114

ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook Volume 2

Table 6-4

Hot Water Multiplier, P (continued)

Th = 66C Hot-Water System Temperature

Tc, CW
Temp. (C)
7
10
13
16
18

66
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

63
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.94

Tm, Water Temperature at Fixture Outlet (C)

60
58
54
52
49
46
43
41
0.90 0.86 0.81 0.76 0.71 0.67 0.62 0.57
0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55
0.89 0.84 0.79 0.74 0.68 0.63 0.58 0.53
0.89 0.83 0.78 0.72 0.67 0.61 0.56 0.50
0.88 0.82 0.76 0.71 0.65 0.59 0.53 0.47

38
0.52
0.50
0.47
0.44
0.41

Th = 71C Hot-Water System Temperature

Tc, CW
Temp. (C)
7
10
13
16
18

71
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

Tm, Water Temperature at Fixture Outlet (C)

68
66
63
60
58
54
52
49
46
0.96 0.91 0.87 0.83 0.78 0.74 0.70 0.65 0.61
0.95 0.91 0.86 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.68 0.64 0.59
0.95 0.90 0.86 0.81 0.76 0.71 0.67 0.62 0.57
0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55
0.95 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.74 0.68 0.63 0.58 0.53

43
0.57
0.55
0.52
0.50
0.47

Th = 82C Hot-Water System Temperature

Tc, CW
Temp. (C)
7
10
13
16
18
43
49
54
60
66
71

82
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

79
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.93
0.92
0.90
0.88
0.83
0.75

Tm, Water Temperature at Fixture Outlet (C)

77
74
71
68
66
63
60
58
0.93 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.74 0.70 0.67
0.92 0.88 0.85 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.69 0.65
0.92 0.88 0.84 0.80 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.64
0.92 0.88 0.83 0.79 0.75 0.71 0.67 0.63
0.91 0.87 0.83 0.78 0.74 0.70 0.65 0.61
0.86 0.79 0.71 0.64 0.57 0.50 0.43 0.36
0.83 0.75 0.67 0.58 0.50 0.42 0.33 0.25
0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10
0.75 0.63 0.50 0.38 0.25 0.13

0.67 0.50 0.33 0.17

0.50 0.25

are relatively small in size. They generally are used

where large quantities of hot water are needed in a
relatively short period or where higher efciencies
are required, such as in LEED-certied buildings.
Due to their size they also are frequently used in
retrot situations.

Controls
The purpose for having controls on a hot water generator is to ensure a sufcient volume of hot water
at the proper temperature for use is provided to a
facility. The control components for water heaters
differ depending on the type of heater and the manufacturer. Generally, water heater controls should be
checked with the equipment manufacturer. Also, the
various regulatory and testing agencies have requirements for controls that depend on the size and type
of equipment used.

54
0.63
0.62
0.60
0.58
0.57
0.29
0.17

Stratication in storage type heaters and

tanks
Because of its lighter density, warm water rises to the
top of a storage tank. The result of this rising action,
known as stratication, occurs in all un-recirculated
tanks. It has been found that the amount of usable
temperature water in stratied horizontal and vertical tanks is about 65% and 75%, respectively.
Stratification during recovery periods can be
reduced signicantly by mechanical circulation of
the water in the tank. During periods of demand,
however, it is useful to have good stratication since
this increases the availability of water at a usable
temperature. For example, if a tank were equally
stratied between 140F (60C) at the top and 40F
(4C) at the bottom, this tank, in theory, still could
deliver half its volume at 140F (60C). But if the two
layers were completely mixed, the tank temperature
would drop to 90F (32C), which in most cases is an
unusable temperature.