Measurenrents

ANA],YSIS AND PROTECTTON OF POI.ER SYSTfl.{S

GN\IERATOR PROTECTION

BY

G. A.

HADIEY

COURSE

GEMRATOR PROTECTION

require proteetion against a nurnbel of possible faults and

dangerous conditions of operation and these cannot all be eovered by a
single system of protection. Numerous protective devices are therefore
usually employedr and these collectively cover all or some of the risks
according to circumstances.
AC Generators

plant eneountered ranges from industrial generators of

for standby duty in the event of supply failure, up to
large central generating rnachines of 5O0lM or so complete with main and
unit transforrner p1ant.

Modern generating
a few KVA upwards

of protection applied is controlled by econornics and due

consideration must be given to the consequences of an extended shut
as well as the value of the machine.

The degree

down

The hazards to which a generator may be subjected can be classified as

either machine faults, or abno::na1 running conditions imposed. by the
sys tem.
MACHINE FAUITS

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)^\

Faih:re
Failure
Loss of
Failure

comprise

:-

of stator insulation.
of rotor insul-ation.
excitation.
of prine rovsro

Overspeed i.ng.

Excessive vibration.

ABNORMAL IMPOSED CONDITIONS

are :-

g) Overload.
h) Overvoltage.
i) Unbalanced 1-oading.
j ) Loss of slmchronism.
To the above list must be added transformer faults in the case of
generator/transformer uni t.

TYTES OF SYSTEFI

Generator systems can be divided

into J main groups :-

LOAD Giving large scale generation, or total or long term

independance from alternative supply system.

a)

BASE

b)

PEAK

LOPPING ',{here, by arrangement with the supply authority, at

private generation is run in para11el with the public
to
supply
significantly reduce the consr:ners ma:cimum demand.
peak hours,

2.

c)

STAND3Y cmiERATroN

rn these systens the load is normally fed by the public suppry. rn the
event of supply deviation or failure, the standby generation is started,
usually automatically and after a short interval- talces over the supply
to the 1oad.
Base load' generation usually utilises steam prime movers. peak lopping
j-s an attractive application for gas tr:rbines, those
turbines based. on
aircraft designs in particular produce high po"er for low weight
so
redueing foundation requirennents consideribly.

For industrial generating systems the dieser engine is most popular,

both normally aspirated. and tr:rbocharged, ttre litter techni.qi.e enabling
output power from a given frame size to be i.ncreased by up io JG/o.
GOVERNING SYSTIT/6

With any prirne mover the governing systen is most inportant since this
regulates the fuel supply and therefore controls not only the speed but
also generator output power. The response of the systen can affect
protection.
BS549 covers governingl and.

a)

there are two main types to consider :-

FINE GovrRNrNG Mechanical centrifugar type class 42 is often

encountered on industrial generating sets. Transient change is 1J/o
and permanent speed change 4,5%. Obviously such characteristics
must be taken into account when considering application of frequency
and voltage protective relays.
REEBR TO

b)

FIG.

1.

GovERNrlG This is used. when the generator toad is

frequency sensitive. The hydraulic governor using an oi1 servo
arrangement gives accuracy of 1% and is used. on all types of prime
PRECrsroN

move?.

In recent years the el-ectronic governor has becorne popular. A speed

signal is fed to an amplifier, the output of which controls a
proportional fuel actuator on the prime mover givlng fast response
and very high accuracy. 0ptional facilities for acceleration control,
frequency control or load sharing are readily avairable.
REFER TO

FTG. 2.

}'{ECHANI CAT PROTECTION

protection of a generating set

prime mover. rn general, protection i-s given

The mechanical

a) Overspeed..
b) Lubricating oi1 pressnre.
c) Lubricating oil temperature.
d) Boiler pressure.

will depend on the type of

for the following :-

z,

e)

f)

s)
h)

i)

Boiler

prrnp

failure.

Coolant temperature.

Fail to start.

Bearing tenperature.

Vibration level.

Often two stage detection is enployed, first stage for alarrn and. second.
stage initiating shutdown.
OVERCURRB\IT TROTECTION

rt is usual to apply overcurrent relays of the rDMT type to generators,

in fact with many small {1lv generators it may be the only protection

ernployed.

The overcurrent relays are not intended to relate to the the:rnal characteristic of the generator and are intended. to operate only und.er faurt
conditions. In the case of a single generator feecling an isolated. system,
the relays should be energised by CTrs at the neutral end of the machine
in order to respond to winding fault conditj.ons.
REFm T0 FIG. t.

Since under certain fault conditionsr e.g. J phase short circuit, appreciable
decrenent of generator voltage can be produced, this can make reiay setting difflcult and often a cornpronise is chosen between assqred. operation in the foregoing circurnstances and. discrirnination with other protec-

tion.

The voltage regulators employed with some generators incorporate a 'short

cireuit maintenance rmitrt and this gives some degree of field. forcing to
help alleviate the problem.

A solution is to use a rrvoltage controlled. overcument rer-ay" type cDv52,

this has two time/current characteristics selected by an iniernlf voltage
measurLng re]-ay. The relay operates normally on a long inverse time
characteristic. Under cl-ose up faults with voltage decrenent the internal
voltage relay selects the alternative characteristic which is similar to
that of a st3ndard IDMI relay.
REtr'ER T0 FrG. 4.

alternative technique is to apply a ttvoltage restrained overcqpent

relayrf type CDV51. This is an induction disc relay with voltage and
current producing opposing torques on a single disc, the effect is to
provide an TIMT type of relay the characteristic of which is moCified.
continuously according to the voltage at the terrninals.

An

In the case of a generator operating in para11el with others, the overcurrent relays are energised. fron CTrs at the line end of the machine.
Operation for stator winding faults is due to current fed back from the
systemr this current can be supplied by several generators in parallel
andr being stabilised by the systern irnpedance is not subjeet to as much
voltage decrement as a single machine.

4.

EARTHTNG AND EARTH FAUTTS

neutral point of a generator is usually eaxthed to facilitate protection

of the stator winding and associated. system. In the event of a machine
winding fault severe arcing can take place, possibly resulting in br:rning
of the machine core iron and weldi.ng of the laminations.
The

of a faulty cond.uctor can, with some degree of d.isruption be

readily achieved, hor,rever if core damage has resulted the situation may

Replacement

be serious.

With minor core damage the fused metal is often cut away anci gaps filled
upr but if core da:nage is severe it may be necessary to rebuild the core
down to the fault which would invol-ve extensive dismantling of the vrinding.

With 41! volt generators the neutrals are solidly earthed and. hence the
theoreiical values of earth fault current are high. Practical values of
fault current are lower due to the influence of cable joint and. fault

.v

impedance.

Larger generators which are directly connected to a transrnission or distri-'

bution system are usually earthed through a resi-stance which will pass
approximately rated current for a terminal earth fau1t.

In the

case of a generator/transforiner unit, the generator wind.ing anC

prinary winding of the transformer can be treated as an isolated system
which is not influenced by the earthing requi.rements of the transmission
system. It is not desirable that such a system should be entirely floating
in potential and it is normal modern practice to earth the neutral throughthe primary winding of a transforrner rated in the range 5-1ooKVA.

This method is known as "Distribution Transfo::mer Earthing'r.

rrFFtnslTrAL

pROTECTION

(pUrSr

AND EARTH FAUtr)

The most satisfactory method of protecting a generator stator is the

Merz Price eirculating cunent method of differential protection. This
type of plotection is known as unit proiection as the protected zone is
limited. to the zone between the tr*o sets of line transformers. The relay
does not have to discriminate with any other protection and. therefore an
instantaneous relay can be used.

There are two main

differential

schernes used as
REFER

1)

HrcH l\pEtANCE

follows :-

T0 FIG. 5a.

scr{EME

In this method the relay is given a voltage setting such that even in the
worst case when one line CT completely saturates and the other maintains
full output, the voltage across the relay circuit is insufficient to cause
operation.
relay setting voltage to ensure through fault stability up to
fault current Ip is given by :-

The minimum

throrrgh

VS

), If,

(RCt'

2R1)

!.

To ensure fast and. positive operation for internal faults, the line CTes
must have a minimr:m knee point voltage of twice VS" The relay reeommend.ed
is type cAG34 having a setting range doun to 5g/o. voltage setiing being
achieved by adding a suitable stabilising resistor in series with the
relay. The 0AGJ4 is tuned to system frequency to give irnmunity frorn
spurious operation due to Ac transients. A typical operating speed. is

less than

2)

J0ms

at twice setting.

BTASED ITFFERNTTAT

(Frc.

5b)

Biased differential relays are slower, but due to the stability obtained.
frorn the bias characteristic, stabilising resistance is not required. and
the CT requirements are less onerous than for high imped.ance protection,
particularly where long connectj.ons between relay and CTtS are involve6.
Biased

differential relay type DDGJ1 is

bias setting of 1GA.

1A/0, and. a

recommend.ed

with setting of ! to

overall protection of a generator transformer is required., biased.

relay type DDGTJ1 nay be used. Setting is adjustabte 2O-40/o and. bias is
fixed 2o/o. The relay has an inherent delay to cater for magnetising
inrush following clearance of close up faults. If a faster operating
speed is requ:ired, then differential relays Wpe Di4II or DTE with second
harrnonic restraint as appried. to power transfonners may be used.
htten

ft should be noted. that with a generator/transforrner due to the d,e1ta/

star arrangenent, the earth fault sensitivity for faults on the IiV side
of the transformer will b.n/j times the sensitivity for LV faults.
BACKI]P EARTT{ FAUI,T ?ROTECTION

The stator protection can be usefulry supplemented by an earth fault

system in add.ition to the overcurrent relay. For a direct connected
machine an earth fault relay is energised by a cT in the neutral point
earthing lead.. Such a system is unrestricted and must be grad.ed with
feeder protection, the relay must therefore have an inverse time characteri stic.
The generator/transforner presents a different problem, in that the
generator and transfo::mer prinary winding constitute an electrically
isolated. system which cannot interchange zero sequence cunent with
the transnission network, so no grading problem exists.
HrGH RESISTANCE EARTHING

(nnrun TO FrG. 5a)

a generator/transformer r:nit is earthed via a neutral resistor, an

instantaneous relay with a setting of 1CI/o of the maxlmr:m earth fault
cunent can be used. This is the lowest settlng consid.ered. safe from
spurious operation due to transient surge currents transnitted from the
power system via the interwinding capacitance of the generator transformer.
A tine delay relay is more secure in this respect and may have a setting
When

d.ovm

to

5%.

5.

DISTRIBUTION TRANSIORIWR EARTHING

(nnrun ro Erc. 5b)

this type of earthing is employedr the transforrner secondary winding

for medium voltage (tOO-!OOV)
is loaded with a resistor of
"rrd
val-ue' which, when referred through the transforrner
rati-o r*rilI pass a
suitable fault current. The resistor is therefore of 1ow ohnic value and
of rugged construction.
I,{tren

is

designed

Earth fault proteetion can be provided by an overvoltage relay across the

loading resistance, or by an overcu-crent relay energised from a CT in
series with the loading resistor.
Since the fault is limited to a low va1ue, high speed protection is
unnecessar1r and the relays used are no::mally time delayed inverse
characteristic to avoid spurious operation on interwinding capacitance
transmitted surges. To enable the relays to have a srrfflciently Iow
setting, they are made insensitive to Jrd ha:Enonic voltage and cr:rrent.
type VDGI{ is recommended as an overvoltage relay, this has a tuned wind.ing
to d^evelop maximum relay torque at the system frequency. The setting is
normally chosen to protect 95% of the winding.

suitable overcurrent relay would. be CDG1 1 with an associated. Jrd harmonfc

filter. Relay setting is chosen in conjunctj.on with CT ratio to be
equivalenf b 5% of maximr:n earth fault current at rated generator voltage.
The CT has a primary winding rating equal or slightly less than the
resistor curent with a generator te::minal earth fault.
A

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT

the neutral end windings a"re not brought out on the generator ful1
differential protection cannot be provided. lnstantaneous protection for
earth fault can be provided. in this case. The operation of the relay is
restricted to the generator wind.ing provided that the neutral transformer
is connected. on the generator side of the earth point. Thror:gh fault
stability is achieved by using the high impedance principle and relay
type CAG14.

When

REFm TO FTG. 7.
ROTOR EANTH FAULT }H.OTECTION

field circuit of a generator is not ea:ethed. and therefore a single

earth fault on the field. winding or exciter circuit is not in itself a
d.irectly dangerous condition. However, the risk of a second earth fault
is increased due to the transient overvoltages which can be induced. in
the rotor winding from the stator. If a second earth fault develops,
part of the field winding will become short circuited resulting in
possible serious da.nage at the fault points. A1sol the magnetic field
will become rrnbalanced r+hich may produce serious vlbration and distortion
of the rotor shaft.
The

Rotor earth fault protection is therefore essential to give an alarrn and

allow the machine to be ta"ken out of service at the first eonvenient
opportunity.
Three main nethods are used.

for detectionr they Ere

3-

l.

1)

poTENnroMnTm IETHOI (REFER

T0 F,rG. 8a)

An ala::rn relay is connected between earth and the centre

of a high value
resistor connected across the main field winding. An earth
fault on the
machine winding will result in a vortage appearing
across
the
reray. The
disadvantage of the method is that a tiinJ'ifot
for
faurts
at or
near to the centre of the field wind.ing wtrere insufficient
"*ists
voitage
is
available for relay operatlon. This iJ usually overeone by
making
provision
for periodic tests for this fault cond.ition ly *"irrg a swiich
to temporarily
offset the conneetion of the relay from the
point of the

resistor.
"!rrt""
The relay recommended. for this application is type
setting of approximately f/o of the exeiter voltlge. vr,4G. This is given a

z)

Dc rNJEcrroN ItETIroD (REFER TO

Frc.

Bb)

rn this method, the positive end of the field. winding is negatively

biased
to earth. A fault anywhere on the wind.ing will cause current
to
flow
in
the sensitive relay and the protection aoJs not suffer frorn
blind
spots.
rf the AC aiuriliary supply is lost a large p""t or the winding
remains
protected.
The relay recomrnended is type wiE which is suitable
for alr exciter
voltages up to '1200 volts and is provid.ed. with sufficient
contacts
'"i""Jtto
energise visuar and audible ala:rns
also
the
nain
and
field
_and
breaker trip contacts if required (nonnally ottiy rr""a
rrnmanned

at

t)

stations).

TELEMEToRTNG lrE'rHoD FoR BRUSHLESS MAcHTNES

The above methods are not directly applicable to

machines, for
this type of machine terenetering te-hniques are brushless
used
to
signar
earth fault alaro information obtained fiorn eqnipm"nt attached rotor
to the
rotor to a stationaryl ala:m receiving aevice."
OVERYOTTAGE FROTECTTON

Overvoltages should not occur on a generator fitted

an automatic
vortage regulator (.qvn)1 and o'tr"rooitage protection with
is
not
wuaLry applied.
on attend'ed' nachines. with some types of AVR internal
failure
regulator could result in fierd rorcing if not prevented., and of the
this type
of AV? no::nally has its own inherent overvort protection.

with hydro roachines.however, overvoltages can result from sudden

ross of
load with consequent overspieding ("p Io rcuh. rn such
cases
an
instantaneous overvottage retaye hig,h I"i ("p-t o-i'ieti is
used..
NEGATIV'd SEQUffCE UNBATANCM LOADTNG PROTECTTON

unbalanced' road on a Senerator gives rise to component

a
of current known
as negative sequeng: (r2) which produees a reaction
fierd
rotating counter
to the generators DC fierd system and induees double trequency
current in
danper windings and solid
poles. The resultant heating may
be very
"oior may not be able to wlthstanj
severe and sone large generators
operation
on severe unbalance for more than a few mi.nutes.

salient pole machines, particularly when having laminated poles

and heavy
negativl sequenee
and.
may
not
need
protectlon, but large cylincricar rotor- machines
"Iting
usr.:ally have 1ow negative
sequence rating and require protection.
damping windings_have high

Manufacturers give machines a rating in te::urs of both the continuous

negative sequence current withstand. (fZC)s and. also^the short time
withstand., this latter is usually in the form K = T|t.

A comparison of these figures for different machines is given in the

following table :TPE OF MACHINE

$pical salient pole.

Air cooled..
loor{vJ

air

eooled.

rzc

I221=Y

.4opu

5o

. Jopu

3o

conventional hydrogen
cooled (o.5ru/rltz).

.25pu 20

1 0014W conventional hydrogen

cooled (lort/rxz).

.1 5pu

12

,OOI\M direct hydrogen

rotor (3orl/rnz;.

.1 5pu

.1Opu

50t{W

500MlJ

rotor.

direct

cooLed

hydrogen cooled

Unbalanced loading is a condition imposed on the generator from without,

and every effort should be made to ternove this condition without shutting
dovrn the machine. Tripping must therefore be d.elayed. for as long as the
machine can safely endure the condition, giving time for remedial measures
to be taken, hence protection is d.esigned to have an operating time
characteristic which closely matches the machine currre. The protection
relay applied. must incorporate a filter circuit to identify the negative
sequence component, the principle of a simple filter is shown in Fig. 9.
The A phase CT is loaded with a resistor and the C phase CT energises a
reactot and a resistor in series of total iropedance equal to the A phase
resistor and of power factor 0.5. The C phase voltage drop therefore
leads the cr:rrent by 5Oo. With positive sequence currents the A and. C
phase voLtages are in opposition and sum to zero whereas negative sequence
cunents result in a substantial cornbined voltage between points X and Y.
A relay connected to these points will therefore respond only to the
negative sequence cornponent.

relay tecommend.ed is type CfN, this relay has a characteristic capable

of being matched to the generator continuous and short time negative
sequence rating.

The

In addition to the tripping element, a lower setting alarrn with definite

tine delay is included to give warning of abnorrnal operation before
tripping occlfxso

o)a

LOSS OF FIETD PROTECTION

of excitation can be caused by failure of the exciter or maloperation

of the field circuit breaker. 0n large sets the excitation i-s sometiroes
separately derived from a sma11 motor generator set or from a thyristor
excitation unit, so loss of driving motor or loss of auxiliary supply
i.tould also result in loss of exeitation.
Loss

With a single nrnning machine failure of excitation will result in loss of

output voltage and therefore load, but with a para11e1 rrnning generator
the machj-ne will operate as;rnchronously, load contribution is stil1
possibler accordlng to the governor setting, but high reactive current
can be drawn from the systen and it is possible for this to exceed. the
no:mal rating and cause overloading of the stator windi.ng.

Resulting from the inductive effects of this stator current, overheating

of the rotor can take place. This will occur more quickly in the large
machinesl and most modern generators can only operate for 2 to 1 minutes
at loadr without excitation before darnage to the rotor circuit occurs.
0n smal1 machines overheating may not be so critical and these may not
need imrnediate action when the field is lost, apart from a waming alarrn.

stability during loss of field is not usually a problem provid.ed the

size of the generator relative to the systen is not significant and the
remaining generators are fitted wj.th fast acting AVR|s and can provide
the additional reaetive power without appreciable loss of voltage.
System

systen instability is considered possible, a generator should be

shut down immediately and. load. shedd.ing perfo:rned to ensure that the
rernaining generators can deliver the requi.red. load without fr:rther

When

ins tabi

1ity.

Two schemes
1

are available for detecting loss of field :-

FrErD cunRENT MoNrroRrNc

This

is simple and is norrnally restricted. to smaller generators

of accepting field. failure conditions for reasonable periods

seheme

capable

without

d.a.nage.
REFER

T0

Ffc.

10a.

relay of the moving coil type DBA4 operates via a shr:nt

in the field circuit and nust be set below the minimum exciting cwrent
of the machine.

The und.ercunent

Resulting from asynchronous running following loss of excitation, slip

frequency currents are induced. ln the field circuit causing the relay to
operate and reset at slip frequency. Tine d.elay relays are used to
stabilise the protection against these effects, and relay setting of 5%

of nortal CMR excitation is

,2)

recornnended.

oFFsET l\fi{o RELAY

significantly with as;mchronous operation

following fleld failure is the impedance rneasured. at the machine terrninals,
and an offset mho inpedance relay, with time delay is often used on 1-arger
more vulnerable generators.
One parameter which changes

10.

The reeommended relay is type ycGF + vAT, this

an induction cup unit
with mho characterj-stic centred on the - X a:cisisand
displaced fron the
origin.
r'{hen the naehine is subject to
severe loss of fieJ.d, the machine terrninal
impedance moves into the negative reactance area, the relay
operating as
soon as the impedanee locus moves inside the circle characieristie. The

relay i's typically set so that the offset is equal to half the transient
reactance of the machine, and the d.ianeter of the characteristic
is eqgal
to the direct axis synchronous reactance.
REFER TO

FrG.

1Ob.

POI,E SLIPPING

A severe systen fault may cause a generator rotor to oscillate for a few
seconds. lf bowever the disturbance is sufficient to cause the angular
displacement of the rotor to exceed the stable linit, the rotor
will slip
a pore pitch with consequent variation i.n current, voltage and power
factor. ff the disturbance is removed before the conpl"fion of pole slip,
synchronism nay be regained, if not the machine must be isolated from the
system or the field switch tripped, this will remove the power oscj-llations
from the systen and the severe meehani.cal torque oscillations from the
machine.

with fast acting AE,, used on large machines together with application
of MVAR limiters and rotor angle timiters, possibility of pole sripping
is greatly reduced.
l"jhere pole

slipping protection is applied,

relay being type ZTO.

recommend.ed.

impedance

relays are used., the

SN'ICI{RONISING

Before a generator is connected. to live busbars, either from generators

or other supply, it is essentiaL that both sources are mad.e to correspond
in voltage, frequency and phase angle. This is known synchronising.
Since failure to achieve corect cond.itions can resultas
in damage to the
generatlng set and distr:rbance to the other system, often
some fo:m of
proteetion is required.

It is custonary when synchronising for the incoming set to be slightly

on ver)r large generators, synchronising phase angle is restricted.
f?"1^3"9
to zo' traversed in a time period. of 2 seionds and giving
a frequency ft
difference of O.11%.
several methods of synchronising

a)

MANUAT

a^re adopted.

as forlows :-

stt{cHRoNrsrNc

fncoming conditions are adjusted manua1ly. Synehronising

with synchroscope and lamps and breaker closed. manually.

point is

determined

1't

b)

cHEcK swcHRoNrsrNG (RErm To

As above but additional check

Frc.

unit

11)

to

inhiblt breaker crosing circuit

B;#r
rnav then be
:l-:1,:3:;T:1";t";"$::ff:ffii.i"""'
"io""a-'.ilrd
Check

c)

unit type SIG is

recornmended

used.
-

for generator application.

pAnALrELtrNG pI{AsE
swrrcr

This system is often used' for quick. pararrelling

of engine sets of 5o.r{vA
and below when suitably gove"t"a.
correct frequency etc', ine rixea A; "trgi;;-set accererates and approaches
correct conditions and gives breaker.
""ttiiE-p"ra11e11ing phase svitch senses
limited to brealcer elosing iir""
"r"Jiis "igna'. This systen is
of 1OOrns.

d)

AUT0MATT0 syNcr{RoNrsrNc

The automatic synchronising unit

also produces correction .isrr"r"

not only senses correct conditions but

ratio to actuate servo notois on-the
_of varying mark/space
set. Brear<er closins"oitis"-*d speed. regulating systens

usuarlin"i"""

trn;-cJmpensation

::"1ff"f:nerator

is also

often

For generators fitted with ereetronic

are available to give cor"rection signalgove'"'orsl auto synchronising units
into the proportional fuel
actuator so obtaining very qJct

"yi"rr"ori";*.

PARALIEL RIINNING

For successful parallel operation

it is essential that adequate control
is achieved both over the r;;;- contrlbutio'
oi- the generator and also
over the reactive eirculating crrrrent.
The former is a function of the
*:fi"tiff"";:;lr:"ntro1 "v"i"t, and' the rattei a ri:nctio' oi-ur" generator
when generators

are operated. in paralle1, reverse pohrer protection

required'' rt is arso essential
is
ttrat onry o""-i"otral is
prevents circulatrng harnonic cu*ents
this
fiowing between neutrars,
"orr.r""t"a,
can sonetlnes reach dangeroufr proportions,
this
."i""i"rry when the generators
feed loads of high rra::nJn:.c
"oit"nt ";;;-;r-;fJ-i"to" drive systens etc.
Two nethods of paralrel
runnlng aee used, as forlo,,s :_

a)

DR00p opERATroN

(nnrm To prc.

12a)

This systen is used..with multiple parallel

to lirnit reactive circulating-i,r*"rrt the nrnning generators. fn

of all

conneeted. generator"

the conpensatlon set to givei""t

sinilar characteristics.
stable operation and sharing of load is
obtained by operating

hiil"g":;";;ir"lolult"t.r

ord.er

vortage regulators
"rrtor.tio
be suitabi"
i;; parallel nrnning and

droop

characteri"ii", this

3*ll-";;*fi: ,Yffi"::"t:il:":*:":"ue

or operation

may

b"iil

aIr

prlme

usuarry

not be acceptable

12,

b)

rsocrrRowous oeERATIoN (RErm

To FrG. 1zb)
This mode is used'.for mu1tipl"

generators operating in p"".:.i"1ro?lJeled generators an. also for

witn nucrr'i"J*", machines or
the public supply. it irlipiicaute
r.rith
to prine
or the hydrauric-o"
type

ilil"#i:";"iliTiTr:#;:l:,
"re"i";;i;
il"";;";;;ri";-;;;;;
If",,ee tl,"
f:*
ii:"f:i:":::f"ilirffi't"r*: ";i3i:il"l.llil.
j*;";:;:";:ji"
:i::l::::, ll T:;iL "i";"i:n'H.
$n""i"*
;

ana

multiple genelator operation

"fhen
circulating
r.imltation of
1-l":*y"u,
AVR,s-i.s^wual, but reactlve
"ni"".rt by trre-"ori".r""ted.
op""ating
:iil":T"t*rtt:.ilff15 $t:TererreJ ;"-'; i*r,,rr" bus)'"tr"n
Avi
generator exci iation sv"1",*r;":#3ff"flf,
"o*p",,-

fftrH:iffi;rjT"ili:i':="-

For 10ad' sharing and stable operation

the govemor is fitted with
adjustable 'f loai
r""r-

sigral derived.
" ;;;;' ana
f:":l?*H""Llli';"'l:";'ffili;Ht"f;::ftfiff:
enaui;;

"""t="i ""tl#'r?u.

l:r 3ult_iple generator operatj.or

"i"
"

H:*;;*,

xj;l*;

NE\@SE POIIER

;; ;ffi

lhil,

an

from the

il" sovernor

"ff

ffi":
"'n"

_:il

;il:j3:3,

oljno*

PROTECTTON

This proteetion.is used. on

narar.1e1 mnning sets to give protectlon
the event of failur" ;i il"';;;r"
in
generator to take pol/er r"or-ri" mover. fhis type or rairure eauses
the
systen to ,oior- iir" ,""i"rr-iil
this can cause aarnaser-ani-i"ii*tii"
u"irr",
motoring: power levei i"-i"iiirie
""iiy;";;" used, set belor.r the

tripping.

Motoring power is a baranced

load, therefore a slngle phase
adequate' *""-r:1]y;.
trr" rvm-""rpi.,"r,t seneratedelenent is
i;;;"]
as before, the sensitivity
conti.nues
type of prine noverr howereroi-iir" vattmetrio-i"r*y will depend upon the
it- r" irpoii"rri-oi'ioto"ing
ii"t each applicatlon ie
considered ind'ivid"r:a11y
"iirt "o"=ect ievets
!-wer avaj.lable.
The followlng is typical
:_

a)

sTEAlvf TuRSINES

0n reverse powerr excesslve

heating- of rotor
reverse powex level
ean occur. A typical
3%."a-J"*iit" tir"-Jilblades
wcG
is often applied.
'a
Some trrrblnes have^motoring
power of 1ol,
for these the sensitive poly_
phase relay type t/CD,
,iil'.;;;rate tinerand
type VAT11 is used.

u)

DmsEL

cElrERAToRs

l;";;:""T:ii iil"i; ;;:."*

ii;ff;":ine

relav tvpe

wDG11

fron

25%

for a stiff

sensitive tvpe,

ls

enslne down

to around

often used for this type

1J

c)

cAs

TURBTNE SETS

The large compressor load

and relay l,iDG11 is often often

a;;;i".

I},IPORTA}IT NOTts

results in motor.'ing powers

of up fo

4U/o

GEARED DRTITES

l/hen any drive,

involves a gearbox, either lnherent
with sone ga.s turbi_""", J"'Is
in the prime nover as
a reverse power withstand lessa sepaxate iten, the gears r:ied often have

ffi: ;:il":;ff:":"i:;. tttnts

than tnat-"Ji"ctlon
oi'trr" .".3"f,i"i-i"rr" mover,
ractor in
or the seisitivity

or

IOW IORWARD POl,/@ TN1MLOCK

0n large generators at one

tine it was common practice to
field switch at the-sL"'.trr"_*-*"iriilg^the
trip all brearcers
turbine. Although thi" ;;"trre
stea"n input to the
current infeed to a gener"ioi advli"u5'"irrast renovai;i a fault
r"'rrt, ii'iirJ stea.u valve failed
properly then the
to c10se
".i "o..ria-lo"="p""d causing da,nag:e.
This interlock i1 gnrr applied-to
those faurt cond.itions for
which there
a resurt or aerayed trippins.
i::3":;
interrocked
in this wav' 6"-':.r:=itv oi
dlrectly as in these
aL.s"'iie to deray does not wa*ant
precautions against unllkelf
"1"""'pJ""iur"
possibirity"or-stean
valve mal0peratlon.
and

F[i;"#ir:l;#i]'"*jJffiffi

pi;i{!i?xi"s:".*ffiffi-*;:f'

Il:"til"t;il::t.::;:".fi1flri:

S:;fiilup

under no:mal conditions

and resets

REIER T0

tr'rc. 13.

A tine delay is incorporated

nonentarv closure or ine p;;";in the schene to
reray
nav coincid'e
or as
"o'i""iJ

x;:T:t"*;H:ir"iff jir"n

Tvpical tine 'rith

delav-"Jiiis
"'r"""rt
s""Ji.IJr-p"ot"ctions.
iJ*r.to"i"";;;;;";;"o
z-"""""u"l trelytotal
dueed bv the interlock
a"r"y introriir-i" tru""iiy-fJir""r, *d 10i:.r"
seconds, most
beine t"k""-fJ"-ii," entraiied
?
;ilii:.tine
";;* to pass throush the
The relay reconnended.-ls
.type wc}12 polyphase 10w,fo::waed porrer reray.
settins is ress tnan o,i%ii"""t.a

-it-a""" pi""l]--JJrri""t" .="-rroil.iiy croseo,

not-thereroi":i:::tr;:"";d"*ting. *:?inn;:l;:':;".i"
="ry on reverse power ror

J:*ti3#t;ll;1ril".*"

;j;fl*Tf:Jg:xF"

OI'ERFIIIXING TROTECTTON
OT'

T]fi

GENMATOR TRANSFORMER

This has been in-troduced. in

recent yea"s to prevent d.a.nage
flrrxing a^nd' overheating-oi'j;;"1="rrsformer
due to over_
of the associatea g"o"iaio".-'"ri*
a.,oing run up or rrrn down
"ii"
is proportion.r
of voltase
o"",,i-.i-iiii"=",,tto the ".lio v/r
fi:-Htrlr3:i":t;:i*l;u
aepe,,ri,,g
',,r,,""-oi

i:

'iir

14.

Protection.against this eondition is provided by a relay rneasqring the

ratio of V/T and. operating r*hen its setting is exceeded. The relay
recommended is type GTr. setting range is 1 to 1.zj times rated. flrrx
(i.e. 1.2J x VRated).

ll"t"al

Operation of the protection is arra"ngeil to give an alarm, and reduce the

voltage setting of the AVR so reducing excitation. rf these fail to
produce the necessarJr coxrective action within a preset time (norna11y
5 to 10 secs.)1 the generator fielcl circrrit breaker is tripped.
The overflu:cing relay is usually arranged.
generator IIV circuit breaker is open.

to be operative only

when the

CONCTUSIONS

The previous sections have d.ealt with various types of protection, the
seleetion of which will vary with the size, type and p.,t=pos" of the
generating plant and will vary fron the simple to the sophistlcated.
tlpical protection of a large generator with tripping scheme is given
in Figs. 14 and 15.

t5.

120

tti

-l{cicS'

_l

l'o

2{7 aea cc,v,vcrl

_{_

loi'

Tgeil

2ft t.eo
toa
Lo aD DtSaarl"t

cto(Ft).

lvl

Lt

5 36<5

?s'

lo

s{
So

7t
)c
to

ta

1o

ftm.

4,e

fc (O
ScS.

eo

-eo vR^/o R, cH qR.Cc rRtsrt c.

NcH4nltcQt T{PE. BS b4? . Az

Fte

16.

CartT(cL ANpUngt
(tIo o 4 L

qcct

L-

lorttTRA

tloo4c

LOE

FRA
tt'to 04L

f RtmE
mcv R

fftofuRTro

tHr'&

tVoDuLt

:,1y'FE

t)

5atgpr'1

(tt,e,
Mopqt5 FcR AcCt-ReTtoa/, FRaurlcl
o Lae 0 SH1R A4 oftto tt,t L

aat

'LEcTfi,o

C /raDuLAR

ov R N,

FoR QurcK R

fre

nPc

i rutc '4 cru;raK

FRq )

t1.

O VRca4,R
J

E,{

rN6.tE RUA^ltx6

RL,1Y

ttacrtns

FIG 3

:i

:l::
iti

\"i
i

- ---\- rri,j' i-

\i

r-l:

f a"::

-E{1Er!Eth"vfb!',2 "

-:

-l

-a--:,

,i

- ,, :l::: ;:: l::

*=

-i\

i= ri-

u]
t

?r{grlT

-'c;Hlcl<

IJ

i:

t/l

[F
i.

i_

_- L _i_

jl
i-

f--:

Ve
L _-

l{.,

.,t _ i,

,]

\r,

RTfrT

:iili
F.

\
v
\
\

F/G

u RR

::l:.:::i

i;i;i
*

: 1-::ll-{

::

Ettf ( Pn PS)

:t|Y
I
+
:

.=:::::

l: :::::

:: ::. ;
:::]

/9,
Sr4re(

wlNOrNG

HtCfi tHPFoAr/cc
6r-avs

FlG.f{.

H lG

rr4PE0AhlCg btFFAeeN'r'AL PeoTcaro^l

STffic wrNOrNG

RE3tFAr..J?
Wr..r0r.rCt5

FlGf,6. gtAsD

brFF:FgEr\rTrAL pRo{eTror.J.

20.

rgrsR FffrH trturEr ffas'rEdlgN cu RessrRr,cE

EFRI?D

CS.Sm.

TttRsUCrn

TepoSftQrr,eP.

2t.

RESTAI.-TD ENRTH FAULT PRoTEicTIoN

FIG 7

2-L

7/o^l o< StrttlZtt

K&rsro4

xct 74,

|tvtrnuG
9eL7AG6 R;LEY

Fte ga .

RoToK

aKfH

FnuLT.

pe7ilTlen-/R nft/oz.

EXCI7 R

VoLT& /<LAY
wt?l Lt"'trtNG Rsts 7a'vc6'

Ac A< xt 41,44y
Sccf?ty

fteKb

RoTo,4

EARril FAULT.

Dc- t u

tcrt o rv u ErHo D.

23.

4
6

,aSfso-f
ca)

v24+vZe

JC

'

G)

flG

Pot

al

trtv

tau+lc

Cc)

gtnR( NGATtt/ Saa^tc:: Frcree

ile4fl v sa,{c '

24.
6ttD Crr@urf r3EC4fP

FILD

tc t7<

W tNDtdG-

Sfl$trtr6
qovtt e con- RLAY.
e.2-_,-a lr.4lo
l>QoP a/E

z-to 9cs
I

Ptct< 4p.

Dcn76a1

T&f-ea
2LA4m.

FtG

loe. F\LD ecRR.{T

mailroQu{G.

TYflcac sef'ttttcJzO FFSe'i

= HA cg tx fR Ai 5 t tT ee.Taatcl.
DtrQmt4z 1't*.u*e Dnct eE S
SY4crttotug t(,efar/ c .

Ftelo|. c4a|acT;tt9l?c 9F rMp|q^tcs Tilil FEq F/gtL0RC 4ea_4/,

2S

FR,QttNc/ DIFFER,E^/e TrnER . r' tN,rgTEDu/t/^t Sctp vcro(

i/ TR S
SYNcJlRoHlStn/4 Hryet . ON CoftiptTtoq oF Tt&t. ocrTp4T
Co,vZ&T
CC?SS
rF St-tP Y<foR Sfr(( Wtv11n1 SyNC,lRorttSlrVC- hrVeCe

AA E = PttPS Aalct s,|ft(C,.

T = ArHQ, 9fft{& tN SCo*Ol
.AF = 7 PeeaqNey pt FFer(e6 ^

f=

g/Srn FReauilef

AF = l.geol
rF

lo

Frc II
\-.

2L

P'nRAtLCt A,t,vrt t,v6 .

PARaUu d6 Pllrt f swfic

o 4 S/tj/< H tlilt T

t{

PARALLETI',TG PH/,SE Sv/r

o4,

SY+ICH

fcl

4nrT.

F
'R

AvR ./dH pe.A.L

RUt(lt lrf

AVR,, 1rH PARXtttRulat s46 coH?N 54Tto4

y11

coHP4s4T to^t

*tf
ue
*la

Peta e
,aav4.

fRr

o/.ya

loo
??
?c

4'1.4t4ooP

?7

_J

q"

tQt

7t

ga'a L

LoAD

l3 t*Tt<Locx

DRooP oPRETraN

lo2o94o9&,
7o

ro orHR -Il
{Narr GotERdoRSJl

,Y^lctf 4^f/7-

Av4 wrrtt co*1Plil SAfl ad

WqTTNETRIC LAAD SIENET

To ElGtrv GovRtVoR
lr-l

Ilsc

HRoNou

@-

7ni.D$o

opFR

Li
I

lrVfra RGaLATot< FoR t s stu/

o ppR 4Tt* 6,. lyrTtt tttFtN t.T Bu s

l+TtoN (uo DtQoop)

FtG t2b.

21

864
rRIP
srgAm

869

n
I
Pl -

PR.orEcrrvg DEvrcES TSIPPTNG

PZ -. ?{orqrv
g6A,8Cg

^--

rRp

crRcurT BEA.s.

c.6. vrA Low powtR rNTEprocJ<

DEvlcFs rrPPrue C.8. brear.

- ThP (eLevs.

LP - Low FoewA(o Pow rNrfLock

SIhPLI

FI6D ]il.rPPrruG

?e.tAv.

ASE*NGEHENT OF LOW

FOCWAO-D POWES

INIEI4CK

28,

g ucH r{o!?
wrtrOING

tGEiel

UNit itArltF"CHR
orFFE(krnAL

e?ot1.r.

Low

6rAr,,l P?SSeaF

LoSS

oF vACwM

Lo6S oF LutarcnT|Nc orL

Lors oF Sott.fa wAree

orl^roa Fll!\rRE,

vrSfAfioN , Roto( Drs?aTro{

lst^toa EtFl

[LI

FIG.1

--

OVTRALL PROTECTION "OF GENERATOR INSTALLATION

21
Eorr-tR,

trrcrNg

TR rP

GE|gA-ro.t FtFDER. ?aorru

GeNelnto( T?A{sFrehte H.V. O.C.
cr.RcurT g(h:Kf,'. trArL FEoTN.

H.V. 6usgA(. ?PorN.

oVEXALL

eFN+rt(A^rsf,

e cveeA<o

tP anSedf, e(

GN, fA.,JFogfi
EN .'rPANS

DrFF,
H .v. 1,. , C.

fucH H9LZ

Fl . w,ltorNG -r-EhP.

N. TfA irgFR. ovEgFLu(r r.lc

PolE

sr-rPPrxG

NEeA{rv6 A{A36 S64ueNc

uNrf <R.A.F.tl.i6C

uNrl r?ANsg{pue(

H.v,

o.C,

L.v. R.E. F.

t'( t?A.it*lAel- S, 8. , t.
vr.llf -r?Adg{i&'re{ l.qq g.+r..v,6,F.
uN

uNrf feANsFoat'eg 8eeHH4?,

GENRAfoR
HIC.H

v*aAG C-9.

LoY., s.rE'Ar.t Pgss,rC

alees?e' 1tQ
LoSs oF uu6rCAfr.oa/

Le3S oF vAcrrut'{

Lo93 aF 80rLe( wATEe

GovnNo( trALtJ4
uNrrf T(ANtFlRt1R

Low vo(jAeE C.8,

I!O\CATING
INS.TRVt{6NTS

FIG.I,

TRtPPTNG AgRANGEM$JT FoR oVER,ALL GENER,AToR

PROTN.