Gayam, Glydenne Glaire P.

7:30-9:00AM
BS Medical Technology 3A

MT

37

Pharmacology

TTH

January 5, 2016

1. What is Hypertension?
Hypertension is defined as either a sustained systolic blood pressure of
greater than 140 mm Hg or a sustained diastolic blood pressure of greater
than 90 mm Hg. Hypertension results from increased peripheral vascular
arteriolar smooth muscle tone, which leads to increased arteriolar resistance
and reduced capacitance of the venous system.

2. Etiology of Hypertension
Although hypertension may occur secondary to other disease processes,
more than 90% of patients have essential hypertension (hypertension with
no identifiable cause). A family history of hypertension increases the
likelihood that an individual will develop hypertension. The prevalence of
hypertension increases with age, but decreases with education and income
level. Non-Hispanic blacks have a higher incidence of hypertension than do
both non-Hispanic whites and Hispanic whites. Persons with diabetes,
obesity, or disability status are all more likely to have hypertension than
those without. In addition, environmental factors, such as a stressful lifestyle,
high dietary intake of sodium, and smoking, may further predispose an
individual to hypertension.
A specific cause of hypertension can be established in only 1015% of
patients. Patients in whom no specific cause of hypertension can be found
are said to have essential or primary hypertension. Patients with a specific
etiology are said to have secondary hypertension. It is important to consider
specific causes in each case, however, because some of them are amenable
to definitive surgical treatment: renal artery constriction, coarctation of the
aorta, pheochromocytoma, Cushings disease, and primary aldosteronism.
In most cases, elevated blood pressure is associated with an overall increase
in resistance to flow of blood through arterioles, whereas cardiac output is
usually normal. Meticulous investigation of autonomic nervous system
function, baroreceptor reflexes, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,
and the kidney has failed to identify a single abnormality as the cause of
increased peripheral vascular resistance in essential hypertension. It

appears, therefore, that elevated blood pressure is usually caused by a

combination of several (multifactorial) abnormalities. Epidemiologic evidence
points to genetic factors, psychological stress, and environmental and
dietary factors (increased salt and decreased potassium or calcium intake) as
contributing to the development of hypertension. Increase in blood pressure
with aging does not occur in populations with low daily sodium intake.
Patients with labile hypertension appear more likely than normal controls to
have blood pressure elevations after salt loading.
The heritability of essential hypertension is estimated to be about 30%.
Mutations in several genes have been linked to various rare causes of
hypertension. Functional variations of the genes for angiotensinogen,
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the 2 adrenoceptor, and adducin (a
cytoskeletal protein) appear to contribute to some cases of essential
hypertension.
3. Anti-hypertensive Drugs

1.

Category / Anti-hypertensive
Drugs
-Blocker

2.
3.

Renin Inhibitor
Ca+1 Channel Blocker

4.

Diuretics

5.

-Blocker

Drugs
Doxazosin CARDURA
Prazosin MINIPRESS
Terazosin HYTRIN
Aliskiren TEKTURNA
Amlodipine NORVASC
Clevidipine CLEVIPREX
Diltiazem CARDIZEM, CARTIA,
DILACOR
Felodipine PLENDIL
Isradipine DYNACIRC CR
Nicardipine CARDENE
Nifedipine ADALAT, NIFEDIAC,
PROCARDIA
Nisoldipine SULAR
Verapamil CALAN, ISOPTIN, VERELAN
Amiloride MIDAMOR
Bumetanide BUMEX
Chlorthalidone HYGROTON
Eplerenone INSPRA
Ethacrynic acid EDECRIN
Furosemide LASIX
Hydrochlorothiazide MICROZIDE
Indapamide LOZOL
Metolazone MYKROX, ZAROXOLYN
Spironolactone ALDACTONE
Triamterene DYRENIUM
Torsemide DEMADEX
Acebutolol SECTRAL
Atenolol TENORMIN
Betaxolol KERLONE
Bisoprolol ZEBETA
Carvedilol COREG, COREG CR

6.

ACE Inhibitors

7.

Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker

Esmolol BREVIBLOC
Labetalol TRANDATE
Metoprolol LOPRESSOR, TOPROL-XL
Nadolol CORGARD
Nebivolol BYSTOLIC
Penbutolol LEVATOL
Pindolol VISKEN
Propranolol INDERAL LA, INNOPRAN
XL
Timolol BLOCADREN
Benazepril LOTENSIN
Captopril CAPOTEN
Enalapril VASOTEC
Fosinopril MONOPRIL
Lisinopril PRINIVIL, ZESTRIL
Moexipril UNIVASC
Quinapril ACCUPRIL
PerindoprilACEON
Ramipril ALTACE
TrandolaprilMAVIK
Azilsartan medoxomil EDARBI
Candesartan ATACAND
Eprosartan TEVETEN
Irbesartan AVAPRO
Losartan COZAAR
Olmesartan BENICAR
Telmisartan MICARDIS
Valsartan DIOVAN

Let's make 2016 a better year.

A new chapter of our sweats, sleepness nights and studying for us to be a
better Medical Technologists!
Happy New Year, my friends
Tanya
Camille
Danica
Jam
Shaira
Claire
Elizabeth
Gale
Sharm &
Alec!
I would be a smartphone. It was amazing that man had invented something
that an individual will need and that is basically a phone. A phone is not just
a WANT but a NEED for everyone because it became a medium for
communication. A phone was upgraded to a smartphone and we don't know
it's next evolution in next generations. I want to be like a smartphone. I want
to be not a want but a need to everybody I love. I want to know them that
they count on me and I got their backs, always.
Happy New Year!