Geotechnical Investigation Report Templates

Solium Bore Consult Inc.
Geotechnical Investigation Report
Dagupan Health Center

Two (2) Storey Building
PROJECT INFORMATION
Project Reference #:
Project Name:
1305DE03
DAGUPAN HEALTH CENTER
Project Location:
Client:
DAGUPAN ST. TONDO, MANILA

DPWH North Manila Engineering District
Clients Address:
Consultant:
Contact Number:
1.0
DPWH Nagtahan, Sta. Mesa, Manila
09066892177
INTRODUCTION
The DPWH North Manila Engineering District, henceforth known as the Client,
obtains the services of Solium Bore Consult Inc. to perform a subsurface
investigation of a Proposed Two (2) Storey Building (Dagupan Health Center)
located at Dagupan St., Tondo, Manila, Philippines.
The objective of this report, by using the soil samples obtained underneath the
site, is to provide geotechnical assessments based on the laboratory tests results.
For
an
elaborate
and
systematic
plan of action
for
the
foundation,
recommendations will be provided on the following:

Evaluation of the general suitability of the site for the proposed project.
Anticipating and provision against difficulties that may ascend during
construction due to ground and other local conditions.
Attainment of physical and mechanical properties of soils for sufficient and
economic design.
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Knowledge of groundwater conditions.

Knowledge of the suitability of materials for construction
General guidelines and strategies in the implementation of the construction
procedures.
Allowable bearing capacities of probable foundations
2.0
SCOPE OF WORK SUMMARY
A borehole is drilled within the vicinity of the proposed building. Standard

Penetration Testing (SPT) is performed every 1.50 meters and core samples are
taken in each interval. The borehole reaches a depth of 12.00 meters for good
measure of the underlying material.
The samples are subjected to routine laboratory tests to determine the
classification of the materials using the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
and their corresponding engineering properties.
2.1 DETAILS OF FIELD WORKS
Table 1. Summary of field works
Borehole No.
Drilling Depth (m)
12
No. of Samples
SPT
Coring
8
0
2.2 DETAILS OF LABORATORY WORKS

Table 2. Summary of laboratory works
Laboratory Test
No. of Samples
Particle Size Distribution

Moisture Content
Atterberg Limits
Unified Soil Classification System
8
8
8
8
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3.0

GENERAL GEOLOGY AND SITE CONDITION
3.1 General Area

The project area is located in Dagupan St. Tondo, Manila; the location is
undoubtedly underlain by alluvial soils. The general topography was relatively flat
surface. An unlined creek was located near the site at a distance approximately
240 meters. (Refer to Figure 1).
Figure 1. General Location (Google Earth)

3.2 Site Specific
The proposed building is located in a crowded and with an existing structures
area.
Since the location of the structure is not on the list of the flood prone area made
by the MMDA and Project NOAH researchers in Manila City, it is free from
flooding, hence the water level will not reach into the grade elevation.
3.3 Seismicity
It has been predicted by the study made by PHIVOLCS, the MMEIRS, that an
earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 may occur within this era, when the West
Valley fault moves. By using Google earth, it was measured to have an
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approximate distance of 12 km from the site to the nearest line of the West valley
Fault.
4.0
METHODOLOGY OF THE INVESTIGATION
4.1 FIELD SAMPLING & TESTING

The boreholes are advanced by rotary drilling and wash boring method. Alternately
with these methods, SPT is conducted at every 1.5 meter depth interval on soil
layer, while rotary drilling on hard materials down to the bottom of the hole.
Protective casings are inserted around the hole with a drop hammer to prevent
materials from collapsing. The boring operation entails the following phases:
4.1.1 DRILLING WORKS

a) Rotary Drilling
A method employed when hard materials are encountered or where the N-value
exceeds fifty (50). Under rotary action, the 46 mm diameter core bit is advanced
into the rock with core runs between 1.00 to 1.50 meters.
b) Wash Boring
A process in advancing the borehole by applying an up and down twisting motion
of a drill or chopping bit attached to the ends of drill rods while simultaneously
allowing a stream of water pumped through the rods to the soil. The combined
action of the water jet and chopping loosens the soil and is flushed to the surface.
c) Standard Penetration Test (ASTM-D1586)
The main sampling procedure conducted at every 1.50 meter depth interval using
a Donut free fall type of hammer. It involves placing a 50.80 mm (O.D.) diameter
split spoon sampler with the drilling rod into the ground at the bottom of the
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borehole. The hammer weighs 63.50 kg and is dropped a distance of 762 mm to

produce a theoretical input driving energy (Ein) of 473.28 Nm. The number of
blows to penetrate every 150 mm interval is recorded successively until the third
interval is penetrated. The first interval blow count is considered as the seating
drive and is discarded. The last two blow counts from the second and third
intervals are added to give what is known as the N-value. Disturbed soil samples
obtained by the split spoon were collected for visual inspection and laboratory
testing.
d) Ground Water Level
This measurement is done by lowering a weighted tape down the hole until water
contact is made. Readings are made after water is allowed to stand for a minimum
period of 12 hours following completion of the drilling. The observation made
during this period is assumed as the ground water level.
4.2 DETAILS OF LABORATORY WORKS

The following laboratory tests are performed in accordance with the specified
procedures from the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
Appropriate test procedures are referenced in ASTM Manuals for the soil tests
discussed in the following sections:
a) Natural Moisture Content (ASTM-D2216)

This test is also known as water content. It is the ratio expressed as a percentage
of the weight of water in a given mass of soil to the weight of the solid particles.
b) Grain Size Analysis of Soils (ASTM-D422)
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A process wherein the proportion of each grain size present in a given soil sample
(grain-size distribution) is determined. The grain- size distribution of coarse
grained soils is determined directly by sieve analysis, while that of fine-grained
soils is determined indirectly by hydrometer analysis. The grain-size distribution of
mixed soils is determined by combined sieve and hydrometer analyses.
c) Atterberg Limits of Soils (ASTM-D4318)
A procedure that consists of several parameters that are primarily water contents
which define the limits of various stages of consistency for fine-grained soils. The
liquid limit (LL) and the plastic limit (PL) define the upper and lower limits,
respectively, of the plastic range of a soil; the numerical difference between these
two limits expresses the plasticity of a soil and is termed the plasticity index (PI).
d) Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (ASTM-D2487)
In general, soils are classified based on the Unified Soil Classification System
(USCS). In this system, soil falls within one of the three major categories: coarsegrained, fine- grained, and highly- organic soils.
5.0
OBSERVATION OF RESULTS
The table below shows the summary results of the borehole. The profiles of the
index properties and in-situ moisture content of each borehole are also illustrated.
DEPTH
NVal
ue
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USC
S
DESCRI
PTION
BOREHOLE
CONSISTE
NCY
INDEX PROPERTIES
Page 6 of 16

0.00 1.50
13
SCSM
1.50 3.00
22
SCSM
3.00 4.50
SM
4.50 6.00
6.00 7.50
7.50 9.00
9.00
-10.50
10.50 12.00

Silty
clayey
SAND
with
gravel
Silty
clayey
SAND
with
gravel
Silt SAND
MEDIUM
DENSE
CL
Sandy
LEAN
CLAY
SOFT
CL
Sandy
LEAN
CLAY
MEDIUM
STIFF
59
GC
VERY
DENSE
67
SC
72
SC
Clayey
GRAVEL
with
sand
Clayey
SAND
with
gravel
Clayey
SAND
with
gravel
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MEDIUM
DENSE
VERY
LOOSE
VERY
DENSE
VERY
DENSE
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6.0
ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND
CONSIDERATIONS
6.1 SITE CONDITIONS
The borehole shows sand deposits found in the surface layer, described by mostly
sand in varying portions of fine-grained materials. There is irregularity with
increasing depth; a deeper soil layer may less dense compare to shallower layers.
This just confirms the predicted geology of the dynamic alluvial depository area.
With the inconsistencies of the surface soils, it is highly likely that the site will
experience differential settlement.
After the first 7.5 meters, the soils encountered to be competent layers.
Since these soil types are potentially liquefiable, the existence of alluvial soils on
the surface is also cause for immediate concern. These layers warrant a closer
inspection prior to recommending foundation schemes.
6.2 LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL

In assessing the possible of the soil for liquefaction, the simple criteria provided by
the National Structural Code of the Philippines, (NSCP) 2010, Section 303.4 is
used. Soils conforming all three of the following provisions will be considered
liquefiable:
1) Shallow ground water, two meters or less
2) Unconsolidated saturated alluvium (N<15)
3) Seismic Zone 4
The project site is clearly located in a Seismic Zone 4. The upper 7.5 meters of soil
is also considered to be unconsolidated alluvium as derived from the index
properties. Finally, the same upper layers show samples having N-values less than
or close to 15.
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The hazard map provided by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology & Seismology
(refer to Figure 2) further calls for attention. It illustrations that the project area is
problematically at the boundary of the said liquefiable soils. This, however, helps
only as a guide and detailed calculations of engineering properties is needed for
confirmation.
Figure 2. Liquefaction hazards in Metro Manila (Philvocs)

The loose to medium dense layers classified as predominantly cohesionless soils
are the primary target. Due to lack of testing specific to liquefaction, analysis is
done by correlating to SPT N-values. The Factor of Safety (FS) for liquefaction
potential is calculated as the ratio of the Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) to the
Cyclic Tress Ratio (CSR).
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Where:
Where:
DEPTH (m)
0 1.5
1.5 3.0
3.0 4.5
4.5 6.0
6.0 7.5
7.5 9
9 10.5
10.5 - 12
*amax = 0.4g
CRR
0.3371
0.3872
0.0572
0.0552
0.0732
1.6416
0.9393
0.9096
CSR
2.6605
2.3947
2.3175
2.2808
2.2593
2.2452
2.2352
2.2278
FS
0.1267
0.1617
0.0247
0.0242
0.0324
0.7312
0.4202
0.4083
**the factor of safety is at earthquake magnitude 7.5
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These data indicates that the project area is prone to liquefaction. The distribution
of potentially liquefiable soils within the project area is not fully known since the
boreholes show variations in consistencies. What is consistent is the fact that the
hazardous layers are encountered only up to depths of 7.5 meters.
But, as mentioned, this general analysis is based only on SPT correlations.
It is recommended that further testing should be conducted specific to liquefaction.
6.3 FOUNDATION DESIGN RECOMMENDATION

In this report the exact structural details of the proposed building are not known
and the recommendations listed below are based only from the soil profile of the
borehole results and the potential problems that may occur during the project
construction.
The proposed building is recommended to be fitted with the following foundation
schemes.
Shallow Foundation:
Spread Footing (Square & Rectangular)
The listed options above are provided for the discretion of the structural designer.
Since the soil properties used for the design of the proposed building foundation
came from only one borehole, inconsistency in the soil properties for the entire
project area must be taken into consideration, saying so, it is important to verify
the consistency of the soil properties during construction.
6.4 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
The maximum load that the underlying soil may carry from the structure is
estimated using Terzaghis (1943) bearing capacity equation below.
Qu = cNcsc + 1DfNq + 0.52B Nysy
where: Qu = ultimate bearing capacity
c = cohesion
Nc,Ny,Nq = bearing capacity factors
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B = width of footing
Df = footing depth (embedment depth)
1 = effective unit weight of soil above footing level
2 = effective unit weight of soil below footing level
sc = shape factor (strip=1.0, square=1.3)
sy = shape factor (strip=1.0, square=0.8)
Qa = Qu / FS
where:
Qa = allowable bearing capacity

FS = factor of safety (standard practice=3.0)
a) Spread Footing
In shallow foundations, spread footings is simply an enlargement of a load-bearing
Wall or column which allows this load carrying members to spread the load of the
structure over a large area of soil.
Listed below are the computed possible bearing capacities for spread footings.
The buildings shorter width corresponds to the listed footing widths. An estimated
value of 18kN/m3 is used in this computations.
Footing Width (B), m
Table
0.80
1.00
1.50
2.00
Allowable Bearing Capacity (Qa), kPa

Df = 1.0m
Df = 1.5m
Df =2.0m
213.82
288.76
363.70
229.80
304.74
379.68
269.76
344.70
419.64
309.72
384.66
459.60
6. Summary of Allowable Bearing Capacities for Spread Footing

If the desired dimension for the footing is not included in the list above,
computations for the allowable bearing capacity (Qa) of soil must be computed
only based solely from Terzaghis (1943) bearing capacity equation, bearing
capacity factors may found in Table 12.2 of the book Geotechnical Engineering
(Philippine Edition) by Braja M. Das.
6.5 FILL CONSTRUCTION
According in AASHTO sec. 18, the fill shall not consist of any organics, frozen
lumps and larger than 1.5 in. in greatest dimension. And it was specified that the
backfill moisture content shall be in the range of optimum and that backfill shall be
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compacted to a minimum of 90% standard density as established by AASHTO

T99. (Das, 2015)
6.6 HYDROLOGICAL FACTORS
There is no occurrence of ground water level in 15 m deep bore. But there must be
an effective drainage to release water from rain or other external source. Water
canal can be use as drainage.
6.7 EXCAVATION
There is no presence of groundwater table in the site based on the bore log.
However it is somehow needed to provide temporary support system like tiebacks
or rakers during construction (Day, 2012).
Consider the possible instability in any exposed slope. The sliding potential behind
the tieback should also be evaluated. Also include in stability analysis the weight of
surcharge or weight of other facilities in close proximity to the excavation (Day,
2012).
6.8 PAVEMENT DESIGN
The site is free from flood and has a great value of allowable soil strength as
being computed on the previous part. Although light cracks might occur due to
alkali-silica reactivity (Rosas, 2014) the client may request to add reinforcement
bar for a more durable pavement.
6.9 SEISMIC DESIGN CONSIDERATION

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The nearest fault from the structure that can generate seismic force is the West
Valley Fault based on the large scale-active fault map of the Philippine fault made
by Tsutsumi and Perez of 2013. It is measured using Google earth application to
have a 12 Km distance from the structure to the nearest section of the fault. The
parameters in which the NSCP code provision (2010) for the earthquake design of
the building may satisfy was determined. The seismic source type falls under the A
category, in which the near source factors are N a= 1.00 and Nv= 1.2.The site has a
soil profile type Sc and it falls in zone 4 having Z= 0.4. The seismic response
coefficient are Ca= 0.40Na and Cv= 0.56Nv.
7.0
LIMITATIONS
Qualified judgment and recommendations are delivered in this report. The

geotechnical assessments and recommendations stated above were analysed and
determined based on the results from the one (1) borehole drilled from Tondo,
Manila for the construction of Dagupan Health Center. This has been developed
as a guide for the design of the proposed project. The analyses, evaluations and
recommendations submitted in this report are founded on the technical information
and data from field borings and laboratory test conforming to the generally
accepted engineering principles and practices. There may be inconsistencies and
variations of subsoil conditions among borings which may only be evident until the
construction is started.
Some unfavourable/unanticipated subsurface conditions
are commonly encountered and the owner/clients must be aware of it. Perched
aquifers, soft deposits, hard layers, or cavities are examples of unforeseen
soil/rock conditions that may occur on confined areas. These may require
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exploring, examining or corrections in the field to conduct a well-constructed

structure.
We do not secure the performance of the project in any aspect other than our
engineering specialty. The conclusions and recommendations rendered meet the
standards and care of our profession. We request to be immediately noticed if:
during the construction the soil conditions vary from that of the report or some
differences occur in location or design features as we comprehend it and as stated
in the test borings. Please do reach us on the contact number provided on the first
page of this report or come through our office stated below to immediately apply
changes and corrections.
8.0
REFERENCE
Das, B. M. (2015). Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering .

Day, R. W. (2012). Geotechnical Engineer's Portable Handbook.
Rosas, A. (2014). Experiment Investigation on the Alkali Silica Reaction Effect on
Concrete Strength Degradation.
(National Structural Code of the Philippines, 2010)

(AASHTO Green: A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 2001)
Prepared by:
Camille Angelie J. Soribello
Civil/Geotechnical Engineer
PRC No.: 0927995
PTR No.: 022729
SEPTEMBER 27, 2014
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