into their
traditions and adapting students to
society
d. Meet the need of a growing child
rather than emphasize the subject
matter
105
This philosophy emphasizes the
teaching of controversial issues to
prepare students for a progressive
structuring of the social order
a. Progressivism
c.
Reconstructionism
b. Social traditionalism d. Social
Experimentalism
106
The philosophy whose criterion of
truth is seeing is believing
a. Essentialism
c. Progressivism
b. Native realism
d.
Existentialism
107
This is the systematic consistent
explanation of all the facts of experience.
Its technical term is reason which is
considered as the best criterion of truth
a. Pragmatism
c.
Correspondence
b. Consistency
d.
Coherence
108
This philosophy contends that truth is
universal an unchanging and therefore a
good education is also universal and
constant
a. Perennialism
c. Existentialism
b. Progressivism
d. Essentialism
109
Which philosophy has for its
curriculum a body intellectual subject
matter that are conceptual on subject,
essential for the realization of mental and
moral development?
a. Realism
c. Existentialism
b. Idealism
d. Pragmatism
110
A branch of Philosophy that studies
the morality of human action
a. Epistemology
c. Ethics
b. Metaphysics
d. Cosmology
111
The area of Philosophy that
specifically deals with the problem of
human values
a. criteriology
c. Theodicy
b. Epistemology d. Axiology
112
The aim of this philosophy is to reduce
statements about education to empirical
terms
a. Reconstructionism
c. Philosophical
analysis
b. Existentialism
d. Social
traditionalism
113
The educational theory, in response to
progressivism, which concerns with the
revival of effort in the direction of
teaching the fundamental tools of
94
95
137
This educational philosophy
encourages accumulation of knowledge
and thinking and must apply criteria for
moral evaluation. Suggested methods are
questioning and discussion, lecture and
the project, whether done singly or in
group
a. Existentialism
c. Materialism
b. Idealism
d. Pragmatism
138
This theory views education as a
recurring process based on eternal truths;
thus, the schools curriculum should
emphasize the recurrent themes of
human life
a. Perennialism
c. Progressivism
b. Pragmatism
d.
Reconstructionism
139
The philosophical study of human
mind
a. Axiology
c. Metaphysics
b. Epistemology d. Rational psychology
140
The philosophical study of being, its
nature and essence
a. Axiology
c. Metaphysics
b. Epistemology
d. Rational
Psychology
141
A sociologist would be most interested
in studying
a. Artifacts of the fast civilization
b. Group behavior
c. Psychological problems
d. Economic institution
142
Interrelated social structures that fit
together to form an integrated whole
a. Structural functionalism
b. Conflict theory
c. Symbolic Interactionism
d. Disruptive Functionalism
143
Development of self and adaptation of
individual to society
a. Structural functionalism
b. Conflict theory
c. Symbolic Interactionism
d. Disruptive Functionism
144
Which is NOT a method in sociological
inquiry
a. Experimental study c. Intuitive
study
b. Longitudinal Study d. Ex-post Facto
study
145
Which of the following give some
difficulties to a sociological researcher?
a. Complexity of phenomena
b. Constant change
c. Unpredictability of behavior
d. All of the above
146
A cluster of behavior patterns related
to the general culture of a society and yet
distinguishable from it
a. Sub-culture
c. Norm
b. Culture shock
d. mores
147
Which group would most likely have a
counter culture?
a. Musician
c. Singers
b. Drugs users
d. Dancers
148
The complex whole which includes
knowledge, beliefs, arts moral, laws,
customs and other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of the
society
a. Norm
c. Culture
b. Folkways
d. Mores
149
When one consider the culture of
another group as inferior to his own, this
connotes
a. Ethnocentrism
c.
Assimilation
b. Cultural relativism
d. Acculturation
150
The rightness or wrongness of what
one does depend on where he is doing it
a. Cultural integration c. Cultural
relativism
b. Cultural lag
d. Cultural traits
151
The culture that includes undesirable
behavior of the member of society.
Formally condemned but widely practiced
a. Real culture
c. Sub-culture
b. Ideal culture
d.
Counter culture
152
The process by which a member
learns the norms of the group
a. Accommodation
c.
Compartmentalization
b. Aggregation
d. Socialization
153
A role or status assigned according to
heredity traits without regard to individual
preference, ability or performance
a. Achieved
c. Attached
b. Ascribed
d. Applied
154
An achieved position in a society
a. Heir to the throne
c. Movie actor
b. Presidential son
d. First
lady
155
Refers to the difficulty people have in
meeting their role obligations
a. Role conflict
c. Role strain
b. Role set
d. Role
ambiguity
156
When a supervisor is tasked to report
unsatisfactory performance of her coworkers who are also her friends. She
may experience
a. Role play
c. Role strain
b. Role conflict
d. Role
ambiguity
157
Social control imposed on social
deviants to maintain
a. Social stigma
c. Social order
b. Social strata
d. Social mobility
158
Which of the following is NOT true?
a. The deviant behavior of one
generation may become the norm of
the next
b. All forms of deviant are bad
c. Deviant behavior is one way of
adapting a culture to a social change
96
174
A cross-sectional study is
a. A research technique in which
investigators enter into activities of
the group at the same time they study
the groups behavior
b. Research examines a population at a
given point in a time
c. Research which examines a
population, or portion thereof, is
questioned in order to reveal specific
facts about itself
d. Research that investigates a
population at several intervals over
relatively a long period of time
175
Research that investigates a
population at several intervals over a
relatively long period of time is called
a. A cross-sectional study
c.
Secondary Analysis
b. A residual analysis d. Longitudinal
research
176
Survey are used when:
97
98
a. Kalibapi
c.
Kamikaze
b. Kempetai
d. Samurai
198
Membership in the Katipunan come in
grades: first (katipons); second (kawal);
and third (bayani). Each grade designed
as well as password so they could
maintain their secrecy of the movement.
The password for the kawal grade was?
a. Rizal
c. Kawal
b. Gomburza
d. Sundalo
199
Pre-colonial trade in the Philippines
was prosperous. Business transactions
made use of:
a. Money system
c. Credit system
b. Barter system
d. Banking
System
200
The use of magic charms was very
common among pre-Spanish Filipinos.
One of these is the anting-anting or
agimat which is meant to:
a. Insure a man against a weapon of
every kind
b. Made a man lovable to all ladies
c. Made a man invisible
d. Made him walk in storm or sea
without getting wet
***** THE END *****
WORK HARD, DREAM HARDER
Social science
1
c
51
a
2
a
52
d
3
b
53
b
4
b
54
c
5
c
55
c
6
b
56
b
7
d
57
c
8
a
58
b
9
a
59
a
10
c
60
a
11
d
61
a
12
c
62
c
13
a
63
c
14
a
64
d
15
b
65
a
16
c
66
a
17
d
67
a
18
a
68
c
19
a
69
c
20
c
70
b
21
c
71
b
22
b
72
b
23
c
73
c
24
b
74
b
25
d
75
d
26
b
76
c
27
d
77
a
28
a
78
d
29
c
79
b
30
c
80
b
31
d
81
c
32
a
82
c
33
c
83
d
34
c
84
d
35
d
85
b
36
a
86
d
37
b
87
b
38
a
88
d
39
d
89
a
40
c
90
a
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
b
a
c
c
d
c
b
c
a
c
91
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93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
b
d
a
c
d
a
b
b
b
a
99
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
a. Simulation Game
c.
Demonstration
b. Role Playing d. Inquiry Process
Encouraging students to search for and
see relationships that are not obvious;
also it stretches the intellect of students
a. Open-ended Questions
b. Recall Questions
c. Explanatory Questions
d. Descriptive Question
It is control by enforcing obedience or
orderly conduct or training that corrects
and strengthens?
a. Management
c. Techniques
b. Discipline
d. Strategies
When students are asked to respond to
incomplete statements or questions that
are presented in oral/ written form
a. Open-ended Statement
b. Close-procedure
c. PAC Strategy
d. Structured Activity
These are all the experience which
children have under the direction of a
school
a. Curriculum
c. Learning
b. Instruction
d. Socialization
The subjects mater, not the child is
important in this type of curriculum
a. Correlated curriculum
b. Subject-centered curriculum
c. Experience curriculum
d. Fused curriculum
The child-instead of the subject-matter is
important in this kind of curriculum
a. Correlated curriculum
b. Core curriculum
c. Experience curriculum
d. Fused curriculum
It is a unified curriculum where subject
matters from different subject field are
treated unitary of the same curriculum
a. Core curriculum
b. Integrated Curriculum
c. Broad field curriculum
d. Fused curriculum
Teachers initiative, imagination, puppet
shows, play, reading and animated
cartoons can be examples of enriching
the curriculum under these resources
a. Specializing Resources
b. Creative Resources
c. Human Resources
d. Reading Resources
A curriculum considered basics for all
students, that all must get them
a. Broad field curriculum
b. Core curriculum
c. Integrated Curriculum
d. Experience Curriculum
The whole body of experience utilized by
the school to attain the aims of
education
a. Psychology c. Socialization
b. Curriculum d. Methods
Formal education starts when the child
a. begins to talk
b. reaches the age of six years old
c. first enters school
d. begins to be inquisitive
That aspect of curriculum that has to do
with the preservation of the best in our
culture, customs and traditions has been
borrowed from
a. Sociology
c. Psychology
b. Sociometry
d. Ethics
100
101
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
a. Instructional devices
b. Classrooms techniques
c. Field trips
d. Educational media
Graphic material which are eye-catching
and which use slogans and topics
presented in bold letterings and strong
colors to serve as reminders of standards
and / or important events are called
a. poster
c.
projector
b. film strips
d. objects
What contemporary aid to teaching
utilizes carefully-planned materials
where each step of learning requires
repetition and practice until such step is
thoroughly learned?
a. programmed instruction
b. Keypunching
c. Educational Television
d. Educational hardware
The Stimulus-Response theory of
learning which involves the association
between a conditioned stimulus and a
response thru the repeated presentation
of the stimulus was advocated by whom?
a. Edward Thorndike c. Burrhus
Skinner
b. Ivan Pavlov
d. Wolfgang
Kohler
What plan of promoting pupils is
committed to encouraging the learners
to progress from grade to grade without
needless repetition
a. non-graded scheme
b. individualized
c. heterogeneous grouping
d. acceleration
Differentiated assignments, tutorial and
remedial work to would-be-failures are
not considered in the individualized
Instruction Scheme
a. Yes
c. Maybe
b. No
d. Sometimes
A part of a daily lesson which serves as
a carry-over for the next day of what has
been presented is the
a. review
b. drill
c. assignment or agreement
d. lesson proper
A good learning environment is one
a. free from distraction
c.
disturbing noise
b. aver decorated
d.
dilapidated
The proper handling of the physical
condition ad instructional materials in
the classroom to effect learning refers to
a. teaching method
b. Classroom management
c. Discipline grouping
d. Guidance-oriented
What refers to the process o directing
immediate personal desires, interests or
wishes for the purpose of achieving an
effective action?
a. discipline
c. supervision
b. teaching
d. management
What characteristics an effective type of
discipline?
a. vital, sympathetic, humane
b. formal and strict
c. inhibited
d. imposed
102
103
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
b
a
a
b
c
b
b
b
b
c
a
b
a
b
b
d
d
b
c
a
d
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
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65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
a
b
b
a
a
b
a
b
c
c
c
b
b
c
a
b
b
b
a
d
b
d
c
c
a
c
b
d
d
b
c
a
b
a
b
a
d
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
a
a
d
b
b
d
c
a
d
b
d
a
b
a
a
a
and strategies
c
51
b
52
a
53
b
54
c
55
b
56
b
57
c
58
b
59
b
60
b
61
b
62
a
63
a
a
b
a
c
a
a
b
c
c
a
a
b
104
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
Pre-board EXAM
April 2010
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. You are very much interested in a quality
professional development program for
teachers. What characteristic should you
look for?
a. Prescribe by top educational teachers
b. Dependent on the availability of funds
c. Required for renewal of professional
license
d. Responsive to identified teachers
needs.
2. To ensure high standards of teachers
personal and professional development,
which of the following measures must be
implemented?
I. A school head plans the professional
development of his/her teachers.
II. Every teacher formulates his/her own
professional development plan
III. The implementation of what is leaned
in a training must be monitored.
a. I only
II and III
b. I and III
d. II only
3. As a community leader, which of the
following should a teacher NOT do?
a. Support effort of the community to
improve their status in life.
b. Make herself aloof to ensure that her
decisions will not be influenced bu the
community politics.
c. Solicit donation from philanthropists in
the community.
d. Play an active part in the activities of
the community.
105
106
a. I and III
c. III only
b. I, II and III
d. II and III
26. With a death threat over his head,
Teacher D is directed to pass an
undeserving student. Which will a
utilitarianist do?
a. Pass the student, why suffer the
threat?
b. Dont pass him; live by your principle
of justice. You will get reward, if not in
this life, in the next.
c. Pass the student. That will be of use to
the student, his parents and you.
d. Dont pass him. You surely will not like
someone to give you a death threat in
other to pass.
27. Teacher A knows of the illegal activities of
a neighbor but keeps quiet in order not to
be involved in any investigation. Which
foundational principle of morality does
Teacher A fail to apply?
a. The end does not justify the means
b. The end justifies the means
c. Always do what is right
d. Between two evils, do the lesser evil
28. To earn units for promotion, a teacher
pays her fee but does not attend class at
all. Does this constitute professional
growth?
a. Not immediately but yes after
promotion
b. It depends on the school she is
enrolled in
c. No, it is simply earning MA units for
promotion
d. Yes, just enrolling in an MA program is
already professional growth
29. If a teacher asks more higher-order
questions, he has to ask more questions.
a. fact
c. convergent
b. close
d. concept
30. Misdemeanor has a ripple effect. This
implies that as a classroom manager, a
teacher
a. reinforces positive behavior
b. responds to misbehavior promptly
c. is consistent in her classroom
management practice
d. count 1 to 10 before she deals with a
misbehaving student
31. Based on Edgar Dales Cone of
Experience, which activity is farthest
from the real thing?
a. Watching demo
c. Video disc
b. Attending exhibit
d. Viewing
images
32. The students of Teacher Y scan an
electronic encyclopedia, view a film on
subject, or look at related topics at the
touch of a button right there in the
classroom. Which device/s des teacher
Ys class have?
a. Teaching machines
b. CD
c. Video disc
d. Videotaped lesson
33. Which is an INAPPROPIATE way to
manage off-task behavior?
a. Redirect a childs attention to task and
check his progress to make sure he is
continuing work
b. Make eye contact to communicate
what you wish to communicate
c. Move closer to the child to make him
feel your presence
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108
109
110
b. Piaget
d. Bruner
88. Teacher F is convinced that whatever a
student performs a desired behavior,
provide reinforcement and soon the
student learns to perform the behavior on
his own. On which principle is Teacher Fs
conviction based?
a. Environmentalism
c. Cognitivism
b. Behaviorism
d.
Constructivism
89. Banduras social learning theory, states
that children often imitate those who
I.
have substantial influence over their
lives
II.
belong their peer group
III.
belong to other races
IV.
are successful and seem admired
a. IV only
c. I and II
b. I and IV
d. II and IV
90. According to Erikson, what years are
critical for the development of selfconfidence?
a. High school years
b. College years
c. Preschool years
d. Elementary school years
91. Which of the following does NOT describe
the development of children aged 11 to
13?
a. They exhibit increased objectivity in
thinking
b. They shift from impulsivity to adaptive
ability
c. Sex difference in IQ become more
evident
d. They show abstract thinking and
judgment
111
III.
c. A and D
d. B and E
112
40
100
70
80
90
113
II.
114
A
10
6
B
4
5
C
1
2
D
1
2
E
0
0
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
5
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
C
C
66
67
B
B
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
11
0
11
1
11
2
11
3
11
4
11
5
11
6
11
7
11
8
11
9
12
0
12
1
12
2
12
3
12
4
12
5
12
6
12
7
12
8
12
9
13
0
13
1
13
2
13
3
13
4
13
5
D
D
C
C
A
A
B
A
B
D
B
C
B
B
D
D
A
C
D
A
B
C
B
B
D
C
B
D
D
B
D
B
B
D
B
115
3
6
3
7
3
8
3
9
4
0
4
1
4
2
4
3
4
4
4
5
4
6
4
7
4
8
4
9
5
0
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
10
0
13
6
13
7
13
8
13
9
14
0
14
1
14
2
14
3
14
4
14
5
14
6
14
7
14
8
14
9
15
0
A
D
B
B
C
A
B
B
C
C
C
A
D
D
C
GENERAL SCIENCE
POST TEST
Multiple Choices:
1. These are living things that use sunlight,
chlorophyll, water and carbon dioxide to
produce food.
a. Autotrophs c. Heterotrops
b. Consumers d. Food chain
2. It is describe as the lifeline of the body. IT
is the bodys pickup and delivery
system.
a. Blood
c. circulatory system
b. nervous system
d. heart
3. It carries the oxygen-rich blood to the
head, arms, chest and down to the waist
and the legs.
a. heart
c. aorta
b. ventricles
d. arteries
4. They are the transmitters of message
from the different parts of the body to the
brain and vice versa.
a. spinal cord
c. brain
b. neurons or nerve cells
d.
arteries
5. Which part of the brain controls the
following activities: breathing, blood
pressure, heart rate, alertness.
a. brainstem
c. cerebrum
b. hypothalamus d. spinal cord
6. Refers to a sequence of organism in a
community that constitutes a feeding
chain.
a. photosynthesis
c. consumers
b. ecosystem
d. food chain
116
b. Ionization potential
d. Electron
affinity
37. A molecule is said to be polar or dipole if?
a. Its positive and negative charges are
at different places
b. It possesses polar bonds
c. Its polar bond have unsymmetrical
charge distribution
d. All of the above
38. Which of the following is NOT a physical
property of water?
a. freezing point at 0 degree C
b. boiling point at 100 degrees C
c. its heat of fusion at 80 cal/g.
d. its density at 4 degrees at 1 lb/cu. Ft
39. Which of the following statements is
true?
a. Molecular weight does not influence
boiling and melting point of a
substance
b. Boiling and melting point tend to
increase with molecular weight
c. Boiling and melting point tend to
decrease with molecular weight
d. None o the above
40. A Mole is the amount of substance or a
mass of a substance that contains?
a. 6.02 x 1023 particles c. 6.02 x 1023
particles
b. 60.2 x 1023 particles d. 60.2x 1023
particles
41. It is the measure of the amount of matter
in an object
a. Weight
c. Volume
b. Mass
d. Quantity
42. It is the distance traveled by the body per
unit time and tell how fast or slow the
body moves
a. Velocity
c. Acceleration
b. Speed
d. None of the above
43. The rate of change of the distance
traveled per unit time in a stated
direction
a. Velocity
c. Acceleration
b. Speed
d. None of the above
44. This law states that the force acting upon
an object is equal to the product o the
mass and acceleration of the object
a. Newtons 2nd law of motion
b. Newtons 3rd law of motion
c. Newtons 1st law of motion
d. None of the amount
117
118
119
b
d
a
c
d
c
d
b
c
a
b
c
d
b
d
c
b
c
c
b
b
b
c
d
a
b
d
a
b
d
b
a
b
c
b
a
c
a
b
a
c
d
a
c
a
c
b
d
a
a
120