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Aditya Kotikalpudi, Brian Taylor, Claudia Moreno, Harald Pfifer, and Gary J. Balas
Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics
University of Minnesota
Maximum thickness
Max. thickness location
9.47%
25.89%
2.
Maximum camber
Max. camber location
1.69%
24.09%
The model constructed in XFLR-5 does not incorporate the landing skid, the GPS hood and the
motor mount. The modelling of control surfaces is close to the actual model, although it is not exact.
The deflections are simulated in a streamwise, rather than hingewise, sense. For comparison with
future flight data, the measured hingewise deflections can be converted to streamwise with equation
1.
SW = tan1 (tan(HW ) cos())
(1)
where SW is streamwise deflection, HW is hingewise deflection and is the hingeline angle of the
control surfaces. Trailing edge downward deflection is considered positive. The model constructed is
shown in Fig. 2. Figure 3 depicts the control allocation for the BFF aircraft, surfaces L2 and R2
on the wing are used as elevators while surfaces L3 and R3 are used as ailerons. Table 2 summarizes
these definitions.
1.
2.
Shown in Fig. 6 is the variation of trim elevator deflection with change in angle of attack. Trailing
edge downward deflection is considered positive.
(2)
where Y represents a derivative and is the angle of attack in radians. The derivatives which vary
linearly have a zero value for A.
Table 6 lists the derivatives at the trim airspeed of 40 KEAS and an angle of attack of 3.5 degrees,
just as an example case. All derivatives are in rad1 . The variation of all control derivatives except
Cme was found to be quite small and hence was averaged over the interval of considered. Also,
the side force and sideslip derivatives (CY , CY p , CY r , Cl , Cn ) vary within a very small range due
to lack of a large vertical fin. Hence these values were averaged over the interval as well. All these
derivatives therefore have the values A and B to be zero. A more sophisticated analysis would be
required in order to accurately capture the variations of these derivatives.
CLe derivative is calculated from the CZe derivative which is actually the output from the analysis.
Z axis in XFLR-5 is not the body fixed axis. It refers to the stability Z axis of the aircraft, pointed
downward (i.e. opposite to direction of lift). Similarly, drag derivatives are calculated from the CX
derivatives where X axis is pointed along the velocity vector in absence of sideslip. All the coefficients
are calculated in stability axes.
0
0.8488
1.5488
0.3029
0.0188
-0.4145
-1.9074
-0.0924
0
0
0.249
0
0
0
0
-0.0211
0.7450
0
0
-0.0153
-0.5613
0.0077
0.1764
Cn0
Cn
Cnp
Cnr
Cna
0
0
0
0.0398
0
0
0
-0.4555
-0.0023
0
0
0.0196
-0.004
-0.0056
-0.0006
Conclusion
The aerodynamic analysis carried out using XFLR-5, although basic in nature, provides a good starting
point for contructing a nonlinear model simulation. Although the drag model is inacurate, this
primarily affects the estimation of thrust requirements only and can be improved using flight data
from glide tests. Overall, the values of the aerodynamic derivatives obtained seem to be reasonable
and agree with the physics of flight dynamics. The data estimated through this analysis will be
updated after obtaining flight data from flight testing and carrying out system identification.
References
1. Brian Taylor, BFF Center of Gravity Testing
2. Aditya Kotikalpudi, Swing Tests for Estimation of Moments of Inertia
3. Brian Taylor, AMT-200S Motor Glider Parameter and Performance Estimation, NASA/TM2011-215974
6
4. E. Seckel and J. J. Morris, The Stability Derivatives of the Navion Aircraft Estimated by Various
Methods and Derived from Flight Test Data
5. Burnett E., Atkinson, C., Beranek, J., Sibbitt, B., Holm-Hansen, B. and Nicolai, L., NDOF
Simulation model for flight control development with flight test correlation, AIAA Modeling
and Simulation Technologies Conference, Vol. 3, Toronto, Canada, 2010, pp. 7780-7794.
6. Brian Taylor, BFF Laser Scan and Outer Mold Line
7. Website for download: http://www.xflr5.com
Appendix A
Graphs here show the data used to generate the functions for stability and control derivatives, along
with the curve generated by the functions. Only those graphs are shown which have non-zero slopes
i.e. derivatives which were found to be constant across are not shown. All the derivative values
along Y axis are in rad1 .
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