People Groups of India Appendix B Titles and Surnames

PEOPLE OF INDIA
National Series Volume VIII

Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and 'Titles
COMMUNITYWISE LIST OF SYNONYMS, TITLES, Surnames and Segments
ABDAL/DAFALI
Synonyms: Dafalange (Muslim), Hashmi, Saudagar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Ali [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ansari, Lodi, Madariya, Mirasi, Mujawir, Quraishi, Sadiqi, Sunni [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Hashmi, Saudagar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Abdal, Ahmed, Ilimirza, Mandal, Sheikh [West Bengal]
ADH-BANIA
Synonyms: Adhrakhi, Adraki, Awadh Bania [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Mahto, Prasad [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhakewa (jungle dog), Saur (pig) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Kashyap [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (khandanlvansh): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
ADI
Subgroups: Dibong Abor, Dubba Abor, Kebang Abor, Meyong Abor, Padam, Pashi Abor [A. Mackenzie]
ADI-ANDHRA
Mala [Orissa]
Malia, Mala Dasari, Mala Dasu, Mala Jangam, Mala Masti, Mala Vaishnav [Orissa]
Alliala, Bari, Bobbli, Boni, Boppala, Busi, Gaminea, Kottapalli, Lenda, Rayyei, Tonangi, Tongi, Ummi [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (intiperulu): [Orissa]
AGARIA/AGARIYA
Synonyms: Gooldnga Patharia, Kelha Agaria, Kol Lohar, Kuntia Chok, Lohar, Mahali Asur Agaria, Patharia, Sath
Lohar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Endogamous divisions: Khuntia Agrias, Patharia [Russell & Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Agaria Sath, Dak Lohar, Had, Kal Lohar, Sath Lohar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Subtribes: Asur Agaria, Birjia Agaria, Lohar Agaria, Paharia Agaria [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Agaria [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
* Clans/septs: Ahindwar, Dhuruva, Marai, Markam, Putai, Ranchirai
Rathoria, Sonwani, Tekatn, Uilka [Russell & Hiralal]
Bajuthes, Banjhawar, Baragwar, Girdhle, Goirar, Markan, Pasawan, Sanwan [W. Crooke]
Exogamous units/clans: Mahato, Markam, Pradhan, Purtia, Sonvani, Tekam [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Baherwar, Mahatoar (a ride), Samduar, Sonoar (gold), Turiar [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/clans (gothiar): [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gotta): Bara Sonowar, Barki Samaddar (large ocean), Bharewar (jungle dog), Chhota,
Chhotki Samaddar, Chhotki Sonowar, Suar (pig) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans (kuri): Ahinwar, Baghel, Banjhakwar, Barangia,
AGARWAIWAISH AGAKWAL
Bania [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Bisa, Dasa, Digambari, Pacheiya, Purbaiya, Vaisnav [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bisa, Dasa, Pacha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Subcastes: Bisa or Biradari Raja, Dasa, Pachhainya, Purbiya [H.H. Risley]
Bisa, Dasa [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Agrawal, Bajaj, Das, Dirwania, Goenka, Gupta, Jalan, Poddar, Prasad, Singhania, Sultania, Tekhriwala
[Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Agarwal, Bansal, Bindal, Garg, Goel, Govil, Kansal, Lohia, Mittal, Nohria, Singhal, Singhania, Singla, Tayal [Himachal
Pradesh]
Airan (Ariman), Bansal, Bindal, Dhalon, Govan (Goin), Goyal, Jindal, Kacchal, Kansil, Mangal, Mittal, Mudgal, Nagal,
Singhal, Tail, Taran, Tungal, Vansal, Vindal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bansal, Garg, Goyal, Jindal, Kansal, Mittal, Singhal [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Garg [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Garg [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Garg [H.H. Risley]
Garga, Gautama, Kasapa, Vaishtha, Kaushika [Russell & Hiralal]
*Sections: Airan, Batsil, Bhaddal, Gawal, Gobhil, Goil, Goin, Kasil, Mangal, Mittal, Singhal, Tairan, Tayal, etc. [H.H.
Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages: Amritsen, Dhabandeva, Godumal, Indramal, Jaitrasangha, Karanchand, Manipal,
Mantrapati, Narsen, Puspadeva, Sindhupati, Tambolkatna, Tarachand, Vasudeva, Virbhan, Vrindadeva [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
AGER
Exogamous units/clans (ball): Ajjana, Ane, Dyavan, Gurvin, Kadvina, Shirin [R.E. Enthoven]
Gotra: Siva [R.E. Enthoven]
AGHARIA
Synonyms: Agaria [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Acharia, Aghara, Saroria [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Sub-divisions: Bada Agharias, Chhote Sarolia or Samaria [Russell & Hiralal]
Titles: Choudhari, Naik, Patel [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chaudhri, Naik, Patel [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Choudhury, Naik, Patel, Sai [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Jantrika, Shembbatu [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Debasthali, Sandhal [Orissa]
Barah (pig), Baram (the pipal tree) [Russell & Hiralal]
Gotra: Markandeya, Sandilya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Kashyapa [Orissa]
Kaushik, Bharadwaj, Sandilya [Russell & Hiralal]
AGHORI
Synonyms: Bhatuk, Giri, Gosain, Gulgulia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
I056 Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles
Aghorc [West Bengal]
Aghori, Aghorpanthi, Anghar [W. Crooke]
Titles: Chowkidar, Mahato, Sardar [West Bengal]
Surnames: Giri, Gossanie, Gouyar, Kunjara, Mahato, Sing, Sonar, Toriyar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gouyar, Kunjara, Mahato, Sing, Sonar, Toriyar [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (jati): Chamokdal, Kachchua, Kunjara, Mahra, Sankhowar, Torhiyar [West Bengal]
Gotra: Kashyap, Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansa): Gowala, Kunjara, Maghaya, Mahato, Sonar, Tornuria, Trihutia [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages (khandan/vansh): Kunjara (vegetableman), Maghaya, Mahato (chief), Toriyar (milkman)
AGRAHARI/AGRAHARIBANIA
Titles: Bania [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Bhagat, Gupta, Prasad, Ram, Sahoo [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Agrahari, Gupta [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Kashyap [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
AGURI
Synonyms: Ugra Khatriya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ugra Khsatriya [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Bagha, Jana, Jorburi, Suta [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Jana or Janau, Sut [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Bagha, Bardwaniya, Chagnaya or Changa, Jana, Kasipuriya, Satchad, Suta [H.H. Risley]
Appendix B I057
Titles: Chowdhari, Khan, Mandal, Roy [West Bengal]
Kesh, Pai, Pal, Shyam [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Duna, Gain, Had, Hazra, Jana, Jash, Kesh, Panja, Sain, Samanta, Santra, Shyam, Som [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Chowdhuri, Dikpati, Hazra, Josh, Khan, Konar, Kundu, Mandal, Nandi, Nayak, Roy, Rudra, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Batsaba, Bidvangshu, Katyayana, Shankarsanrishi [West Bengal]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Parasar, Sandilya, Vasishta [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Batsaba, Bharadwaj, Goutam, Kashyap, Katyayana [West Bengal]
Bharadwaja, Kashyap, Sandilya [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages (ekbibha): [West Bengal]
AHIR
Synonyms: Baredi, Brajwasi, Gauli, Gwal, Raut, Yadav [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Ahiri Haoli, Gaolan, Gaoli, Garhe, Golkar, Holkari Gaolar, Rawat, Gayla, Ghosh, Goala, Goar [West Bengal]
Chandabans, Goalbans, Madanbans, Nandbans, Natbans, Raghubans, Suryabans, Yadubans [Madhya Pradesh
and/or Chhattisgarh]
Goro, Pallav, Paschima, Sad Gope, Sadgop, Yadava [West Bengal]
Apharia [H.H. Risley]
Boricha, Gujar Ahir (in Kathiawar), Machhua (north Kathiwar), Nesak, Prakhalia, Sorathia (R.E. Enthoven]
Ghosi, Goalbansi, Gujar, Lingabansi, Nandabansi, Yadubansi [S.S.
Hassan]
*Subcastes: Bharotia, Gowalvansi, Jaduvansi, Jhadia, Jijhotia, Kaonra
Ahirs, Kosaria, Nandvansi, Narwaria, Rawats [Russell & Hiralal]
*Sections (endogamous group): Gvalbansi, Jadubansi, Nandibansi [W.
Crooke]
Surnames: Ahir, Gokhle, Kabali, Kolhapure, Kotwal, Pariwale, Ghosh [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Kaushal, Shyamla [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Ilishi, Kasiva, Nilesh [West Bengal]
Abalia, Baradia, Bhadia, Bhenda, Bhibha, Bhoria, Bhuthar, Chavda, Chetaria, Chhuchar, Chudasame, Gagia,
Gogham, Gohel, Goria, Jogal, Kachhot, Kamalia, Kanara, Khava, Khunti, Nandania
Pidaria, Pithia, Ravaliya, Sanjva, Sindhav, Sisotia, Vadhia, Varsa, Vijva [R.E. Enthoven]
*Got: Abhiryaa, Bachhwalya, Balwan, Bhankarya, Bhuslaa, Chasya, Chura, Datarli, Harbala, Jadam, Jarwal, Kalalya,
Kankar, Khiswa, Khosa, Kosalya, Lanba, Lodiya, Mohal, Sanp Solangia (of
Jadubansi subcaste), Thokaran [HA. Rose]
Gotra: Goutam, Kashyap, Sandilya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Aliman, Kashyap, Madhugulla, Sandilya [West Bengal]
AHIR, KONDA
Synonyms: Gwala, Rawat [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Lai, Yadav [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Lai, Singh, Yadav [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
AMANT/AMAT
Synonyms: Ghee Bhaha, Sagaha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Axnanat, Amaut, Amut [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Ghee Bhaha, Sagaha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

*Subcastes (pangat): Bahiot, Gharbait [H.H. Risley]
Titles: GhiBihar and/or Jharkhand, Khawas, Saghar [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Amet, Rai, Raut [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dalai, Dehuri, Mallik, Naik [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagha (tiger), Haldi Basant (a kind of bird), Madia (fish), Nagesia (serpent), Sal (a kind of
tree) [Orissa]
Gotra: Kashyap, Musuk, Parasar, Sandilya, Vyas [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (khandan, vans): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
ANDHRAS/TELUGUS
Groups/subgroups:
Brahman, Karan, Sudra, Vaishya [Orissa]
Ari, Dammula, Das, Derasi, Harowada, Kamma, Kana, Koheii, Meka, Netinti, Patro, Pattanaik, Puti, Rao, Sadigada,
Sinni, Sriranga, Toppakula, Vedolu [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Buparnasa, Devasena, Kumbha, Nagasa [Orissa]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Koushik, Sandilya [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Bri, Dammula, Das, Derakasi, Kamma, Katta, Koheii, Maruwada, Neka, Netinti, Puti,
Sadigada, Sinni, Sriranga, Vedulu [Orissa]
ANGAROK
Synonyms: Chatri, Kshatriya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Chhatri, Kshatriya [West Bengal]
Titles: Deshmandal, Majhi, Pargana [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Deshmandal, Majhi, Pargana [West Bengal]
Surnames: Bhandari, Duyari, Kurnd, Majhi, Ray, Sing [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Duyari, Kurnd, Majhi, Ray, Sing [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Mushukrishi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Mushukrishi [West Bengal]
Gotra: Kashyap, Parasar, Sandilya, Vyas [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kashyap, Parasar, Sandilya, Vyas [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages: Palowkla, Susari (nursing), Thandar
(watchman), Thayet (first settlers) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (gusthi): Bhandari (treasurer), Palowkha
(palinquin guard), Susari, Thandar, Thayet [West Bengal]
ANGLO INDIAN
Synonyms:
East Indian, Eurasian, Indo Britan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Feeringhee [West Bengal]
Catholics, Protestants [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Barnes, Brown, Dinger, Flemming, Hansen, Imbert, Jacob, Manley, Rozario, Seddon [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Callaghan, D' Souza, Gracious, Lobo, Massiah, Reymer, Rozarie, Tate, Watkins, Wise [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Blanche, Culpper, Fernandes, Francis, Hardy, Redden, Unger [Orissa]
Clark, Derose, Eato, Scolt, Swart, Turg [West Bengal]
ANJANA
Groups/subgroups:
Surnames: Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Baragat, Mor, Phor, Pustor [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
ANSARI
Synonyms: Julha, Momin [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Allahabadi, Bijnoor Ansari, Delhiwala, Surnames: Ali, Hussain, Mohammad [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
ARAIN/ARAEEN/RAIN/RAYEEN
Synonyms: Kunjra, Raie, Sabzfarosh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Ahmed, Alam, Rayeen [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
ARMENIAN
Synonyms: Hay [West Bengal]
Surnames: Arathun, Basil, Grigory, Poladian, Sukias [West Bengal]
ARUVA
Groups/subgroups: Maulana, Nayak, Patra, Ponda [Orissa]
Titles: Behara, Mollana, Mondolo, Nayako, Patro, Podhano, Ponda, Pradhano (chief) [E. Thurston]
Surnames: Mallana, Nayak, Patra [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagesha (serpent) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Banka, Barakhia, Baxi, Brahmania, Chandani [Orissa]
ASADA
Synonyms: Ahada [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Baghela, Bhati, Chandel, Chaoda, Chouhan, Gehelot, Kachwaha, Nathawadh, Parihar,
Pawar, Rathor, Sisodia, Solanki, Tanwar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
ASATHI
Titles: Bania, Choudhyry, Dao, Nayak, Sao [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Biraiya, Choudhuri, Deora, Devadaily, Hirapuria Gajaya, Katela, Khiraiya, Samraya, Sarkabaya, Talaya,
Tigraiya, Vasarya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Charalye, Goyal, Kaushal, Vansalya, Vasalya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Kashyap, Vashist [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
ASATIJAIN
Exogamous units/clans: Jamoniya, Kalongiya, Mahiniya, Sanoriya, Turkele [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
ASILI
Exogamous units/clans: Boddu (navel), Pandi (pig) [E Thurston]
ASSAMESE/ASOMIYA
Surnames: Barbara, Barua, Gogoi, Goswami, Hazarika, Mohanta [West Bengal]
ASTEUBANIA
Titles: Behera, Naika [Orissa]
Surnames: Mahapatra [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Hansa [Orissa]
Gotra: Kashi [Orissa]
ASUR/BIRASUR
Synonyms: Bir Asur [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Agoria, Lohra [H.H. Risley]
Groups/subgroups: Birjhia, Jait, Soika [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Binjhia, Birjhia, Soika [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Subgroups: Agaria, Birjia, Kolh-Asur, Lohra Asur, Paharia Asur [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Majhi, Parja [H.H. Risley]

Surnames: Asur [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ram [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Asur [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Beng, Chen (frog), Chitio (bird), Induar (fish), Kerketta (bird), Khusor, Lila (deer) [Madhya
Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bengwar, Kerketta, Minj, Toppo [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (gotar): Aiyen (fish), Mendhak (frog), Minj
(fish) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
*Septs: Aindeel, Baroa (wild cat), Basriar (bamboo), Beliar (bel fruit), Hawar (Kaitha), Kachchua (tortoise), Kai,
Kerketta (a bird), Mukruar (spider), Nag (snake), Rote (frog), Siar (jackal), Tirki
(bird), Topo (bird) [H.H. Risley]
ATITH
Synonyms: Gosain, Sanyasi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Samjasi [W. Crooke]
Groups/subgroups: Aranya, Bharati, Bharti, Gharbhari, Giri, Jatil, Jatti, Parvat, Puri, Sanyasi [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Subgroups: Gharbari Atit, Girnam, Lakshan or Saranband, Sanyasi Atit [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Arun, Bharati, Giri, Puri [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Ban, Bharati, Giri, Jatil, Jatti, Parvat, Puri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Gautam, Kashyap, Katyayini, Koushik, Sandilya, Vasisht, Vatsa [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (vans, khandan): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
AUDHEUA
Titles: Varma [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Audhelia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Exogamous divisions: Bachhawat, Chhahri, Dhanawat Bhainsa, Kalkhor, Limuan, Pachbhaiya [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans (got): Bach, Chehadi, Dudh, Kalkor, Nag, Panchbhaia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
AYODHYAWASI BANIA
Synonyms: Audhia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Bania, Seth [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Gupta, Modi, Vaishya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Kaushal [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Kashyap [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
AYODHYAWASIJAIN
Exogamous units/clans: Barai, Damela, Harduwa, Lahaniya, Purabia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BABRIA
Surnames: Bholani (Kotila), Desurka, Devani, Fatepura, Hadwani, Hankani, Katedia, Mayani, Nandrukia, Ranani,
Shellani, Undred, Zumpani [R.E. Enthovcn]
BAOAIK/BARAIK
Synonyms: Chik, Chik Badaik, Sutabanshi, Utabanshi [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Bada Gohadi Badaik, Chik Badaik [Orissa]
Titles: Badaik, Singh [Orissa]
Surnames: Badaik [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Barah Bhaiya, Baro Bhaiya, Bhonjor, Bonkra, Dus Bhaiya, Kanjia, Khichgia, Panch Bhaiya,
Sankhairka, Singhi [Orissa]
BADHAI/BARHAI
Synonyms: Mistry, Sharmaji, Thakur, Viswakarma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Viswakarma [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Binedhanies [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Kamarkala, Kanaujia, Kokas, Lohar, Maghaiyas, Mathuria [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Koka, Kundel, Mangai, Sutar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Subgroups: Kanaujia, Kokas, Maghap [H.H. Risley]
Agwariya, Bahman, Barmaniyan, Bhil, Bisari, Chauhan, Dakkhinaha, Dhalwal, Gokulbansi, Jaiswar, Jalesariya,
Janghara, Kairati, Khati, Kbkasbansi, Lota, Magadhiya, Nagar, Paretiya
Purbiha, Sarwariya, Sondi, Sosaniya, Umariya, Uprautiya, Usarbhola, Uttaraha [W. Crooke]
Titles: Manjhan, Satun, Thakur [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Barhai, Sharma, Thakur, Viswakarma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Kasi, Koushik [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BADU
Exogamous units/lineages (bansa, kula): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BAGAL
Synonyms: Ahir, Gour [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Ahir Gop, Akhara Gop, Krishna Gop, Nanda Gop [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ahir Gop, Akhara Gop, Krishna Gop, Nanda Gop [Orissa]
Titles: Barbagal, Dehri, Mahabagal, Mahakur [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bar Bagal, Dehuri, Desh Pradhan, Mahakad [Orissa]
Surnames: Bagal, Gop, Jadale, Jadav, Khilar, Raut, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bagal, Gop, Khilar, Mahakud, Rout, Routray, Singh [Orissa]
Clans: Angaria (fire wood), Chawriya (deer), Dorhi (seed of Mahua), Kachima (tortoise), Nag (serpernt) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Angaria, Chawniya, Dorhi, Nag [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bankuar (a deer), Hajam Banta, Harma Bankuar, Jajo Bankuar (horn deer), Kurkutia (white ant), Patkumia, Sikharia,
Tentla (a kind of serpent) [Orissa]
BAGATA/BAGATHA/BAGOTA
Synonyms: Bagat, Bakta, Bhakta, Bhogat [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups:
Pedda (big) [E. Thurston]
Titles:
Majji [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/clans (bansa): Bamia, Belhar (monkey), Chumiar, Hatiyar (elephant), Kuardar, Samudia, Sarania
(flute), Tiruar (bird) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (kutum): [Orissa]
BAGDI
Synonyms: Byagra Kshatriya, Kshatriya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bagrakshatriya, Byagrakshatriya, Duley, Kansaikule, Kushmite, Tentule [West Bengal]
Bagh, Bagtit, Dhara, Khan, Manijhi, Masalchi, Mundi, Paila, Palankhai, Paramanik, Pherka, Rai, Santra, Sardar [H.H.
Risley]
Groups/subgroups: Dule, Macho, Tentulia, Tentule [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Duley, Kansaikule, Kushmete, Rangrishi, Tentule [West Bengal]
Subgroups: Bajandaria, Dandamanjhi, Daratia, Dulia, Guliamanjhi, Kasaikulia Ujha or Ojha, Kusmetia, Let, Malla,
Matia [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Mallik, Roy [West Bengal]
Bagh, Behara, Bhahara, Manjhi, Masaldhi, Palankhai [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bagdi, Majhi, Mondal, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bag, Dalui, Dhar, Karak, Mallick, Park, Roy, Santra, Sing [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Argotra, Kacchap, Kasbak, Madhurishi, Nagrishi, Palasi, Pankrishi, Patrishi, Salrishi [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
Kachhap (tortoise), Palash (flower), Rangrishi, Sal (a kind of tree) [West Bengal]
*Sections: Alamyan, Ardi (fish), Baghrishi, Kachchap (tortoise), Kasabak (heron), Kasab, Pakbasanta (bird), Patrishi
(beans), Ponkrishi (jungle cock), Salrishi, Salmach [H.H. Risley]
Ambale, Bhole, Chaugule, Chavan, Galphade, Gara, Gafane, Karande, Marahe, More, Rasankule, Salve, Sasane,
Singan [R.E.
Enthoven]
BAGHETI
Synonyms: Baghuti, Bagti, Bogti, Bongti [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Niali, Siyali [Orissa]
Surnames: Bagheti [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Kajara Patia, Nagasa (snake), Salo (fish) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansa): [Orissa]
BAGRI
Surnames: Bagri, Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bamonia, Bhilwar, Bhoi, Bodana, Chouhan, Dabi, Oandia, Parmar, Solanki [Madhya Pradesh
Bhatti, Charan, Chauhan, Ohundhel, Gehalot, Panwar, Rathore, Solanki [Russell & Hiralal]
BAGTI
Synonyms: Bakti [West Bengal]
Surnames: Bagti, Bakti [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (bangsa): Ar, Kachhap (tortoise), Kash, Man [West Bengal]
Gotra: Kashyap [West Bengal]
BAHAI
Surnames: Hambani, Jena, Misra, Mohanty, Nayek, Pitambro, Rout, Sahu [Orissa]
BAHELIYA/BAHELIA
Bahila, Baila, Bayla, Boila [West Bengal]
Bujar, Pargangia, Parher, Rathor, Turned [West Bengal]
Subcastes: Bajdhar, Bhongiya, Chiryamar, Chandel, Chhatri, Karaul, Kotiha, Lagiya, Pasi, Rukmaiya, Sribatsab,
Turkiya [W. Crooke]
Titles: Biswas, Mridha, Roy [West Bengal]
Surnames: Biswas, Roy [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Chandrayan [West Bengal]
Chauhan, Punwar, Rathaur, Sapawat [HA. Rose]
Gotra: Aliman, Kashyap, Sandilya, Vatsa [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages (bangsa): Bundel Bangsa, Chandel Bangsa, Chohan Bangsa [West Bengal]
BAIDA
Synonyms: Bede, Bedey, Sarpa Baidhya [West Bengal]
Titles: Desh, Desh Majhi, Mukhya, Paramanik, Pottoi [West Bengal]
Surnames: Baida, Bede, Sarpa Baidya [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clan (bansa): Aar, Sakhowar [West Bengal]
(Joftw.- Sandilya [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages: Aar(a fish), Chirrha, Sankhowar (conch shell) [West Bengal]
BAIDYA
Groups/subgroups: Banga, Barendra, Kulin, Pandvakori, Rarhi [West Bengal]

Baiswanar, Banga [H.H. Risley]
Baksi, Bishwas, Chowdhury, Majumdar, Mallick, Niyogi, Roy, Roychowdhury [West Bengal]
Baidya Nidhi [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Baksi, Bishwas, Das, Dasgupta, Dashmunsi, Dattagupta, Kabiraj, Kargupta, Majumdar, Mallick, Niyogi,
Roy, Roychowdhury, Sarkar, Sen, Senaharma, Sengupta, Sharma [West Bengal]
* Exogamous sections: Adya, Alamalaka, Angira, Atreya, Baisvarana, Basistha, Batsya, Bharadwaja, Dhanvantari,
Gautama, Ghrita
Kaushika, Ingu, Kashyapa, Kausika, Krishnatreya, Madhukuliya, Madugalya, Saktri, Sandilya, Solankaya,
Vishnu/Bishnu, Markandeya [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/clans: Shaktri [West Bengal]
Baiswanar [H.H. Risley]
Gotra: Atri, Dhanvantari, Kashyap, Moudgalya, Saptarshi, Shaktiri [West Bengal]
Angirasa, Atri [H.H. Risley]
BAIRAGI/BAIRAGI BAWA
Synonyms: Bairagi Bostom, Bostom [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Rajput, Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Baishnav [Orissa]
Baishnaba, Bostom [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Goswami, Grihasdia, Ranayat, Sahajia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Acharya, Madhavacharya, Nimayut, Ramanuj or Ramayut [West Bengal]
Madhavacharya, Nimanandi, Nimat or Nimbaditya, Ramanuji, Vallbhacharya or Vishnuswamy [Nanjundayya and
Iyer]
*Sects: Madhvacharya, Nimawat, Ramanuju or Sri Vaishnava, Vishnuswami [W. Crooke]
*Sub-divisions: Madhavachari, Nimanandi, Ramanandi, Vishnuswami [H.A. Rose]
*Subcastes: Baba Lali, Gharandasi, Haridasi, Murar Panthi, Samdari, Tulsidasi [H.A. Rose]
Subgroups: Madavacharya, Nimawat, Ramanandi [W. Crooke]
*Subsects: Baba Lali, Charandasi, Hari Dasi, Murar Panthi, Simsaudasi, Sorndasi, Tulsi Dasi [H.A. Rose]
BAIDYAKAR
Synonyms: Badyakar, Munidas [West Bengal]
Surnames: Munidas [West Bengal]
BAIGA
Synonyms: Panda [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Bharoti, Binjhwar, Nahar or Narotia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Sub-divisions: Bharotia, Binjwar, Gondwaina, Kathbhania Kondwan
or Kundi, Narotia or Nahar, Raibhania [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Baiga (old), Lai, Ram (new) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
* Exogamous septs: Ghugharia, Lapheya, Makam, Maravi, Netam, Tekam [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans (bedagu): Amthuria, Kathodia, Kulharia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BAINEEDU
Surnames: Adhikari, Das [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bairagi, Das, Goswami, Mahanto [Orissa]
Boiragi, Das, Goswami, Manama [West Bengal]
Charan, Chauhan, Davi, Dhabai, Golattor, Powar, Solanki [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Achyuta [Orissa]
Achhidananda, Achidananda [West Bengal]
*Septs: Achut, Anchit (tiger), Aneet, Barandia, Bishnu, Dobdhar, Gobans (cow), Idri, Kansi (a kind of grass), Nag
(cobra), Ramgharia [H.H. Risley]
Digambari, Kathia, Khaki, Lasgari, Madhavacharya, Munjia, Nimanandi, Nirbani or Niranjani, Nirmohi, Ramanujis,
Vishnu-Swam i [Russell & Hiralal]
BAIS BANIA
Synonyms: Maheshwari Vaishya, Poddar Vaishya, Vaishya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bania [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Agarwal, Jaiswal, Kesarbani, Rauniar [Orissa]
Ariar, Khandwar [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Chaudhari (honourific) [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Poddar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gupta, Saha, Shaw [Orissa]
Exogamous units (mul): Fadullarpur, Kakraili, Karmaith, Pantpak, Sohrai [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Bismai, Kapila, Kashyap, Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kashyap [Orissa]
BAISHYA
Synonyms: Bashhi [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Bankra, Bura, Narendra, Parendra [West Bengal]
Surnames: Deshmukh, Hajra, Haldar, Layek, Porira, Senapati, Thakur [West Bengal]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Goutam, Kashyap, Madhukulya, Sandilya [West Bengal]
BAISWAR
Surnames: Baiswar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Basait, Choudhuri, Dadaich, Gondhiya, Khadaich [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bansit, Chaudharis, Khandit, Piparaha, Rautia, Sohaguriha [W. Crooke]
BAITI
Synonyms: Chuiya, Chunari [West Bengal]
Titles: Bhuya, Rai, Sen [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bag, Bain, Bhuiya, Biswas, Chunori, Das, Dhara, Dutta, Gain, Koley, Majumdar, Rai, Roy, Sarkar, Sen
[West Bengal]
Gotra: Aliman, Kashyap, Madhugula [West Bengal]
Aliman, Kashyap [H.H. Risley]
BALAI/BALAHI
Groups/subgroups: Ganorea Balahi, Katiya Balahi, Nimare Balahi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Ajanaria, Baghmare, Balahi, Bellcar, Jagdeo, Nagle [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Billare, Choure, Dudhiya, Lochkhare, Mandlokar, Patankar, Sangulle [Madhya Pradesh
BALMIKI/VALMIKI
Synonyms: Lalbegi, Valmiki [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Mehtar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Balu, Bhammak, Bherua, Bilban, Chaoria, Chowhan, Dagor, Dholpore, Gauhar, Jhangar, Katara, Khare,
Korosia, Lohot, Mena, Pathrol, Sarban, Varma [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Balu, Bhammak, Bharua, Bilban, Chaoria, Chouhan, Dagor, Dhalpore, Gouhar, Katare,
Khare, Korasia, Korisia, Lohot, Mena, Pathorot, Pathrol, arban, Varma [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/lineages: Balmikl rishi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BANAUT
Synonyms: Bundela Rajput [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Dhenu, Garg, Kashyap, Kausik, Sandilya, Viswamitra [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BANCHHDA/BANCHADA
Surnames: Rattre [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Rattre [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BANDAWAT
Synonyms: Bandout [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Subgroups: Bandawat Sombansi [H.H. Risley]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Sandilya, Vatsa [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BANGALBANIA
Surnames: Choudhry, Gupta, Prasad, Rai [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Aliman, Kashyap [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (khandan, vans): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BANGALI Groups/subgroups:
Baidya, Brahman, Kayastha, Kurmi, Mahisya, Sadgop, Sonar, Teli [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kayastha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Brahman, Gandhabanik, Kaibarta, Kayastha, Namasudra, Napit, Paundarakhatriya, Sadgop, Subarnabanik, Tambuli
[Orissa]
Acharya, Chowdhary, Raibahadur, Roychoudhry [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Rai, Raibahadur, Sarkar [Orissa]
Surnames: Adhikari, Aikat, Bandopadhya, Bhowmik, Deoan, Deogharia, Dutta, Ghosh, Goswami, Gupta, Mahato,
Mitra, Mondal, Mukhopadhya, Ray, Sarkar, Senapati [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bose, Das, Dey, Ghosh, Saha, Sen, Thakur [Madhiya Pradesh]
Banerjee, Bhattacharya, Biswas, Das, Dey, Goldar, Joddar, Kar, Mandal, Mukherjee, Rai, Roy, Sarkar, Sen [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Madhukulya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Modugulla [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Balmiki, Nageswar [Orissa]
Batsp, Bharadwaj, Kashpp, Madhukulya, Sandilp [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Alambayana, Kashpp, Modugulla, Sandilp [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bharadwaj, Kashpp, Sandilp [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansa): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansha): [Madhiya Pradesh]
BANGTI
Surnames: Bangti, Kaibarta [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Baga(tiger), Begri, Dala, Kukundia, Nag (snake), Naik, Pithapur [Orissa]
BANIA/BANIYA
Surnames: Sahoo, Saraf [Orissa]
Mayur, Nageswara [Orissa]
Gotra: Bharadwaj [Orissa]
BANJARA/BHANJARA, LAMBANI/LAMBANA
Groups/subgroups: Labhani [Orissa]
Banjara, Nayak, Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Naik [Orissa]
Banhara, Banjara, Nayak, Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Agau, Bangar, Chavan, Daund, Kekan, Misal, Pawar, Rakh, Chauhan, Naik, Rathor, Singh [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Amgpt, Banjara, Bhukia, Chouhan, Keruth, Mnorh, Muchar, Munhaat, Nonsanth, Puanar,
Rathor, Sapaoth, Tarani, Unkorth [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chauvan, Pawar, Rathor, Turis, Vadatya [Maharashtra]
Banod, Bhukia, Chouhan, Goram, Jharbale, Korra, Kulut, Lasria, Mocha, Muchal, Mur, Ortia, Palthea, Panwar,
Rathor [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (vansa): [Orissa]
BANJARA: MUSLIM
Titles: Khan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Khan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Hundhe, Landh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BANKA
Synonyms: Banki Rajput [Orissa]
Surnames: Bisal, Chalan, Dansana, Naik, Nimulia, Pradhan [Orissa]
BANPAR
Synonyms: Mandal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Chaurasia, Chavi, Chayeen, Dhoor, Gonrhi, Jaswar, Keot, Khulwant, Kurin, Mallah, Muriary,
Sakhwar, Semari, Malho, Shimaliya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Banpar, Barai, Bhagat, Biswas, Chaurasia, Mahto, Mandal, Parasar, Raut [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (khandan): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BANSPHOR/BANSPHODIA
Synonyms: Bansbakura, Basphorawa, Basphurdwa [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bansphor, Bhagat, Ram [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (kuri): Bhatgoeyon, Chirjia, Chowkiyar, Kadagariya, Khanha, Lakadayar, Veswash [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
BANTAR
Synonym: Batar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Bate, Hazra, Manjhi, Panja [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Manjhi, Sardar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (khandan/vansh): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BARAI/TAMBOLI
Synonyms: Chourasia, Mohabia, Panwari [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Tamli [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
* Endogamous divisions: Burhanpuria, Chaurasia, Chitoria, Deshwari, Dudh Barias, Gangapari Pardeshi, Jaiswar,
Jharia, Kanaujia, Kharondiha, Kosaria, Kuman, Lahuri Sen, Mahobia, Purania
Kumhardhang, Ramgaria [Russell & Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Barai, Chourasia, Jaswar, Kumrawat/Magahi, Malvi, Purvi, Shimalia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
*Exogamous groups: Bandrele (monkey), Batkaphor (pot breaker), Bhandari (store-keeper), Bhulya (the forgetful
one), Chikhalkar (from chikhal), Gahoi (a caste), Gujar (a caste), Katara (dagger), Kulha (jackal), Pandit (priest),
Patharha (hail-averter), Richharia (bear) [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans (firka): Chhorie, Dhenu, Gaur, Ghatmel [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Gautam, Kashyap, Koushik, Sandil [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/lineages (gharana): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand] [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BARAIK
Synonyms: Surajbanshi Rajput [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Baraik [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (kuri): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BARANWAL
Synonyms: Barnwal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Baranwal, Lai, Prasad [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Jamadagni, Kashyap [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BARAUA
Synonyms: Dhimar, Dhivar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Baraua (old), Burman, Lai, Prasad (new), Raikwar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Barmaiya, Basmia, Paboiya, Raikwar, Sondhiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BARGAH
Titles: Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Bargah, Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Koushik, Latbehra [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/lineages: Latbehra [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BARGUNDA
Exogamous units/clans: Kabadia, Satpadia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BARHI
Subgroups: Maghaya [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Arhasiya [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/clans (mul): Bachberait, Balhati(mul) [H.H. Risley]
BARI
Synonyms: Donwar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Panwari [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Subgroups: Deshi, Neraadi, Vaswade [R.E. Enthoven]
Surnames: Bari, Raut [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bari (old), Lai, Prasad, Rawat (new), Singh, Varma [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Sections/gotra: Bilkhariya, Chauhan, Desi, Donwar, Gorcharha, Hinduiya, Kanaujiya, Kariya, Mathuriya, Pattariha,
Rawat, Sarwariya Dakkhinaha, Sundar [W. Crooke]
Exogamous units/lineages (kultvans): Arambi, Asapure, Berad, Bhagure
Chavan, Dhamane, Garote, God, Hage, Ikare, Kalbhande, Kature, Kolhe, Masode, Musele, Panchod, Pavar, Sagure,
Saupure, Tade, Telangade, Vasule (kul) [R.E. Enthoven]
Exogamous units/lineages (vans): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BARIKA
Synonyms: Bhandari, Nai, Napit [Orissa]
Surnames: Barika, Behara, Bhandari, Kshuri [Orissa]

Exogamous units/clans: Nageswara (serpent god) [Orissa]
Gotra: Kashyap, Parasar [Orissa]
BARIKI
Gotra: Baru, Kottapalli, Nageswar Pundi, Patnaru [Orissa]
BAROI/BARUI/BARUJIBI
Synonyms: Barai, Bariji, Barujibi [Orissa]
Barujibi [West Bengal]
Barai, Baraij, Baraji, Barajibi [H.H. Risley]
*Subcastes: Barendra, Chaurasia, Jaiswar, Kota, Maghaya (in Behar), Nathan, Rarhi (in Bengal), Semerya, Sokhwa
[H.H. Risley]
Khan, Majumdar, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Ain, Ash, Bawal, Bhadra, Bhoumik, Biswas, Chand, Choudhuri, Dam, Das, Dana, Deo, Dhar, Guha, Haldar, Hor, Kar,
Khan, Khor, Kundu, Laha, Majumdar, Mallik, Mandal, Manna, Mantrini, Marik, Nag, Naha, Nandan, Nandi, Pal,
Rakhit, Rudra, Sarkar, Sen in Bengal [H.H. Risley]
Behara, Das, Maharana, Nanda [Orissa]
Aon, Ash, Das, Datta, Dey, Hore, Khan, Kundu, Laha, Majumdar, Manna, Marik, Nag, Nandi, Pal, Rit, Sarkar, Sil
[West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bishumahisi, Brahmarishi, Debarshi, Kashyap, Nagaswar [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Adyarishi, Hansarishi, Kashyap, Madhukuliya, Sandilya [West Bengal]
Gotra: Goutama, Kashyap, Parasar [Orissa]
*Sections: Aliman (in Bengal), Bharadwaj, Chandramaharsi, Goutam, Jaimini, Kanva, Kashyap, Madhukuliya, Nag,
Sandilya, Vatsya, Vishnu, Vyasa [H.H. Risley]
BASOR
Synonyms: Banskar, Bansodi, Bansphor, Basod, Burud [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bansphor, Burud, Dhulia [Russell & Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Barmaiya, Bundelkhandi, Darkal, Gohar, Kader, Narchune, Purani [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
*Subcastes: Barmaiya, Bundehandi, Deshwari, Dhubela, Dumar or
Dom, Basors, Gudha or Gurha, Juthia, Malaiya, Purania [Russell
& Hiralal]
Surnames: Bansgar, Basor (old), Lai (new), Ram [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Exogamous septs: Katarya, Kemia, Morya, Sanpero, Sarkia, Titya, Mangrelo [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans: Adil, Aralha, Bhareli, Doreha, Katar, Newalha
Oreha, Sonwah [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BASUDEVA/VASDEO
Synonyms: Bodewale Baba, Harbola, Kapadia, Yadava [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Harbola, Jaga, Kaparia, Kapdi, Sanadhya [Russell & Hiralal]
*Subcastes: Deswari, Gangaputri, Harbola, Khaltia, Parauha, Wasudeo [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Lai, Prasad [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Dhurve, Gavli, Handa, Kadus, Kolvane, Konhere, Paigvede, Peke, Salunke, Sumalkar, Watsar [R.E. Enthoven]
Exogamous units/clans: Bandchor, Bargania, Bilar, Gautam, Matgavia, Paraha, Rathod, Rodha, Roniha, Sewani,
Soniha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BASUSHABAR
Surnames: Behera, Patro, Sahu, Swain [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Naga (cobra) [Orissa]
BATHUDI
Synonyms: Bahutuli, Bathdi, Bathuhuli, Battidi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Bahutuli, Bathuhuli [Orissa]
Bahutuli, Bathdi, Bathuhuli, Bautuli [West Bengal]
Titles: Chowkhiya, Oakua, Dash Chatiya, Dehri, Desh Pradhan, II20 Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames
and Titles
Deshchatia, Nayak, Paramanik, Pradhan [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Chowkhia, Dakua, Dehuri, Deori, Desh Chatia, Pradhan [Orissa]
Bisoi, Choukhiya, Dakua, Dehri, Deshchatia, Patra, Pradhan [West Bengal]
Surnames: Bansori, Bishal, Giri, Khandai, Kharei, Khawli, Mundiyar, Nayak, Patra, Rout, Sangiya [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Dash, Kushmaria (a kind of old glass), Nag (serpent), Nayek, Panipuk (a kind of water insect), Pradhan, Saluka
(wooden hawk) [Orissa]
Nayek [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages: Dhanphul (paddy flower), Jhariyar (a wild
fruit), Kusunaria (grass), Nag (serpent), Panipuk (water insects), Parihar, Saluka (wooden husking machine),
Sankhiyar (conch), Thariyar (a wild fruit) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bashasing (tiger), Biswar, Das, Dhanphul (flower of wild paddy), Giri, Kushmardia (wild grass), Nag (serpent),
Panipuk, Patra, Sakhiyar (conch), Saluka (wood husking machine), Tariyar (a kind
of wild fruit) [Orissa]
Dhanphul, Hasti, Khalparia, Kushmaria (grass), Marai, Nag (serpent), Panipuk (water insect), Saluka (wooden
husking machine), Sankhiyar, Thariyar [West Bengal]
BAURI
Synonyms: Bhoi, Buna, Kandi [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Gobariya, Jhanta, Mana, Nula, Sikharia, Tula [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Buna, Ghumura, Mahabhoi, Tanhara [Orissa]
Gobara, Jhanta, Mana, Mula, Sikharia, Tula [West Bengal]
Subcastes: Bagh, Dhulia, Dhulo, Gobaria, Jhetia, Kathuria, Mallabhumia, Malua, Mola, Mula, Panchakoti, Pathuria,
Sikaria [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Bisoi, Dakra, Deshmandal, Majhi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dasa [Orissa]
Deshmondal, Khetrapal, Manjhi, Mukhya, Paramanik [West Bengal]
Behara, Digha, Mandal, Manjhi, Maulavi, Paramanik [H.H. Risley]
Bauri, Chalak, Oas, Kshetrapal, Mudi, Ray [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Behera, Das, Hati, Kandi, Naik, Pani, Rout, Samal [Orissa]
Bauri [Tripura]
Bauri, Chalak, Das, Kshetrapal [West Bengal]
Kachap (tortoise), Nag (serpent), Sal (Sal fish) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Basant, Gunicha, Negeswar (snake god), Saraswathi [Orissa]
Kachhap (tortoise), Nag (cobra), Sal (a fish) [West Bengal]
II22 Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Tides
Kashyap [Orissa]
Kashyap [West Bengal]
Kashyap [H.H. Risley]
"Sections: Aliman, Mahdukulya, Majhi [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages: Sal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Sal [West Bengal]
BAUTI
Synonyms: Baiti, Boati, Chunari [Orissa]
Surnames: Adak, Baud, Boati, Das, Dhara, Kole [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Madhukulla, Nag, Panrishi [Orissa]
Gotra: Kashyap [Orissa]

BAZIGAR/BAJKAR (MUSUM)
Synonyms: Bejkar [West Bengal]
BEDIA/BERIA
Synonyms: Berani, Beria, Berni, Gandharva, Kalawat, Kannawat [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Aad Kudmi, Bediakudmi, Choto Kudmi or Sankudmi [Orissa]
Bedia Kudmi, Choto Kudmi or San Kudmi [West Bengal]
Bajea, Bedia [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Mahto [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Desh Mondal, Desh Pradhan, Mahato, Majhi, Pargonoit, Sardar [Orissa]
Deshmondal, Mahato, Majhi, Sardar [West Bengal]
Mahato [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bedia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bedia (old clan name), Chadi, Gandharva, Kalkhot (new) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bedia, Mahato, Majhi [Orissa]
Mahato, Majhi [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Ahir, Bambi (fish), Bihan, Bor (tree), Chidra
(Squirrel), Kachhua (tortoise), Kurmi, Mahua (Basia latifolia), Mohral (bird), Phecha (owl), Suiya (bird) [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Baliowalle, Baswalle, Chadia, Dhamnia, Dhole, Largiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Ban, Chirrha, Hindower, Kachima (tortoise), Kotiyar, Kuchiya, Mahua, Nag (snake), Rhecha, Sonkhowar, Tiruar
[Orissa]
Chirrha, Kachim (tortoise), Nag (snake) [West Bengal]
*Septs: Basant, Gunicha, Nageswar, Saraswati [Orissa]
Bar (banyan tree), Biha Binjha (a fish), Chidra/Cherra (squirrel), Dhechua (a black bird), Dian (a kind offish),
Kachchh Kachua (tortoise), Khopcha (an owl), Mahanadi (name of river), Mahua (Basia latifolia), Mahukal, Maina (a
bird), Nag (a cobra), Parewa (a pigeon), Pecha (an owl), Suia (a bird), Sulankhi (a bird), Sundi (mahua flower), Titipi
(a night bird), Turu (a bird) [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages: Ban (a fish), Chidra (squirrel), Katiyar, Sankhowar (conch), Tiruar (a bird) [Orissa]
Bern (a fish), Chirrha, Hindowar, Kachchim (tortoise), Katiar, Nag (serpent), Pecha, Surya (Sun) [West Bengal]
BEHERA
Surnames: Baita, Had, Kadma, Khilari, Mukhi, Sahi [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Ghas (grass), Pan (betel leaf), Sal (a kind of
fish) [West Bengal]
BEHNA
Synonyms: Dhunia, Dhunkar, Nadaf, Pinjara, Pinjra [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
II28 Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles
Surnames: Mansoori [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BELDAR
Synonyms: Nuniya Beldar, Roy (Ray) [West Bengal]
Chunkar, Karigar, Larhia, Matkuda, Munurwar, Od, Pathrot, Raj, Sonkar, Takari, Thapatkari Vaddar [Russell &
Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Chauhan, Kadiautia or Kathwa [Bihar and/or Jharkhand] .
Bhagalpuria, Purha, Surha [West Bengal]
Karigar, Kuchbandhia, Larhia, Odia or Uriya, atkuda [Russell & Hiralal]
*Subcastes: Awadhia, Ayodhia or Ayodhiabasia, Bhojpuria, Chauhan Kathautia, Kathawa [H.H. Risley]
Bachhal, Chauhan, Desi, Kharebind, Kharot, Mahul, Maskhauwa, Orh, Sarwariya [W. Crooke]
Titles: Gadahya, Marar, Raut [H.H. Risley]

Surnames: Beldar, Bind, Jamadar, Mahato, Mandal, Nonia, Prasad, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Singh [Orissa]
Roy (Rai) [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Chhipia. Dahele, Khardaha, Nimgotia, Saksel, Shahbodia [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Behatar, Fulian, Gondli, Hasu, Jibutat, Kantial, Mahala, Mangria, Murhi [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (kul): Basniwar, Behra, Chapparwar, Chapula, Davawar, Faratwal, Ghorala, Jailwar, Karola,
Marwar, Naga, Narora, Pannewar, Tusa, Udiwar [Maharashtra]
*Sections: Kasyapa [H.H. Risley]
BELEMA
Surnames: Doloi, Khuntia, Mandal, Nayak, Pradhan, Rout, Sahu, Sasmal [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Kounchhasa, Nageswar (snake god) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Basantia, Dalai, Nahak, Raul, Sasmal [Orissa]
BENITA ODIA
Benia [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Dalabehera, Nayaka, Paika, Sardar [Orissa]
Surnames: Bissoyi, Dalabehera, Nayaka, Parida, Patra [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (vansa): Basudeva, Chharakaha, Odasi, Sri Purusottama [Orissa]
BERAR
Surnames: Bansal, Barahar, Beiar (communities based, Chawkidar
(watchman), Hartelia, Prasad, Vanskar, Varma, old) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhartelia, Cheda, Chema, Chiulia, Dolare, Dorale, Gurwilla, Jaray, Kema, Mudele, Routelia,
Thasia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BESTHA, TOREYA
Subgroups: Chunam (lime), Elai, Gajula (glass bangle) [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/clans: Alvar, Belli (silver), Chinnada (denoting gold), Chinnam (gold), Erumai (buffalo), Garuda,
Kansugaje, Kuzhal, Mogila, Naga (snake), Onne, Rakshasa, Urukathi, Vajjira, Vasishta [E. Thurston]
BHAINA
Synonyms: Sidar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
* Sub-divisions: Ghatyara, Ghantyara, Jhalyara, Laria, Uriya [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Sidar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Exogamous divisions: Ahera, Dhobia, Gond, Mallin, Panika [Russell
& Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Bendra (monkey), Chechan (bird), Oeur, Hathi (elephant) [Madhya Pradesh
Exogamous units/lineages (bansh): [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BHAKTA
Synonyms: Bhokta [West Bengal]
Surnames: Ghoral, Pati, Rana, Singh [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Sal [West Bengal]
Gotra: Sandilya [West Bengal]
BHALLA
Synonyms: Bholar Jat, Bhule, Bhulo Bhall [West Bengal]
Surnames: Bhalla, Das, Majhi [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Khunerashi [West Bengal]

Exogamous units/lineages (gusthi): [West Bengal]
BHAMI
Exogamous units/clans: Bamaniya, Bhati, Bhudhuria, Chopra, Kala, Khowal, Lakhiawal, Narnale, Paliwal, Rathi,
Singhla [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BHAND/BHANR/BHANGAT
Synonyms:
Groups/subgroups: Cheur, Kashmir [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Subgroups: Chenr, Kashmiri [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Bhanr [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Baig, Bhand, Khan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Anke, Budhiake, Chickrake, Jhalbalke, Kaloshake, Pandraka, Parwake, Pondrake, Punshike,
Pushike, Torewalke [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BHANGI
Synonyms: Jamadar, Methar [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: :Bhangi, Hela [West Bengal]
Basod (in Deccan), Chajgadis, Hela, Lalbegi, Makhiyar, Sheikh [R.E. Enthoven]
Balmiki, Dhanuk, Hela, Lai Begi, Pathorpor [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Baghmar, Birha, Oandel, Kanhaiya, Natbaisya, Parihar [West Bengal]
Gaikwad, Kanderao, Kanderia, Phatrod, Sanakar, Sarwan, Suraswal [S.S. Hassan]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Baghmar, Birha, Oandal, Kanhaiya, Nagbaisya, Parihar [West Bengal]
BHANJA
Surnames: Bhanja, Deo [Orissa]
Gotra: Basishta [Orissa]
BHANUMATI
Synonyms: Bhanmata [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bihar and/or Jharkhandi, Solanki [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BHARARI
Surnames: Chouhan, Dala, Jadho, Pawar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Babar, Borke, Chouhan, Jadho, Japkat, Jharkar, Malvo, More, Powar, Prapta, Silute, Sindhe,
Situle [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BHARBHUNJA/BHURJI
Synonyms: Bhunjwa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Endogamous groups: Dhankuta, Mallah [HA Rose]
*Subcastes: Kaitha, Kandu, Kankubia, Saksena, Srivastab, Benglah [Russell & Hiralal]
Subgroups: Gujarati, Marathi, Pardeshi [R.E. Enthoven]
Barelikade, Bhadesia, Chaktaina, Gurjar, Kaithwar, Kanaujia, Kandu, Shri Basant [S.S. Hassan]
Bhatnagr, Jagjadon, Kaithiya, Kanaujiyas, Kandu, Rathaour, Saksena, Sriibastab [W. Crooke]
Titles: Gupta [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Gaikwad (among Maradia), Jadhav, Pawar, Sinde [R.E. Enthoven]
Phratries: Baisya, Kankutya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Kusro, Markhem, Netam (pig), Tekam [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Got: Basudeo, Bhatnagar, Jadubansi, Saksaini [H.A. Rose]
Gotra: Kanyakubja, Vaishya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansh): Baisya, Kankutya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

BHAREWA
Synonyms: Kaser, Soni, Tamer [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Sai, Tilakram [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (kul/gotiar): Kusro, Marai, Markham, Netam, Tekam [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BHARGAVA
Synonyms: Dhusar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Bhargava [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bachlas, Badlas, Galgas, Golash, Golosh, Kachlas, Kashyap, Kuchalas [Madhya Pradesh
Exogamous units/lineages: Bhrigu [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BHARIA
Synonyms: Bhari Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Bharati (new), Bharia, Pachalia (old) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous groups: Agaria, Ahirwar, Bamhania, Binjhwar, Chandel, Dagdoha, Dhurua, Gambhele, Kaitha,
Karondiha, Kuanpa, Kurka, Loha-Sur, Magarha, Maravi, Rathor, Samarba, Sonwani, Yarkara [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamotts units/clans: Amolia, Angaria, Bapothia, Bhardia, Bijaria, Chalthia, Gadaria, Mehania, Nahal, Pachalia,
Raotia, Thakaria [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BHAT
Synonyms: Rao [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhat Brahman, Bhatta Goswami [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Bangali Bhat, Goswami Bhat, Kajora, Turuk Bhat [West Bengal]
Atit, Bhund, Brahm Bhat, Brahm Bhat (in Cutch), Devalvakia, Dongras, Joshi Bhat, Kankalia, Kanojiya, Kapdi, Kunbi,
Lavania, Madhavia, Magan, Nagari, Palimanga Pardeshi Maratha (Khandesh), Ranimanga, Sadhu, Thakar,
Vahivancha, among Maratha Bhat [R.E. Enthoven]
Subgroups: Brahm, Chandidas, Charan, Chural, Jagga, Janga Bhamba, Karpal, Magadh, Mahal, Panj, Raj, Samit
Gudral, Sut, Sutrak, Uda
Bhat, Vandi [H.A. Rose]
Baram Bhat, Devluk (Brahma Bhat), Raj Bhat, Turk Bhat
(Mohammedan).[H.H. Risley]
Bharadwaja, Biram or Brahman Bhat, Dasaundhi, Gajbhim, Jaga, Keliya, Mahapatra, Rae, Rajbhat [W. Crooke]
Titles: Des Mukhya, Malik, Roy [West Bengal]
Bandi [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Sattar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bhat, Bhatta, Roy [West Bengal]
Atit, Bhund, Brahm Bhat, Devaluakia, Harangia, Kankali, Kanojiya, Kapadi, Lavania, Madhavia, Magan, Mandowar,
Nagari, Palimanga, Pathoncha, Pithilia, Ramnagar, Sadhu, Solanki, Sourecha, Talwareya, Timcha, Vahivancha
[Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Dhanani, Gadhia, Ghedia, Harmani, Indrani, Kashiani, Kundanpuria, Meghpuria, Messana, Naklani, Parvattani,
Rana, Rao, Sadavarti, Sindwa, Sodani, Sudhpurani, Waloya [R.E. Enthoven]
Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Moudgulya, Parasar [West Bengal]
Bharadwaja, Kasyapa, Sandilya [H.H. Risley]
*Sections: Anal, Andiaria, Balbandhia, Gaighatia, Kailia, Kunwar, Lakhsaria, Loharkoriya, Maharajia, Menwar, Sahar,
Sanakhia, Sindhuwatia Suariat [H.H. Risley]
BHATA
Synonyms: Bhat, Raj Bhat [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Bada, Sana [Orissa]

Surnames: Bhat, Rao [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Kanam, Nag (cobra), Surya (Sun) [Orissa]
BHATIARA
Synonyms: Battiyara, Farooqui [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Subgroups: Bhathiyara, Hariyara, Salimshahi, Shirshahi [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Bhattiyara, Farooqui [Bihar and/or Jharkhand)
Hussain, Khan, Quadir [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bahlim, Bhil, Chauhan, Chiryamar, Jalkhati, Madariya, Mukeri, Nanbai, Sadiqi, Shirazi,
Sulaimani [W. Crooke]
BHATRA
Synonyms: Bade, Batamundi, Majhli Bhatra, Sargumundi, Shan Bhatra [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Bade Bhatra, Majhli Bhatra, San Bhatra [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Jatadharis [HA Rose]
Amnait, Pit, San Bhatras [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Baghel, Bhatri, Nag, Netam [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bag (tiger), Bakri (goat), Besra (a bird), Deogotia, Hansa (goose), Kachim (tortoise), Kukra
(cock), Kukur
(dog), Legra (a bird), Makri (spider), Nag (cobra), Shan Bhatra, Sulk (a kind of bird) [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Got: Bgains, Bhatti, Bhotwal, Digwa, Gami, Gojra, Kag, Kasba, Lande, Lar, Lohi, Rathor, Rod [H.H. Risley]
BHATT
Synonyms: Bhatt Brahman, Brahm Bhatt, Dasaundhi Brahman [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Kaveshwar, Kavi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Bhatt, Kavi, Maharaj, Rai, Sharma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Hansa, Mur [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Kashyap, Sandilya, Vatsa [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BHAVAIYA
Groups/subgroups: Bhavaiya, Vyas [R.E. Enthoven]
BHAVSAR
Groups/subgroups: Gujarati Bhavsar, Maradia Bhavsar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gujarati, Maratha, Meshri (Hindu Gujarati), Musalman Bhavsar, Ramdeshi, Rewa Kanthia, Shravak Gain) [R.E.
Enthoven]
Subgroups: Bhavsar Darji or Chippalu, Bhavsar Rangari [S.S. Hassan]
Surnames: Bhavsar, Chand [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhatte, Chouhan, Gohil, Parmar, Rathod [R.E. Endioven]
Alne, Amburi, Anante, Basotkar, Bhakare, Bhojid, Bodke, Chalke, Chavan, Chitalkare, Chotwe, Dewatraja, Dhanker,
Dhumale, Gadekar, Gambire, Gande, Goje, Gudale, Gujar, Hahare, Jamanker Jirse, Kalekar, Keenker, Khemkar,
Ksheersagar, Malakar, Male, Malve, Meendarker, Modalker, Nage, Nakte, Navale, Neelpanke, Pabamsi, Pandane,
Patangi, Patnekar, Rakade, Rangda Ratnapalke, Ruparange, Shaivarkare, Sotarage, Supker, Sutarwe, Talkare,
Tandre, Tandule, Upare, Vadse, Yasuker [S.S. Hassan]
Exogamous units/clans: Bunga, Burania, Chouhan, Jhola, Parmar, Sisodia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bandashi, Bharamar, KamaJa, Moreshwar, Nandap, Pandarik, Pippala, Poshati, Sanatana [S.S. Hassan]
Exogamous units/lineages: Bhargav, Durvasa, Garg, Goutam, Kapila, Kashyap, Markandeya, Vasisht, Vyas [S.S.
Hassan]
BHIL, BARELA
Groups/subgroups: Barela, Routia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (atak): Baguidia, Bhasda, Bouria, Chougria, Dauria, Jamria, Kanaria, Lingwal, Mohote,
Nargaina, Ochaila, Shastria, Sulia, Waskele, Wayiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BHIL, BHILALA
Groups/subgroups: Bhagor, Darbar, Rathia, Urappe [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Darbar, Rawat [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Bhumia, Chauhan, Parihar, Rawat, Singh, Solanki [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Kharao, Mohata, More, Patalp, Rawatip, Satp, Sendrp, Soma, Sule [Maharashtra]
Exogamous units/clans: Aulawe, Chauhan, Chongar, Damar, Mozalda, Rao, Ratania, Rawat, Solanki, Sulia [Madhya
BHOGTA
Synonyms: Pradhan [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ganju [West Bengal]
Titles: Ganju [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Bhogta [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ganju, Singh [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Baherwar, Bhumchuriar, Kawliar, Musuar, Pathbandhi, Rimrimia, Saichuniar, Samajhwar
[West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (gotar): Hansa (duck), Kaua (crow), Mur (peacock) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (gotar): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BHOI
Synonyms: Basuri, Skandakara [Orissa]
Bethmua [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Buna, Gumhara, Mahabhoi, Tanhara [Orissa]
Bakoria (Gujarat Bhoi), Bharsakhare (Khandesh Bho^) [R.E. Enthoven]
Machinde (*among Maratha Bhoi) [S.S. Hassan]
Behera, Bhoi, Dasa [Orissa]
Adane, Bavne, Bhadaskal, Bhujange, Dake, Gavande, Ghatmal, Ghone, Hirawe, Jamdade, Jirange, Kajale, Kambale,
Kesapure, Khandgale, Landage, Lonare, Nemade, t'abale, Satode, Surdushe, Tamkhane, Wankhile
(*amongTelugy/Bhoi) [S.S. Hassan]
Exogamous units/clans: Chand Beria (sily/er coin), Imaliage (tamarind), Kachawai (tortoise), Medoyal (sheep),
Sinduria (vermillion), Singare (waterchest nut) [Madhya/Pradesh]
Exogam ous units/clans (gotra): Chandal, Hati (elephant), Kachhap (tortoise), Naga (snake), Sankha (conch shell)
[Orissa]
Gotra: Kreshyap [Orissa]
BHOTIA
Bhutia, Bodpa [West Bengal]
Amdo, Denjongpa, Kagatay, Khampa, Yolmo [West Bengal]
Subgroups: Chhazang, Jacho, Loban, Lonpa [W. Crooke]
Titles: Lama [West Bengal]
Surnames: Bhutia, Lama [West Bengal]
BHOTTADA
Synonyms: Bhotada, Bhotora, Bhottara, Dhottada [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Bada, Sana [Orissa]
Surnames: Bhandar Karia, Bhatnayak, Bhotra, Chalan, Chandoria, Choudhury, Khordia, Majhi, Nayak, Panigirit,
Prodhani, Pujari, Randhari, Samaratha [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (bansa): Bagh (tiger), Goyi (lizard), Kochin

(turtle), Kukur (dog), Makar (monkey), Nag (cobra), Pandiki
(pigeon) [Orissa]
* Septs: Bagh (tiger), Chei (goat), Goual (lizard Varanus), Kochchino
(tortoise), Kukkurso (dog), Nag (cobra) [E. Thurston]
BHOYAR
Synonyms: Pawar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Subcastes: Chaurasia, Daharia, Dholewar, Panwari [Russell & Hiralal]
Titles: Deshmukh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Exogamous units/clans: Baignya, Baranga, Chaudhari, Chauhan, Chiknya, Deshmukh, Dongardiya, Dukhi,
Gadria, Gohattya, Gore, Hazari, Kalebhut, Kasai, Khaparia, Khawasi, Kinkar, Onkar, Panwar, Parihar, Pinjara, Suplya
[Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans (gotia/kuri): Borange, Chowhan, Deshmukh, Dongerdia, Gorae, Parihur, Potaria, Sonpuria
BHUIHAR/BHUIYAR
Groups/subgroups: Nicha, Ucha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Ram [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhall, Bhaniha, Bhuinhar, Bhusar, Bunbun, Chargoriha, Dasput, Deohariya, Karwa,
Khagoriha, Khatkariha, Napan, Rae, Sisi, Suidaha [W. Crooke]
Exogamous units/clans (kilt): Chhitki (bird), Nag (snake) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (juthaut/kharaut): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BHUIMALI/BHUINMALI
Bhuisundar, Hari, Siddiputra [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Bara Bhag, Chhota Bhag [West Bengal]
Subgroups: Amarabadi, Barabhagiya, Bhulua, Chhotabhagiya, Hatia, Saralia [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bhusundar, Biswas, Das, Mali [West Bengal]
Gotra: Alimman, Kashyap, Parasara [West Bengal]
Aliman, Kashyap, Parasara [H.H. Risley]
BHUINYA
Groups/subgroups: Khandayat Bhulnya, Pauri Bhuinya, Poroja
Bhuinya, Rajkoli Bhuinya [Orissa]
Titles: Naik, Pradhan, Sardhar [Orissa]
Surnames: Naik, Pradhan [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Batagain, Chaodi, Kadakali, Kasiri, Losal, Raikuli, Raisuin, Sareikuli, Sarkondi [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (killi/kutum): [Orissa]
BHUINYA PAURI
Synonyms: Des Bhuiya, Mai Bhuiya [Orissa]
Surnames: Behera, Dehuri, Julundi, Naik, Pradhan [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (khiUi): [Orissa]
BHUIYA
Synonyms: Manjhi, Rikhiasan [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Baro Bhuiya, Bhogta, Chota Bhuiya, Dharwar, Dorha Bhuiya, Ghacwar, Mahatwar, Oriya Bhuiya
(Nayak Bhuiya), Soutar, Tirwar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gatwal, Katras, Musahar, Roy, Thakur [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Bathudia, Dhur, Kati or Khatti, Khandaits or Paiks, Madhai, Pabudia, Parja, Rautadi, Rikhmun or
Rikhiasan [Russell & Hiralal]
Titles: Deshmandal, Ghatowal, Paramanik, Pradhan [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bhogta, Chharidar, Kopat, Mahton, Manjhi, Naik, Rai Singh, Thakur, Tikayat [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bhuiya, Manjhi, Nayek, Roy, Sing [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bhuiya, Ghatwal, Roy, Singh, Thakur [West Bengal]
* Exogamous septs: Amata, Behra, Chatria, Dandsena, Dehrin, Dehri, Kalo, Majhi, Naik, Padhan, Sahu, Saont
[Russell & Hiralal]
Nag(snake), Sankh (conch shell), Surya (Sun) [West Bengal]
Bhuinhar or Bhuiyar, Dandwar, Magahiya, Mahatwar, Mahthek, Musahar, Tirvah [W. Crooke]
Gotra: Kashyap, Nageswar (snake), Sandilya [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages (gotta): Basuki (a serpent), Kachhim (tortoise), Kali (a serpent), Lalakiri, Sal (a fish), Sigari
(fox), Sinjikiri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BHUIEL
Groups/subgroups: Khawas, Shivavakti [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Kashyap, Kasi, Khasila [Sikkim]
BHULIYA
Synonyms: Bholiya, Bholwa, Bhoriya, Meher, Mihir [Orissa]
Bholia, Bholwa, Bhoriya, Bhulia, Mehar, Mihir [Russell & Hiralal]
Titles: Meher [Orissa]
Surnames: Meher [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Bagh, Bankra, Dhuba, Kimir, Kodjit, Kumhar, Ranjujha [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansa): Gonja, Mohanpuria, Mokra, Nag, Orjitia [Orissa]
BHUMIA
Synonyms: Bhumia, Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Bere Rathor, Chote Rathor, Naik [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bada, Sana [Orissa]
Titles: Bhumia, Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Bhumia (old), Lai (new) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhimia, Dhumali, Dora, Masa, Nayak, Potka, Pujari, Putia [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Cheli (goat), Kochim (turde), Naga (cobra), Suiya (Sun) [Orissa]
Bhag (tiger), Naga [. Thurston]
BHUMIHAR/BABHAN
Synonyms: Bhumihar Brahman [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Bawandia, Bijalpuri, Danenshiead, Dighayt, Dijalpuri Eksaria, Jat Jadia, Malitwar, Taliha,
Tatiyadia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Atharb (eponym) [H.H. Risley]
*Sub-divisions: Athariya, Baghochhiya, Belhariya, Bemuwar, Bhaiwadh, Birramiya, Biruar, Chandasi, Domkatar,
Donwar, Eksonya, Gautamiya, Jaithariya, Kachhi, Kahatwar, Kinwar, Kolaha, Kolhaniyan, Kotraha Karmali,
Mirzapuri, Murao, Parasiya, Raikwar, Sabraniya, Sakarwar, Sani, Sorhaniya, Suroban, Titiha [W. Crooke]
Titles: Chaudhry, Pandey, Rai, Singh, Thakur, Tiwari [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Akhwani, Arape, Chambe, Dikshit, Dube, Rai, Singh, Upadhiya [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Mishra, Pandey, Pandit, Sharma, Tiwari [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Bharadwaj, Goutam, Didhvait, Jaltaria, Kashyap, Sakarwar, Sandilya, Vatsa [Uttar
Pradesh]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Angiras, Bhargava, Gargya, Gobhila, Kasyapa, Katyana, Parasara, Vasishtha, Vatsya [W. Crooke]
* Sections: Abkahon, Aggechal, Agnidhaut, Agnihotra, Ajaitia, Akasaria Ambaria, Anarai, Anraya, Anwar, Araich,
Arait, Arewar, Arnwait, Aswaria, Athrab, Athrol, Athrul, Auigh Baid, Bachgotia, Badonia, Bagaudia, Bagri, Baksaria,
Balaiar, Banria, Budramia [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous unit/lineages (vans, khandan): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

BHUMIJ/BHUMIJA
Synonyms: Deshua Bhumij [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Borabhui, Chaibasa Mura, Khanga Mura, Kumpat
Athasa, Chato Athasa, Na-Gadi Bhumij, Tamariya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bara Bhuiya, Deshua, Haldi Pukhuria, Tamadi Sikharia, Tharua [Orissa]
Titles: Ghatowal, Manki, Mura, Sadiyal, Saidal, Tanbedan, Tanbedar Mura, Tararsardar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dehuri, Manki, Sadiyal [Orissa]
Bandigwar [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Singh, Singmura, Singsardar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Mura, Singh, Singhmunda [Orissa]
Bhowmik, Singh, Sinha [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Baddya, Baghra, Gulgu, Hansda, Hembram, Jugi, Nag (snake), Sandi, Tensha, Ubu [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
Danra, Gadda, Gulgu, Hamda, Hansda, Hembram, Nag, Samat, Sandi [Orissa]
Chalki, Chapra, Ghugushama, Hernia, Hemrom, Kachchyap, Khatu, Khatu Ghugushyama, Saral, Tesa [West Bengal]
Badda Kurkuttia [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages: Danra, Gulgu, Hansda (duck), Hembram, Nag (serpent), Samat (kuchia fish), Sandi
[Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (bhayad, dansa): Baddya, Baghra (tiger), Galgu, Hansda (duck), Hembram, Jarru, Jugi,
Kaori, Patar, Tensha (bird), Ubusandi (a bird) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BHUNJIA
Groups/subgroups: Chinda Bhunjia, Choukutia Bhunjia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chinda Bhunjia, Chuktia Bhunjia [Orissa]
Subtribes: Chaukhutia, Chindas [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Barik, Bhanargadia, Bhoae, Chhatriya, Majhi, Mallik, Patia, Pujari, Sasangia, Suara, Thakar [Orissa]
Moieties: Markam, Netani [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (got): Chedayya, Dhansena, Markham, Netam
(pig), Son [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BHURTIA
Synonyms: Gujjar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Ahir Bhurtiya, Dakhina Bhurtiya, Mariha Bhurtiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Bhurcia, Gujjar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Singh [Uttar Pradesh]
Exogamous units/clans: Banswar, Bhodeo, Bhoeutto, Bosharia, Dhhilowar, Dongar, Duhili, Duhuliwar, Haradwasi,
Monhaciya, Nonra, Pardhania, Roho Oliya, Tilbaria, Toitaloria, Toypalor, Utto [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Bamaria, Bijlauri, Darariha, Doyarba, Duhili, Duhilwar, Manhatia, Nuoara, Udayana
[Uttar Pradesh]
BHUTTA
Surnames: Bhutta, Khan [Rajasthan]
Exogamous units/clans (got): Jalay, Khirkara, Matno, Rasul, Umrana [Rajasthan]
BIAR
*Subgroups/sub-divisions: Barhariya, Dakkinaha [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Biar (old), Lai (new), Prasad, Ram [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Barhar, Barwar, Kahate, Kananjia (palace), Kashyap (tonoise), Kashi (place name), Mahato
(headman), Sarwar (lake) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (kuri): Barhar, Barwar, Chamanava, Kahto, Kanaujiya, Kashi, Mahto, Sarwar [W. Crooke]
Gotra: Kashyap, Kasi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

BIHAR AND/OR JHARKHANDI
Groups/subgroups: Bajjika, Bania, Bhojpuri, Bhumihar, Brahman, Chamar, Dom, Dusad, Kayastha, Kurmi, Maghahi,
Maithili, Pasi, Rajput, Teli, Yadav [Orissa]
Bania, Bhojpuri, Brahman, Chamar, Dhobi, Goala, Kayastha, Lohar, Magahi, Maithili, Nagrahi, Rajput, Triwa [West
Bengal]
Pandit, Roybahadur, Thakur [Orissa]
Surnames: Chaturbedi, Choube, Dvibedi, Pathak, Prasad, Sahu, Sharma, Shastri, Shrivastav, Sing, Sinha, Tewari,
Tripathi, Upadhya [Orissa]
Ahir, Bagat, Choube, Dube, Giri, Gupta, Mahato, Mishra, Misra, Pande, Prasad, Rai, Ram, Singh, Tewari, Yadav
[West Bengal]
Moieties (barag): Markam, Metam [Orissa]
Gotra: Kashyap, Sandilya [Orissa]
Gour, Goutam, Kashyap, Sandilya, Savarn [West Bengal]
BIHISHTI/BHISTI/SHEIKH ABBASI
Synonyms: Mashki, Pakhali, Saqqa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Sub-divisions: Abbasi, Bah Umi, Bangash, Begi, Faruqi, Ghosi, Hanafi, Khurasani, Mughal, Pathan, Quraishi, Sadiqi,
Sayyid, Shaikh, Turki [W. Crooke]
Titles: Khan, Sheikh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Gafrar, Khan, Sukkhu [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BIND/BIN
Synonyms: Been [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bind [West Bengal]
Bindu, Bjind [H.H. Risley]
Groups/subgroups: Bin, Jeth Bin, Khar Bin, Kherwal Bin, Nun Bin, Sirwal [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups (khan): Jethaut, Khariaut [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
*Subcastes: Awadhia, Ayodhia, Jutaut Bind, Khariat, Lodhiya, Nun Bind [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Chaudhri, Mahto, Mukhia, Raut [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bhagat, Chauhan, Choudhry, Mahto, Mandal, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Mahaldar [West Bengal]
*Sections: Jarhuait, Jhauait, Odania [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages: Jathaut, Kharaut [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BINJHAL
Synonyms: Binjhar, Binjhwar [Orissa]
Titles: Bariha [Orissa]
Surnames: Bariha [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Amori, Bagh (tiger), Bentakar (archer), Bhue (earth digger), Chak, Dudja, Duduka, Dumal,
Endja, Kamalia (lotus), Kamati (arrow), Kanda (root), Kare, Keshra (bison horn), Kharsel, Lahar, Lui (cunning), Majhi,
Malik, Marhi, Nengi, Samani, Subarnajhat [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansa): Chauhan, Hillchip, Nag Bansi, Rajput, Surya Bansi [Orissa]
BINJHIA
Synonyms: Bindhya Bashini, Khatriya [Orissa] , Groups/subgroups: Dand Binjhia, Pahariya Binjhia [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Majhi, Naik, Pradhan, Raut [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gunjwar, Majhi, Pradhan [Orissa]
Baraik, Dandia, Gaunjhu, Karji, Manjhi, Naik, Parja [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Binjhia, Majhi, Naik, Pradhan, Raut, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gunjwar, Majhi, Pradhan [Orissa]

Exogamous units/clans: Kareite Bimaria, Nag (snake), Ulamaria [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Amrut, Bair, Bhairab, Dadual, Kaensa, Kaensaba, Kunjuwar, Kusha, Lele [Orissa]
Bair, Bansetti, Bhair, Cheruka, Chidra, Choktra, Dadul, Hum [H.H. Risley]
Gotra: Kasi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bharadwaj, Kapila [Orissa]
BINJHWAR
Groups/subgroups: Sonvaha Binjhwar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Sub-divisions: Binjhias, Binjhwars proper, Birjhias, Sonjharas [Russell & HiraJal]
Bagh, Banka, Bhil, Dudh Kawaria, Jal, Jalia, Kamalia, Kessal, Lohar, Majhi, Marai, Meli, Bagh, Panknali, Pod, Tar,
Udhar, Ultum [Russell & Hiralal)
Exogamous units/clans (goitar): Bakra (goat), Bhaisa, Chandrama, Dedh, Deharia, Dehega (tree), Juwadi (who
knows ploughing), Katmohi (tree), Kisam, Savur (fish), Singhi (lion or horn) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
BINJIYA
Synonyms: Adibasi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Bishsen, Goutam, Jamadar, Jhalar Prasar, Kuwar, Manjhi, Pradhan, Sandil [Madhya
BIRHOR
Synonyms: Mankidi, Mankirdia [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Jaghi (setders), Uthlu (wanderers) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Jaghi, Uthulu [Orissa]
Jaghi, Uthulu [West Bengal]
Titles: Bandarbikreta [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Birhor [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Sai [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Shikari [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Aiyen (fish), Baghwar (tiger), Induar (fish), Kachhua (tortoise), Kanhar, Murmu, Nankari,
Silwari [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ban (tree), Bari (tree), Bendhi (fish), Deria, Karia, Kariari, Kosandi (tree), Ligri, Sonvani [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Hembrum (betel palm), Nagpuria, Sikria, Singhili [Orissa]
Darua, Hembrom, Induar, Jekseria, Kamru, Kuiri, Latha, Mahli, Saren, Tudu [West Bengal]
*Septs: Hemrom (a kind offish), Jagasria, Laluai, Mahli, Nagpuria, Nag (cobra), Singpuria, Siruar [H.H. Risley]
BIRJIA
Groups/subgroups: Sinduria, Telia [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups (koraku): Sinduria, Telia/Telha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: (Sirtha), Birjia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Birjia [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Lakra (tiger), Sirtha, Tetenga (lizard) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Birja [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages: Kodaku, Sinduria, Telia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BISATI
Synonyms: Ferriwala, Manihar, Pathera, Tikulhara [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Shah, Syed [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Sections: Banjara, Mughal, Rajput, Shaikh [W. Crooke]

BISHNOI/VISHNOI
Synonyms: Marwari [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Ghodara, Jari, Jhuriya, Kalirawna, Khokhar, Manju, Pawar, Sai, Saran [Madhya
BIYAHUT
Synonyms: Baksaria [H.H. Risky]
*Sections/surnames (mul): Abkahila, Ami, Bahraka, Bahraka Mahto, Bakat, Banarasia, Barahaka, Buxar, Mahto,
Panre Ke Panre [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/clans: Ami [H.H. Risley]
BOHRA/BHORA
Titles: Ariff, Asmal, Calcuttawala, Chithiwala, Jalotrawala, Johar, Patherya, Sachee, Salenjee, Taiabbahai, Timor,
Tobanwala [West Bengal]
*Sections: Bachguar, Balai, Batham, Bhatiya, Charwar, Dasati, Deswal, Kachhi, Kamar, Kasib, Khangar, Kundal,
Maheswari, Nagar, Samel, Sundi, Syani [W. Crooke]
BONDO
Synonyms: Bondo Pora [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Hill Bondo, Plain Bondo [Orissa]
Titles: Back Naik, Dhangda Majhi, Naik [Orissa]
Surnames: Kirshani, Maihi, Mandra, Muduli [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Killo, Ontal [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (kuda, manda): [Orissa]
BONKA
Groups/subgroups: Bonka, Goru Bonka, Pata Bonka [E. Thurston]
BOTTADA
Subgroups: Bodo (genuine Bottada), Madhya, Sanno [. Thurston]
Exogamous units/clans (bansa): Bhag (tiger), Cheli (goat), Goyl (lizard), Kochimo (tortoise), Kukkuro (dog), Makoda
(monkey), Nag
(cobra) Varanus [E. Thurston]
BRAHMA KALPIT BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Gayawal Panda [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Bhaiya, Choudhury, Dokeswar, Dube, Dubhalia, Dukri, Gayeb, Goswami, Gurda, Jhangar, Misra,
Nakhopa, Padhay, Pathak [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Bhargav, Goutam, Kashyap, Koushik, Sandilya, Vasisht, Vatsa [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Sasani [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Acharya, Agradani, Baidik, Barendra, Madhya Sreni, Morapora
Agradani Patit, Rarhi, Saptasati, Vaidik [West Bengal]
Patro [Orissa]
Chakravarti, Chowdhuri, Ghatak, Roy, Roychowdhury [West Bengal]
Aiyar, Bhatt, Desh Pande, Joshi, Mishra, Nagar, Nambudari, Ojha, II76 Communities, Segments, Synonyms,
Surnames and Titles
Pandey, Rao, Tripathi, Upadhyay [Andaman & Nicobar Islands]
Aradhya, Bhandari, Kini, Mallan, Pai, Shenai, Vadhyar [E. Thurston]
Achari, Adhikari, Agasti, Agnihotri, Ahitagni, Avasthi, Bagchi, Baguli, Bahriyar, Bajapeyi, Bakriyar, Bakshi (honorary),
Baral, Bargwal, Bharial, Chattopadhyaya [H.H. Risley]
Pandit [M. Montgomery]
Agnihotri, Chaube, Dikshit, Dube, Pande, Sukul, Tiwari, Upadhya [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Agnihotri, Bhojlei, Bujroo, Chaturvedi, Dwivedi, Gaur, Joshi, Jyotishi, Nagarkoria, Pandit, Purohit,
Saraswat, Sharma, Tripathi [Himachal Pradesh]
Acharya, Das, Devta, Dibedi, Doia, Hota, Kara, Layak, Mahanti, Misra, Nanda, Nasauk, Padahar, Panda, Pani,
Panigrahi, Pari, Patra, Ratha, Sanapati, Sarangi, Satpali [Orissa]
Bagchi, Bandyopadhyay, Batabyal, Bhattacharya, Chakravarti, Chattaraj, Chattopadhyay, Gangopadhyay, Ghatak,
Goswami, Haider, Lahiri, Laskar, Maitra, Mazumdar, Mukhopadhyay, Roychowdhuri, Sanyal [West Bengal]
*Exogamous sections: Agastya, Angirasa, Atri, Bharadwaj, Bhargava, Bhrigu, Garg, Gautam, Jamadagni, Kashyap,
Kaushik, Marichi, Pulastya, Vasishtha, Pulaha, Sandilya, Vasishtha, Vatsya, Visvamitra [Russell & Hiralal]
Akas, Akshagrami, Ambuli, Andarie Nehra, Andarie Pirapur, Annasani, Anraiwar Usrauli, Anraiwar Anrai, Anraiwar
Anraiwar Jhaua, Arath, Asrukoti, Aturthi, Babhaniame Babhaniame Katma, Bagchhi, Baguri, Bahal, Bahirarwar,
Bahirarwar (punach) Bala, Balayashthi, Bali, Balihari, Balthubi, Bandya (Kulin), Bapuli, Baral, Bhagai, Bhatta, Chatta,
Chautkhandi Dayi, Dighal, Dingsai, Dirghati, Ganguli (Sabarna gotra), Gargari, Ghanteswari, Ghoshal, Ghoshal
Simlai, Gur, Uar, Kanjiari, Kanjilal, Karrain, Kaujilal, Kesarkuni, Kulabhi, Kundalal Mahinta, Mukhaiti, Mul, Nanidbali,
Nayari, Parhat, Parhial, Parial, Patitunda, Pippalai, Pitamundi, Pungsika, Purbba, Pushali, Puritunda, Rayi (Gauna
Kulin), Saharik, Sateswari, Siarik Siddhal [H.H. Risley]
Bharadwaj, Goutam, Parasar, Sandilya, Savarna, Vatsa [West Bengal]
Agastya, Agnibesma, Angirasa, Atri, Bachn, Basishtha, Batsa, Bharadwaja, Kasyapa, Sabarna, Sandilya [H.H. Risley]
Atri, Badarayana, Bharadwaj, Bhargav, Garg, Gautam, Goutam, Harita, Jamadagni, Kapila, Kashyap, Katyayana,
Kaushik, Koundinya, Naidhrava, Parasar, Parthiva, Rouhila, Sandilya, Sankhayana, Upamanya, Upamanyu, Vainya,
Vardhriaswa, Vasisht, Vatsa, Veethahavya, Vishwamitra [S.S. Hassan]
BUNA
Surnames: Dasa, Samala [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Hati (elephant), Naga [Orissa]
BYADH
Synonyms: Bedh [West Bengal]
Surnames: Biswas, Byadh, Pakhiwala [West Bengal]
CHADAR
Synonyms: Athia, Pawar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Athia, Parmesiyria (Pawar) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Athiya, Lai, Pawar, Prasad, Singh, Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Ashwa, Bachiya, Behlot, Bel, Brahma, Chandra, Charan, Gavaya, Hanuman, Khatri, Magar,
Rathod [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
CHAIE
Surnames: Mahto, Mandal, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
CHAIN
Synonyms: Chin Mandal [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Bara Chain, Bhatial, Chirwal/Sirwal, Chota Chain [West Bengal]
Subgroups: Bara Chain [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Chaudhury, Mondal, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Sections: Bharadwaj, Charanbansi, Kashyap, Sandil [H.H. Risley]
CHAKALI/CHAKKALI/CHAKKOLI
Exogamous units/surnames: Chhetti, Murthi, Rao [Orissa]

*Exogamous septs: Gummad [E. Thurston]
*Exogamous subgroups: Bappanna, Chikori, Gandamala, Gondpurla, Konker, Manipad, Padur, Singaraj, Vastarla
[S.S. Hassan]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagala [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (intiperulu): Dankuru, Karanjiada [Orissa]
CHAKUUA BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Chakulia Panda, Dasanami Sanyasi, Goswami, Goswami Brahman [Orissa]
Surnames: Aranya, Ashrama, Bana, Bharati, Giri, Parbata, Pun, Sagara, Saraswati, Tirtha [Orissa]
Gotra: Angirasa, Atri, Garg, Gautama, Kashyap, Parasar, Sounaka, Vasisht [Orissa]
CHAMAIL/CHAMELA
Synonyms: Chamela [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Chamela [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
CHAMAR/CHAMBHAR/CHAMAR OR RAMDASIA
Synonyms: Charmkar, Harijan, Mahra, Mochi, Ravidas [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Goriya, Jaiswar, Magahiya, Nagahia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ahir (Maratha), Boryekar Chamgar, Chamgar Canarese, Chevli, Dabholi, Gadka, Ghati, Harali, Konkani, Mochi [R.E.
Enthoven]
Subcastes: Chamar (Tanti), Dharh, Dhusia, Dohar, Gqria, Hondagia, Jaiswara, Janakpuri, Jaunpuri, Joriaha, Khati
Mahara, Korar, Larkor, Magahia, Moghalia, Pachhian, Sonpursa, Thengait [H.H. Risley]
Ahirwar, Antarvedi, Beraria, Bhadoria, Budalgirs, Bundelkhandi, Chungias, Daijanya, Dakhini, Desha, Gangapari,
Gobardhua, Jaiswaras, Jharia, Kanaujia, Kataua, Katwa, Khaijra, Korchamars Ladse or Ladvi, Mahobia, Mangya,
Mochis, Nona Chamars, Pardeshi, Satnami [Russell & Hiralal]
Aharwr, Chamar, Chamkaliya, Dhusiya, Dohar, Gole, Jaiswara, Jatwa, Korchamar, Kori, Kuril, Pattargoli, Purabiya,
Raedasi, Sakarwar, Nigoli [W. Crooke]
Bear, Bohit, Chunipara, Kapri, Mahaldar, Marar, Meh taria, Naik, Rohit, Mahara [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Das, Ram, Raut [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Chavan, Damare, Deshmukh, Devre, Dhorge, Doiphode, Durge, Gadekar, Gaikvad, Girimkar, Hankare, Hulamke,
Jadhav, Jamdhare Kabade; Kadam, Kadme, Kale, Kalge, Kamble, Kande, Karande, Kavade, Kedar, Lagchavre, Natke,
Pavar, Pote, Salve [R.E. Enthoven]
Exogamous groups: Baghmar, Banjar, Baraiya, Borbans, Chandaniha, Chauria, Chhipia, Dhuliya, Gaharwar, Hathila,
Jadkodiha, Jogi, Khairwar, Khalaria, Khunti, Kosni, Machhi Mundia, Maladhari, Mangaya, Marai, Miri, Purain,
Rathor, Surajvansi, Tarwaria [Russell & Hiralal]
Azghalla (in Chota Nagpur), Harbans, Kachua (tortoise), Karwa, Kerketa (a bird), Mahua (bassia latifolia), Mus (rat),
Nag (cobra), Raot, Sandh (bull). Saur (a fish), Tirki [H.H. Risley]
Badhan, Bains, Batoi, Bhati, Ghameri, Hir, Jal, Kathana, Mahmi, Phundwal, Sindhu [HA Rose, D. Ibbetson]
CHAMAR JATAV
Synonyms: Mahra [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
CHAMAR, KURIL
Synonyms: Pradesi Chamar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Anand, Anant, Diwakar, Kuril [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
CHAMAR, MANGAN
Synonyms: Harijan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (goitar): Chouhan, Lathi, Madho (god Shiva), Tengna [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
CHAMAR, MOCHI, MUCHIA, MUCHI RAVIDAS
Charmakar, Mochi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Ahirwar, Dohar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chamar [Orissa]
Chamar, Charmkar, Das, Rabidas, Rishi, Ruidas [West Bengal]
Goriya, Jaiswar, Magahia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bhambi, Jatav, Mangan, Nona, Rogar, Rohidas, Satnami, Suryavanshi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Atmaoli Mochi, Dhusia Mochi, Kharothi Mochi, Maharana Mochi, Maratha Mochi, Rao Mochi, Telugu Mochi
[Orissa]
Arisona, Barohajare or Chamar or Choumu, Darshana or Ruidas [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Chitrakaro, Chitrakara [E. Thurston]
Baital, Bara-bahagiya, Betua, Chasa-Kurur or Chosa-Kolai, Chhotabhagiya, Jugi-Mudi or Kora, Kurur, Malabhumia,
Sabarkara, Sonki [H.H. Risley]
Apnuroni, Aswar, Atindaliwaru, Chincholiwaru, Damgatimadi, Desmane, Devkar, Dhadve, Digaiwaru, Diganoi,
Gadkar, Gaikwad, Garkantadoru, Gogisagarwaru, Inkare, Jundade, Kavale (Chambar), Khandare, Khatave,
Kodamarolu, Kotkundawaru, Landge, Nakwarden, Palkaltawaru, Patel, Soruse, Talikoteawaru, Vangantawaru
(Mochi), Waghe, Waghmare, Yadgirwaru [S.S. Hassan]
Darshan, Muchiram Das, Patradas, Ravidas, Sparshan [H.H. Risley]
Das, Ram, Raut [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Jadkudia, Ram, Ravidas, Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Behera, Das, Mahapatra, Maharana [Orissa]
Das, Ruidas [West Bengal]
Rohit [Dadra & Nagar Haveli]
Bahota (in Shirazi), Balu, Banjrajat (in Kapurthala), Baunath, Bhatti Rajput Jat, Chandhar, Daryah, Dhaliwal, Gahlot,
Gai, Gauere, Ghaki, Gil, Harar, Jal, Kainkar, Kaler Jat, Kautha Khang Jat, Khokhar, Kuler, Lagah, Lakhi, Mallan, Mohil,
Mohra, Mode, Nagah, Rain, Radii, Sadraha, Salam, Saprain, Sardheb, Suman, Tur [HA Rose]
Chadasama, Chohan, Dabhi, Gohil, Jethva, Jhala, Makvana, Maru, Parmar, Rathod, Solanki, Vaghela [R.E. Enthoven]
Exogamous territorial divisions: Ahmedabadi, Angigara, Bakhtargara, Chandlagara, Chitara (painter), Dhalgar
(shield maker), Jingars (saddler), Khambhati, Mochi (shoe maker), Munagara, Netragara, Pakharia, Panagara,
Rasania, Surati [R.E. Endioven]
Banjara, Boir, Chawrlarilha, Chhattisgarh, Girlahare, Jadkudia, Kurra, Ravidas Birlabara, Saktaha, Sonvani, Tadayya
Bada, Euka, Hasu, Nagasha (snake), Topo [Orissa]
Amaratavila, Badarkottawaru, Champala, Dantawati, Dhampala, Nagawati, Namishetti, Neerla, Patavila, Shringari
[S.S. Hassan]
Kashyap [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Sandilya [S.S. Hassan]
Exogamous units/lineages: Gantro, Mooral Bangsha, Paramanik Bangsha, Porshuni Bangsha, Sai Bangsha [West
Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages (bans): [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
CHAMAR, ROHIDAS
Synonyms: Harijan, Pikahi, Raidwa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Bambi, Jatav, Mangan, Nona, Ramnami, Rogar, Satnami, Suryavansi [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (goitar): Baghmar, Bijoriha, Karkal, Lassa, Louri, Pachniha, Singriha, Sonwani [Madhya
Lineages (bans): [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
CHAMAR, SATNAMI
Surnames: Baghel, Banjarea, Jangrea, Kurrea, Marahia, Ratrea, Routrai, Sonwani [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
CHAMAR, SURYAVANSI/SURYABANSHI
Synonyms: Jharia, Kanojia, Odiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Jharia, Kanojia, Odiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (goitar): Agre, Bathrahari, Burmatan, Jhangde, Khote, Kurre, Miri, Route, Sonwani [Madhya
CHANAO
Synonyms: Chandel Kshatri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Mahato, Prasad, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Lineages (bansh/khandan): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
CHANDALA
Synonyms: Chandal [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Bada, Chota [Orissa]
*Subcastes: Amarabadi, Bachhar, Baqqal, Ban, Berua, Chasi (in western Bengal), Dhani (in central Bengal), Ghasi,
Halwah (in east Bengal), Helo, Jalia, Jelo, Jiani, Kandho, Karal, Kesarkalo, Kotal Majila, Nalo, Nunia, Panphule, Pod,
Sandwipa, Saralya, Saro, Siali, Siule [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Arakash, Arrai, Bagh, Bhala, Biswas, Das, Dauk, Dhali, Dule, Hait, Hajra, Haldar, Hathi, Hauikar, Khan, Laskar,
Mahara, Majumdar etc. [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Chakra, Chalan, Golori, Khemundu, Majhi, Mondol, Nayaka, Pang, Suna, Surya, Tanti [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Andarbaria, Baosulia, Bodolia, Chakra, Dhangia, Gourgolia, Jumbharia, Khoratia,
Kumbharia, Lohoria, Saaria, Sanbania, Subarna [Orissa]
* Sections/gotra: Bharadwaj (in western Bengal), Kashyap (in eastern Bengal), Lomasa, Sandilya [H.H. Risley]
CHAPOTA
Groups/subgroups: Kanaujia, Tirhutia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Darbe, Kotowal, Mandal, Manjhi, Maril, Panjara, Paraiya, Phariyat, Purbai [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages: Ganoria, Suryalagonia, Tirhutia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
CHAPUA KAMAR
Synonyms: Kol Kamar, Lohar [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Chapua Kamar,.Hatua Kamar [Orissa]
Titles: Bisoi, Deshmandal, Parganait [Orissa]
Surnames: Bindari, Kamar [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans/lineages: Anrki, Besra, Hanstowar (duck), Hindowar, Kaidoyar (buffalo), Kaithar (an insect),
Laliyar, Nag (serpent), Nageswar (king cobra), Samtiyar, Sanr (bullock), Soren, Tadu, Tiruyar [Orissa]
CHARAIMAR/CHANDHAI MARU
Synonyms: Chandaimari, Jara, Jara Savara, Sahara, Sikari Jara [Orissa]
Surnames: Naik [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Naga (snake) [Orissa]
CHARNAGARJAIN
Exogamous units/clans: Bansalla, Barsalla, Bhanilla, Bharilla, Gohilla, Goilla, Kansilla, Koilla, Kokshaila, Lolishalla,
Mandilla, Phagulla [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh and/or Chhattisgarh]
CHASA DHOBA
Synonyms: Sat Chasi [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Barendra, Dakhin-Rarhi, Uttar-Rarhi [H.H. Risley]

Titles: Balhava, Barendra, Biswas, Dakshin Rarhi, Haladhar, Haldar, Hazara, Kulin, Maulik, Mistri, Paik, Rai, Raj
Mistri, Samaddar, San, Uttar Rarhi [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Ballav, Biswas, Gain, Kabasi, Khanra, Mandal, Samaddar, Sapui, Sarkar, Sau [West Bengal]
Gotra: Brihadbala, Kashyap [West Bengal]
*Sections/clans: Aliman, Atul, Bagh, Brihatbat, Dhabal, Kashyap, Sandilya [H.H. Risley]
CHASHA
Synonyms: Tasha [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Benatiya, Chukuliya, Mundi Chasa, Orh Chasa, Sukuliya [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Jena, Lenka, Mahanti, Muduli, Naik, Padhan, Parida, Puhar, Raut, Samal, Swain, Viswal [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Behera, Das, Jyoti, Khatua, Sahu, Senapati [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: 'Got or septs: Bachhas, Dipas, Harin, Hasti or Gaj, Mahumachhi, Nagas [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Nagasha, Kashyap [Orissa]
Gotra: Kashyap, Sal [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages (kula): [Orissa]
CHASOT
Synonyms: Haladhar, Krishi Baisya, Sadgope [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups (khom): Akunbaria, Baisi, Chunakhliu, Dasali, Pathan, Sadesatgharia, Teisi [West Bengal]
Titles: Babu [West Bengal]
Surnames: Chandra, Das, Ghosh, Mondal, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Agnishi, Aisik, Aladusi, Bag Rishi, Kangsa, Madhugalya [West Bengal]
CHATARKHEYA
Surnames: Mahapatra, Nayek, Paramanik, Patra, Raut, Sahu [Orissa]
CHAUPAL/CHOUPAL
Synonyms: Basak, Tanti [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Basak, Jugi, Tanti [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Basak, Das, Jugi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Devegotra, Kashyap [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
CHEEK/CHIKWA
Synonyms: Suthbansi Chouhan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Banchor, Chouhan, Pod, Ram, Sai [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gothar): Bagh, Banchor, Chand, Chura, Dandhi, Garadia, Karait, Mahanadiya, Pod, Singhi,
Tandiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
CHERO
Synonyms: Cheru, Cherwa [Bihar and/or Jharkhand and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Barah Hazari, Terah Hazari [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Subgroups: Barah Hazar, Tera-Hazar or Birbandhi [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Babuan, Kanwar, Manjhi, Rauria, Sanwat [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Mahato, Mawar, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Singh [West Bengal]
* Exogamous sections: Chaudhari, Mahto, Nagbansi, Pandobansi [W. Crooke]
Exogamous units/clans: Bara Morwa, Bara Sonrwa, Chota Morwa, Chota Sontwa [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (part): Hanliya, Kuanr, Mahato, Manjhia, Mawar, Rajkumar, Rautiya, Sanwat [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
*Sections: Besra (hawk), Kachchhua (tortoise), Kasyapa (Brahmanical), Kunwardar, Mahto, Mailwar, Sonwani,
Sorania, Turuwar [H.H. Risley]
CHERUA/CHHEIIA
Synonyms: Cherua, Chhelia Gola [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Chhelia Gola, Kakosta, Kour Gola [Orissa]
Surnames: Patra [Orissa]
Gotra: Bagali, Hari, Kural, Moei, Nago [Orissa]
CHHELIA
Synonyms: Cherua, Chhelia Gola [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Gour Gola, Kakusta [Orissa]
Titles: Patra [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagholi, Hati, Kural, Mochi, Nago [Orissa]
CHHUTAR
Titles: Batali [H.H. Risley]
CHIDAR
Synonyms: Athia, Chadar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Athia, Chindar, Parameswaria [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (got): Ashwa, Bel, Brahma, Chandra, Gavaya, Hanuman, Khatri, Magar, Rathod [Madhya
CHIK
Surnames: Hussain, Mohammad, Qureshi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
* Septs: Aujana, Bajar, Bajarpunji, Balbandhiya, Bokara or Bakula [H.H. Risley]
CHIK BARAIK
Synonyms: Baraik [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Baraik [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Das, Gara Baraik, Paihka, Sut Bansi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Ganjhu [West Bengal]
Baraik, Mahato [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Baraik [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Baraik, Chik Baraik, Chowdhury, Ganjhu, Karji, Singh [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Baghel (tiger), Bad, Harina (dear), Kachhap, Keora (bannana), Ketri (brass bangle), Mubara,
Surma, Tajan [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (killi, got): Baghal, Baraik, Barha (hare), Basera, Baxi, Gara, Harin (deer), Induar (fish),
Norangi, Sona (gold) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
*Septs: Aujana, Baghail (tiger), Bagti, Bajarpuriji, Bajura (paddy bird), Bakura, Balbandhiya, Banichar, Bar (ficus
indica), Bara, Barabhaia (ship), Bati, Bhengraj (king crow), Bhojraj, Bichwar (a centipede), Bora (a kind of snake),
Chachet (a small bird), Chaenchair (a bird), Chand (moon), Chikanjari, Darka, Dhan, Dhandh (plum bush), Dihbans,
Dip, Dundoar (an owl), Gandha (flying bug), Gandhi, Ghatoar, Goherwar, Hanuman (monkey), Harin (deer), Induar
(a kind of eel), Janamkiar, Kachau (tortoise), Kaita (curry vegetable), Kansi (field gras), Kara Karhar (a fruit), Katri
(subject to fit), Kechengia, Keora (a flower), Khambna (fork of a tree), Khukri, Korla (fig), Kotri (a small deer),
Kowriar, Kulhai (a title), Kumharia (a tribe), Kusumni, Loharbans (iron), Loyna, Maghi, Mahabaar, Mahanandi
(name of river), Mahtoar (a title), Malta, Malua, Maria [H.H. Risley]
CHINESE
Cantonese, Hakkan [West Bengal]
Surnames: Changhing, Cheng, China, Lee, Ming, Ssung, Ta, Yue [West Bengal]
CHIPPA
Synonyms: Chhipa, Dabej, Nilgar, Nilkar, Rampuri, Rangari [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhaosar, Chhipa, Nilgar, Nirali, Rangari [Russell & Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Gujrati, Malwi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Asharma, Bargujar, Girothi, Gujrania, Jaipuria, Lakhani, Meratwal, Multani, Nagar, Patwa, Takajharia
Exogamous units/clans: Asharma, Bargujar, Girathi, Gujrania, Jaipuria, Lakhani, Mowatwal, Multani, Nagar, Patwa,
Takajharia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
CHIRIMAR
Synonyms: Shikari [West Bengal]
Surnames: Das, Shikari, Singh [West Bengal]
Gotra: Kashyap, Parasar [West Bengal]
CHITRAKAR
Synonyms: Patua [Orissa]
Surnames: Dasa, Mahapatra, Maharana, Rupkar [Orissa]
Chitrakar [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Kashyap, Nagaswa (snake), Nimishya [Orissa]
Kashyapa, Parasar [West Bengal]
CHOONGAR
Synonyms: Bhaduria, Karigar, Laria, Rajgir, Rajmistri, Silawat, Silpakar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Akhayapuria, Asaiya, Baberia, Baharapuria, Bajhaiya, Bhainsoleya, Faraiya, Kasthwar,
Lahereya, Mriha, Paijwar, Phaphindwar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
CHOUPAL
Synonyms: Basak, Tanti [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Basak, Jugi, Tanti [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Basak, Das, Jugi, Tanti [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Dev [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
CHRISTIAN
Synonyms: Issai
Groups/subgroups: Anglican Church, Pentacostal, Baptist Church, Believers, Caloinists, Christians among Madiga,
Church of Christ, Church of God, Evangelical Church, Indian Bible Mission, Indian Pentacostal, Jehovah witnessess,
Jehovites, Kamma, Lutheren Church, Mala, Methodist, Pentacostal Church, Reddy, Roman Catholic Church,
Seventh Day Adventist, Valmiki
Catholic, Protestant
Baptists, Catholics [Orissa]
Surnames: Behera, Bisoi, Das, Dattanayak, Jachak, Jena, Kanungo, Misra, Mohonti, Nayak, Paramanik, Parichha,
Paterson, Peter, Pradhan [Orissa]
Bose, Das, Dutta, Ghose, Mandal, Mukherjee [West Bengal]
CHUDTIA
Surnames: Behera [Orissa]
Exogenous units/clans (gotra): Chemeda, Kalia, Nageshwara [Orissa]
CHUNARI
Synonyms: Tamuli [West Bengal]
Chunafarosh [H.H. Risley]
Groups/subgroups: Deoan, Kolay, Mitra, Patra [West Bengal]
Titles: Khan [West Bengal]

Surnames: Ash, Barik, Chandra, Das, Darta, Dey, Ghatak, Guin, Khan, Mistri, Mitra, Paramanik, Patra, Roy, Shur
[West Bengal]
Gotra: Goarishi (non brahmanic), Kashyap, Sandilya [West Bengal]
CHURIHARA
Synonyms: Manihar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Chudihara, Churihar, Churiwala [West Bengal]
Surnames: Mandal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ali, Churiwala, Hosan [West Bengal]
DABGAR
Synonyms: Chamar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Das, Lai, Ram [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Bankar, Behbansi, Bengar, Dari, Dehliwal, Dhalgar, Goliwala, Jati, Kanaujiya, Mochi, Sribastab, Sripat [W.
Crooke]
Exogamous units/lineages (khunt): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
DAHAIT
Synonyms: Dahia, Dahiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Chandra (new), Dahait, Dahiya (old), Kotwal (watchman), Lai, Prasad [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Joharia, Kol, Mawasi, Pailagia, Rajwaria, Rawatia or Rautia (subdivisions), Sonwani [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bel, Bilgotia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Exogamous septs: Bel, Bagh, Chheola, Nagotia, Rusallo, Singh [Russell & Hiralal]
DAITAPATI
Clans: Ullukashya [Orissa]
DAL
Surnames: Bhoi, Biswal, Maji, Pujari [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Bhoi, Biswal, Maji, Pujari [Orissa]
DALUA
Synonyms: Dalapati [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Lenka Dalua, Raba Dalua [Orissa]
Titles: Bahiubalendra, Bairiganjana, Baliarsinha, Bharimalla, Dakshinakabata, Jagatasinha, Rahahandola, Ramaboja,
Ramasandha, Ramasinha, Sandhisardar, Uttarakabata [Orissa]
Surnames: Bishoyi, Dalai, Jena, Kothia, Nahaka, Parida, Patra, Rauta, Sahani, Samal [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagasa (serpent), Suiya (Sun) [Orissa]
DAMAI (NEPALI)
Synonyms: Darjee, Dorjee [West Bengal]
Titles: Das, Karki, Noubagh, Parihar, Rana Paheli, Sunam, Sundas, Tathal, Tikshatri (thar), Bagdas [West Bengal]
Berdewa, Bhusuwal, Damma Parriwar, Darnal, Dhuli, Kala Khati, Kurki Dholiar, Kurno Beheri, Mohara, Mutai,
Panchkuti, Shewa, Sunam, Sundas, Sungaru [H.H. Risley]
DAMLA
Exogamous units/clans: Nageswara (goddess of snake) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Durgasi, Ipli, Udi [Orissa]
DANDACHATRA MAJHI
Synonyms: Bagti Majhi, Danda Chatra, Danda Majhi, Dehuri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Danda Majhi, Dehuri [Orissa]
Bagti Majhi, Danda Chatra, Danda Majhi, Majhi [West Bengal]
Titles: Behara, Dehuri, Deshmukhya, Paramanik, Pradhan [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Behara, Dehuri, Paramanik [Orissa]
Bar Behara, Behara, Dehuri, Deshmukhya, Paramanik, Pradhan [West Bengal]
Surnames: Bagh, Bhaluk, Dandapat, Dehuri, Digar, Doloi, Khamrai, Namata, Sadhandar, Sing [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Dehuri, Patbanda [Orissa]
Bera, Bhogta, Dandapat, Dehuri, Nayek, Palai, Singh [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh-(tiger), Basant (a bird), Haldia, Nag
(serpent), Pat [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Basanta (a brid), Haklia Basanta, Nag (serpent), Nalipoka, Pat, Puk [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (bansa): Bagh (tiger), Basanta (a bird), Haldia, Nag (serpent), Nageswar (king cobra), Peu (a
bird) [Orissa]
Gotra: Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (gusthi): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (majhi/gushti): [West Bengal]
DANDASI
Titles: Naik, Nayak [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Diyar, Diyari, Ekopothiriya, Kilalendia, Santarasi [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansha): Banlasi, Daisi, Julasi, Khandalasi, Sanatrasi [Orissa]
DANGI
Surnames: Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Mahobia, Narwar, Narwaria, Parmami, Sakrodia, Solakhia [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans (banik): Aspheria, Basha, Bhadenia, Mahobia, Metolia, Nahonia, Nandha, Naretya,
Narwaria, Solankhia, Zirha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Basoniya, Chakauriya, Dhauriya, Disauriya, Luniya, Madhyauriya, Nirveriya, Niyariya, Pahriya, Parija, Patra,
Sarwariya [W. Crooke]
DANGRI
Groups/subgroups: Gadhe Dangri, Gadwan, Kalar Dangri, Teli Dangri [Maharashtra]
DANUA BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Sasanl Brahman [Orissa]
Titles: Bahinipari, Khadanga [Orissa]
Surnames: Acharya, Dash, Mahapatra, Mishra, Radia [Orissa]
Gotra: Atri, Bharadwaja, Goutam, Harita, Kautasa, Koushika, Parasara [Orissa]
DARJI
Chhipi, Mavi, Shimpi, Simpi, Suji [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chhipi, Shimpi, Suji [Russell & Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Chhattisgarhi, Chippa, Gujrati, Khandeshi, Malvi, Namdev, Purvi [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Balibishi, Dakshinadiga, Maria, Purabadiya [Orissa]
Jain Darji, Jingar Darji, Lingayit Darji, Marwadi Darji, Namdev [S.S. Hassan]
* Subdivisions: Dastarband, Khaimadoz, Rafugar [W. Crooke]
*Subcastes: Baman, Chamarua, Chhattisgarhi, Kaithia, Khandeshi, Malwi, Mathuria, Raj Dams, Srivastab [Russell &
Hiralal]
Titles: Darji, Mahapatra, Maharana [Orissa]
Baroni, Gujar, Jugia, Khawas, Thakur [Russell & Hiralal]
Bareli, Badimi, Bhadwariya, Bhagalpuriya [W. Crooke]

Surnames: Banoria, Bansdharia, Baroria, Dharampuria, Janoria, Notia, Rathor, Sid Sarai, Tetwar, Vaidya, Vanpuria
Mahapatra, Maharana [Orissa]
Abhang, Adakav, Adone, Agulave, Ajurkav, Alone, Amate, Ambare, Ambekav, Amberre, Arane, Asavale, Ashtekav,
Asondakav, Avale, Avasakav, Avasare, Bedare, Bhokare, Bhure, Chuswokav Dakhani, Dillidagav, Garathode, Goga,
Haval, Idhile, KhagraJe, Kidine, Koolo, Nandane, Petakav, Pingale, Samaguje, Sobankar, Somajhale, Suraphale,
Tandale, Udale, Vadanka, Vasagul Vasakava [Nanjundayya and Iyer]
Exogamous units/clans: Banoria, Bansdharia, Baroria, Oharampuria, Jandria, Janoria, Kanpuria, Kotia, Rathod, Sid
Sarai, Tetwar, Tokgela, Vaidya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bambisa, Chandra (moon), Nagasa (snake), Surya (sun) [Orissa]
Ajarani, Chavda, Chouhan, Dabhi, Dhandaya, Ohandukia Pithadia, Dhegama Pithadia, Dosi, Dungarpora, Lakadia,
Lolaria, Makwana, Mandlia Pithadia, Meri, Parmar, Rathod, Sachula, Saveda Solanki, Sonare, Vaghela [R.E.
Enthoven]
Gotra: Aditya, Atri, Bharadwaj, Bhrigu, Ourvasa, Gangeya, Kashyap, Koushik, Patanjali, Sandipa, Vasishta,
Viswamitra [Nanjundayya and Iyer]
Exogamous units/lineages (yoti): [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
DEJONG LHORI
Subtribes/subgroups: Bed Tshan Gye [H.H. Risley]
*RuUtbarhepu: Assampa, Bangrongpa, Behbo, Bendah, Bhadpa, Bindumbo, Chang, Chhumbipa, Chhungpa,
Chungyepa, Dik, Doh Zepa, Dokhangpa, Dorompoa, Gah Oh (blacksmith), Gangyepa, Ghingpa, Gnyambipa Guru
Gurumbo, Gyon Sah-pa, Gyu Rumbo, Hah Po, Kah Tsho-bo, Khol, Khyung Toipa, Koyungpo, Lagdingpa, Lhasung, Lin
Dsen-bo, Ling Tamba, Mang Beh-pa, Nah-dik, Nam Tsang Koba, Namang Po Nambon, Ongdahba, Parubo, Phensa
Pa, Pon Po, Pu Tshe-bo, Pu Tsho-bo, Pyo Chhembo, Sang, Shang Dah-bo, Shyag Chom-bo, Shyag Tsangpa, Shyah Pa,
Tashi (blessed Rui), Thse Gyu-thah, Toipa Tsong Zubo, Yo-Chang, Yong Tong-pa, Yui Then-bo, Yulsahb (of
new country) [H.H. Risley]
DELUVA
Subgroups: Kondaita [E. Thurston]
DEOHAR
Synonyms: Deohari, Devhar, Devhara, Devhari [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Deo, Deohar, Gope, Lai, Laldeo [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans (mula): Barha, Barsingha, Hachiyathal, Mushradhakel [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Gouri, Goutam, Kashyap, Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (mula): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
DESWALI MAJHI
Synonyms: Deswali, Deswali Santal, Majhi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Deswali, Majhi [West Bengal]
Titles: Deshmajhi, Deshmandal, Jogmajhi, Laya, Majhi, Nayki, Pargana, Pargonait, Podi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Deshmandal, Godeda, Jagmajhi, Majhi, Naike, Pargana, Patloi [West Bengal]
Surnames: Besra, Kisku, Majhi, Soren, Tudu [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Majhi [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Baske, Besra, Chendi, Hansda, Hembram, Kisku, Soren, Tudu [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (bayad): Baske, Besra, Chendi, Hansda (goose), Hembram (black goat), Kisku (king), Soren,
Tudu [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (bhayad): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
DEVADASI
Subgroups: Idangai (left hand) [E. Thurston]
Titles: Mudali, Pillai [E. Thurston]

DEWAR
Synonyms: Dhibara, Kaibarta, Kalbarta, Keot, Keuta, Kevta [Orissa]
*Divisions: Baghurra, Baipari, Chatarrajiha, Jogi, Lohar, Navagarhia, Raipuria, Ratanpuria, Sarangarhia, Sonakhania
[Russell & Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Banjara Dewar, Dewar, Dhiwara Dewar, Gopal Dewar, Lohar, Pilasi Dewar, Raipuria, Ratanpuria
Surnames: Kulhari, Morkham [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Behera, Janni, Oriya [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Behera, Janni, Mandiya, Naik [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (kul/got): Chedayya, Diwara, Kulharia, Marai, Markham, Naghara, Netam, Purloti,
Sonmugri, Sonvani, Sori [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Achhuta [Orissa]
*Septs/sections: Dhurwa, Jagat, Karsayal, Katlam, Marai, Markam, Netam, Ojha, Salam, Son-Mungir, Sonwania,
Telasi [Russell & Hiralal]
DHAKAD
Synonyms: Chhetri, Dharabole [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Singh, Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (bans): Baghel, Chouhan, Ganga, Kachul, Karel, Kousim, Marai, Rathor, Sonvani, Vika
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Kausik [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
DHAKAD JAIN
Surnames: Ahale, Bande, Bhure, Dahale, Gore, Kanhed, Mahajan, Manikasa, Narsingh, Rawane, Rokade, Sawale,
Tembhe, Tikayat, Walalle [Maharashtra]
DHAL KSHATRIYA
Synonyms: Dhabaldev, Dhabal Kshatriya, Rajput Kshatriya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Raja, Taraf, Taraf Sardar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Deo, Dhabal Dev, Dhal, Narayan Dev, Singdev [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhamadwak, Domya Rishi, Neelkantha, Raj Rishi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kanya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (bhayad): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
DHAMI
Surnames: Choubey, Dhami (old), Dube, Pandey, Shastri, Tiwari [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Goutam, Kashyap, Vasisht [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
DHAMIN
Synonyms: Karoria, Kurerior, Madhukatta [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Bhadri, Bhaiyaram, Bladri, Chamarlatti, Dihiwar, Dosad, Gonma, Goparia, Jogi, Lahai [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Dhamin, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Clans: Gour [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
DHANKAR
Surnames: Dhankar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
DHANUK/DHANAK
Synonyms: Mahatoji, Mandalji [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Avdhia, Chunakalia, Dadhwar, Kaparia, Maghaiya, Mahato, Mazhaiya, Mongchana, Sanbasi,
Sankatwa, Silhatia, Sonkatwa, Sonpari [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
*Subcastes: Banodhia, Chhilatia, Chiraut, Dojwar, Dudhaila, Dudhwar, Gharbait, Jaiswar, Kahpariya, Kanaujia,
Kathautia, Khawasia, Magahya, Mandal, Silhotia, Sunri Dhanuk, Tirhutia [H.H. Risley]
Dhakara, Dusadh, Kaidiiya, Kathariya, Kori, Rawat [W. Crooke]
Titles: Bahia, Bhaiot, GhiBihar and/or Jharkhand, Kamati, Khawas, Mahato, Mandar, Rai, Raut, Saghar, Sankatwar
[H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Biswas, Dhanuk, Mandal, Singh, Mahato [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dhanuk [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Barodhya, Biljhariya, Binakwar, Margaiyan, Nadkothia, Pangarha, Sunarha, Urjhaya
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Bhasamma, Brahmia, Istao, Kaisar, Khirlidira, Kuchkuchwa, Nag, Nageswar [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Kashyap, Kasi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kasayap, Nag [H.H. Risley]
Gotra (kul): [Tripura]
Exogamous units/lineages (bans/khandan): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
DHANWAR
Synonyms: Baiga, Dhanuhar, Dhirkar, Lodha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Sal, Sonpakir, Sonvani [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Baiga, Mudihar, Sonani [Orissa]
*Exogamous septs: Deswaras, Hardi Sonwani, Kari Sonwani, Rakat Sonwani, Son- Sonwani, Sonwani [Russell &
Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Bagh, Baiga, Ban, Barma, Harma, Khunta, Madihar, Mudihar, Singly, Sonani,
Sonsohani, Sunati [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (goti): Baghel, Ganga, Kachul, Karai, Marai, Sonha, Sonpakir, Sonvani, Tilasi, Vika [Madhya
DHARA
Synonyms: Dhaba, Dhibar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Bishoi, Dakra, Majhi, Paramanik, Pradhan [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Dhara, Dhera, Dhibar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Bilai (wild cat), Hans (duck), Kuntia (a mild animal), Nag (serpent), Pat (hill)
Exogamous units/lineages (bhayad/gusti): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
DHARKAR
Synonyms: Basor Bhakt, Dhirkar, Gond, Supa Bhakt [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Arkhel, Kandmasia, Kariar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (got/bans): Adhilaha, Adhkel, Barraiban, Burdamai, Dageli, Hanumanth (monkey god),
Khariar, Pursoria, Summa, Surthan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
DHARUA/DHURIA
Synonyms: Dhar, Dhari, Dhurvagond [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dhur Gond, Naik [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Bara Dharua, Chagaliya, Chota Dharua [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Babu, Panidiya, Panipatar, Pradhan [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Naik, Nayak [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Naik, Ray, Singh [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Gangeswar, Kachima (tortoise), Kahan (a kind offish), Nag (serpent),
Nageswar, Payra (pigeon), Tentula Nag (a kind of serpent) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans (bangsa): , Bagh (tiger), Bangseo, Hati (elephent), Kadam (tree), Nag (snake) [Orissa]
Gotra: Kashyap, Parasar, Vasisht [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages: Badi, Bhat, Bihar and/or Jharkhandi, Jhingira, Matha [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (gusthi): Badi, Bagh (tiger), Bhat, Bihar and/or Jharkhandi, Jhingra, Kachan (tiger),
Kachima (tortoise), Matha, Nag (serpent), Paira (pigeon), Tentulia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
DHAWA
Synonyms: Kahar, Mallick [West Bengal]
Titles: Behara [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Mallick [West Bengal]
DHEO BAWA/DHED
Synonyms: Dher [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Bhalia, Charia, Charotaria, Chorasia, Gujar, Hadia, Kahanamia, Kuria, Maru, Meghvau, Patania,
Surki, Vankar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhalia, Charotaria, Chasia, Chorasia, Gurjar of Baroch, Hadia (bowmen), Kahanamia, Kusia, Mahi Kanthi of Baroda,
Maru, Marwari of Marwar, Mcghvan (rain men), Patania, Surti of Surat Talabdas of Kaira, Vankar (weaver) [R.E.
Enthoven]
Surnames: Chasia, Chavda, Chouhan, Chudasama, Dabhi, Dadiya, Gohel, Makwana, Parmar, Rathod, Sarvariya,
Solanki, Vaghela, Vala [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Charia, Chavda, Chohan, Chudusama, Dabhi, Dadiga, Gohel, Makwana, Parmar, Rathod,
Sarvariya, Solanki, Vaghela, Vala [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
DHEKARO
Surnames: Dhettaro [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Banakumro (pumpkin), Bhera (sheep), Chichinga (snake gourd), Shamuk (cock)
DHERA
Surnames: Haripatra, Patra [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Ganesh [Orissa]
DHIMAL
Synonyms: Dhemal, Jharwa, Maulik [West Bengal]
Sub-tribes: Agnonia, Dongia [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Dhimal, Mallik [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (thar): Aghonia, Aghonia, Bangmalia, Ding, Dhimal, Dongia, Tengmalia [West Bengal]
*Septs: Chonga, Dauwa, Kauwa, Ranga [H.H. Risley]
DHIMAR
Synonyms: Dhiwar, Dhiwra, Jalchatri [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Baraua, Bhoi, Kahar, Machhandar, Palewar [Russell & Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Bandhaiya, Bansia, Jhinga, Nadha, Sanjhora, Sarais, Singaria, Tankiwala, Thinges [Madhya
* Sub-divisions: Bandhaiyas, Bansias, Bhanare Dhimars, Dhurias, Gadherwale Dhimars, Gondia, Jhingas, Kasdhonia
Dhimars, Nadha, Saraias, Singaria, Sonjhara, Tankiwalas [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Dhimar, Prasad, Sah, Sahu [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Hirwani, Parikar, Rahile [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Exogamous groups: Baghmar, Bhoyar, Gadhekhaya, Gidhwe, Gondhali, Guru pahchan, Kachhwaha, Kasture,
Kblhe, Madgi, Midoia, Ojhwa, Pindaria, Tumsare, nagpurkar [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagdarai, Banjari, Dharamgudi, Hirvi, Hirwani, Jaghbeda, Kosaria, Matiaram, Pandarai,
Parikar, Putan, Ragre, Rahula, Raigro, Raila, Sapaha, Sonvani Sonarsit (each clan has separate deity) [Madhya
Exogamous units/lineages (bans): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
DHINWAR
Groups/subgroups: Kahar, Mallah [H.A. Rose]
DHOBA/DHOBI/DHOB
*Eponynu: Aliman, Kashyap, Sandilya [H.H. Risley]
Synonyms: Dhoba [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Rajak, Varetha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Rajaka [Orissa]
Dhopa, Rajak [West Bengal]
Hindu Sheheri [Delhi]
Baretha, Chakla, Parit, Rajak, Warthi [Russell & Hiralal]
Awadhiya, Benauthiya, Kannaujia, Magahiya, Nichodiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bargainya, Bilwar, Kannaujia, Shrivas [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Athisa, Awadhiya, Ayodhyabasia, Bangali, Bangla, Bara Samaj, Batham, Belwar, Bhulua, Chhota Samay, Dhoba
Samaj, Gandhaya (keep donkey), Goria, Gorsar, Hajara Samaj, Jugidia, Kannaujia Khotta, Maghaya, Muslim, Niti
Sina, Oriya Dhoba, Ramer Dhoba, Rarhiya Samaj, Rashi, Samaj, Satisa, Shekh, Sitar Dhoba, Sundip, Turkia [H.H.
Risley]
Deshi (Maratha), Kamathi, Konkani, Lingayat, Maratha, Telangi [R.E. Enthoven]
Groups/subgroups (thak): Atish, Bara, Chhota, Hazra, Rama, Satish [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Baonia, Beraria, Dharampuria, Kanaujia, Madrasi, Malwi, Nimaria, Udaipuria [Russell & Hiralal]
Batham, Belwar, Bharka, Kanujiya, Magahiya, Pagahiya, Sribatham [W. Crooke]
Titles: Rajak [West Bengal]
Behara, Chetti (Maha Chetti) [E. Thurston]
Barita (Khalifa) [HA. Rose]
Baidha, Behara, Das, Rajak, Sabha-Sundar, Sakalya, Mistri [H.H. Risley]
Baitha, Prasad, Ram, Raut [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Rajak [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Behera, Das, Sethi [Orissa]
Das, Mistri, Rajak [West Bengal]
Chouhan [R.E. Enthoven]
*Exogamous groups (khero): [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagasha [Orissa]
Agrai, Akthra, Balwar, Bhalam, Bhatti, Galanjar, Kamboh, Kanaujia, Khokhar, Kohan, Larli, Lippal, Magia (in
KapurthalaHindu), Mahmal, Marwar, Mohar, Rikhari, Role, Sangari, SatalSaukhar [HA Rose]
Arajpuria, Nagasa (totemistic) [H.H. Risley]
Alamyan, Kashyapa, Sandilya [West Bengal]
DHOBI (MUSLIM)
Synonyms: Hawari, Kasar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Hawari [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
DHUNIA
Synonyms: Behera, Halaj, Mansoori, Naddaf, Piujara [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Mansoori [West Bengal]
Surnames: Ahmed, Mansoori [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Monsoon [West Bengal]
DHURWA
Exogamous units/clans (bans, vans): Bagh (tiger), Bokda (goat), Kachim (tortoise), Nag (snake) [Madhya Pradesh
DIDAYI/DIDOYI
Synonyms: Gntra [Orissa]
Goe Gta (bear), Goi Gta (tortoise), Hoe (deer), Mala Gta (cobra), Musali (crocodile), Nlchoo Gta (tiger) [Orissa]
DOAI
Synonyms: Baisya Behara [West Bengal]
Baidya, Lakhiputra, Patia Das [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Behara [West Bengal]
Das [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Baisya, Das, Roy [West Bengal]
Aliman [H.H. Risley]
DOGAMIA BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Bhumihar Brahman, Dogamia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Chaudhry, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Goutam, Kashyap, Sandilya, Vatsa [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (khandan/mul): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
DOHOR
Groups/subgroups: Pardeshi Dohor [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Kottowar, Nagaiya, Serdhia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bajhia, Chandaiya, Qiheria, Gorraia, Kalsia, Kharpuria, Kottowar, Nagoiya, Romia, Serolia,
Terakia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
DOM/DUM/DOMB/DUMAR/DOOM
Synonyms: Bhangi, Dhangad [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dom, Mehtar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chandal, Dom [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Bansmalik, Bansphor, Ledar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ankure, Bajune Dom, Chhanchi Dom, Magaya Dom [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Akhutia, Ankuria (in Bengal), Bajunia (musician), Bangali, Bansbakura, Bansmali, Bansphor, Bansphor
(in Bihar and/or Jharkhand), Banukia, Bhojpuria, Bisdelia, Chapariya (basket maker), Dai Dom, Dakhina
Dhapra (sweeper), Dhapra Barabatia, Dharkar (cane worker), Dhesia Dhakal, Dhola, Gadahia, Ghar Raut, Ghasera,
Ghazipuria, Hari, Harkar, Kalindi, Kaura, Larhora, Magahiya, Mandarona Murdafarash, Pachainya, Purbal Mehtar,
Raut Mihtar (Bhojpuria), Sanchi, Supara, Talaibona, Tapaspuria, Tirhutiya, Turi (Angwar), Uttariya [H.H. Risley]
Bansphor, Dharkar, Domra or Domahra, Harchanni, Jallad or Hatyara, Litta, Magahiya [W. Crooke]
Titles: Khan, Mandal [West Bengal]
Baduria, Birbansa, Bicar, Malik, Marar, Marik, Mehalo, Mihtar, Mirdha, Raut [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Malik, Prasad, Ram [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Hela, Khariar, Lai [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Behara, Jana, Korangi, Rout [Orissa]
Moieties (niramon): [Orissa]
Beng, Karangi, Marangi, Naga [Orissa]

*Sections: Adharpur (in Behar Pachainya), Akhauri (in Behar
Magahiya), Angwar, Atura, Azghalia, Baitha, Bajpai, Barabatia, Barbatta (in Behar Tirhutiya), Bargamaet, Belsandi,
Bhojpuria, Bikrampur, Chahraita, Chanauli, Chandaulyar, Chaudhri, Chauhan, Chiranjia, Dagri, Darbe, Dholi, Gain,
Hansa, Hansota, Har, Hat, Isar, Jadu, Kaibtar (in Behar), Kanauli, Kolandh, Korwal, Lakrihar Maggah, Malwa, Manjhi,
Marar, Mehtar, Mirdaha, Mohbaita, Murba, Murwa, Nauriya, Pahasrait, Pohobait, Pusadih, Puseta, Raja, Rana,
Raut, Sakriat, Sansait, Sarin, Sawant, Sikrar, Sipahiya Sirpur, Sirwar, Sonpurya, Tabkar, Teswar, Tewari, Tibarya,
Tubka, Marik [H.H. Risley]
Auji, Badhai, Barhel, Baroda, Bera, Chamar, Churara, Darzi, Das, Dharkat etc. in Eastern districts, Dhobi, Dhunar,
Ganar, Gepa, Hazariya, Kamar, Mochi, Nath, Pesadeli Tamta of Himalayan districts, Tarkiya, Usarbarsa [W. Crooke]
DOM, DURIA
Synonyms: Dom, Domb, Domb or Duria Domb, Oomra [Orissa]
Surnames: Bag, Harpal, Jagat, Kuldipia, Mahananda, Nag, Neal Tandi, Sunani [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Dongri, Duria, Jagat, Nag (snake), Neal, Sunnarni, Tandi [Orissa]
DOM, SIKHRIA
Synonyms: Dom, Domra, Kalindi [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Ariyadhara Dom, Sikharia Dom, Turi Dom [Orissa]
Titles: Desh Mandal, Pargonait [Orissa]
Surnames: Kalindi, Mirdha, Rout [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Athar, Dhulabudri, Kadha, Majhi, Mus (rat), Nag (cobra), Nageswar (snake god), Sal, Sandh
(bull), Sard, Suga [Orissa]
DOMB, SUDDHA
Synonyms: Behere, Dom, Patra [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Gula Dombo, Suddha Dombo [Orissa]
Surnames: Behera, Naik, Patra [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nageswar (snake) [Orissa]
DORA
Groups/subgroups: Kanja Dora, Kuduk Dora, Kundule Dora, Telga Dora [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chinna Dora (little) [E. Thurston]
Surnames: Dora [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bag, Bokdi, Kachim, Nag [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
DOSAKE/JAIN
Surnames: Audarmul, Bigmur, Guttan Rawat, Jakkamur, Lakkamore, Lalmur [Maharashtra]
Exogamous units/clans (mur): Andarmur, Bivakuttom, Lalmur, Rawat Bigmur, Takkamur [Maharashtra]
DOSAR
Synonyms: Dusar, Dusra [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Allahabadi, Audh, Doab, Doale, Gangapari, Makrara, Sagarah, Tamakhupa [Madhya Pradesh
Surnames: Gupta [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Kashyap, Kaushik [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/lineages: Harsha Bardhan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
DRUKPA/DUKPA
Synonyms: Bhutanese, Druku, Yul Mi [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Doka Phiensa, Gayaro, Guru, Musheb, Parop, Ripo, Shab, Shabeb, Shenga [West Bengal]
Surnames: Bhutia, Rinchen [West Bengal]
DUMAL
Surnames: Churia, Kheti, Merlly, Padhan [Orissa]
*Exogamous sections (got): Bichhu, Bud, Kachhap, Limb, Nag, Uluk [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans: Baraha, Kashyapa, Nageswara (snake), Singha [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (barga): Baghar, Barik, Behra, Chaulia, Chhand, Dang, Dehri, Gadua, Gaigariya, Gejo,
Ghusri, Gurandi, Kamp, Karan, Karmi, Kolta, Mahakul, Mesua or Mendli, Padhan [Russell & Hiralal]
DUSAD/OUSADH
Synonyms: Dosadh [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Kannaujia, Kuri, Magahiya, Paliwar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gope Dusadh, Patwar Dusadh [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Bahalia, Bahalwar, Bhojpuiraj Bhula, Bilwar, Dehrhi, Hazaras, Kamar, Kannaujia, Kanwal, Kuri or Kuria,
Kurma, Magahiya, Paliwar, Silhotia, Sirotia [H.H. Risley]
Baheliya, Bangariya, Barwar, Behwar, Bharsiya, Dharhi, Dharkar, Dussadh, Gondar, Gujahna, Kanaujiya, Katoraha,
Khariya etc., Kuchaniya, Kujra, Madhesiya, Magahiya, Palwar, Panwar, Pasi Patri, Rajar, Tirhutiya [W. Crooke]
Titles: Desh Mondal, Paramanik, Pargonoit [West Bengal]
Bahela, Chaukidar, Gorait, Hajara, Hazara, Mahato, Manjhi, Paswan, Rai, Ram [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Oas, Majhi, Pasban, Ram, Rorait [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dushad, Hazra [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Kachchua (tortoise), Mosh, Nag (serpent), Sal, Sankha (corch-shell) [West Bengal]
*Sections/clans: Aghrait, Agiyari, Amam, Amol, Assiswar, Badshahi, Bara Kharak, Barbaik, Barik, Bhabaniswar,
Bhadaiya, Bhunsi Kurtho, Busgorait, Darbe, Fotadar, Hat, Hazari, Isar, Kamlait Kariont Khankarara, Kotwal,
Kumarsan Bakri, Lab Nagaria, Madhupuria, Mahabbat, Mahesbarait, Mahrana, Mahton, Mainkisrar, Maid, Mandar,
Manjhi, Marik, Mirdaha, Nabanapuria, Panjiar Parbe, Patwe, Purukhinu Narain, Rai, Rajaisur, Rana, Raut, Sanda,
Thahrait [H.H. Risley]
DUSADH, DHARI
Synonyms: Dhar, Dhari [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Chowdhury, Mahasaya, Roy [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Das, Dhari, Prasad, Ram, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
ENETI DORA
Exogamous units/surnames (intiperulu): Ambari, Angkurudu, Arkanelore, Banijoni, Basara, Batpuro. Botar Singh,
Busi, Duggani. Goimadi, Gumpa, Karumu, Karymk, Katci, Kontu, Kotini, Majji, Maleti, Nelli, Palavalasa, Pedderi
Rangandoro, Rctta, Soda, Sulua, Uddala [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Baraha (hog), Bepi (dog), Biddi (earthen pot), Gadidi (ass), Kaki, Kondagorre (montain
goat), Nagesh (cobra), Narabaddu, Nimmakaya (lemon), Wana (rain) [Orissa]
GACHHA
Synonyms: Bashphor, Basor [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Bishnor, Chauhan, Damar, Noura, Pithuya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GADABA
Synonyms: Buy Gadaba [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bodo, Jurunu, Kalayi, Kapu, Kadiivi, OUaro, Parenga [Orissa]
*Sub-divisions/sections: Bodo, Gutob, Kapu, Kaththara, Kaththiri (scissor), Kullo-Olaro, Olari, Parenga [E. Thurston]
Titles: Bodo Nayak, Mudali [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/surnames: Baghel, Netam [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Kisani, Muduli, Sahu, Satpathi [Orissa]
Gollari (monkey), Khara, Killo (tiger), Kora (parrot), Korra (Sun), Nag (snake), Onthala [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (bangsh): Bagh (tiger), Kachim (tortoise), Kukur (dog), Nag (cobra) [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
*Septs: Bhag (tiger), Gollari (monkey), Kattira (Scissors), Kira (parrot), Kora (sun), Nag (cobra) [E. Thurston]
GADARIA/GADERIA/GAIRI
Synonyms: Pal
Gadri [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Disori, Larsia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Subcastes: Barmaiyan, Desha, Dhngar, Jheria, Malvi, Maratha, Nikhar, Purvaiya [Russell & Hiralal]
Baghel, Bamhaniya, Chandel, Dhingar, Haranwal, Kachhwala, Nikhar, Phul-Singhiya, Rathaur, Rautela, Saraswar,
Sargar [W. Crooke]
Exogamous units/clans: Chandel, Dhanslia, Hiranwa, Kachua, Kotaria, Masania, Mathera, Mori, Pawar, Peria,
Sagaipatania [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Hiranwar, Moria, Nahar, Phulsungha, Sapha [Russell & Hiralal]
GADDI: MUSLIM
Synonyms: Goala [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Gaddi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
GADIA LOHAR/GADULIA LOHAR
Synonyms: Gadole [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Ajani, Babaria, Chauhan, Nandi, Pachara, Rathore, Sankla, Solanki, Tikkara, Udani [Madhya
'Sections: Ahanwar, Audhiya, Bahraichi, Balapura, Gorakhpuri, Kanaujiya, Mathuriya, Purbiya, Saksena, Sarwariya,
Shahpuri etc. [W. Crooke]
GADIHAR
Synonyms: Gadhayia, Intafarosh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
GAHOI-BANIA
Synonyms: Bairasia, Barheta, Bundelkhandi, Kainch, Machhswa, Moradevasi, Palhoiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Baivasia, Barheta, Bundelkhandi, Jethiser, Koinch, Lohrise, Mahhasawa, Moradebasi, Palhoiya
Titles: Bania, Seth, Sethi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames (ankna): Bareth, Dadarya, Dengre, Dhandale, Eksor, Gere, Ghura, Katare, Khaire, Khantal, Kuchya,
Nagria, Paharia, Rawat [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Balarayam, Bedai, Bhal, Golgotra, Gongol, Jaital, Kachhil, Kaile, Kohil, Vanchhil,
Vasar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Kashyap, Kasi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GANDA
Synonyms: Gara [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Bhowhedia Ganda, Chatrapal Ganda, Dom Ganda, Jhana Ganda, Jharia Ganda, Panka Ganda
Exogamous units/clans: Bhaghel, Chattra, Kuldeep, Mooney, Nagnetrum, Sonohani, Surobanshi, Tandi [Madhya
Exogamous units/clans (bansa): Bagha (tiger), Nag (serpent), Podha
(buffalo) [Orissa]
GANDHA BANIK
Synonyms: Bania, Bene, Gandha Bania, Putuli [West Bengal]

Groups/subgroups: Aut Asram, Chhatris Asram, Desa Asram, Sankha Asram [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Asram, Aut Asram, Chhatris Asram, Desa Asram, Sankha Asram [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Baisya Ratna, Bandhu, Kabi Sekhar, Roybahadur, Sadhu, Samaj [West Bengal]
De, Dhar, Kar, Khan, Laha, Nag, Sadhu, Saha [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Banik, Datta, Daw, Dey, Laha, Nag, Sadhu, Saha [West Bengal]
Gotra: Alambayana, Bharadwaja, Goutam, Kashyapa, Modgalya, Sandilya [West Bengal]
Sections: Alambayana, Bharadwaja, Kasyap, Krishnatreya, Modgalya, Nrisingha, Ras Rishi, Sabarna, Sandilya [H.H.
Risley]
GANDHA, MOHARIA
Synonyms: Bajania, Bajgir, Dangi Chauhan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Gadaba, Moharia, Sargujia Moharia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gotia/got): Bhagel, Bhaisa, Bibhar, Kavait, Mahanandiya, Sarva, Sonvani, Tadia, Tajen
GANDHARV
Exogamous units/lineages (gotra): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
GANESH
Synonyms: Tantubai [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Bara Ganesh, Chota Ganesh [West Bengal]
Surnames: Basak, Chaudhury, Das, Mondal, Sarkar, Tanti, Thokda [West Bengal]
GANGAI
Synonyms: Ganesh, Kumhar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Baro Gangai, Chato Gangai [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Biswas, Ganesh, Kumar, Palsing, Prajapati, Ram, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
GANGAUTA
Synonyms: Gangaunta, Mandal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Jethkar, Maghaya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
*Subcastes: Jethkar, Maghaya [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Mandal [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Mandal, Sharma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Gangaji, Jahnavi [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Ganga, Janhavi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
GARERI
Synonyms: Bherihar, Pal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Goneri, Gonrhi [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Dhengar, Gangojoli, Nikhar, Phurukbadi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dhangarh, Nikhar [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Dhengar, Farakhabadi, Gangajali, Nikhar [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Kamblia, Kammali, Marar, Ratu [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bhagat, Chowdhury, Mandal, Pal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bhagat, Choudhury, Ghosh, Pal [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Ahir, Bandharia, Chowharia, Khandel [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Ahir, Basdharia, Bilar, Ghandel, Chaurasia, Nakwar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages: Ahir, Bandharia, Chowharia, Khandel [West Bengal]

GARI
Synonyms: Gadriya, Gayeri, Purbia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Dhangar Gari, Gari, Mewara Gari, Purbia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Chowdhury [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Kachhwa, Kelowa, Mori, Rathore, Simra [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GARO
Synonyms: Achik Mande [West Bengal]
Azim, Chamugang, Chiran, Chisim, Dango, Hagidaph, Mankhwn, Marak, Ransa, Ruga, Sangma [Tripura]
Chisim, Marak, Momin, Sangma [West Bengal]
Chisim, Marak, Momin, Sangma [West Bengal]
GARPAGRI
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Bamnout, Chandel, Chauhan, Dhurwe, Gahlout, Guru Gorakhnath, Kalbela,
Kanpheya, Sakkarwar, Sarangi Nath, Sohner, Yadav [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Ourvasa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GAUDA
Groups/subgroups: Juria, Loria, Magadha, Nanda [Orissa]
Surnames: Bag, Bagarti, Chandan, Had [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bacha, Bag (tiger), Hati (elephent), Nageswara, Sandha [Orissa]
GAUR BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Mullick, Padmashree [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Adi Gaur, Adi Sri Gaur, Behara, Bharatkul, Hariyana Utkala, Sandhya, Sri Gaur, Srotriya [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Mallik, Padmashree [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
GAVARIA
GAWARIA
Gowria [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Sapera [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chedahai, Koram, Marai, Markam, Nag, Netam (pig), Sori [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GHADWA
Surnames: Nag (cobra), Sagar (sea), Sona (gold) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Kachua (tortoise), Meen (fish), Nag (cobra), Sagar (sea), Ser (tiger) [Madhya Pradesh
GHANTRA/GHANTARGHADA
Synonyms: Ghantar Gouda, Ghantarghada [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagasa (snake), Naik, Singha, Singra [Orissa]
GHASI/GHASIYA
Synonyms: Naik [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Sahi, Sarathi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Ghasa, Ghasia [Orissa]

Kosaria (ornament maker), Lai Beghi (scavanger), Laria (comb maker), Mehtar (scavanger), Odiya (grass cutter)
Subcastes: Hari, Simarloka, Sonati [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Naik, Sahani Rajput [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Laya, Potloi, Sardar [West Bengal]
Bajania [H. H. Risley]
Surnames: Naik [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Banehar, Bannehar, Behera, Das [Orissa]
Ghasi, Machchewar [West Bengal]
* Exogamous septs: Asvo (horse), Chintala (amarind) [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/clans: Hathi (elephent), Kachhua (tortoise), Maltiar, Mohdiar (honey bee), Nag (cobra) [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
Banchor, Dongri (hillock), Kachua (tortoise), Kuldeep, Nag (cobra), Shindur (vermilion), Sod (fish), Sonwant
Kar, Nag (snake), Titon [West Bengal]
Gotra: Kashyapa [Orissa]
* Sections: Air (a kind offish), Badhiria (bat), Bagh (tiger), Bhuana, Bhuinkora (hog), Bhurungia, Bunduar, Chahubar,
Chinear, Daspuria, Desoar, Dhamna Sap (red snake), Dowalbandhi, Golvar Kachua (tortoise), Kasiar, Loharban (iron
worker), Mohdiar (honey bee), Mukhi, Pandki (dove), Sakri, Sanukra (shell), Sanwasi (cobra), Simarlasa (gum),
Simarloka (a tree), Sonwan, Tirki [H.H. Risley]
* Septs: Bhairsa, Janta, Khataugiya, Koiya, Markan, Simariya, Sunwan or Sonwan [W. Crooke]
Exogamous units/lineages: Kalet, Kendra, Mahananda, Manch, Sindriya [Orissa]
Banshious, Kachchim (tortoise), Kak (crow), Nag, Nagphansia, Titition (a bird) [West Bengal]
GHATWAR
Titles: Baud, Bhumij, Kharwar [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Rai, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages: Babun, Daswari, Gandori, Garoria, Kharwar, Marchibia, Tikkait [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
GHOGIA
Synonyms: Gouda Ghogia [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Bhuiya, Jhoria, Nanda- Gouda [Orissa]
Surnames: Bagh, Pradhan [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bilai (cat), Had (elephant), Nago (snake), Sad (ox) [Orissa]
Gotra: Kashyapa [Orissa]
GHOSI
Groups/subgroups: Ahir Ghosi, Muhammadan Ghosi, Rajput Ghosi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Sub-divisions: Chopar, Gaddi, Gaddi Gujar, Lala, Iilar, Padhan or Pradhan [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Bandor, Boraye, Chouhan, Daya, Kachwar, Khatna, Khetans, Moia, Noma, Rangeya, Vyas [Madhya
Exogamous units/clans: Bondor, Ghouhan, Kachwar, Khetan, Moia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Vyas [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GHUNNYA
Synonyms: Dhibar, Jalia, Jele, Kaibartya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Jele, Jelia, Kaibartya [West Bengal]
Titles: Desh Pradhan, Mukhya, Paramanik [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Desmukhya, Despradhan, Mukhya, Paramanik [West Bengal]
Surnames: Kaibarta [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ohibar, Ghunnya, Kaibarta [West Bengal]

Exogamous units/clans: Badhar (bat), Kachima (tortoise), Nag (serpent), Tiru (a bird) [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (thak): Badhar (bat), Kachima (tortoise), Nag (serpent), Tiru (a bird) [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (thak): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
GHUSURIA
Surnames: Ghusuria, Patra [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Mug (rat), Nag (snake), Sandh (bull), Saur [Orissa]
GINGRA
Surnames: Jugunia, Mallik, Naik [Orissa]
Gotra: Kashyapa, Nageswara [Orissa]
GIRIGIRIA
Synonyms: Girigiri [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nageswar (deity of snake) [Orissa]
GOALA
Golla, Gope, Gouda, Gour, Sodgope [Orissa]
*Subcastes: Abhir, Ahir, Bagre, Ballabh (in Bengal), Banpar, Barendra (Pallal), Bargowar, Bhoga (Sada Goala),
Bhogta (in Chota Nagpur), Chauania, Dagania), Dhanroar, Dumala (in Orissa), Gaddhi Gaura, Gawa, Ghosh Goala,
Ghosi or Ghosin, Go Baidya, Goara, Godaga, Gop, Gopopuria, Goro, Gujiar, Gumia, Jadupuria, Kajol, Kanaujia,
Karanja, Kishanaul, Kishnaut, Laheri, Lai Goala Lari, Madhu Goala, Magadha, Magadha Goara, Magal, Mahisha
Goala, Majhwat, Majraut, Mathura, Mathurabasi, Mula, Naomulia, Pallab, Puhoa, Rarhi, Sabor, Saimulia, Saonra,
Satmulia, Separi Ujaini [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Baghot, Barik (in Bengal), Bharari (in Behar), Bhogta, Chaudhri, Chomar, Dhali, Ghoraila, Ghosh, Goala, Jana,
Khiraha, Mahato, Mandal, Mandar, Manjhi, Marik, Paramanik [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Barik, Das, Dhali, Ghola, Jana, Khila, Mahakud [Orissa]
Gotra: Baradwajm Bageshwar, Kashyap, Parasar [Orissa]
*Sections/muL- Abhepur, Aganpuria, Aind, Aindwar, Alakjrnidafhua, Alamijan, Aliman, Almasi, Am, Amba, Anrahi,
Argaria, Aunria, Bacha (calf), Badgar, Badhwadia, Baergoa, Bagh, Baghia, Baghwar, Baini Bajicpur,
Balagachpargaria, Balagachpokhram Bamboria, Balwan, Ban, Banikarnaud, Banreit, Bar (totemistic) [H.H. Risley]
GODRA
Synonyms: Godari [Orissa]
Surnames: Godari, Mahar [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagasha [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (kula, bansa): Behera, Dahuri, Ghasania, Kshatriya, Mohanty [Orissa]
GOKHA
Synonyms: Goskha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Baghuti, Das, Mallik, Sethi [Orissa]
Surnames: Sethi [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagasha (snake) [Orissa]
GOLA SINGHARE/GOL SINGHANE
Titles: Jain [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Jain [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Baid, Barod, Bhandari, Kothari, Mahajani, Nai, Raparia [Gujarat]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Bidha, Chandariya, Kamariya, Kanaklila, Latamar, Nai, Sanghai, Saw [Madhya
GOLAPURAB
Surnames: Chopara, Dubey, Panchori, Sharma [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bangrele, Chopara, Choudhury, Griya, Jalbilaiya, Pachori [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Badhiya, Birthariya, Khosariya, Madheriya, Pariha [W. Crooke]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Khag, Malaia, Maraia, Padele, Phuskela, Tentwar [Rajasthan]
GOLAPURVAJAIN
Synonyms: Golapurab [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Banonya, Bilbile, Chanderiya, Chounsara, Fuskele, Godare, Kapasiya, Khag, Khurdele,
Kothiya, Nahar, Nirmolak, Padele, Patouriya, Sandhele, Taintwar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GOLLA
Groups/subgroups: Chelia, Haldia, Nunia, Panera [Orissa]
Surnames: Bose, Dasa Bhuirya, Deo, Dutta, Ghosh, Jenma or Jena, Mahanty [Orissa]
Gotra: Kashyapa, Nag [Orissa]
GOLLA/YADAVA
Groups/subgroups: Chhri, Phatula, Pia Gulla, Puna [Orissa]
Bigamudre, Bokkasa Golla, Kanchu Golla, Karne Golla, Kilari, Kudi, Mushti Golla, Onti Chapparamuvallu, Paitala,
Piye Golla, Punagu, Puni, Racha Golla, Rendu Chapparamuvallu Yerra [Nanjundayya and Iyer]
Advi, Ambirvandlu, Bhingi, Binduvandlu (Oharwar dist), Cherruvandlu, Gobbarvandlu, Hanam Golla, Kenguri Golla,
Krishna Golla, Paknak Golla, Shastra Golla, Telugu Golla, Yadava [R.E. Enthoven]
Adi Golla, Ale Golla, Boya Golla, Buchewad, Gampa Golla, Golla, Gujarathi Golla, Karne Golla, Manda Golla, Modati
Golla, Mudra Golla, Mushti Golla, Paknati Golla, Pedwari Golla, Puja Golla, Sadnam, Sale Golla, Sarsa Golla, Yadava
Golla, Yera Golla [S.S. Hassan]
* Sub-divisions: Ala, Boksha Dayyalakulam, Bokshisha Golla, Dhanapala, Gangeddu, Gauda, Kadu, Kadu (forest),
Kama, Mekala, Pakanaci, Pedditi, Perike Muggalu or Mushti Golla, Podapothula, Puja, Puni Uru (village), Yerra or
Erra (red) [E. Thurston]
Titles: Anna, Ayya, Konar, Mandadi, Naidu, Nayudu, Racha, Rachu [E. Thurston]
More, Pavar, Shinde, Yadav [R.E. Enthoven]
*Exogamous septs: Akshathayya, Amswasa, Avula (cow), Chewula (tree), Chintala (tamarind), Gorantla, Gorrela
(sheep), Gurram (horse), Jammi, Karadi, Katari (dagger), Kokala (woman's cloth), Kommi Mekala (goat), Mugi
(dumb), Mushtiga, Nakkala (tackal), Palavili, Puli (tiger), Raghindala, Saddikudu, Yadava [E. Thurston]
Modapalla, Pourantalu [Orissa]
Alasandula (bean), Ane (elephant), Asadi, Bale (plantain), Bandaram, Bandi (cart), Bidigallu (golO, Bodi, Bumagana,
Devadari (deodar tree), Dyavollu, Ellugala, Ganda (sandal), Gannerla (sweet basil), Ganta (saddle), Gorimilla (herb),
Guba (owl), Guna (hunch backed), Ilja (plant), Jambu (reed), Kare (prickly plant), Kavadi, Kommulu (horn), Korla
(panicum grain), Kurimilla, Machchal (fish), Maddi (timber tree), Majjige (butter milk), Mallela (jasmine),
Malupavula, Mandala (herd), Manga (monkey), Mapiti (date tree), Marala (banyan tree), Matti Avula, Mekala
(goat), Mendala (herd), Modaga (bastard teak), Muchchara, Munaga (horse radish), Nagala (cobra), Naggilu (prickly
plant), Paladi (herb), Palle Palu (milk), Pasupu (turmeric), Pavalu, Potelu (ram), Puli, Puligorlu, Purigi, Pusangala,
Ragi, Rali (plant), Ramollu, Sadlu, Sampige (champaka tree), Sasuve (mustard), Setty Simha (lion), Suraponna (tree),
Toralu, Tubara (tree), Tummi (timber tree) [Nanjundayya and Iyer]
Basutolu, Kanya Sarolu, Shalandalu, Shashila, Surwala, Tanala, Wankayalu [S.S. Hassan]
Gotra: Atri [E Thurston]
Exogamous groups/lineages: Chappa, Dergari, Karai, Kariyal, Sinni, Tangan [Orissa]
GOLLA, THUMATI
Exogamous units/clans: Dhudala (calve), Kanagu (pongamia glabra) [E. Thurston]
GOLLALAREJAIN
Synonyms: Kharauva, Mithauva [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Alkari, Shravagi [R.E. Enthoven]
Groups/subgroups: Kharauva, Mithauva [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Jain [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Jain, Madhur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Baid, Bhandari, Bilaua, Jagnoriya, Jakheriya, Jamoriya, Kirauri, Nag (Fani), Nai
(Devakirti). Patwari, Pavaiya, Ravat, Seth, Vaid [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GOND
Synonyms: Gonr [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gondas, Majhi [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Dhruwa Gond, Raj Gond [Orissa]
Dev Gond, Dholi, Kaila Bhet, Kolam, Kolbhuta, Mudipal, Padol, Raj Gond [Uttar Pradesh]
* Sub-divisions: Bhuri [E. Thurston]
Agarias, Ahirs, Baigas, Barhasi, Basors, Bhatras, Bhunjias, Darwe orNaik, Durla or Durlasartam, Gaita, Gattu,
Gowari, Jhadi, Khairwars, Khatolas, Koilabhutis, Kolams, Koya Gonds Lanjiha, Larhia, Lohars, Mandlaha,
Mannewars, Maria, Muria, Ojhas, Pardhans, Raj Gonds, Solahas [Russell & Hiralal]
Dadve, Gowari, Kolam, Pardhan, Raj Gond, Thori [S.S. Hassan]
Oadave, Dhobi, Katulya, Koikopal, Koilabutal, Kolam, Madyal, Ojhyal, Padal, Paelal, Raghuwal, Raj Gond, Thotyal
[W. Crooke]
*Sub-tribes: Dholcar Gond, Jhora, Raj Gond [H.H. Risley]
Besra, Manjhi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dehury, Majhi, Pradhan, Pujari [Orissa]
*Exogamous septs: Behainsa, Bhaiband or Dadabhai, Bura Deo, Chamchidai, Dhurwa, Eti, Garde, Irpachi, Karanga,
Karrami, Kawachi, Kunjami, Mamabhai or Akomama, Maravi, Nabalia, Nagvans or Cobra, Netam Netami, Nurethi,
Potari, Sodi, Tekami, Tumrachi, Usendi, Vadde, Warkara [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans: Markam, Mori, Nitam, Sori, Veti [Orissa]
Chardeo, Pachdeo, Sahadeo, Satdeva [S.S. Hassan]
Exogamous units/clans (gotar): , Besra (viltere), Chardia, Dhooleshwarigi, Fuleswari (buffalo), Gohi, Kanagonrh
(fish), Morai (snake), Netigonrh (tiger), Pahelajagat (otter), Pradhan [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Clans: Chagaba, Dewar, Koram, Markam, Posam, Soham [W. Crooke]
*Septs/sections: Bhuri [E Thurston]
Bagh, Baghel (tiger), Besra (hawk), Bhainsa (buffalo), Bod (a big river fish), Gaek (a kind offish), Ganga (sea), Ghora
(horse), Goh, Hansa (geese), Honti (a kind offish), Jagaha (buffalo), Jagat, Jaipuria (name of city), Kachhua (tonoise),
Kana Machhari (fish), Karma (a tree), Koput, Kusro, Loha (iron), Mahanadia, Marai, Mori (a bead), Nag (snake),
Naitam, Pachia, Phaguahi, Poia, Poiri, Porri (a kind of hawk), Sawani, Sribakaria [H.H. Risley]
GOND, ABUJ MARIA
Synonyms: Hill Maria [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Korami, Usendi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Phratries (dadabhaUbhaiband/bans): Kawasi, Marai, Sodi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (katta): Bote, Dhurwa, Dodi, Dodir, Dol, Gohal (snake), Gottaku (pig), Korami, Korami
(tortoise), Netam (pig), Oyami, Potei (tortoise), Usendi, Wadde [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/lineages (saga): [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GOND, AMAT
Synonyms: Gond Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Kapil, Nagesh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Phratries (bans): Jagat, Kailash, Markam, Netam, Surri [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Karri, Marai, Ooti, Sun [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/lineages (deo): [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GOND, BISON HORN MARIA
Synonyms: Danaoni, Dandami Maria, Maria [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Surnames: Karti, Mandabi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Phratries (bans, saga): Kawasi, Kuharami, Markami (tortoise), Marvi (goat), Sodi (tiger) [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Atami, Bagami, Bali, Barsa, Birya, Bote, Dodi, Hemla, Markami, Oika, Sodi, Tamo, Telami
Exogamous units/lineages (saga): [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GOND, DHERIA
Synonyms: Gond Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Maba, Marhai, Necam, Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Phratries (saga): Markam, Netam [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Khusru, Marhai, Markam, Netam (pig), Netti, Sorri, Soyam, Tekam [Madhya Pradesh
GOND, DHULIA
Synonyms: Dholi, Oulia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Lala (new) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Gadwal, Kalash, Madel, Mahtale, Mandgorh, Naikwal [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
GOND. DHUR
Surnames: Dhru, Kapil, Markan, Netam, Poyan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Phratries (saga): Chandra (moon), Garg (saint), Jagat, Nag (snake), Netam, Sori, Surya (sun) [Madhya Pradesh
Exogamous units/clans: Marai, Markham, Netam, Poyam [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GOND, DORLA
Synonyms: Dora, Dora Koitur, Ma Koitur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Gomo, Guminor, Mannam, Parmkor, Tagutor [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Kattam, Soyam [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Phratries (ghatta): Aido, Ero, Markami, Muro, Paremboi, Paren, Sodi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (btpeder): Baddam, Gat Belli, Kattam, Kunjan, Markam, Oyaan, Torra, Wetti [Madhya
GOND, GOWARI/GAWARIA
Exogamous units/clans: Chedahai, Karram, Marai, Markam, Nag, Netam, Sori [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
GOND, KANDRA
Synonyms: Buna, Kadra [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Bod, Burra, Wickea [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Chatti, Netam, Sori, Wicke [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GOND, KHATOIA
Phratries (saga): Chhah Dcva, Ek Deva, Sat Deva, Teen Deva [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Dhurwe, Diwar, Jagait, Khushru, Marawi, Marwari, Maskola, Masram, Netam, Pandru,
Purte, Tekam, Uike [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Durvasa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GOND, KOLBHUTA
Synonyms: Kaupa Ahirwadi, Rajbhat [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Lai, Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Lai, Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Maravi, Uaika [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GOND, MURIA
Surnames: Mandavi, Netam [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Phratries: Kawasi, Marvi, Sodi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh, Katlami, Mandavi, Tamo, Usendi, Wickea [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GOND, NAGWANSHI
Groups/subgroups: Telenga Nag [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Naga, Nagraj, Sarparaj, Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Phratries: Batuwa Bhai, Bhaihari [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gotore): Bensaria, Chalki, Chindkata, Dehari, Dudh Karwa, Korwa, Lohara Kumhar, Nag,
Negi, Power, Pradhan, Somrath [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GOND.OJHA
Synonyms: Mukasi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Gond Ojha, Manas Ojha, Pradhan Ojha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Lai, Ojha (old), Prasad, Singh (new) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Phratries (saga): Seven Dev, Six Dev [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Clans: Bhalavi, Karkam, Kukera, Kuropa, Oreva, Saiyam, Uike [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GOND, PAHARIA
Synonyms: Ravanpidi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Phratries (saga): Netam, Sori [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Hichami, Hitami, Itta, Katie, Kumarra, Kunarra, Maddasi, Markam, Pudo [Madhya Pradesh
GOND, RAJ GOND
Synonyms: Deo, Deothakur, Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Phratries (saga): Bagh (tiger), Keshar, Kurum, Nag (cobra), Netam, Pekha, Sori [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Duga, Korotti, Mandavi, Maria, Netam, Oali, Poram, Porchapi, Solgan, Tekam [Madhya
GOND, RAJA MURIA
Surnames: Baghel [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Bakra (goat), Kachim (tortoise), Kachuwa [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
GOND, SABARIA
Exogamous units/clans: Dondollu, Dororru, Errollu, Mosorru, Nagrally, Nakkallu, Pettolu [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
GOND, SARGUJHIA
Synonyms: Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Surnames: Netam, Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Phratries (saga): Markam, Netam, Sidar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Jagat, Kuram, Marhai, Maria, Markam, Netam [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GOND, SINGHROLIA
Synonyms: Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Phratries (saga): Netam, Sodi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhawdey, Hitko, Kadam, Marai, Netam, Porcha, Soya, Tekam, Telei [Madhya Pradesh
GOND THATIA
Synonyms: Gaiki, Gali, Thati [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Ahke, Dhurve, Kumra, Sairam, Tumrisar, Uike, Yune [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Akhe, Dhurva, Kurma, Sairam, Tumrisar, Uike, Yuna [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GOND: MUSLIM
Titles: Shah [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GONJU
Synonyms: Gohnju, Rawtiya [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Bara Gohri, Chota Gohri [Orissa]
Titles: Baraik, Desh Pradhan, Gohnju, Gonju, Majhi [Orissa]
Surnames: Gonju, Singh [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Jogi, Katowar, Kharkowar, Lothur, Majhi, Rikhi [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Kachim (tortoise), Karga (sword), Nir (a
bird), Rait (a fish), Sait (an animal) [Orissa]
GONR
Synonyms: Gond [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dhibar, Gond, Gonrhi, Gund, Machhuar, Mallah [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Balamtica, Banpar, Bantaria, Chab, Chabi, Dhoar, Dhuria, Jethvanshi, Kanaujia, Keranchi,
Khulaut, Khunaut, Kolh, Kurin, Madesia, Maghaiya, Parbattikurin, Rawani, Semari, Thatera [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Chabi, Chotaha, Kurin, Manjhi [West Bengal]
Titles: Dhibar [West Bengal]
Chowdhuri, Jethman, Mandar, Mukhiar, Nakhuda, Sahni [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bania, Gonrhi, Haladar, Mandal, Mukhia, Prasad, Shaw, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ahir, Bandharia, Chaudharia, Chowdhuri, Dhibar, Khandel, Saha, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Aladashi, Kashyap, Shakharashi [West Bengal]
GONRHI
Synonyms: Bherihar, Machua. Pal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ganerui, Gunrhi, Gurshi, Machhuar, Mollah [West Bengal]
I3I0 Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles
Groups/subgroups: Banpar, Chabi, Dhengar, Dohar, Gangajali, Khunaut, Kolh, Nikhar, Parbattikurin, Phrukbadi
Chabi, Chotaha, Dhangar, Kurvin, Manjhi, Nikhar [West Bengal]
Dhengar, Farakhabadi, Gangajali, Nikhar [H.H. Risley]
*Subcastes: Banpar, Chabi, Chaudhuria, Dhoar, Khulaut, Kolh, Kurin, Nankar, Parbatli Kurin, Semari Chandel
(Dhangar subcaste) [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Chandhhri, Jethman, Kamblia, Mandar, Marar, Mukhiar, Raut [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bhagat, Choudhury, Mahaldar, Mandal, Pal, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bhagat, Chowdhury, Ghosh, Pal, Saha, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Ahir, Basdharia, Bilar, Chandel, Chaudhuria, Nakwar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kashyapa [West Bengal]
*Sections: Bant, Gorait, Jathot, Kasyapa, Mandar, Marar, Mukhiya, Pandit, Panre, Parihar, Raut [H.H. Risley]
GONRHI, CHABHI
Groups/subgroups: Banpar, Bin, Gonrhi, Kaibart, Keot, Mallah, Tiar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Biswas, Gonrhi, Mallah, Mandal, Parasar, Parihar, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
GOPAL
Synonyms: Basudeva, Harbola [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
* Classes: Gujarati, Marathi, Pahalwan or Kham, Pangul, Vir [Russell & Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Gujrati Gopal, Khamb Gopal, Maratha Gopal, Pahalwan, Pangul Gopal, Vir Gopal [Maharashtra]
Gujarati Gopal, Kham Gopal, Pahalwan Gopal, Vira Gopal [S.S. Hassan]
*Exogamous (kul): Angam, Kadam, Kakapanth, Kanade, Kasar, Koli, Lonare, Magar, Nikam, Pavar, Sali, Sonar,
Vanjari [R.E. Enthoven]
*Exogamous sections: Dhangar, Gaikwad, Gandhe, Gavane, Gire, Hambre, Hatkar, Jadhawa, Kalapahad, Kangane,
Kapurwade, Koli, Mali, Maske, More, Nawhgare, Pawar, Pole, Shinde, Ward, Wanjari, Yeshwantrao [S.S. Hassan]
Exogamous units/clans (kul): Bankhandi, Kalapahar, Musalman, Mutakmonia, Rahiha, Seuniha [Madhya Pradesh
GORAIT
Synonyms: Baikar, Korait [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Gorait [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: (a kind of eel), Adra, Aindowar, Bagh (tiger), Baghuar, Bar (ficus indica), Baroar, Induar,
Kachhua, Kerketta, Khalkho (a fish), Kujri (a fruit), Kujur, Nonoar, Pithoar, Sandh (bullock), Sontirki (gold), Tirki,
Topoar (a kind of bird) [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/clans (kili/gotar): Dhan (paddy), Induar (fish), Kerketta (bird), Khalkho (fish), Sontirki (gold),
Tapoar, Topo (bird) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
GOSAIN/GOSAJ/GASAVI
Synonyms: Bairagi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Baba, Goswami [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Dasnami, Gusain, Sanniasi [Russell & Hiralal]
"Classes: Aranya, Asrama, Bhrati, Giri, Niranjani, Parvata, Puri, Sagara, Saraswati, Tirtha, Vana [W. Grooke]
Groups/subgroups: Aranya, Ban, Bharati, Giri, Nath (dorihar), Parbat, Puri, Samudra, Saraswati, Yati [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Aranya, Ashram, Ban, Barati, Giri, Grihastha Gosai, Jyoti, Nagnihang Gosai, Puri, Sagar, Saraswati, Tirath [Madhya
Aghora Panthi, Agnori, Akasmukhi, Aranya, Asrama, Bhairab Alekhia, Bhakta, Bharati, Brahma, Ganesa Alekhia, Gir,
Giri, Gosainpanthi, Hansa, Kali Alekhia, Parvata, Puri, Sagara, Saiba Saraswati, Tirtha, Turiya, Vana [H.H. Risley]
Acharya, Brahman, Kshatrip, Sannayasi, Sudra, Vaisya [W. Crooke]
* Orders: Aranya, Ashram, Ban or Van, Bharti, Giri, Parbat, Puri, Sagar, Saraswati, Tirtha [Russell & Hiralal]
*Sub-divisions: Bavaji, Mandula [E. Thurston]
Titles: Baba, Bairagi, Jogi, Moda, Pandit, Sadhu, Sanyasi [Haryana]
Aluna [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bharati, Gosain, Puri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Giri, Puri [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Achuta, Daridra [E. Thurston]
Abadhut [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Achintra, Bendra (monkey), Bhaga, Bobhrasy, Brigulatras, Kachim (tortorise), Nag
(cobra) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhrigu [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/lineages (gusthi/byad): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
GOSANGI, MUSLIM
Groups/subgroups: Kosalya-Goudu/Chiti [Orissa]
*Sub-divisions: Apoto, Behara, Bhatta, Bolodiya, Dongayato, Dongrudiya, Dumalo, Gopopuriya, Jhoria, Kolat,
Komiriya, Kusilya, Ladia, Modhurapuriya, Mogotho, Patlilia, Sollokhondia [E. Thurston]
Titles: Barike, Behara, Dondia, Mahankudo [E. Thurston]
*Septs: Kochimo (tortoise), Mohiro (peacock) [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/lineages (palollu): [Andhra Pradesh]
GOUR
Synonyms: Gond Gowala, Nanda Gowala [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Girichasa, Jharua Gour, Krishna Gour, Magdha Gour, Nanda Gour [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Jharua Gour, Krishna Gour, Magdha Gour, Nanda Gour [West Bengal]
Titles: Bisoi, Dangua, Mahakur, Majhi, Paramanik, Patra [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bisoi, Mahakur [West Bengal]
Surnames: Bahara, Barik, Bera, Dandapat, Ghos, Giri, Gop, Gope, Gour, Mahakur, Majhi, Patra, Pradhan, Saw [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
Barik, Behara, Bera, Dandapat, Ghose, Giri, Gope, Gour, Majhi, Patra [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Chala, Jam Jodia, Kachchim, Nag (serpent), Nages, Sal (a fish) [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (killi): Banki Guntar, Bar Behara, Bhaisa (buffalo), Chata (a bird), Hanumat (monky god),
Hathi (elephant), Jamjodia, Kachim (tortoise), Kudramosa, Kutar (dear), Nag (serpent), Nagesh (king cobra), Palai,
Rout, Sal (a fish), Subarna Kutar (golden dear) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (kilU/gusti/bansa/jhar): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
GOUR BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Mullick [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
GUJARATI
Synonyms: Bania, Brahman, Katchi, Lohana, Lohara [Orissa]
Ahmedabadi, Kachhi, Saurashtri, Surti [West Bengal]
Titles: Desai, Shah [West Bengal]
Bai, Das, Deosi, Mauji, Ramji, Thackar [Orissa]
Arya, Kampani, Lakhani, Seth, Soni, Vyas [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Khora, Lodaya, Nagarda, Sanmati, Urudhara, Utsaha [Karnataka]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Devdas, Parasar, Sanas [Orissa]
Atri, Goutam, Parasar [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages: Mogia, Palega, Rajgagaria, Saraki [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (bangsa): [West Bengal]
GUJARATI DARZI
Titles: Dongi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Chouhan, Goyal, Jadav, Maheshwari, Makwana, Mehta, Parihar, Parmar, Rathod, Sinduria, Sisodiya,
Solanki [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Chouhan, Goyal, Jadav, Maheswari, Makwana, Mehta, Parihar, Parmar, Rathor, Sinduria,
Sisodiya, Solanki [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
GUJJAR
Synonyms: Gurjar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bad Gujar, Kekrc, Lilorya, Mindale [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Dhabai, Gadariya, Khari [Rajasthan]
'Sub-divisions: Adhava, Bagri, Bhatti, Bias, Chamayan. Chandcl, Chauhan, Chokkar, Kulsiyan, Mavi, Paliwan, Rawal
Gujar, Tomar [W. Crooke]
Gujar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhadwal, Bhuria, Chaurashi, Ghosi, Kalsairi, Khatana Raut, Kodar, Makare, Pawar, Rane, Ratal, Ratia [Madhya
Exogamous units/clans (got): Bhatia, Chauhan, Chhabri, Googlia, Koli, Lilloo, Poswal, Solanki [Rajasthan]
Bhadana (Gurdaspur), Chhala, Chokar, Kasema, Mandan (Sialkot), Munin, Rawat, Tur [H.A. Rose]
GULGULIA
Groups/subgroups: Bantari, Pachpania, Sukwar [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Choudhuri, Modi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Kungora (vegetableman), Maldahaia, Sonerkhaii [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
GULLA/GOLLA
Synonyms: Yadav [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Chheri, Patula, Pia, Puna [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Chhappa, Dergasi, Karai, Karial Madapalla, Pousantalu [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Bagli, Sinni, Tangan [Orissa]
GUNA
Subgroups: Besya [E. Thurston]
Surnames: Dehari, Maghi, Nayak, Pradhan [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagesa (snake) [Orissa]
GURIA
Synonyms: Gudia, Halwai, Maira [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Haldia [Orissa]
Surnames: Behera, Patra, Prusti, Sahu [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Jhumka, Kashyapa, Madisa, Nagasa (snake) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansa, kula): [Orissa]
GURUNG
Synonyms: Gurung [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (that): Bhumjan, Bhutuja, Bullung, Charki, Galeh, Ghatri, Gundane, Jimel, Karang,
Lamsanitongi, Leh Lama, Temjani [West Bengal]
HADDI/HADI
Groups/subgroups: Chachadi, Godomalia Haddi, Karuva Haddi, Relli, Sudha Haddi [E. Thurston]
Titles: Choudari, Gonjakari. Nayako [E. Thurston]
Surnames: Behera, Guchhait, Nayaka [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Asvo (horse), Chintala (tamarind), Hathi (elephant), Liari (parched rice), Naga (cobra) [.
Thurston]
Beng (frog), Meen (fish), Naga (cobra) [Orissa]

HAJJAM/NAI MUSUM/NAVID
Synonyms: Nai, Nau, Naua, Thakur [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Khabas, Khalifa, Nai [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Hajam, Jarrah, Nai, Naoa [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Gangatirkar (Maratha), Ghatis, Godavari, Junar, Konkani, Kunbi
(cultivator), Madrasi Nhavi, Maratha (Maratha Nhavi), Marwari
Nhavi, Pardeshi, Pardeshi Nhavi,, Telangi Nhavi [R.E. Enthoven]
*Subcastes: Awadhiya, Ayodhiabasia, Bangali, Bastar, Biahut, Kanaujia, Magahiya, Musalmania, Sribastab, Tirhutia,
Turuk Nana [H.H.Risley]
Titles: Naheri, Osta, Thakur [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Naheri, Prasad, Sekh, Thakur [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Khan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Ali, Hakim [West Bengal]
Khandeshi, Mashalji, Vaidesh, Vajantri (musician), Yelmar [R.E. Enthoven]
* Sections: Amraut, Barthoar, Beauran, Beraut, Bilsar, Chansa, Chausar, Denrgamia, Dharmahu, Ekaunia, Gaya,
Hargami, Jainagaria, Jaipur, Janagadhia, Jardar, Jam, Jaum, Jurvaunt, Kaigab, Kalaen Kant, Kapur, Karaf, Karaojt,
Karaunti, Katur, Kharpait, Khavur, Kopinyar, Koranch, Kujharia, Kumair, Kundi, Kurnat, Mahrat, Manerar, Maura,
Niparia, Paithan, Parura, Pauriar, Purain Rat, Samaipr, Sanshihar, Satwar, Sisah, Telar (of Awadhia Hajjam), Unri:
Utraunia of Kanaujia Hajjam: Baksar, Urkiser [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages (farik): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
HALALKHOR
Synonyms: Bhangi, Halal Begi, Mehtar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Hussain, Mohammad [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
HALBA/HALBI
Synonyms: Halbi, Halva, Halvi, Halwa, Holva [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Bastaria, Chhattisgarhi, Purit or Pure Halba, Surit or Mixed Halba [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Rakshit, Sahu, Sureit [Orissa]
*Subcastes: Barpangat, Barpangat, Bastarha, Chhattisgarhia, Khalpangat, Khalpangats, Marethia, Nekha, Surait
[Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Bende, Daikwad, Kallar, Krishan, Nandanwar, Pakhale, Peru, Raut, Tirgu [Maharashtra]
Bakra, Barobundia, Bhaia, Dera, Jeeram, Kuar, Majhi, Marapalia, Nayak, Nekal, Rana, Samarath, Sukaloo, Sunia
[Orissa]
*Exogamous sections: Agri, Aurila, Baghel, Baretha, Barhai, Bhandari, Bhoyar, Bhringraj, Chalki, Ohakar, Elmia,
Ghorapatia, Gohi, Kanderi, Kawaliha, Lendia, Malia, Manjur, Mankar, Pardhan, Ponwar, Rawat Sahara [Russell &
Hiralal]
Bag (tiger), Bagh, Baradwajpakshi (a kind of bird), Bharadwaj pakshi, Gaduda, Goria pakshi, Goriapakshi, Honu,
Honu (monkey), Kochim, Nag (cobra), Nag Kochim (tortoise) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (bans): Bhagel (tiger), Bhartiya, Goria, Kachim (tortoise), Kilkiliya, Nag (snake), Netam (pig)
HALBA, NAGBANSI
Groups/subgroups: Negi, Telenga [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Negi, Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Clans: Nag (cobra) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units (bansa): Chalki, Surya Banshi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/lineages (ristedar): Bansaria, Chalki, Dehari, Negi, Power, Pradhan [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
HALWAI
Synonyms: Madhya Deshiya, Vaishya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Kannaujia, Kannujia, Madhesia, Madhesiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
*Subcastes: Balamtiria, Bantiria, Bhojpuria, Chhamulia, Kannaujia, Koranch, Madheria, Madhyesia, Magahiya,
Maltaria, Pachhainya, Purbiya Madhyesia [H.H. Risley]
Ablapuriya, Ahalpuriya, Ajudhyabasi, Akhpuriya, Alamnagari, Alipuriya, Amalpuriya, Amangabadi, Amritpuriya,
Asodpuriya, Audhiya, Balipuriya, Bargpuriya, Bharasiya (Mirzapur), Bhikhpuriya, Bilupuriya, Chamasiya,
Chandpuriya, Drigpuriya, Dubepuriya, Gondhiya (Gonda), Islampuriya, Jagatpuriya, Jaiswar
(Faizabad), Jajapuriya, Janakpuriya, Jaunpuriya, Jaypuriya Kaithiya (Cannpur), Kaithiya (Farrukhabad), Kanaujiya,
Katriya (Shahjanpur), Khairabadi, Khurasani, Mahabadi, Mainpuriya, Makhdumpuriya, Maqsudabadi, Misrikha,
Muhammadabadi, Muradabadi Naurangbadi, Nimkhar, Pachhwahan (Bahraich), Pachhwan, Purabiya, Rajauriya,
Ramnagari, Rasulpuriya, etc., mangalpuriya [W. Crooke]
Titles: Agarwal [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chaudhri, Das, Modi, Sahu [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Gupta, Sah, Sahu, Saw [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Agarwal [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gupta, Halwai, Kanya Kumbiya, Kanyakubja Vaishya, Modanwal, Shah, Vaishya, Yagyasemi, Yagyaseni [Uttar
Pradesh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bansal, Bindal, Dhawan, Garg, Gonan, Goyal, Jindal, Kachewal, Kansil, Mangal, Mittal,
Nagal, Singal, Taram, Tungal [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Sections (mul): Ajer, Akhanbari, Arnghat, Ami, Anar, Anokanwar, Anrua, Asarmalla, Asarmaura, Badabasti, Baksar,
Bakulari, Banebanaras, Baniaputhar, Bansahr, Basaria, Basdebpur, Bator, Bharauli Bharsahar, Bijaibanaras,
Budambasti, Chanberia, Chanwar, Chilhar, Dadukli, Daharak, Dariapar, Dehadbanaras, Deoghat, Dhakait,
Ohameswar, Dhanantia, Ohanej, Dharkia, Dhema, Dighwara Doem, Don, Dumri, Gahunagaona, Gangapali,
Gangautia, Gauli, Gauthaha, Harsahar, Hatser, Indri, Jabalia, Jawala, Jirabasti, Kachua, Kachwar, Kada, Kahinwar,
Kaladib, Kalasidh, Kandar Kandwar, Kangkol, Kani, Kara, Karandanauta, Karar, Karariha, Karkado, Kami, Karb,
Karpakar, Kasiaon, Katari, Kathej, Kausar, Kesaur, Khirkatora, Khonta, Khopriha, Kondeil, Korsa, Kotsa Kurisar,
Kusarparki, Kusmoulia, Lakhansaria, Laraudi, Laskoria, Lolutra, Lukathia, Madesia, Mahepura, Mail, Manimanaras,
Marar, Marua, Mohar, Nageswar, Nagneswar, Naknesa, Naoragkhia Narauni, Ninghian, Pachattar, Pachopat,
Paiharware, Palwar, Panthpakar, Pator, Phuli, Pindwal, Purbiya, Sakarwar, Santop [H.H. Risley]
HANSIA
Synonyms: Bansi, Bansi Tanti, Hansi, Hansi Tanti [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Garia (Garur pakshi), Honu (monkey), Kochin (tortoise), Nageswar (snake god) [Orissa]
HARDAS
Surnames: Biprodas, Ingale, Jadhav, Shinde, Tapalwal [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
HARI
Haddi, Hadi [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Banra-bhagiya, Karaiya, Khoriya, Madhankul, Madhya, Maghalaya, Purandwar, Sivli [H.H.
Risley]
Groups/subgroups (khom): Barbhag, Chotobhag, Garachara, Kirkichia [West Bengal]
Titles: Das, Harijan, Sardar [West Bengal]
Badyakar [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/clans: Aladi [West Bengal]
Alladi [H.H. Risley]
HELA/HELA, MEHTAR
Synonyms: Bhangi, Chhura, Dom [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Betangi, Bhangi, Dom, Halalkhor [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Andhra, Chhattishgarh, Oriya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Amelia, Bairia, Bairin, Banchhor, Bisnore, Brahmone, Dharmkar, Harul, Hussain, Jamkatar, Khan,
Khelkhor, Manhare, Surdol [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Hela [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Amelia, Bairan, Bairia, Banchhor, Bisnore, Dharmkar, Jamkatar, Khelkhor, Manhare, Surdol,
Vrahmane [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
HIJRA
Synonyms: Brihannala, Shikhandi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
HO
Synonyms: Kol, Larka Kol [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kol, Kolha, Larka Kol [Orissa]
Kol, Larka Kol [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Birwar, Chao, Kolhan, Ramganjia [Orissa]
Chatar, Gosra, Jerai, Pingua, Purti, Tiria [West Bengal]
Surnames: Badara, Banra, Bayepai, Buriuli, Chatamba, Deogam, Dukuri, Gagrai, Haiburis, Hasda, Hembrom, Hesa,
Jamuda, Kudada, Kunrel, Laguri, Lugun, Purty, Samad, Singkd, So-o-ye, Tamsoye [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Hembrom, Naik, Singh, Tiria [Orissa]
Chatar, Jerai, Nayak, Singh, Tiria [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (killi): Badara, Banra, Bayepai, Buriuli, Chatamba, Deogam, Oukuri, Gagrai, Haiburu, Hamda,
Hansda, Hembrom, Hesa, Jamuda, Kudada, Kunkel, Laguri, Lugun, Purti, Samad, Singku, So-o-ye, Tamsoye [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
Danga, Haibru, Hansda, Hembrom, Jamuda, Pingua, Samad, Tiria [Orissa]
"Septs: Airu, Alru, Angaria, Babanga, Bandi, Bansa, Barpai, Birua, Bodru, Buraili Kalundia, Buri Samat, Chaki- Dukri,
Champia Tubir, Chatra Tuiu, Chorai, Echaghatu, Emboro, Gagria, Gatsora Haiboru Langi, Hansda, Hembaran, Hesa,
Hone- Hoga, Jamulu, Janku-Samrai, Kalundia, Kisku, Lamamaka, Logari, Marli, Munduia, Murmu, Naguria, Paraya,
Pata Saya, Pingua, Podoro, Purthi Sauia, Sinkoi, Sundi Deogam, Tihu, Tin, Tudi [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages (killi): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
HOLAYA BRAHMAN
Surnames: Misra, Nanda, Panda, Pathak, Patra [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Balabhadra, Balaram, Samhukar [Orissa]
Gotra: Parasar [Orissa]
HOLIA/HOLJYA
Synonyms: Dafaliwale, Holar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Holia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Aainpoter, Bomcha, Dashmer, Goden, Hegnath, Pilger, Turknath [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
IDRISI
Synonyms: Darzi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Idrisi, Shaikh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
IRIKA
Surnames: Raura [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Dambaru (instrument of Lord Shiva), Moy, Nagasha (serpent god) [Orissa]

JADAM
Exogamous units/clans: Gannalaria, Kanaria, Semre [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
JADUPETIA/JADPATI
Synonyms: Chitrakar, Jadababa, Jadup [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Chitrakar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Bourahari, Hetmure, Kashfule, Matabaha, Mejasthane, Mundhantanga [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Lineages (gusthi): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
JAGGALI
Synonyms: Chamar, Godari, Jambuvulu, Madiga, Muchi [Orissa]
Titles: Behara [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/surnames: Bendi, Dadupari, Lanka, Nagasa, Nagasa (snake), Nela, Nulaka, Ragali, Shepe, Yerarapu
[Orissa]
Exogamous units/surnames (intiperulu): Appaswamy, Baheyya, Bairagi, Nala, Rao, Shepe, Tatupuri, Yerarapu
[Orissa]
Gotra: Nagasa [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Bendi, Dadupari, Lanka, Nala, Nela, Nulaka, Regali, Shepe, Tatupuri, Yerarapu [Orissa]
JAIN
* Divisions: Agarwal Vani (in Gujarat), Baligar, Bhatia, Bhavsar, Bhojak, Bogar, Charudia (in Deccan), Chaturtha,
Chhatri, Chippa, Deshawal Vani, Gandhi, Gurjar Vani, Halvai, Hardas, Humbad, Jat Kandoi, Kansar, Kasar, Khatri,
Kumbhar, Kunbi, Lad Vani, Lohana, Marwadi, Medha Vani, Narisngpuri Vani, Nema, Nema Vani, Oswal Vani,
Panchal, Porwad, Porwal Vani, Sevak, Shetwal Shrimali Vani, Sonar, Soni, Sorathia Vani, Umbad Vani, Upadhyaya
[R.E. Enthoven]
Digambar, Swetambar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bispanthi, Digambar, Mandir Margi, Nimdi Sampraday, Pothipanthi, Sranam Sangha, Stanak Basi, Swetambar,
Terapanthi [Orissa]
*Sub-divisions: Digambara, Svetambara [E. Thurston]
Dewa Sangha, Digambara, Kanwala, Kharatara, Launka Gachha, Nandi Sangha (Digambara), Sena Sangha, Simha
Sangha, Svetambara, Tapa [H.A. Rose]
Bhogara, Chathurtha, Digambara, Indra (Svetambara), Panchams Vaisyas, Svetambara [Nanjundayya and Iyer]
Agarwal, Apastamb, Bogar, Chaturtha, Gujar, Harad, Jaiswal, Kambhoja, Khandelwal, Lad, Newad, Oswal, Pancham,
Porwal, Shrawagri, Shri Srimali, Srimali, Swahitwel [S.S. Hassan]
Chetti, Das, Mudali, Mudaliyar, Nayinar, Rao, Udaiyar [E. Thurston]
Surnames: Chabra, Daga, Gangowal, Garg. Goyel, Jain, Kasri, Loharia, Mittal, Pahariya, Patni, Poddar, Sahula,
Sarawagi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Adamane, Aher, Anuker, Arpal, Bedare, Bede, Bhandare, Bhujabale, Chilwant, Chingare, Dabhe, Dagoja (Newad),
Dahatonde, Dahibhate, Deware Gain), Oolchipure, Ghase, Gore, Halge (Bogar), Helasker, Husang, Ikshwak, Kandi,
Kare, Kariwal, Kathole, Katie, Kemker, Khapre, Kolape, Lokhande, Madrap, Mahajan, Mangulker, Mashta, Mene,
Mukerwar (Kambhoja of Hingol), Pede, Phulade Rawul, Satpute, Somashet, Tambat, Todal, Tyaral, Vannere,
Vibhute, Warade, Ward, Yambal, Yarmal [S.S. Hassan]
Eran, Goyal, Jindal, Mittal, Mudgal, Nagal, Tungal, Vansal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Angira, Bhargava etc., Bharvadwaja, Ourwas, Gorgya, Gotum, Karlanta, Kashyapa, Koundinya, Mantapa, Manubha,
Marda, Markandeya, Samudrika, Vallabha, Vasistha [S.S. Hassan]
JAISWAL
Groups/subgroups: Tilonchiya (down the fort), Upronchiya (fort) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bajaj, Baretha, Chadoriya, Dangasiya, Ghiya, Kaheriya, Kapasiya, Kolanayak, Kuhele, Padira,
Punaviya, Sahula, Thakoriya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Agariya, Ago, Bajaj, Bhandari, Ghiye (ghee) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
JALIA
Subgroups: Bhulua, Chatgaon (in Noakhali), Jhalo Kaibarca [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Das, Jala Das [Orissa]
Arash, Bag, Barddhan, Barik, Bera, Bidyanto, Bisoi, Biswas, Boral, Chaudhri, Das, Gal Guria, Haldar, Kundu, Laha
[H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Das [Orissa]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap [Orissa]
Aliman [H.H. Risley]
JALIA, KAIBARTA
Synonyms: Jali, Jalo, Jele [West Bengal]
JAMATI
Surnames: Chogale (dwelling), Kazior, Khot, Tamrolkar, Tungekar [R.E. Enthoven]
JANGADA PORWAL/JANGADA PORWAD
Synonyms: Jangada, Porwal [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Choudhury, Dabade, Ghate, Jain, Khede, Mandalo, Pachdiya Pacholiya, Panholiya, Saraf [Madhya
JANGAM
Titles: Jagirdar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Adlave, Akolkar, Loankar, Moste, Solkar, Wargu [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
JANUGHANTA
Groups/subgroups: Chamara Vaishnava, Gopala Vaishnava, Karana Vaishnava, Kshatriya Vaishnava, Vaishnava
[Orissa]
Surnames: Das [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Achyuta [Orissa]
JAT
Titles: Patel, Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Basakh, Dharelia, Karelia, Mahore, Palbor, Thakrola [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Thenwan (in Gori) [W. Crooke]
JATAPU/JATAPU DORA
Synonyms: Jadapus, Jatap Dora, Pandava Kula Chatriya [Orissa]
Titles: Dora (lord), Naiko, Pandava Kulam, Samanto [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/surnames (intiperulu): Bidika, Himeriga, Huika, Jakaka, Kodraka, Kolaka, Konda Gorre, Kumbruka,
Madangi, Mellaka, Minaka, Monioka, Nachika, Orlaka, Padika, Polaka, Thadingi, Toyika [Orissa]
* Exogamous septs: Addaku (leaves), Arigala (millet), Arika (millet), Kadrika, Koalaka (arrow), Konda Gorre (hill
sheep), Kutraki (wild goat), Mamdangi, Navalipitta (peacock), Paspalum, Thorika Winka (white ant) [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/clans: Bidika, Hikoka, Himerica, Huika, Jakaka, Kadraka, Koloka, Konda Gorri, Korada, Kumbruka,
Mandangi, Mellaka, Minaka, Nachika, Orlaka, Pagaka, Pidika, Polaka, Praska, Thadingi, Toyika [Orissa]
JEW/BENE ISRAEL
Groups/subgroups: Baghdadi, Bene Israel, Cochin Jew [West Bengal]
Black Jew, White Jew [E. Thurston]
Gore (fair), Kale (dark) [R.E. Enthoven]
Titles: Cohen, Judah, Levis, Musleha, Nahoum [West Bengal]
JHADI
*Exogamous septs: Bhandariwadu, Kodamajjiwadu, Kolmulwadu, Kudmulwadu, Lingawadu, Nagulwadu,
Pankiwadu, Paspulwadu, Wagaiwadu [Russell & Hiralal]
JHALO MALO
Synonyms: Malo, Malo Patni, Malpatni [West Bengal]
Surnames: Biswas, Dutta, Haldar, Mallik, Roy, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Babarashi, Bamunrishl Sankharashi, Brahmaashi, Kashyap, Meghrashi [West Bengal]
JHARIA
Synonyms: Mehra [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Amodha, Dahia, Deharia, Mahobia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Choudhury [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Jharia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Chandel, Chandhury, Gohia, Nag (cobra), Nagbanshi, Padya, Sagar, Suryabanshi [Madhya
JHARUA
Titles: Basara, Besari [H.H. Risley]
JHARUA BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Aranyaka Brahmin [Orissa]
Surnames: Baboo, Behera, Majhi, Mishra, Mund, Nayak, Padhi, Panda, Panigrahi, Paula, Pujari, Sahoo, Supakar
[Orissa]
Gotra: Atri, Bharadwaja, Goutama, Kashyapa, Paulastreya, Sandilya, Vasishta [Orissa]
JHODIA/JODIA PAROJA
Synonyms: Jhodia Paroja, Paroja [Orissa]
Surnames: Jani, Jhodia [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bajnia (musician), Boipari (business), Dipa (light), Kochim (turtle), Lohora (Blacksmith),
Meena (fish), Muniga (drum stick), Naga (cobra), Narasingha, Suryabanshi (sun), Yogi (saint) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Choleria, Dimundia, Godria, Jhiria, Jhodipadria, Kochia, Kodiparia, Konukania,
Maribhatia, Muskaria, Pahandio, Pottamundia, Taraighatia, Tondia, Tumusia [Orissa]
JHORA
Synonyms: Jhara Khaki [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Jhara, Sonjhar [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Jena, Naik, Negi, Pethai, Pradhan [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Behera, Patar, Pradhan, Senapati [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Behara [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Patar, Pradhan, Senapati, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Naik [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bakeshwar, Kashyap, Krishnatreye, Nag (serpent) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kocho, Naga (snake), Pithio [Orissa]
Kashyap, Krishnatreya, Nag [H.H. Risley]
JINGER/JINGAR/JEENIGARLU
Synonyms: Marwari Machi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
* Endogamous groups: Are Jingar, Chitragar, Chitragar (in Mysore), Jingar (in Bombay Presidency), Kadu
[Nanjundayya and Iyer]
Groups/subgroups: Khatri Jingar, Sisodia Jingar, Tomar Jingar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Subgroups: Chitar, Jingar, Kadu [R.E. Enthoven]
Surnames: Chandel, Chauhan, Chayal, Dabi, Dhatia, Jailod, Khatri, Nirwar, Pawar, Sankala, Sisodia, Songara
Exogamous units/clans (got): Angirasa, Atri, Bharadwaj, Garg, Goutam, Grokarn, Jamadagni, Jambalya, Kanva,
Kapil, Kashyap, Koundinya, Sankhayana, Vasisht [R.E. Enthoven]
Angirasa, Bharadwaj, Goutama, Kanva, Koundinya, Koushik, Sandilya, Vasisht [S.S. Hassan]
* Sections: Borkar, Chavari, Chormare, Darule, Dhade, Dharpawar, Dorle, Durgkar, Kalbande, Kapse, Khanglc,
More, Nagare, Nidhankar, Pimpala, Surnase, Wankher, Yendhe [S.S. Hassan]
JOGI/JUGI
Synonyms: Joginath, Jogiswain, Jugi, Juginath [Orissa]
Nath, Yogi [West Bengal]
*Endogamous territorial divisions: Bead Sellers, Pamula, Pig Keepers, Siddaru [E. Thurston]
Aghorpanthi, Baidik, Bangal, Madhab, Madhyaia, Nimai, Paginal, Raghu (Kulin) [H.H. Risley]
Are, Balgar, Berak, Bhorpi, Davarji, Dombari, Gujarati Jogi, Jogar, Ker, Kundri, Kurub, Maratha Jogi, Mondar, Murad
in Bombay [R.E. Enthoven]
Bharadi, Davre Jogi, Jogi, Mendi Jogi, Raval, Sali Mali [S.S.Hassan]
Agam Nath, Ajaipal, Andarla (in Kangra) Aughars), Bachhowalia, Bahrila, Bari, Chhoti Dargali, Dargali, Dhiru, Giri
Nath, GwaliBasda, Ismail, Jalandhar Nath, Jangam, Jogi, Jogi Jangam Johal (Joiya), Kal, Langoch, Nim Nath, Pelia,
Purinama, Rawal, Sail, Saniasis, Sapela [HA Rose, D. Ibbetson]
Groups/subgroups: Bharati, Brahmachari, Darbesh, Giri, Goswami, Nanda, Nath, Puri, Sohara, Yange [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Gib Bansi, Kalandi, Malikota Vaishnava, Sib Bansi [Orissa]
Bhattacharya, Dalai, Koleman, Natun Paramanik [West Bengal]
Aughar, Bhaddar Jogi (among Musalman), Bhartari Jogi (among Hindu), Gorakhpanthi, Kanphata, Nandiya Jogi [W.
Crooke]
*Subcastes: Barwa or Ganpagati, Manihari, Patbina, Ritha Bikanath [Russell & Hiralal]
Titles: Adhikari, Biswas, Dalai, Goswami, Jachandar, Mahanta, Majumdar, Nathji, Pandit, Rai, Sarkar [H.H. Risley]
Bharat, Giri, Nandi, Nath, Puri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Baghel, Kashyap [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Das, Nath, Swain [Orissa]
Bhattacharya, Dalai, Debnath, Dev, Hazra, Mukherjee, Nath, Pandit, Paramanik, Sthanapati [West Bengal]
Chauhan, Gahlot, Kachhevaha [W. Crooke]
*Endogamous septs: Bindhollu, Boda Dasari, Chappadi (insipid), Cheruku (sugar cane), Gudi (temple), Gundra
(round), Jalli, Kaverimatha, Pesala, Upuvala (horse gram), Vagiti (courtyard), Vavati (relationship), Vrishabha [E.
Thurston]
*Exogamous sections: Bhise, Bhopale, Bhot, Chaturbhuj, Chavan, Devgune, Dharde, Diwale, Gaikwad, Jadhav,
Jadhava, Jirekar, Kasar, Kavade, Keskar, Lakhe, Narwade, Pawar, Petkar, Rajle, Shinde (Raval Jogi), Sukale, Unode,
Wable, Wagha, Wamane, Yadav [S.S. Hassan]
Exogamous units/clans: Yanga [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Adi, Alarishi, Anadi, Bangaja, Barendra, Batuk, Bhulua, Birbhairab, Goraksha, Kasyapa, Khelenda, Matsendra (king
offish), Min (fish), Rarhl, Satya (truth), Siva, Sundipa [H.H. Risley]
Binatavallu, Chirukurivallu, Dasaripurivallu, Gollarivallu, Gudilollu, Indukurivallu, Jallivallu, Mopurivallu,
Origantavallu, Pindiralollu, Samatavallu, Sappadivallu, SirSrapuvallu Sivaralollu, Taravallu, Ulavalavallu,
Vadapillavallu, Vagitavallu [Nanjundayya and Iyer]
Bhaddari, Nandi [W. Crooke]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Nagasa (snake), Niranjan [Orissa]
Gotra: Atri, Bharadwaj, Dadhichi, Sandilya, Vasistha, Yanga [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Kashyapa, Siva [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages (vans): [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
JOHARI
Subgroups: Akaramase, Baramase, Dahamase [R.E. Enthoven]
Surnames: Agdode, Ardhaduba, Badgujar, Bam, Bhais, Bhatti, Dasavantas, Digoa, Gadria, Gaud, Gujar, Kapasha,
Kativale, Nathiyan, Pathivan, Rathod, Sarvativale, Sisodia, Sonyaphadp, Sonyarathod Suni, Thak [R.E. Enthoven]
Bhatti, Digwa, Gonda, Kapasha, Mahaisma, Shishoja, Sonya [S.S. Hassan]
JOSHl
Synonyms: Maharaj, Pandit [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Budbudki, Chandbudki, Davaris, Gibidki, Pingles [R.E. Enthoven]
Bhadri, Jyotishi, Parsai [Russell & Hiralal]
Akarmashe [R.E. Enthoven]
Amrapurkar, Joshi Vasudeva (beggar), Joshi Waghes, Murlis, Sahadeva, Sarvade Joshi [S.S. Hassan]
Joshi of the Plains, Kumaun Joshi, Marwari Joshi [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Joshi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhise, Bhosale, Chavan, Gaikwad, Garud, Ghati, Jadhav, Kadam, Mane, Naikal, Povar, Shinde, Shingan [R.E.
Enthoven]
Bhagawat, Bhise, Gajkesar, Ghadage, Ghogre, Jadhava, Lambkane, Mahajan, Mitrak, More, Panchange, Pote,
Renukadas, Samsari, Sasane, Shinde, Sonune, Vaidya [S.S. Hassan]
"Exogamous sub-divisions (kul): Bhise, Bhosale, Chavan, Gaikwad, Garud, Ghati, Jadhav, Kadam, Konkan and
Karnatak, Mane, Naikal, Povar, Shinde in Deecan, Shingan [R.E. Enthoven]
Exogamous units/clans: (Marwari Joshi), Adi Gaur, Chhibari, Gujar Gaur, Jaypuri Gaur, Kakara, Malwa, Pachrauliya,
Sikrauriya, Silachar, Silauta, Urauriya [W. Crooke]
Angiras (Kumauan Joshi), Bharadwaja (Joshi of plain) [R.E. Enthoven]
Koushik, Parasar [W. Crooke]
JUANG
Synonyms: Pattua [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Basket Makers, Settled Agriculturists, Shifting Cultivators [Orissa]
Titles: Pradhan, Sardar [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Banai Bok, Bang Bok, Barung, Bok, Dungunia Bok, Gungri Bok, Halai Bok, Halat, Hatisulia
Bok, Jamtangi Bok, Kansiali Bok, Kuba Bok, Kundui Bok, Nachim Bok, Radua Bok, Samna Bok, Saran Bok,
Tangarpadia Bok, Temru Bok [Orissa]
*Septs: Alemba (hail stone), Baitiriba (buffalo), Balimba (mosquito), Banaiba (bear), Barataba (bear), Dumriaba (a
kind of tree), Gaghraba (paddy), Hatisalaba (elephant), Jarigamba (jari tree), Kalimba (tobacco flower), Kanchaba
(dog), Kelobo (bee), Keralaba (pumpkin), Kota Bandab, Lihimba (dove), Mundiba (mahua tree), Munduab (small
mushroom), Odhalaba (fox), Rangataba (a kind of yellow coloured bird), Rasamba (mushroom that grow on ant
hills), Saramba (tigress), Sindriaba (red mushroom), Talahadaba (palm tree), Tenshaba (a bird) [H.H. Risley]
JYOTISH
Synonyms: Ganak, Grahabipra, Nahaka [Orissa]
Surnames: Acharya, Khariratna, Mahapatra, Nayaka, Samantara [Orissa]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Mudugalya [Orissa]
KABIR PANTHI
Synonyms: Manikpuri [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Das, Goswami, Roy, Shab, Sinha, Yadav [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Latia (cotton weaver), Manikpuri, Mankhipuri, Mungali [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
KABIR PANTHI PANKA

Synonyms: Manikpuri [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Kosharia, Lania or Larla [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Beghel (tiger), Bhaisa (buffalo), Chura (flattened rice), Dhandu, Ghughua, Janta (grinding
stone), Kuldip, Mahanadi (river), Murchulia, Nawarang (nine clours), Panaria (betel leaf) Parwa, Tandia (earthen
pot) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
KACHARI, MECH
Groups/subgroups: Anjnai Mech, Jati Mech [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (art): Basumatari, Brahma, Goyari, Harjinari, Hazoria, Iswarari, Kaklori, Kher-Katare,
Mochari, Mushahari, Narzari, Owari, Sargari, Thaletari [West Bengal]
KACHCHI
Synonyms: Bagwan, Kushwaha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Divisions: Bamhania [H.H. Risley]
Ahmedabadi, Ajwalia, Andharia, Khamar, Khambhatia, Kharbhoi or Dimar, Khatri, Koli, Malao, Mali, Narbhari,
Sangaria [R.E. Enthoven]
Bundela, Marwari [S.S. Hassan]
Groups/subgroups: Alia, Baharha, Hardaha, Jiria, Kanaujia, Kushwaha, Maria, Phulia, Sahaura, Sania [Madhya
*Subcastes: Amariya, Baheniya, Bhadauriya, Bhagta, Chakchainiya, Chakseniya, Chauhan, Chithoriya, Churela,
Dangarha, Dhenkuliya, Dholakiya, Etawah, Fatehpur, Hardainiya, Kachhwaha (in Agra), Kaithiya, Kanaujiya, Khariha,
Kichar, Kusha, Murai of, Murai of Kanpur, Murao, Nijakotiya of Mainpuri, Parnama of Jalaun, Patariha, Puniya of
Bulandshahr, Purabiya of Agra, Purabiya of Shahjahanpur, Sakauriya of, Saksena, Sakta of Allahabad, Saloriya of
Lalitpur, Thakuriya of Lucknow, Thakuriya of Raebareli, Thakuriya of Unao [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Kachi, Kushwaha, Maurya, Patel [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Exogamous sub-divisions: Bundile, Elchya, Gulal, Gwaliari, Hadiyewale, Katkariya, Mabwale, Malkapure, Nabab,
Piloliwale [S.S. Hassan]
*Exogamous sub-divisions (kul): Agarvale, Amore, Arafe, Bhaisvale, Elchya, Ghatvali, Kachore, Kamare, Khandore,
Kulathe (Narbhari), Lakadvale, Limbare, Mithore, Pachalondhe, Pandure, Rojanvali, Sonore, Tilathe, Vade [R.E.
Enthoven]
KACHCHI, ALIA
*Divisions: Ahmdabadi, Ajwalias, Andhasia, Khamar, Khambattia, Khatri, Koli, Mali, Sangaria [R.E. Enthoven]
Groups/subgroups: Dhulia, Hardia, Jiria, Lilia, Mor, Murai, Piria, Sonia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Bariko, Biswalo, Bonjo, Jenna, Kampo, Konwal, Lenka, Mahanti, Mella Nahako, Patro, Podhano, Podiyali,
Ravulo [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagwasia, Kher, Mori [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Goru [E. Thurston]
KACHER
Synonyms: Kachara, Kachora, Kansra [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Hindu Kachera, Muslim Kachera [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Surnames: Kacher (old), Prasad, Tomar (new), Verma [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Behera, Kunda, Nanda, Patra, Pradhan, Prusd, Sahu [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Belkhandi, Bharia, Bhelha, Chauhan, Doksaha, Gadariya, Gavantia, Kotoha, Naina, Nava,
Paik, Parihar, Sunar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): , Nageswar (snake god) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (vansa): Behera, Nandi, Patra, Pradhan, Prusti, Sahu [Orissa]
KADAR
Groups/subgroups: Kadar, Laiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Naiya [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bare, Darbe, Kadar, Kalandar, (Capri, Laiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Barbe, Bare, Barik, Hazari, Kampti, Kapari, Mandar, Mandri, Manjhi, Maraia, Marik,
Mirdaha, Raut, Rikhiasan [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Rikhiasan [H.H. Risley]
KADHERA
Subgroups: Arrow Makers, Kamaugar [W. Crooke]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagri, Baiswar, Baori, Bargujar, Batham (Srivastav), Chauhan, Daudpanthi, Dhanuk, Ohuna,
Dusadh, Gahlot, Gamela, Gaur, Gujar, Jadon, Kabirbansi, Kachhi, Kachhwaya, Kamangar Katiyar Khanpuriya,
Korchamra, Lodha, Luniya, Mallah, Mehtariya, Naddaf, Nanakshahi, Nunera, Ojha, Pardesi, Pundir, Raiedas, Raj,
Rajput, Rangsaz, Ror, Sain, Saksena, Sansiya, Sarawati Soeri, Solankhi, Tamoli, Tomar [W. Crooke]
KAHAUYA
Titles: Roy, Samanta [Orissa]
Surnames: Behera, Lenka, Mahapatra [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagha (tiger), Naga (snake) [Orissa]
KAHAR
Synonyms: Chandrabansi, Kamkar, Rawani [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kahal [West Bengal]
Abdar, Bahia, Bahiot, Behara, Bhandari, Kamkar, Mahara, Mahato, Raut, Sardar [H.H. Risley]
*Subcastes: Bisaria, Dhitnar, Dhuria, Garauwa, Garhuk, Jaswar, Kharwara, Magahiya, Ramani, Rawani, Turhaiya
[H.H. Risley]
Batham, Bot, Dhimar, Dhinwar, Dhuriya, Gharuk, Jaiswar, Kamkar, Khawar, Mahar, Mallah, Raikwar, Rawani,
Singhariya, Turaiya [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Prasad, Ram, Singh, Verma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Reward, Sindhu, Sing, Verma [West Bengal]
Das [Dadra & Nagar Haveli]
Bhandare, Gangole, Kachare, Lachure, Ladke, Padre, Simbre [Nanjundayya and Iyer]
Aliman, Bando (a small wild cat), Kanda (sweet potato), Kansi (a kind of grass), Kasyapa, Nag, Rawanpur, Suar (a
pig) [H.H. Risley]
Dahariya, Damrauiya, Imiliya (in Jhansi), Muderiya [W. Crooke]
Gotra: Bharadwaj [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages: Kachchim, Nag [West Bengal]
KAHAR BHOI
Groups/subgroups: Deshmajhi, Pargonait, Rewani [West Bengal]
Surnames: Abaser, Sohil [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bayur (banyan tree), Bonwasi (forest dweller), Borijhar, Boye, Kurum (tortoise), Marai, Nag
(cobra), Sakti (Durga) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Goutam, Kashyap [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
KAIBARTA
Synonyms: Kaibart, Kaibout, Mandal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Deshi, Desi Semri, Gharbetha, Gundi, Hali Das, Halia Das, Jethant, Jethaut, Khania, Niali, Nilai,
Semri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Adaki <in Bengal), Arash, Bag, Bagh, Bano, Bardhan, Barik, Bera, Biswas, Boral, Chaudhri, Das, Gharui, Giri,
Haldar [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Biswas, Choudhury, Das, Mandal, Pandit, Sharma, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Alambayana, Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Koushik, Parasar, Vasisht, Vedavyas [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
'Sections: Aladari, Almal, Bagri, Barendra, Bhulua (in Noakhali), Chasi, Chauddapara Rarhibindu, Dakshin, Dakshini,
Dantra, Das(in Dacca), Halia Das (in Bakarganj), Halik (in Maldah), Hele Kaibarta (in Midnapur), Jalik, Jaliya, Jalwah
Kaibartta, Jeliya, Kaibartta, Karalai, Mala (in Jessore), Malo, Marwar, Panchsata Bahattarghar, Parasar Das, Patua,
Phirti, Rajbansi Rarhi, Rarhi), Sundipe, Tutiya, Uttar Rarhi (in Hughli) [H.H. Risley]
KAKMARA
Surnames: Das, Singh [West Bengal]
Gotra: Kashyapa [West Bengal]
KALAL
Synonyms: Iraqi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dadsena, Jaiswal, Kalar, Kalowal [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Kalwar, Kolar, Sundi [Orissa]
Iraqui, Raki [West Bengal]
Kalwar, Karigar, Mistriond Sharabwala [H.H. Risley]
Groups/subgroups: Bore Kalar, Chhoti Kalar, Daharia, Oandsena, Jaiswar, Jamwai, Kanojia, Lad, Malvi [Madhya
Ghogia Kalar, Kalwar, Kolar, Non Ghogia Kala [Orissa]
Iraqi, Kalal [West Bengal]
Subgroups: Chanakha, Chhatri Lad, Gurer, Jaiswar, Kodi Lad, Lad Kalal, Letarayya, Pardeshi Kalal, Purbhayya, Sinhor
(Pardeshi), Suiya Lad (Lad) [S.S. Hassan]
Titles: Dandsena [Orissa]
Surnames: Sinha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Dandsena, Jaiswal [Orissa]
Ahmad, Alam [West Bengal]
Dingre (hill), Ganagane, Hagal Diwate, Jamalpure, Kamade, Katwate, Khadke (rock), Kol, Palangatode, Paske,
Pinjare, Sabane (soap), Sadanande, Sandve, Tapase, Tonpe (Lad), Vanjare [S.S. Hassan]
Chhuri, Dhorra, Had, Katajhori, Newla, Pipal, Sonkhutia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Bagh (tree), Kashi, Neual, Pipal (tree), Renkhi [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (mul): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KALANDIVAISHNAB
Surnames: Dasa [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagaswa [Orissa]
KALANGA
*Endogamous divisions (barga): Barha, Bersia, Bhil, Bhra, Bhundi, Bichhi, Chhati, Chika, Gunda, Kapat, Khumri,
Manjhi, Rndia, Saria, magar [Russell & Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Kalong, Kawar [Orissa]
Titles: Garhatia, Singh, Sirdar [Orissa]
Surnames: Dao, Garatia, Singh, Sirdar [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Barha, Barik, Bhil, Bhundi, Bhusaria, Goeri, Kalari, Kapet, Karai, Karshal, Khomri, Kisandi,
Korwar, Kothi, Majhi, Ravan, Rengar, Sagar, Singhi, Suri, Tarar, Tarla [Orissa]
KALINGA/KALINJI
Groups/subgroups: Borgani, Kentali [Orissa]
Subgroups: Bevarani, Bhattu Bhadra Kalinga, Buragam Kalinga, Kinthali, Mohiri Kalinji, Pandiri [E. Thurston]
Titles: Bariko, Behara, Bissoyi, Chaudari, Chowdhari, Dolei, Gaudo, Jenna, Moliko, Naidu, Naiko, Patro, Pradhano
(chief), Pulleyi, Ravuto, Santo, Savur [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/surnames: Patra, Ranald, Singari [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Akhara, Aladhi, Arudra (lady bird), Bali, Bano(sun), Bhago (tiger), Nago (cobra), Ravi Chettu
(pipal tree), Sanko(counch shell), Silavant, Sukro (star) [E. Thurston]
Gotra: Atri, Bharadwaj, Gautama, Kashyap, Madgual, Parasar [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansa, kula): Ampula, Bamidi, Ganta, Karukol, Kavite, Panada, Pisa, Sanpala [Orissa]
KALOTA
Exogamous units/clans: Chouhan, Dayal, Makwana, Mouriya, Parihar, Solanki, Yadav [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
KALU
Synonyms: Garai, Sidai, Teli [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Desh Garai, Mansai/Shikure, Masnute, Pisnute [West Bengal]
Titles: Chowdhury, Mandal, Roy [West Bengal]
Surnames: Chowdhury, Garai, Mandal, Pal, Patra, Pramanik, Roy, Sadhukhan, Saha, Sidai [West Bengal]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Moudagalya, Sandilya [West Bengal]
KALWAR
Synonyms: Kalal, Kalol [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kalal, Konwar [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Bhojpuria, Kanaujia, Kanwar, Magahiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bihant, Jaiswal, Kharidaha [West Bengal]
* Sub-divisions: Byahut, Chauske, Daharia, Kanaujia, Lad, Malvi, Rai Kalars, Seohare [Russell & Hiralal]
*Subcastes: Ajodhiabasi, Awadhia, Ayodhya, Ayodhyabasia, Banodhia, Bhojpuri, Biyahut, Deswar, Jaiswar, Jasar,
Kalai, Khalsa, Kharidaha, Ranld [H.H. Risley]
Batham, Golhere, Iraqi, Jaiswal, Kanaujiya, Mahur, Purabiya, Ranki, Rauki, Sewara [W. Crooke]
Bhagat, Bhakat [West Bengal]
Abkar, Bhakat, Bhatthidar, Chaudhri, Goldar, Lala, Modi, Sahu [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Chaudhury, Gupta, Jaiswal, Sahu, Shaw [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bhakat, Chowdhury, Gupta, Saha, Sau [West Bengal]
*Sections: Abkahila, Ami(mul), Ardga Lakhia, Bachhvaian, Bakat Panne Ke Panre, Baksaria, Baniya, Banraha, Baraha
Ke Mahto, Barhaira Ke Panre, Baruar, Basundar, Bathuake Mahto, Bathuake Raut Battisi, Beruke Kisan, Beruke
Panre, Bhadwaria, Bhojpuria, Bhutane, Bihia, Chanre Ke, Chaugain, Chaugain Ke Panre, Chausa, Datta Ke Raut,
Dhakaich, Dhankharia, Dhobaha, Dhurfanda Ekauna, Gadheyia, Gamel, Gandahia, Gareyia, Gharikarak, Goa, Gonr,
Hardwar, Harnatar, Hazari Panre, Jagmanra, Jaintpur, Jamuaon, Kaithar, Kalanua, Kamalsar, Kamsar
Ke Mahto, Kandh Pakar Kaneil, Kante Ke, Kante Ke Ras, Karjaba, Kasmal, Kates, Kateswar, Katharia, Kathera,
Katsarwa, Kesarbani, Khan, Khapraha, Kharknake Ke, Khataia, Khereswarke Panre, Laksham Seria Lakshnewar,
Lamgaria, Mahara, Mahuari, Mallik, Maneria, Mangaf, Rakmal, Raut [H.H. Risley]
Anfi, Angi, Bandi, Bata, Kaldar, Panchambar, Quraishi, Rafki, Rangi, Saua, Sediqi, Sheikh, Zangi [W. Crooke]
Exogamous units/lineages (mul): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KAMAR
Synonyms: Karmakar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Barhal, Dhiya [Orissa]
Karmakar [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Chand Kamar, Kamar, Lohar, Pitale Kamar, Sonar
Kamar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bundhrajia, Kacharpotiya, Paharapatiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chand Kamar, Kansari, Lohar Kamar, Pitole Kamar, Sarna Kamar [West Bengal]
Subgroups: Bundhrajiya, Makadia [Russell & Hiralal]
*Sub-divisions: Bundhrajia, Makadia [Russell & Hiralal]
*Subcastes: Anarpuri, Ashtalai (Santal Paragana), Barendra, Basuna, Belalai, Belasi (Bardwan), Bhusnapati (eastern
Bengal), Chand
Kamar, Chauralai, Dakhin Rarhi, Das, Dhakai, Dhokra, Ghatra Kamar, Jati Karmakar (Noakhali), Kamla Kamar,
Kansari, Khotta, Lohar Kamar (Midnapur), Lohsa, Magahiya (Manbhum), Mahmudpuria, Panch Samaj, Paschima,
Patule Kamar, Rarhi (Murshidabad), Samaj Sankhalal, Shikhu Karmakar, Swarna Kamar, Tamra, Uttar Rarhi (24
pargana) [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Maharana, Ojha [Orissa]
Ari (in Bengal), Das, De, Karuna (in Behar), Mistri, Tewari, Thakur [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Dey, Haider, Kabiraj, Karmakar, Mondal, Roy, Sen [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Netam, Sori [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Maharana, Ojha [Orissa]
Das, De, Karmakar, Rana [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Alamrihi, Bacharishi, Ghisat Kathawar, Nag [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Netam, Son [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bachasha, Bhada, Bhadalia, Nagasa (snake) [Orissa]
Aliman (Bengal), Bagh, Bamunia, Bobdengia, Godhanpura (Behar), Harsaria, Hasanpuria, Jakhalpuria, Jarangait,
Jasiam, Kachhua, Kalait, Katosia, Khujiria, Manjari, Marturia, Maudgalya Nag, Netria, Pokharmia, Pota, Puralia,
Racwaria, Sagi, Sonpuria, Sothiwar [H.H. Risley]
Alambayana, Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Moudgulya, Sandilya [West Bengal]
Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Sandilya [H.H. Risley]
KAMARIAYA
Synonyms: Bahenia, Kamaria, Uprelia Ahir [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Nagbansi, Raghubansi, Yadubansi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Gadhore, Katharia, Larewath, Lathele, Nangle, Pacheania, Sejowar, Uprelia, Vojak [Madhya
Exogamous units/lineages: Yadava Vansh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
KAMI
Synonyms: Groups/subgroups: Lohar, Sonar [West Bengal]
Surnames: Baraili, Ghemer [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Baraili, Darnal, Deyali, Gadaili, Gadal, Gajamil, Gatani, Ghimere, Lamgade, Rasaili, Rawpal
[West Bengal]
Sections: Baraili, Darnal, Devapthi, Diali, Dudhraj, Dural, Gadaili, Gadal, Gahatraj, Gajmer, Gham Ghotle, Gharti
Ghaure, Ghatani, Jar Kami, Kairala, Kati Chiore, Kharkabayu, Khati, Lamgade, Lohagun, Lohar, Lokandri, Mangrati,
Parbate, Pokhrel, Portel, Rahapal, Ramudan, Rasaili, Rijal, Rujal, Sapkota, Sasankhar, Setu Surual, Sin Chiori, Singa
Ore, Thapangi, Tirua [H.H. Risley]
KAMILA
Synonyms: Paira, Sunari [Orissa]
Surnames: Kamila, Paira, Rana, Shaw [Orissa]
Gotra: Kashyap, Parasar, Sandilya [Orissa]
KAMLAPURI VAISHYA
Surnames: Gupta, Kumar, Prasad, Sah [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

KAMPA
Groups/subgroups: Bachili, Gujulu, Tathinalu [Orissa]
Surnames: Chowdhury, Padhi, Patra, Pradhan [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bodam, Dondari, Duguri, Nagaswar (snake), Pangulu, Sapari, Telkunchi [Orissa]
Gotra: Nageswar [Orissa]
KAMTI
Synonyms: Kamati, Kamta, Keot [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Gheevaha, Saghahar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Bhandari, Chaudhary, Kamait, Kamat, Kamti [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KANDARA
Synonyms: Kadma, Kandara, Kandra, Kodma, Kondore [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Chandali, Machhua [Orissa]
Kandra, Pan Kandra [West Bengal]
Surnames: MaUick [Orissa]
Dolai, Gayen, Hazra, Jana, Patra, Shyanal [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagasa (snake) [Orissa]
Nageswar, Saleswar, Sandilya [West Bengal]
KANDH
* Subcastes/subgroups: Arria Kandh, Beniah Kandh, Malua, Nikitia Kandh, Orh, Oriya Kandh, Sauntia Kandh [H.H.
Risley]
Titles: Abbaye, Desauri, Jani, Jhankai, Maji, Malik, Mutha [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/clans: Adgirkia, Bakolmendi, Baloskuppa, Bankamendi, Behingia, Bhetimendi, Bhursamendi,
Bhusangia, Bidumendi, Bogalkia, Dangnikia, Danikia, Delapari, Domsing, Dondikia, Dopsingia, Dutimendi Ganingia,
Gopingia, Grandimendi, Gumalmendi, Jehilingia, Jorapongia, Kalabag, Kaliapari, Kerlingia, Koinjabari, Koskirabi,
Kutrengia, Lotpongia, Mutungia, Petingia, Pobingia, Pundilkia Rakodmoska, Rasimendi, Robingia, Sagormendi,
Saitingia, Sandumendi, Sehelengia, Sidupari, Suramendi, Teridikia, Tuniamendi [H.H. Risley]
KANDHA GAUDA
Synonyms: Tanhala Gauda [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Behera, Boi, Nayak, Pradhan [Orissa]
KANDU
Synonyms: Kanu [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Halwai, Kanu [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Baltiriya, Kannujia, Koranch, Madhesia, Maghahiya, Rai Sabha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gond Gonr, Kanojia, Madhya Deshiya [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Ballamitiria, Bantaria, Bharbhunja, Dhuria, Gonr, Kanaujia, Koranch, Madhesia, Magahiya, Rawani,
Satmulia Maghaya, Thather, Thathera [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Sah, Sahu, Saw [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Sahu [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Prasad, Sah [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bhagat, Prasad, Saha, Sau [West Bengal]
* Sections/clans (mul): Akan, Akhgaon, Ankuri, Arap, Baghakol, Barhi, Bere, Bharath, Bhater, Chaudiha, Chhitni,
Datiyan, Gager, Ganrol, Hathiakan, Ichbaria, Jiarwar, Kanap, Kaneil, Karian, Kasiam, Katear Khadhnu, Kokras,
Mahuli, Maner, Masaur, Mehaus, Murti, Nenijor, Nepra, Pali, Parsautia, Pilich, Rajgiri, Raunia, Saraihat, Sausambar,
Sira, Tindiha (Bantaria), Tisor, Toril, Uttardaha [H.H. Risley]
KANJAR
Synonyms: Dom, Maghaiya Dom [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
*Divisions: Jat Log, Kuchabandhahare [R.E. Enthoven]
Criminal Kanjars, Deccani Kanjars, Kunchbandhia, Marwari Kanjars [Russell & HiraJal]
* Sub-divisions: Beheliya, Beldar, Beriya, Bhatu, Chamarmangtra, Dom, Jallad, Jogi, Kuchbandia (brush maker), Nat,
Pattharkat, Qalandar, Rachband, Sausiya, Turkata [W. Crooke]
*Subcastes: Jallad (executioners), Kunchband (brush maker), Pattharkat (stone cutter), Rachband (maker of
weavers comb) [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Kanjar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Birawat, Chatrawat, Chawra, Guden, Jhajhawat, Kalkhat, Karmawat, Manawat, Sangori [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Bhains, Bhuntia Rakhan, Mariya, Mewati, Rara, Sankat Soda, Soda, Utwar, Vaid or Baid [Uttar Pradesh]
Bhains (buffalo keeper), Bharu, Bohat, Chanal, Chaudal, Dhobibans, Ghamra, Ghussar, Gohar (catcher of guava),
Goher, Jhijhotiya, Kara, Kedar, Lakashar, Maraiya (among Kunchband), Mattu, Pattari, Sankat (stone cutter),
Sirkiband, Soda, Sonra, Supwala, Untwar [W. Crooke]
KANJIA
Surnames: Dafadar, Gohir, Rout [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Mahata, Nageswar (snake god) [Orissa]
Gotra: Kashyap, Sandilya [Orissa]
KANSARI/KANSARA/KASERA/KASAR
Synonyms: Kanskar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kaser, Tamarekar, Thatera [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Banik, Kangsa, Kangsabanik [West Bengal]
*Endogamous divisions: Champaneris, Marus, Sihoras, Visnagras [R.E. Enthoven]
Groups/subgroups: Tamhera [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bisnagari Kansara, Gujarati Kansara, Jamnagari, Kansara, Mara Kansara, Maru, Soratia Kansara [Gujarat]
Bundelkhandi, Jahanabadi, Mathurabasi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhariya, Golar, Gorakhpuri, Pachhiwahan, Purbiha, Tanchara, Tank [W. Crooke]
Groups/subgroups (thak): Maite, Mamdo, Mamudpuri, Saptagrami [West Bengal]
Surnames: Kanskar, Kasera, Kumar, Prasad, Sah, Sao [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Barwar, Chhipa, Chuwharia, Karaiya, Khotia, Kuksha, Lakha, Lakheta, Mahelwar, Mulha, Sahpuriya, Setha, Vilkat
Mahapatra, Maharana, Pristhy, Sahu [Orissa]
Das, Datta, Dey, Guin, Kangsabanik, Nandan, Nandi, Paramanik [West Bengal]
Bagaya, Barmeya, Bhatti, Gohel, Karsakariya, Parmar, Solanki [R.E. Enthoven]
Exogamous units/clans: Hariharno [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Barwar, Chhipa, Chowharia, Karaiya, Khamele, Khotia, Kuksha, Lakha, Lakheta, Mahelwar, Mulha, Peswar,
Sahpuria, Setha, Vilkata [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bagha (tiger), Naga (snake), Sarasa [Orissa]
Banaudhia, Basaiya, Chauarasia, Hariharno, Lakar Mahauliya, Machhua, Mahauliya, Suariya, Suppar [H.H. Risley]
Champaneri, Maru, Sihora, Visnagras [R.E. Enthoven]
Baikata, Bapdahka, Bari (Pachhiwahan), Barwar, Belkata, Berwar, Budhmaniya, Chilimara, Chorkat, Churihara,
Dhumel, Ganreriya, Ghamela, Ghoraha, Ghorcharha, Ghumila, Gurteliya, Hardiha Jarseth, Jhamaiya, Kardhaniyator,
Katha, Kharmarauriya, Khutaha, Koraiya, Lohar, Mahalwar, Mahobiya, Paighia, Purbiya (in Mirzapur), Qalaigar,
Rahilaha, Sirbhaiyan, Songar, Tamaha Teliya [W. Crooke]
Dadhichi, Kashyap, Sandilya [West Bengal]
KANYAKUBJA BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Babaji, Kanaujia Brahman, Pandit [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Maharaj, Pandit [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
KAPARIA/KAPARIYA
Synonyms: Gosain, Sanyasi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand
Kapadia, Patara [Orissa]
Titles: Naik [Orissa]
Surnames: Kaparia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Pathak, Nalaha, Behera, Das, Naik, Pathala, Patra, Pusti [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Banchor, Bargaraiya, Chandyl, Choudhary, Gautam, Kalpia, Nadiapar, Patle Itkachahla, Rahta,
Siunia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous unit/clans: Baghosa (tiger), Nagasa (snake), Kachhapa (tortoise) [Orissa]
'Septs: Banchor, Chaudhari, Choudel, Gautam, Khetgariyar. Patle (from Fatehpur), Samudraphen, Sirmaur [W.
Crooke]
* Classes: Tapashi, Kapri [H.A. Rose]
Kashyapa [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous unit/lineages: (Pirhi) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KAPASIA
Surnames: Behera, Bhora, Lenka, Nayaka, Raut, Sahu [Orissa]
Exogamous unit/clans: Naga (snake) [Orissa]
KAPURIA
Synonyms: Haghore, Khaira, Khira [West Bengal]
Surnames: Kapuria [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Sosai, Khaira, Tikutia, Tiyari [West Bengal]
KARANGA
Synonyms: Chhutar, Koranga [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Chhat Karanga, Chhutar Karanga, Chhutarchat, Karenga [West Bengal]
*Sub-divisions: Kachchap, Salmach [H.H. Risley]
Appendix B I409
*Sub-caste: Dhalwa, Malwa, Sikharia, Tunga [H.H. Risley]
KARGA
Synonyms: Karanga, Koranga, Pathria [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Desh Majhi, Paramanik, Sardar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Karigar, Saw [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages: Kachima, Nag, Sal, Sank [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KARMAU
Surnames: Karmali [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans (gotar): Belowar (wood apple), Kayethoyar, Sonowar (gold) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KARUA
Groups/subgroups: Bhuiya, Ghasi, Gour, Hari Dom, Kharia, Magada, Nagadh, Uriya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Kama, Mukhi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Bag (tiger), Nag (snake) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KASAI
Synonyms: Qassab [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Deogarhiya Gond, Kisbe, Quereshi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bakar Kasab, Gai Kasab, Lad Kasab [R.E. Enthoven]
Surnames: Hussain. Mohammad, Qureshi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Karamat Ali, Moulavi [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/clans: Dhuruya, Jawari, Marai, Murkam, Pate, Tekam [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
KASAUNDHAN
Surnames: Gupta, Kasaudhan, Lai, Prasad, Vaisya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gupta [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Brahmapuriya, Chandil, Jemini [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Agasthya, Kashyap [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KASBI
Synonyms: Deogarhiya Gond, Kasai, Kisbe, Quereshi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Dhuruya, Jowari, Marai, Markam, Porte, Tekam [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
KATABU
Synonyms: Gambeyaca Davaru, Gombbevatadavru, Killekets, More, More Kilibket [Karnataka]
Chhatris, Kiliket [R.E. Enthoven]
Exogamous units/clans: Dorkar, Gadachari (village functionary), Mohria (piper), Sanik, Vakuda [Karnataka]
Dhruv or Mattinani, Dhumalkar, Dorkar, Ganchari, Mohria, Neknar or Kattinani, Panchangi or Bhandari, Salva or
Hogaluvike, Sasnik, Shindya or Halmani, Shingan or Harkari, Shivachari Vakuda [R.E. Enthoven]
KATALARAYAN
Subgroups: Ammukkuvan [E. Thurston]
KATHAK
Subgroups: Bhadohiya, Bhunsaika, Gonraha, Jangali, Mahuari, Malik, Mangali, Matepur, Mathapati, Maudik,
Mohanw, Naikan, Rajaipur, Thakurahan, Usari [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Mishra, Pandey, Pandit [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Ajudhyabasi, Bachal, Bagheli, Bahadurpuriya, Bais, Baksariya, Bargujar, Bihsnpuriya,
Bundel, Chauhan, Chhatri, Dakkhinaha, Dharhi, Dhobi, Gadariya, Gaharwar, Gaur, Hasanapuri, Hurakiya Jadon,
Kanaujiya, Kayasth, Khatri, Koliya, Lodh, Madhupuriya, Mathurahasi, Mehtariya, Misra, Niyariya, Pachhwahan,
Panwar, Paturiya, Raghubansi, Raikwar, Rathuar, Rawat, Saranpuriya Sarwariya, Sengar, Surjabansi, Tomra [W.
Crooke]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Bhrigu, Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bharadwaj [W. Crooke]
KATHBANIA
Synonyms: Kathbania Vaish, Vaish [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Choudhury, Das, Gupta, Modi, Saudagar, Shaw [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Goutam, Kashyap, Sandilya, Vatsa [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KATHIYARA
Subgroups: Hindoliya, Hirnotiya, Kathar, Kokas, Sakoriya [W. Crooke]
KATHNERA
Exogamous units/clans: Bhandari, Divatiya, Kharakya, Khudele, Kondar, Nayak, Nigotiya, Rabadiya, Seth Pujere,
Sedi Punere, Seth Tiket, Singhai, Singhai Aratiya, Soh Dhilowa, Teliya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
KATIA
Synonyms: Kaibarta, Keuta, Kotia [Orissa]
*Subcastes: Dulbuha, Gadhewal, Mandilwar, Mandla, Pathari [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Battai, Behera, Dalai, Jena, Khotua, Palai, Pradhan, Sutar [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Begha (tiger), Ghaicha, Naga (snake) [Orissa]
*Septs: Bakaria, Bharowar, Dirat, Ghgagar-bharia, Kosam Karia, Nag, Nagotia, Singhotia [Russell & Hiralal]
KATIA/KAIBARTA
Groups/subgroups: Gadhawal, Madilwar, Patharia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Amabanshi, Chandpuria, Chichalwar, Dangarwar, Dhakarwar, Gohia, Lanjiwar,
Mahalgawari, Manghia, Nagotia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
KATTAI
Subgroups: Ahirware, Bedwal, Oholpuri, Dhuse, Dohor, Doravre, Imple (ahirware), Jangde, Jatwe, Kapune, Karole,
Kharke, Kurule, Lachore, Lunse, Malai, Mhawar, Nakshe, Naroti, Narwar, Pande, Paraye Pipras, Puchhe, Sainwal,
Shahapure [R.E. Enthoven]
KAUR
Sub-tribes/subgroups: Chanti, Charwa, Chauti, Cherwa, Dudh Kaur, Paikara, Rathiya [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Karangas [H.H. Risley]
* Septs/clans: Bambai, Bambai (a kind of eel), Banjar, Bhainsa (buffalo), Chalenga, Kariar, Kolkatari, Motioman,
Pakar (a fruit), Pharsadhend, Rankankar, Sanwani, Sarjal, Singar [H.H. Risley]
KAURAW
Synonyms: Kanware, Karwase [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Kauraw, Patel [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Atrolia, Dide, Gauhal, Jahua, Jarha, Khichrolia, Mayar [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
KAWALI
Titles: Dhali, Haldar, Mala, Manjhi, Vidyadhara [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/clans: Aliman [H.H. Risley]
KAWAR
Synonyms: Kanwar, Kaur [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kanwar, Sidar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Kanwar, Kaur [West Bengal]
*Endogamous divisions: Chanti, Cherwa, Dudhi-Kawar, Kamalbanasi, Paikara, Rathia, Rautia, Tanwar [Russell &
Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Bagh, Bakra, Banjar, Chanti Chati, Cherwa, Dudh, Erowa, Janwar, Kolhia, Mantio, Paikra,
Raghar, Rathia, Ratmia, Siar, Tanwar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bama, Cherwa Kawar, Darpan, Dudh, Dudh Kawar, Gangakachul, Kamal Vansi Kawar, Kamalvansi Kawar, Kawar,
Majhi, Mudi, Mugul, Paikara, Pulbandhia, Rathia, Rathia Kawar, Routain, Sagar, Sendhur, Sonvani, Tanwar Kawar,
Tilasi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhandari, Bhat Bumar, Dhat Gheenar, Dudh Kawar, Dudha, Dudnang, Gharhee, Kadup Dehba, Raksha, Sakar, Song,
Sonkalar, Sonkora, Sungarwar [Maharashtra]
Bakra, Cherwa Kawar, Ghasi, Guadi, Paikra [West Bengal]
Surnames: Sai [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Tilasi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhandri, Gangakachur, Joojee, Raksha, Sahada, Sangarwar, Sankalar, Song [Maharashtra]
Clans: Bagh (tiger), Bakra (he goat), Banjar (cattle herders), Erowa (bullock), Mantio (pearl), Raghar (pestle), Siar
(fox) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bakra, Ghasi, Juadi, Khasi, Paikra [West Bengal]
Clans (goitar): Bama, Darpan (mirror), Mudi, Mugal (star), Sagar (sea), Sandhur (vermilion), Sonvani, Tulasi (sacred
plant) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Bakra, Ghasi, Juadi, Kasi, Paikra [West Bengal]
*Septs: Andil, Bagh, Bichhi, Bilwa, Bokra, Champa, Chandrama, Chanwar, Chita, Chuva, Darpan, Dhenki, Gobira,
Hundar, Janta, Khumari, Kothi, Lodha, Mahadeo, Mama, Nunmutaria, Sendur, Sua, Telasi, Thath, Murra [Russell &
Hiralal]
KAWAR, CHERWA
Synonyms: Cherwa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Banchor, Dholpakar, Nang Deo, Semaria, Sonhar, Sonowari, Sonpakar, Soukar [Madhya
KAWAR, RATHIA
Exogamous units/clans: Bandhi, Cheeta, Dila, Hudar, Jhale, Joida, Kapat, Karari, Katari, Ketla, Kosondhi, Kuts, Levri,
Porage, Singer, Sonvani [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
KAWAR, TANWAR
Synonyms: Tomar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Dau Samaj or Dousamal [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Chandrama, Dhingur, Gangakachul, Kairav [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Dhananjai [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
KAYASTHA
Synonyms: Kaith, LaJa [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kaith, Lai, Lala [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Kaet, Kait, Kayet [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Astham, Bhatnagar, Gour, Karan, Mathur, Nigam, Saksena, Srivastava [Andhra Pradesh]
Ambasth, Asthana, Balmik, Bhatnagar, Gaur, Gour, Karan, Kulshresta, Mathur, Nigam, Saksena, Srivastav, Surajdwaj
Ambasth, Asthana, Balmiki, Bhatnagar, Dushre, Gour, Karan, Khare, Kulsreshta, Mathur, Nigam, Saksena,
Shrivastava, Suryadhwaja [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bangaja, Barendra, Dakshin Rarhi, Uttar Rarhi [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Achal, Adhama, Aithana, Amashla, Amashta, Bahatture, Balmik, Banga, Bangaja, Barendra, Bhatnagar,
Dakshin Rarhi, Dusre, Gour, Hej, Karan, Kulin, Kulreshta, Madhya Sreni, Madhyalya Mahapatra, Mathur, Nigam,
Sadhya, Sadhya Maulik, Saksena, Samanya Maulik, Siddha Maulik, Srivastav, Surajdhawa, Uttar Rarhi [H.H. Risley]
Ambascha or Amisht, Ashthana or Aithana, Bhatnagar, Gaur, Karan, Kulsreshtha, Mathur, Nigum, Saksena,
Srivastab, Suryadhwaja, balmik or Valmiki [Russell & Hiralal]
Aithana, Ambastha, Balmik, Bhatnagar, Ousre, Gour, Karan, Khare(Srivastav), Kulsrashta, Mathur, Nigam, Saksena,
Srivastav, Surajdwaj [S.S. Hassan]
Aithan, Amisht, Anvasta, Asthana, Balimik, Bangala, Batnagar, Bhatnagar, Budauni, Delhi, Dihlawi, Ousra Srivastav),
Gauda, Gaur, Gayawala, Gour, Kachchhi, Karan, Karaua, Khara, Kharua Kulshreshta, Lachauli (Panchauli), Maghribi,
Manbi Kachchhi, Mathur, Nigam, Pachhani, Purabi, Saksena, Shimali, Sorathi (Valimiki), Srivastava, Surajdhwaja,
Tirhutiya, Tirhutwal, Unaya Valmiki [W. Crooke]
Titles: Lala, Roy [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chowdhuri, Dastidar, Majumdar, Roy, Sarkar [West Bengal]

Abasakti, Adhya, Adicya, Aich, Ankur, Apa, Arnab, Baitosh, Bakshi, Bal, Ban, Bandhu, Basu, Bhadra, Das, Datta, De,
Deb, Ghosh, Guha, Kar, Lai, Mitra, Nag, Nath, Palit, Rai, Sen, Singh Sinha [H.H. Risley]
Ambasth, Gupta, Mathur, Nigam, Prasad, Sahay, Saxena, Sinha, Srivastav, Verma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Beohar, Dayal, Lai, Nigam, Prasad, Saksena, Sinha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Aditya, Aich, Banja, Bardhan, Basu, Bhadra, Bramah, Chandra, Das, Datta, Dey, Dhar, Ghosh, Guha, Gupta, Kar,
Kshem, Mitra, Nandan, Nandi, Pal, Palit, Raha, Rakshit, Rudra, Sen, Sinha, Som, Sur [West Bengal]
Bhatta, Hansa, Mandhwaj, Sambar, Saubhara, Walabhya [S.S. Hassan]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Goutam, Kashyap [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Alimman, Atreya, Basuki, Biswamitra, Goutam, Kashyap, Madugalya, Moudgoulya, Parasara, Sandilya, Saukalin,
Saupayan, Vatsa, Kaushika [West Bengal]
Atri [H.H. Risley]
Alambayana, Atri, Bharadwaj, Goutam, Goutama, Harita, Kashyap, Koushik, Parasar, Sriharsha, Valmiki, Vasisht
[S.S. Hassan]
*Sections: Agniberma, Agnibesya, Ajaidapal, Alambyan, Aliman, Ambahla, Ari, Atari, Atreya, Baidsain,
Baijaghrapadya, Baijahmapadya, Baiyaghrapadya, Bakshi, Balain, Bardiar, Basuki, Batsya Bharadwaja, Bilwar,
Birnawar, Biswamitra, Datkiliar, Dedhgawe, Gaprai, Gautama, Ghritakausik, Gyasain, Hargambai, Jaipuria,
Jamadagnya, Jamuar, Kablear, Kachgawai, Kalvisa, Karpatne Kasyapa, Katariyar, Kathautiar, Kausika, Koushik,
Krishnatreya, Lakhauriar, Mahtha, Mandilwar, Maudgalya, Nandkiriar, Narhatiar, Nimandhih, Nuniyar, Pansain,
Parasara, Rohita, Rukhiar Sabrna, Samaiar, Sandhawar, Sandilya, Saraiyar, Saukalin, Sonknare, Supayan, Tinriar
[H.H. Risley]
KAYASTHA, KARAN
Synonyms: Lai* [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Oriya [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Bhalemanus, Grihastha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Karan (proper), Sristi Karan [Orissa]
Halia Karan, Jat Karan, Srestha Karan, Sristi [West Bengal]
Bhatuntara, Chaian, Khara, Kulina, Nauli Karan, Pura, Srishti, Karan [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Patanaik [Orissa]
Mahanti, Mahapatra [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Das, Karan, Lai [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Mahanti, Patnaik [Orissa]
Bera, Bhunia, Dogra, Jana, Mahapatra, Maid, Nayak, Pattanayak [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Brahmesh, Nageswar (snake goddess), Varadaj [Orissa]
Pakhijota [West Bengal]
Kantasasa, Mudgul, Nagasa, Sankha [H.H. Risley]
Gotra: Batsya, Bharadwaj, Kashyap [Orissa]
Batsya, Bharadaj, Kashyapa, Sandilya [West Bengal]
Lineages (vansa): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KELA
Synonyms: Kharia, Musalman [West Bengal]
Surnames: Kha [West Bengal]
KELA, NALUA
Synonyms: Jhumka, Mondpotta, Sapua [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Jhumka, Mundapotta, Sapua [Orissa]
Surnames: Guru, Patra, Singh [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhadagalia, Gongai, Nago (snake) [Orissa]
KELA. SAPUA
Synonyms: Kela [Orissa]
Surnames: Bajikar, Das, Dumdame, Mali Kota, Maria, Mundapotta, Naik, Nalua, Nanda Guru, Paramanik, Patharia,
Prasad [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagho (tiger), Charai, Kashyapa, Muresa, Nagosa (snake) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (kutumba): [Orissa]
KEMPATTI
Synonyms: Arasu, Chempupatti, Keerai Kara Vokkaligar, Kempatri Vokkaligar, Raja Rajakula, Vokkaligar [Tamil
Nadu]
Titles: Gowder, Raj Urs, Urs [Tamil Nadu]
KEORA, KAORA
Groups/subgroups: Dai Keora, Hari Keora, Kahar, Sure Keora [West Bengal]
Surnames: Kahar, Kaycputra, Mondal, Pramanik [West Bengal]
Gotra: AJimman, Kashyap [West Bengal]
KEOT
Synonyms: Halwa Keot, Kevot [West Bengal]
Bhettiya, Bilva, Childitiya, Dasa, Jalli, Jonko, Kaibarta, Khottia, Liyari, Thossa (cultivator) [E. Thurston]
Titles: Arindar, Patar, Patra, Seth [West Bengal]
Behara, Bejjo, Jalli, Paiko, Sitto, Torei [E. Thurston]
Surnames: Dhibar [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhago (tiger), Gogudiya, Kochipo (tortoise), Nago (cobra), Nolini [E. Thurston]
Gotra: Anrashi, Kashyap, Nagrashi, Palashi, Shankharashi [West Bengal]
KESARWANI BANIA
Synonyms: Keshri Bania [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Bania, Sao, Seth, Wani [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Keshri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gupta [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Jabalpur thak, Mungeli thak, Pipariya thak, Sagar thak, Siori Narayan thak, Sogar thak
Exogamous units/clans (bans): Chanan Kat Kathauria (sandle wood), Chanan Kat Kathautia, Khora Samundar, Sone
Ki Katora (gold bowl) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KEWAT/KEOT/KEUTA/KEBOT
Synonyms: Machua [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Galchatri, Jalchatri, Nishad [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Jele Kaibarta, Kaibarta, Kewat, Khewat, Machua [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Ayodhyabasi, Bahiawak, Gaghar, Garbhait, GhiBihar and/or Jharkhand, Jathoc, Machua [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
Bangali Kewat (territorial), Kosowa (cacoon), Mali, Manjhi Kewat (boat man), Ujali [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Chura Kota, Churakota, Das, Daskaibarrye, Kaibarta, Machuya, Mahishya [Orissa]
*Subcastes: Ayodhyabasi, Bahiawak, Bahiot, Garbhait, GhiBihar and/or Jharkhand, Gorwait, Jathot, Machhua,
Mahadanda, Saghar [H.H. Risley]
Agarwal, Bathama, Bathawa, Bind, Chai (in Mirzapur), Ghogh, Goriya, Jaiswar, Kewat, Kharbind, Kharot, Mallah,
Muriyari, Nikhad, Nishada, Sorahiya, Tiyar [W. Crooke]
Behara, Majhi, Paramanik [Orissa]
Arindar, Patar, Patra, Seth [West Bengal]
Basara, Bhandari (in Behar), Biswas, Chaudhri, Deradar, Jandar, Kamat, Kapar, Khawas, Mahato, Mandar, Marar
[H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Chaudhuri, Mandal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Jalchatri, Kewat, Parkar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Barik, Behara, Das, Mahana, Majhi, Paroda, Shamal, Tarai [Orissa]
Dhibar, Majhi [West Bengal]
Bhadauria, Biswas, Hazara, Itwar, Kapar, Kasyapa, Maharna, Marar, Mukhia [H.H. Risley]
*Exogamousgroups: Ahira, Bhalwa, Garhtod, Ghughu, Jhagarha, Kala, Karsayal, Rautele, Sonwani, Tuma [Russell &
Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans: Machua [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Burha, Ghuguwa, Joria, Kartal, Rawat, Sarpa (snake), Sonwani, Tuma, Vinayak (elephant god) [Madhya Pradesh
Benatur, Beneshar, Karkat, Nagesh (snake), Rai, Rauth [Orissa]
Anrashi, Nagrashi, Palashi, Shankharashi [West Bengal]
KHADURA
Synonyms: Khodra [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Asthalohi, Kamela, Kumuti Khadura, Oriya
Khadura. [Orissa]
Surnames: Maharana, Patra, Sahu [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clansi. Bibhisan, Naga (snake) [Orissa]
KHAGI
Subgroups: Bais, Banjara, Banya, Basiwar, Chadeli, Chauhan, Dalera, Dhimar, Guarahar, Kharluniya, Lodha,
Raghubansi, Raikwar, Rajput, Rathaur, Sainikhor, Sombansi, Tomar [W. Crooke]
Titles: Ajmeri, Amritpuriya, Chandpuriya, Jaiswar, Jalapuriya, Mathuriya [W. Crooke]
KHAIRA/KHAIRAHA/KHIRWAR
Synonyms: Kathakar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Khatriya, Suryavansi [Orissa]
Roy [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Muda Khairwar, Suryavansi Khairwar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Dhulo Roy, Khaira or Mula Roy, Samanta Roy, Shikria or Shikra Roy [West Bengal]
*Sub-divisions: Bhogta, Mahato, Manjhi, Rawat [Russell & Hiralal]
Titles: Roy [West Bengal]
Surnames: Khaira, Naiya, Pujar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kathakar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhoi [Orissa]
Bag, Mandal, Roy [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Ahirana, Angwar, Chilkor, Dhankee, Kadyaran, Rajbanshi, Tengiara [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Bendra (monkey), Bhagua (tiger), Kachua (tortoise), Kaounva, Ravan, Sonvani, Tirky [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Nageswar (snake god) [Orissa]
Bulbula, Dhanrishi, Habrarishi, Malati, Shalrishi [West Bengal]
KHALIFA
Synonyms: Hajam, Ostagar [West Bengal]
Surnames: Khalifa, Ostagar [West Bengal]
KHAMBU
Titles: Dhan, Jimdar, Kirati, Mandal, Mukhia, Rai, Sing [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/clans: Babhauchha, Bangdel, Barlos, Bokhime, Bontharua, Boyong, Bumakamchha, Butepachha,
Chamilingeh, Chaurasi, Chuirachha, Dilpali, Dungmali, Haidibutha, Hatuwali, Homodimchha Horongpachha
Jubhingeh, Kasi, Khaling, Kheresanchha, Kuasanchha, Kulung, Laphaunchha, Maiduchha, Maikam, Male Kumchha,
Mayahang, Mukaranchha, Mulukuas, Nambochha, Namdung, Nichahli Nimambaunchha, Ninauchha, Nomahang,
Paderachha, Phlumachha, Rabchhali, Rajabin, Rakhali, Ranauchha, Rimching, Rochingachha, Sangpang, Silongchha,
Sothangeh, tangbuah, Thulung, Wahsali [H.H. Risley]
KHANDAIT
Synonyms: Khandait Paik, Oriya [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Chasa Khandait, Khandait Paik, Masi Khandait, Orh, Sresta Khandait [West Bengal]
Bamra, Banja Khandait, Bar Gohri, Bonai, Chasa, Chhot Gohri, Das Gharia, Halwaha Kaibartta, Harichandan,
Khandait, Khandait Paik, Mahanaik, Orh Khandait, Panchsua Gharia Pandrasau, Gharia, Sresta Khandait [H.H.
Risley]
Titles: Raul Roy, Rout Roy, Samant Roy [Orissa]
Amaut (in Chota Nagpur), Arha, Bagha (tiger), Bahunaledra, Baraik, Behara, Oakhin Kabat, Gaunjhu, Kotwar,
Mahapatra, Manjhi, Mirdha, Naik, Patra [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Baliar, Marathi, Ranasing, Singh [Orissa]
Bera, Chowdhury, Ghosh, Mahapatra, Maiti, Mallick, Mudli, Pani, Roy, Suim [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagashwra (snake), Suklaswa [Orissa]
Chandkuramachh, Madhyarishi, Nageswar (snake) [West Bengal]
Kachhua (tortoise), Kadam, Mor (peacock), Nag (snake), Sal (fish) [H.H. Risley]
Kashyap, Sandilya [West Bengal]
Bharadwaj, Kaundinya, Nagasa [H.H. Risley]
KHANDELWAL
Groups/subgroups: Bisa, Dasa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Aharikara, Ajmera, Akad, Ameria, Atolia, Babria, Bakhiwal, Busar, Haldia, Jhanjri, Kala, Kataria,
Kayathwal, Khandelwal, Khorwal, Modi, Nateni, Patni, Rajoria, Sah, Sedii, Tamolia, Thakuria, tatar [Madhya Pradesh
Exogamous units/clans: Ahankara, Aharikare, Ajmera, Akad, Amuria, Atolia, Badaria, Baj, Bakhiwal, Bhagra,
Bholsara, Bilala, Busar, Chanduwad, Dagra, Gangwal, Godha, Haldia, Jhanjri, Kala, Kashiwal, Kataria Kayathwal,
Kharwal, Modi, Natani, Palpya, Patni, Rajbhadra, Rajoria, Sadhu, Sah, Sethi, Soni, Tamolia, Tatar, Thakuria, Vanmali
KHANDWAL
Synonyms: Gour, Khandowar, Khaunda [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Bisoi, Dehri, Duyari, Mahakur [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Dhowriya (seed of Mahua), Nag (serpent), Nagesh (king cobra), Rout [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
KHANGAR
Kanera, Khara, Kharwal, Khengar, Mirdha, Rawat [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Khangar, Pauakhangar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Khangar, Mirdha, Raj [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
* Sub-divisions: Dahat, Karbal, Mirdha or Nakib, Rai [Russell & Hiralal]

Surnames: Biswas, Das, Mandal, Parasar, Ram, Sharma, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Khangar, Singh, Thakur (new) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
* Exogamous septs: Bachhiya, Barha, Belgotia, Chandan, Chirai, Ghurgotia, Guae, Hanuman, Hathi, Kasgotia,
Mahiyar, Sah, Sandgotia, Tambagotia, Vishnu [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bachotia, Bamnia, Barcha, Binekia, Ghore, Golia, Gujre, Gutha, Harle, Kanaria, San, Sunor,
Tare [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bargotiya, Bharda, Bharta, Bijaniya, Bilgotiya, Bisora, Chhachhundar, Gajgoti, Ghorgotiya, Hathgotiya, Hirangot,
Kuraiya, Kushmgotiya, Maitiya, Naggodya, Nahargotiya, Pipariya, Sardu [W. Crooke]
KHARIA
Synonyms: Kheria, Sabar [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Delke, Dudh, Paharia or Savara [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dhelke, Dudh, Kol Kharia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Delki Kharia, Dudh Kharia, Pahari Kharia [Orissa]
Kharia, Mura Kharia, Oriya Kharia, Sainthia Kharia [West Bengal]
Berga Kharia, Dilki Kharia, Dudh Kharia, Ereng, Kharia, Munda
Kharia, Oraon Kharia [H.H. Risley]
*Sub-tribes: Delki, Dudh [Russell & Hiralal]
Titles: Dhangar, Kisan, Kol, Parja [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Dungdung, Kerketta, Soreng [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dung Dung, Kerketa, Sabar, Teto [West Bengal]
Baghe (tiger), Barliha, Hansda, Murhu, Sonar, Suren [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Alkusha, Badya Bhuia, Bandha, Bhuia Jat, Bhuia Mach, Bhuia Tensa, Bir Bhuia, Dhar Bhuia, Dharum, Donda, Gorai,
Hamram, Kari, Khela, Kurkut, Pacha Gulgu, Pichla Bhuia, Ran Bhuia, Sal Bhuia, Tiring Bhuia [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (gotar, khili): Bagh (tiger), Dhanuar, Dungdivir (fish), Dungdung, Induar (fish), Kerkatta
(bird), Kiro (tiger), Kullu (tortoise), Letela Khatkha Biluaga, Soreng, Tanalaiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
* Sections/septs: Bage (a bird), Bagh (tiger), Bagiar, Bar (ficus indica), Barla, Baroa (an animal), Billing, Demta (red
ant), Dhan (paddy), Dhanuar, Dhelki (a bird), Dungdung (a fish), Hathi (elephant), Kachchhua, Kasi, Kerketa, Koro,
Kulu, Mailwar, Murgear, Nag (cobra), Naik, Naniar, Nona Maila or Nun, Pardhan, Pathal, Purti, Appendix B I437
Sahul, Samdia, Saur (fish), Surania (a rock), Telga, Teteyin, Tirkoar, Tititihu (a bird), Topo (a bird), Tuti (vegetable)
[H.H. Risley]
Kankul, Kiro, Kulu, Kuto, nag [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansa): [West Bengal]
KHAROL
Exogamous units/clans: Dokorwar, Harwar, Kundia, Machhriya, Panwar, Pariyal, Piyanas, Rewasha [Madhya
KHARWAR
Synonyms: Atharah, Hazari, Kherwar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Khoira, Lulukidihi [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Bogti or Ganju, Chero, Daulatbandi, Kharwar, Manjhia, Parbandi, Sirajbansi [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Banshi, Bhogta, Duolebondhi, Majhi, Paliha, Patbonoha, Poliha, Rawat, Surajbanshi, Tiruwa [Madhya Pradesh
Khoira [Orissa]
* Sub-divisions: Daulbandh, Deswari Kharwar, Khairi in Southern, Lohardaga, Manjhia, Patbandh (in Palamau), Raut
[H.H. Risley]
Benbansi, Bhogta, Bhugta, Chikchikwa, Dualbandhi, Khairaha, Kharchurwa, Patbandhi (in Singrauli), Pradhan,
Surajbansi [W. Crooke]
Titles: Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bhakat, Bhogta, Das, Gaunja, Kapri, Mahto, Mandar, Manjhi, Ohdar, Panjiara, Pradhan [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Karketta, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Khandohar, Majhi, Roy [Orissa]
Mondal [West Bengal]
* Exogamous divisions: Bhogta/Bhugta, Chik-Chikwa, Dualbandhi, Kharurwa, Patbandhi, Pradhan, Surajbansi [W.
Crooke]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhokta, Dhenki, Dila, Kanshi, Sanman, Sayam [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Kachchap (tortoise), Nag (snake), Parasai [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (killi): Aiyen (fish), Karketta (bird), Nag (serpent) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans (kuri): Banbansi, Chandrabansi, Dualbandhi, Khairaha, Patbandhi, Raghubansi, Surajbani
[Uttar Pradesh]
Gotra: Kashyap, Parasar, Sandilya [Orissa]
*Septs: Aind (a kind of tree), Bag (tiger), Bahera (a jungle fruit), Baherwar (a tree), Bail (a fruit), Bair (plum), Bamnia
(salt), Bandhia, Bania (a caste), Bar (ficus indica), Bhogta Binjjoar, Biserwar, Bisra (a hawk), Chardiar (pineapple),
Chirra (squirrel), Chorant (a gras), Chundiar (a top knot), Chuniar (lime), Demta (a red ant), Dhobi, Dolbandhi Dudul
(a kind of bird), Gai (cow), Ghansi (a pond fish), Hans (swan), Hansarwar (duck), Hasdajia (duck), Hathi (elephant),
Hemremina, Kachua (tortoise), Kans (a gras), Kanwad (a jungle fruit), Karhar, Kerkata (a bird), Kesargia, Khapu (a
bird), Khichenga (a fruit), Kowriar, Kuardar, Kurdur, Kussum (a fruit), Maderwar, Mahukal (a bird), Mailwar Manjhi
(a tide), Munga (coral), Murgi (hen), Murmurwar [H.H. Risley]
KHATBE
Groups/subgroups: Dholbaza Khatbe, Kahar, Ravani [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Das [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KHATI
Synonyms: Khatti-Khatti [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Gor Khati, Jangra Kliati, Rajen Khati [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Barhai, Ghantra, Kamar, Lohar [Orissa]
Titles: Behera, Bindhani, Karigar, Maraj, Mistri, Ojha [Orissa]
Surnames: Behara, Bindhani, Karigar, Maharana, Mistri, Ojha [Orissa]
Bhabhoria, Bhambhoria, Bhambia, Bilodia, Deoderia, Girotia, Jambdia, Jambia, Jambolia, Ranodia, Sagwalia,
Sanwania, Shibdashia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Nagasa (snake) [Orissa]
KHATIK
Synonyms: Kunjara [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Chikwa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Buchal, Chik Sunkhar, Hindu Khatik, Khatik, Muslim Khatik [Himachal Pradesh]
Jhade, Lendha, Varadi or Beraria [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Banbate, Birgit, Chik, Kaseruwale, Mewafarosh, Narchaua, Subaiya [Uttar Pradesh]
Sonkar [West Bengal]
Beraria, Jhadi [Russell & Hiralal]
*Subcastes: Dharamdasi [H.H. Risley]
Ayodhyabasi, Bakar Qassab, Bauriya, Buchar, Chala, Chik (in Agra), Ghorcharaos (groom), Khalrangi, Khara (in
Bulandshahr), Mahrao, Past, Qassai, Sunkhar [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Gupta, Prasad [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dhanmore, Dhoke, Dhongarkar, Durge, Katari, Larokar, Mahore, Tumane, Tuneare [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Khatik [West Bengal]
* Exogamous sections: Asiwal, Bhurasha, Butele, Chandel, Chavade, Chavan, Chawal, Khas, Khichi, Nagore, Navare,
Padelwal, Parewal, Pilwal, Pohade, Sakunya, Samare, Sambre, Tepan [S.S. Hassan]
Exogamous units/clans: Hanumankar, Kumarkari, Narayan, Palangtode, Pingala, Ravulkar [Andhra Pradesh]
Bagmar, Chandal, Chauhan, Chawla, Daima, Demaria, Dindmania, Dindwal, Khinchi, Khoiwal [Gujarat]
Asiwal, Aswal, Aswat, Badsiwal, Bagdi, Bahuwal Baswale, Bahwal, Bargujar, Bhagoria, Bhilwade, Chauhan, Chole,
Daima, Doondela, Gandwaliya, Kataria, Khichchi, Mahendwaria, Melawalia Meoliwal, Paharia, Rajoura, Ratwate,
Rewaria, Sankhale, Solankhi, Tanwar, Tisaware [Haryana]
Dhanmare, Dhoke, Durge, Khatari, Kotari, Larokar, Mahore, Mohare, Tuneare [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Kasyapa [H.H. Risley]
KHATRI
KHELTA
Synonyms: Kasbi, Khelda, Khelna [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Gandharb, Jha, Khelta, Mondal, Singh, Thakur [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Bandhyay, Chahari, Kalkhar, Pabiyar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KHEN/SEN
Synonyms: Sen [West Bengal]
Surnames: Basunia, Baxi, Das, Deb, Sarkar, Sen [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Aladhi, Alemman, Modgolya, Modhugolya, Mriga [West Bengal]
KHETAURI
Groups/subgroups: Chandra Bansi, Surya Bansi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Darba, Kumar, Layak, Rana, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Darba, Kumar, Layak, Rana, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Mudgal, Vasnik [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Goutam, Jamadagni, Kashyap, Koushik, Vasisht, Vishwamitra [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (gotia/mul): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KHODALO
Synonyms: Bauri, Bhoi, Kadalo [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Dulia, Khandi [Orissa]
Surnames: Bhoi, Das, Naik Behera [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagasha or Nagalo (snake) [Orissa]
KHULWANT
Groups/subgroups: Chasa, Chayeen, Gonrhi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Biswas, Mahto, Mandal, Prasad, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KHUMRA
Groups/subgroups: Bahman, Dulha, Gaur, Gori, Hataiwala, Multani, Najuri, Nawabar, Pachhawi, Pathan, Quraishi,
Sadiqi, Tarai, Tayar [W. Crooke]
KHYAN
Exogamous units/clans: Agni Batsya, Aladish, Alamyan, Kansari, Kasyapa, Kauchan Rishi, Madhukulya, Mugrish
[H.H. Risley]
KIR/KEER
Surnames: Bauri, Bonya, Dayma, Godri, Hikre, Jat, Mochi, Namchuria, Nayar, Wai, War [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Banya, Bauri, Dayma, Gadri, Kikra, Namehuria, Nayar, Wai, War [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
KIRAIKKARAN
Groups/subgroups: Jogi, Masani Viramushti [E. Thurston]
KIRAR/KIRAD
Synonyms: Karod, Kirad [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Chauriya, Dhakar, Karod, Shakad [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
* Sub-divisions: Banda, Bankhedi, Chaudharia, Dhakar, Garhya, Khandait, Teharia, Vidur or Saoneria [Russell &
Hiralal]
Titles: Patil [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Birojia, Budhnetia, Choura, Gangolia, Harode, Kathoria, Khandyat, Khojar, Purevia, Sujonia, Wankhedia
Exogamous units/clans: Bhdhneria, Birojia, Choura, Gangolia, Haroda, Kathoria, Khandyat, Khojar, Purevia, Sujonia,
Wankhedia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Chauhan, Chauria, Lilorhia, Loharia, Solanki [Russell & Hiralal]
KISAN
Synonyms: Nagesia, Nageswar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Birhor, Kola, Kuda [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Dhuria, Sinduria, Telia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kol, Oraon [Orissa]
Agaria Kisan, Dehria Kisan, Sindria Kisan, Telia Kisan [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Batham, Gadhara, Hardiya, Jariya, Khagi, Lodha, Patariya or Patarika, Saksena [W. Crooke]
Titles: Konhar [Orissa]
Surnames: Das, Dhari, Kisan, Nagesia, Prasad, Ram, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bhoi, Das, Kisan, Mahapatra, Mahapatro [Orissa]
Kisan, Nagesia [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagesia (snake god) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans (bansa): Eka, Kujur, Lakada, Majhi, Minj Kisan, Topo [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansha): [Orissa]
KISHANPANCHI
Synonyms: Nat [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Mandal, Nat [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Bajania, Dhoriwal, Garhua, Kalkhur, Kalsir, Magahiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KOBARI
Surnames: Behera, Dhuri, Nayak, Pradhan, Swain [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Naga (snake), Surya (Sun) [Orissa]
Gotra: Shiva [Orissa]

KODAKU
Synonyms: Koraku [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gotira): Chargad, Oumaria, Haddae, Kumbaria, Palhe, Sommat [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
KOERI/KOIRI
Synonyms: Kushwaha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Banaphor, Bara Dangin, Choto Dangin, Jalowar, Kushwaha, Maghaya [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Banapho, Barakar, Barkidangi, Borakar, Chodddangi, Goita, Jaruhar, Kananga, Kanaujia,
Kumarah, Kiwani, Magahiya, Tirhutia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Banaphor, Baro Dangin, Choto Dangin, Jalowar, Maghaya [West Bengal]
Beguna, Mai, Manjhi, Marar, Marik, Mujni, Nag, Panjiara, Pargana Kharakpur Sais [H.H. Risley]
Audhiya, Azamgarhiya, Bhimpuriya, Brijbasi, Dakkhinaha, Desi, Jaiswar, Jaunpuriya, Kanaujiya, Madhesiya,
Rajauriya, Saksena [W. Crooke]
*Subcastes: Banapar, Barakar, Barkidangi, Chhotkidangi, Chirmait, Dhar, Goita (in Champaran), Jaruhar, Kanaujia,
Kumara, Magahiya, Palmoha, Pauria, Reutia (in Chota Nagpur), Tirhutia [H.H. Risley]
Allahabadi, Banarasiya, Bardawar, Bhaktiya, Dakhinaha, Hardiya, Kachhwaha, Kanaujiha, Kori, Magahiya,
Naraigana, Prayagha, Purbiha, Sakatiya, Sarwariya, Torikoriya [W. Crooke]
Titles: Mahato, Majhi, Ohoddar [West Bengal]
Dhelphor (clod breaker), Mahto, Marar, Murao (green grocer) [H.H. Risley]
Surnames; Kushwaha, Mahto, Mehta, Verma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kuiri, Majhi, Mehta, Prasad [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Kachhim (tortoise), Nag [West Bengal]
KOL
Synonyms: Gondhiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Bhumiya, Birtiya, Gadbhariya, Garbhariya, Gondhiya, Rauriya, Rawtele, Thakuriya [Madhya
*Subcastes: Bharias, Desaha, Kagwaria, Rautele, Rautia, Savars, Thakuria [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Hansda, Hembram, Kisku, Kol, Manjhi, Marandi, Murmu, Soren, Tudu [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gonthita, Kol [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (kuri): Barwarira, Kol, Momasi, Rautia, Rojaboria, Thakuria, Turkel [Uttar Pradesh]
*Septs: Bandi, Bargaiyan, Binjhwar, Birjhia, Dhanuhar, Gond, Kapat, Karpatia, Katharia, Kadiotia, Kawar, Keiari,
Khunta, Nadiunia, Sonwani [Russell & Hiralal]
Banaj, Barwar, Birn, Chero, Dahait, Hanviyanwa, Harwariya, Mahtiyan, Pahariya, Rajwaria, Rautel, Rautiya,
Thakuriya [W. Crooke]
KOL, LOHAR
Synonyms: Kolah Lohar [Orissa]
Surnames: Kolah Lohar, Lohar, Munda Lohar [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bandwar, Golwar, Hansdwar, Kaithwar, Tudwar [Orissa]
KOLTA/KULTA
Surnames: Bhoi, Biswal, Padhan, Sahu, Samal [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Balabhadra Neul (weasal), Kandiya (tiger) [Orissa]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Vasisht [Orissa]
KONAI
Synonyms: Chasi Konai [West Bengal]

Surnames: Das, Konai, Mondal [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages (kul): [West Bengal]
KONDA DORA
Synonyms: Kandi Dora [Orissa]
Subgroups: Chinna Kondalu, Pedda Kondalu [E Thurston]
Titles: Anna, Ayya, Dora (lord), Mannedora, Pandava Reddis, Pandavakulam, Racha, Rachu, Raju Reddi [E.
Thurston]
Exogamous units/surnames: Bandi, Barodora, Basundara, Bayanna, Bharata, Biriki, Boini, Dumara, Eddla, Endu,
Gangulu, Goota, Guru, Gururalasa, Jaiti, Jalmuri, Jogi, Jumu. Kairing, Kelei, Kenya, Maria, Muguda Patri,
Ramamurthy, Sanyasi, Somal, Suru, Toutya, Urlaka [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Barula (snake), Bepelu (dog), Bidikula (earthen pot), Kaku (crow), Kondagorre, Nag (snake),
Palakolu, Sodolu (ragi) [Orissa]
Bhag (tiger), Kochchimo (tortoise), Naga (cobra) [E. Thurston]
KONDARA/KANDARA/KANDRA
Synonyms: Kadma [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Chandali, Machhuva [Orissa]
Pani Kandra [West Bengal]
Subgroups: Dandasi Khondara, Macha Kondara [E. Thurston]
Titles: Moliko [E. Thurston]
Surnames: Mallick [Orissa]
Dolai, Gayen, Hazra, Jana, Patra, Shyamal [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagasa [Orissa]
Nageswar, Saleswar [West Bengal]
KONDH, DONGRIA
Exogamous units/clans: Huika, Jakeshika, Kadraka, Kandika, Korchika, Krunjelika, Kutruka, Meloka, Merika, Naraka,
Nisika, Nundruka, Ongelika, Otaka, Palaka, Piska, Prashka, Prishka, Pushika, Sikoka, Tarika, Toika, Wadaka,
Wangesika, Wanjelika [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: (Mutha) Bismaghi Boinsa, Mondal Boinsa [Orissa]
KONDH. KUVI
Surnames: Hikoka, Koleka, Manding, Melaka, Muska, Praska, Priska, Saunta, Shikoka, Tarika, Wadaka, Zumbeka
[Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (bansa, kura): Hikoka, Koleka, Manding, Melaka, Meloka, Muska (monkey), Priska (snake),
Shikoka, Tarika, Wadaka (tree), Zumbeka (bear) [Orissa]
KONDH, SITHA KANDHA
Titles: Bishi Majhi, Dala Behera, Danda Sena, Jhidodna, Pradhan, Sena [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagasha (snake) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansa): Bishi Majhi, Dala Behara, Danda Sena, Dio, Pradhani [Orissa]
KONDH/KOND/KANDA
Synonyms: Kandh, Kaondhia, Khond [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Desia Kondh, Dongrja, Jharia, Kutia, Pengri [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Kondhira [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Desai Kondh, Dongria Kondh, Jhuria Kondh, Kutia Kondh, Malwa Kondh, Penga Kondh [Orissa]
Desu Khond (Nilgiri), Dongria Khond, Kuttiya Khond [E. Thurston]
Titles: Barika, Bishmagri, Huiyka, Jakasika, Jani, Kadtaka, Praska, Pujari [Orissa]
Barika, Bishmagri, Jani, Piyari [Orissa]

Bahera, Karri, Manghi, Sakia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/lineages (kolambu): Hauka, Jakasika, Kadraka, Praska [Orissa]
KORA/KURA
Synonyms: Dhangar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kisan, Kuda, Kuria [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Badamia, Dhalo, Molo, Sikharia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kisan, Mirdha [Orissa]
Dhangar or Orang Kora, Kurmi Kora, Mudi Kora, Nagbanshi
Murali Kora, Rajbanshi Murali Kora [West Bengal]
Subcastes: Badamia, Dharo, Guri-Bawa, Jheria, Molo, Sikharia, Sonarekha [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Majhi [Orissa]
Bhumika, Mudi, Rai [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Kora [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Majhi [Orissa]
Kora. Kurmi, Orang, Rajput [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Adowar, Arodhan, Bagha, Behera, Majhi, Mankar (monkey), Prodhan [Orissa]
Chake, Gnoe, Kachhap, Kundra, Lakra, Logdu, Maram, Roy, Salu, Sapu, Sha, Shole [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Kachim, Samai, Sukri, Tirki [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
* Sections: Alu, Barda, Brikhan, Butku (pig), Hansda (wild goose), Kasibak (heron), Kasyab (tortoise), Salr-Saula
(fish), Sama, Sanpu(bull) [H.H. Risley]
KORAGA
Synonyms: Karanga, Korga [Orissa]
*Divisions: Kappada (wear cloth), Tippi (wear ornaments), Vanti (wear pecutiar kind of large ear ring) [E. Thurston]
Surnames: Digar, Hait, Maharana, Mungoraj, Pradhan, Rana [Orissa]
Gotra: Achita, Batsya, Durvasa, Kashyap, Madhugolya, Nagasa, Sandilya [Orissa]
KORI
Synonyms: Koria [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Koli, Koly, Kuli, Kuli Malhar [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Koli [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Subcastes: Aharwar, Baiswar, Ballai, Banswar, Bhadauriya, Bhainkar, Bhandauliya, Bunkar, Chamar Kori,
Chandauliya, Chapar, Dhiman, Gangapari, Gujarati, Jaiswar (in Shahjahanpur), Jalua, Juriya Kabirbansi, Kachhwar,
Kaithiya, Kamariha, Kanaujiya, Katua, Katyar, Khatiya, Korchamra, Kushta, Kutar (in Hamirpur), Mahur (in Etawah),
Manwar, Mirzapur, Odh, Orh, Parsutiya, Patra Sakarwar, Sankhwar, Sunwani [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Behera, Dolui, Kaur, Patra, Rohidas [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Baermaya, Chetak, Dadore, Goel, Kucharya, Rathor, Sohanr, Sohonar, Solanki [Madhya
Baernaya (bamyan tree) Bela, Bagha, Bela, Chaula, Gangalawa, Kucharya (axe), Nageshwar, Nageswar, Sadasa
[Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Kabir [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
KORKU
Groups/subgroups: Bawaria, Bondeya, Bondhi, Bondog, Bopchi, Mouasi, Nahul, Nihal [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
'Subcastes: Bawaria, Bondoya, Mowasi, Ruma [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Atkom, Baraskar, Bethekar, Darshima, Dhikar, Lobo, Maware, Muasi, Patel, Sapkar, Selu, Singh [Madhya
*Exogamous septs: Atkul, Banku, Basam, Bhuri Rana, Bhurswa, Dewda, Jambu, Kasada, Mawasi, Sakum, Takhar
[Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bethe, Chauhan, Oarsima, Dhi, Kasda, Lobo, Rathore, Selu [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
KORKU, BAWARIA
Synonyms: Bairio, Baoria, Bawar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Balthe, Barsima, Bhasam, Bhorsuna, Changri, Logo, Sakum, Silu [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Balthe, Barsima, Bhasam, Bhorsuna, Changri, Logo, Sakum, Silu [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
KORWA
Synonyms: Dihariya, Kisan Korwa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Korua [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Ageria, Dhari, Guying, Kharia Sadri, Tisia, Koraku, Paharia, Sinduria [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dhariya Korwa, Paharia Korwa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Sub-divisions: Benwaria, Birjias, Diharia, Koraku, Paharia [Russell & Hiralal]
*Subtribes: Agaria Korwa, Dand Korwa, Dih Korwa, Paharia Korwa [H.H. Risley]
Agariya Korwa (in Bengal), Birhor Korwa, Dand, Dih Korwa, Jiat, Kisan Korwa, Koraku (in Sarguja hills), Korwa (in
Mirzapur), Misinu, Pahariya Korwa, Samadhinu, Samghiman [W. Crooke]
Titles: Majhi [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Korwa [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Majhi [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bahar, Besra, Chergat, Ere, Ginun, Hasdagia, Kans, Kasi, Mudhiar, Murmu, Patha, Samat,
Soren [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Edge, Hansda, Kachmi [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (gotiar): Banda, Edigwar, Ganu, Ginu, Hansda, Hansdawar, Murrihar, Murriwar,
Samadawar, Sonouami [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Kasi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
*Septs: Ainduar (a kind of eel), Amba (mango), Asotoar, Bagher (tiger), Dhan (unhusked rice), Dinner, Ginuar (a
kind of eel), Har (plough), Hasda (wild goose), Huruj, Kerketta (a bird) Mujaniar, Pakhua, Samat (pestle), Samp
(snake), Sarai (a jungle fruit), Silli (a kind offish), Suga (parrot) [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages (khilli/bans): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KOSHTHA/KOSHTI
Synonyms: Meher [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Devangan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bholia, Deshkar, Lad [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
* Sub-divisions: Deshkar, Gadhewal, Halbis, Hatghar, Jain, Lad, Martha, Onkule, Padmasale, Patwis, Sagunsale,
Salewar [Russell & Hiralal]
Titles: Koshta [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Devangan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Gair, Hiran (dear), Nag (snake) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bangra, Dhoketa, Khotiyi, Kosharia (related to silk), Lendrowar, Nandwar (oxen), Narwa, Poreta, Rajaperia (king's
progeny), Torar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
KOTAL
Synonyms: Kotwal [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Chanbal, Dheyne Pargana, Engineer Pargana, Fotosing, Ghume, Kotwal, Manusing, Nune,
Sangal or Chanral [West Bengal]
Atpara, Dhukursani, Kutubpur, Manharsahi [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Mandal, Roy [West Bengal]
Surnames: Dhara, Konar, Kunui, Kunui Pradhan, Malik, Mandal, Meti, Nayek, Roy, Santra [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Madhukulya, Nagrishi [West Bengal]
KOTIA
Synonyms: Khatia, Kuria [Orissa]
Exogamous units/surnames: Anjal, Arlab, Burudi, Dora, Godanga, Guntha, Handal, Khara, Khemundit, Khila,
Khinbudi, Kurlati, Macha, Majhi, Nayak, Pangi, Sukri, Talab, Tangul [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (bansa): Honu (monkey), Khila (tiger), Khinbudi (bear), Khora (sun), Macha (fish), Majhi,
Naga (cobra), Nayak, Pangi (kite), Sukri (cow), Talab [Orissa]
KOTWAL/KOTWAUA
Synonyms: Kotwar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Bhami Kotwal, Jhamrila Kotwal [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Ahoria, Bamnia, Chongar, Dobria, Duddua, Moria, Muzalda, Sulia [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
KOYA
Synonyms: Oorla, Koitur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Kamar Koya, Musri Koya [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Dorla Koya, Gutta Koya, Metta Koya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Kamar Koya, Musri Koya [Orissa]
Exogamous units/surnames (intiperulu): Chera, Madakam, Madi (West land) [Andhra Pradesh]
Phratries: Idu penu (five deities), Oka penu (one deity), Rendi penu (two deities) [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Phratries (katta): [Orissa]
*Exogamous septs: Aido(fifth), Aro (sixth), Mudo(Third), Nalo(fourth), Nuto Muppayo (one hundred and thirty),
Paredi, Peramboya, Reyibande stone slab) [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/clans: Karam, Madkam (tortoise), Muchika, Paddam, Sunnam, Vanjam [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (bansa): Adiam, Kawasi, Madi (goat), Sodi (buffalo) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Badse, Bogam, Dadir, Emla, Gaita, Gondse, Guisale, Kalmu, Karrhami, Karta, Kartni,
Kunjam, Napod, Odi, Oyami, Ponder, Punyem, Pusami, Rawal, Tati, Teliari, Weti, Wickalore [Orissa]
KSHATRIYA
Groups/subgroups: Chandra bansa, Surya bansa [Orissa]
Singh Deo [Orissa]
Debi, Singh Deo [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Chandra bansa, Ganga bansa, Naga bansa, Surya bansa [Orissa]
KUCHBANDHIYA
Surnames: Lai [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Banjari Sohda, Bhair, Lakarhia, Lohia, Rara, Sani Sohda, Sartauhia Sohda, Uthbar [Madhya
KUDA
Synonyms: Koda, Matya [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Dumdum, Ghora, Hua, Pahene, Surin [Orissa]
KUDUK
Groups/subgroups: Dora [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Surnames: Baghel, Nag [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bag (tiger), Bakri (goat), Kachhua (tortoise), Nag (cobra) [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
KULBANDHIYA
Synonyms: Chunkar, Chusar, Jatan, Rajgir, Silawat [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Bhatia, Chauhan, Rathor [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhatia, Chauhan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
KULHAIYA/KULHA
Synonyms: Havalier [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Bandia, Gola, Haveliar, Mhar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Sheikh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Iqbal, Rahaman, Razzak [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KULI
Synonyms: Koli, Kori [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Bhulia, Gonda, Kosta, Patara, Tonti [Orissa]
Titles: Meher [Orissa]
Surnames: Meher [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Kakar (Basur), Mohanta, Nag (snake), Neual [Orissa]
KULTA
Exogamous units/clans: Goru, Kaumdiya (tiger), Neul (weasel), Sarpa [Orissa]
KUMARBHAG PAHARIYA
Surnames: Pahariya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (kul): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KUMHAR/KUMBHAR
Synonyms: Kumbhakar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kumar, Kumbhakar, Kumore, Rudrapal [West Bengal]
*Endogamons divisions: Bandi, Kannada, Mulya (tulu potter), Tulu, Vodari [E. Thurston]
Agasia, Bagri, Bangar, Desi, Dhodi, Dol, Gola, Hanslia (in Gurgaon), Kashmiri, Khapbanda, Khapmaree, Khokhar,
Kumhar, Kundgar, Mahar, Mali, Marwari, Multani, Nungar Punjabi (in Gurdaspur), Raj, Tanur [H.A. Rose]
Ajodhyabasi, Ardhauti, Banaudhia, Bangali, Bara Bhagiya (in Dacca), Bardhia, Barendra, Belgachi, Bhulaiya (in
Noakhali), Bhushna, Biahut, Chandan Sara, Chapua, Chatgainya, Chaurasi Chhota Bhagiya, Daspara (Pramanik),
Daspari, Deswar, Gadahiya, Kanaujia, Khatya, Maghaiya, Majhasthan, Masawar, Mujgarni, Nautana, Panpatra,
Rajmahalia, Rarhi, Sandwipa, Saralia Sirasthan, Tirhutia, Turk Kumhar, Uriya Kumhar [H.H. Risley]
Ahir, Balde (Pardeshi Kambhar), Bhonde, Chag Bhaisa, Garete, Ghati, Goremaratha, Gujar, Hatghade, Hatode,
Kadu, Kanada, Karnatak, Khambhati, Konkani, Ladbhuje, Lahanchake, Lingayat, Lod Malvi, Maratha, Pancham,
Rajput, Sorathia, Thorchake, Varia, Vatalia [R.E. Enthoven]
Groups/subgroups: Bihayuti, Gadhaiya, Kannaujia, Maghaiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Barendra, Chaurasi, Daspari, Rarhi [West Bengal]
Athariya, Bardhiya (in Mirzapur), Chakbais, Churiya, Gadhaiya, Gola, Kanaujiya, Kasgar, Mathuriya, Suariya [W.
Crooke]
*Subcastes: Bardia, Chakere, Chuutakia, Gadhewl, Goria, Hathgarhia, Kurere, Lingayats, Malwi, Maratha, Pardeshi,
Rakhotia, Sungaria, Telenga [RusseU & Hiralal]
Titles: Kumbhakar, Pandit [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Prajapati [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhaskar, Dikpal, Kavi [West Bengal]
Handa [E. Thurston]
Behara, Biswas, Das, Deuri, Kunkal, Mahato, Majhi, Marar, Marik, Mehrana, Pal, Rana [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Kumbhakar, Kumhar, Pandit [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ram [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bavadikar, Katwara, Majhgaonkar, Padalkar [Maharashtra]
Deuri, Maid, Patra, Rona [Orissa]
Chowdhury, Das, Jana, Mandal, Pal [West Bengal]
Adhav, Bhalerao, Buddhivan, Chaugule, Dalve, Deshmukh, Devalval, Devtrase, Divate, Gadhve, Gaikvad, Jadhav,
Jagdale, Jalindre, Jondhale, Jorvekar, Kale, Kapde, Karole, Kukadval Kurmival, Lonkar, Manmode, Mavane, Mhetre,
Morval, Pavar, Pipude, Rokde, Sasvadkar, Shirsat, Sinde, Sonavane, Tongare, Udeval among Pardeshi Kumbhar,
Vagchaure, Vaghmare Vagule among Maratha Kumbhar, Bansival [R.E. Enthoven]
Exogamous units/clans: Berdia, Gadhel, Gandhel (who carry things on donkey), Gangapari (from the river Ganga),
Kannujia (those who have migrated from Kannuj), Kannujia Berdia (who used to carry things on barad (ox)
Balabhadra, Ganesh, Nagaswar [Orissa]
Ilish [West Bengal]
Aladoshi, Alamyan, Asmait, Baid, Bailhar, Bar (ficus indica), Barik, Biswas, Chana, Chaudhri, Gaim, Garhatia, Hansa,
Hathi (elephant), Jeruhet, Kanaka, Kansi (a gras), Kapar, Kasyapa Kathalmalet, Kharua, Kheri, Madhust, Mahadia,
Mahatman, Maher, Maheswar, Mandap, Mehtar, Min (fish), Mukh, Nag (snake), Natanya, Pachmait, Panjiar,
Parihar, Pharkiet, Ranubad, Raut Raworh, Rishi, Sandil, Sandilya, Senapat, Sikari, Sinhi, Sisingi (a river fish),
Sonmain, Surabani, Tharait, Tumalia [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/clans (kul): Basnival (Pardeshi Kambhar), Devalval, Jalindre, Karole, Kukedval, Kurnival, Mavane,
Morval, Pipude, Tongare, Udeval [R.E. Endioven]
*Gor. Bikaneri, Danial, Dol, Gangotra, Jalandhra, Jodhpuria, Sarohi, Sohal [HA Rose]
Kashyap, Parasar [Orissa]
Ilish, Kashyap, Moudgulla, Sandilya [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages (khandanlvansh): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KUMMERI
Surnames: Damgitiwalu, Eyarappu, Katakannawalu, Pondaruwalu, Raili, Raipuruli, Rao, Salavalas, Urituwalu, Walu
[Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Gundarayam [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Eyarappu, Katannalu, Raipurulu, Raoli [Orissa]
KUNBI
Groups/subgroups: Bawane, Khaire, Lunhare, Tirode [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Subcastes: Dalia, Dhanoje, Dholewar, Gadhao, Gujarati Kunbis, Jaiswar, Jhare, Karwa, Khaire, Khedule, Leve,
Lonhare, Manwa Kunbis, Mehkar, Munurwars, Pardesi, Singrore, Tailanges, Tirole Wandhekars, Wanjari [Russell &
Hiralal]
Titles: Amin, Desai, Patel [R.E. Enthoven]
* Exogamous septs (kul): Aglawe, Bagmare, Burade, Dokarmare, Gadhe, Ghoremare, Hagre, Jagthap, Kadam, Kadu,
Kalamkar, Kantode, Kole, Lohekari, Lute, Meghe, Naktode, Patre, Shinde, Sutar, Titarmare, Ughde Wani (Bania),
Wankhede [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhoyar, Bhusade, Bonde, Choudhury, Choure, Ingle, Kapale, Karade, Raut, Thakre [Madhya
Dandalkar (Kale), Dingakar, Ghatole (Khandesh), Goirekar, Irkolkar, Kajewkar, Kolakar, Kumarkar, Kumbhar,
Kumgelkar, Loni, Madraj, Mainolkar, Mudekar, Nandkar, Nujekar, Panjna, Patankar Raikar, Sanwarkar, Tirodkar,
Tirole, Turaikar, Vanjari, Volkar [R.E. Enthoven]
KUNDARA/KUNDER
Synonyms: Kharade, Kondar, Kundkar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Badhai, Bindhani, Chitrakar [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Badhai, Bindhani, Chitrakar [Orissa]
Titles: Maharana [Orissa]

Surnames: Kumar (new), Kunder (old), Lai, Mallick, Naik, Patra, Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chitrakar, Mahapatra, Maharana, Mallik, Naik, Ojha, Patra [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bacha, Bagh (tiger), Nagasa (snake) [Orissa]
KUNJRA
Jamiat: Ru Rafen, Raie, Sabzi Farosh [West Bengal]
*Sub-divisions: Baghwan, Bhuinhari, Chauhan, Gorakhpuri, Jaiswara, Kabariya, Kalkadya, Kashmiri, Kolapuri, Lodhi,
Mehtariya, Mewa, Farosh, Mirzapuriya, Purabiya, Rajput, Sabzi Farosh Sarwariya, Tambakuwala, Uttaraha [W.
Crooke]
Surnames: Siddique [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Haque, Miya, Mosemat [West Bengal]
KUNUI
Surnames: Das, Konai, Kunui, Mondal [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Almasi, Madhurashi, Nag (snake) [West Bengal]
Gotra: Kashyap, Sandilya [West Bengal]
KURERI/KURARIAR
Synonyms: Karori, Kurreriyar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Adalat, Mridaha Kashma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Dhami, Dhamin, Karori, Kureri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
KURMI
Synonyms: Mahunta [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Awadhiya, Banwar, Chandel, Dhanuk, Ghamalia, Gulwar, Jaswar, Kochcisa, Kudmi, Mahto,
Patanwar, Patel, Samswar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
*Sub-divisions: Agaria, Bahargaiyan, Bundelkhandi, Chandnahes, Chandnahus, Chaurasia, Desha, Gabel,
Gohbaiyan, Havelia, Kanaujias, Kharia, Lodhis, Lonhare, Manwa, Marathe, Pardeshi, Palkiha, Pataria, Rakhaut,
Santore, Singrore Kurmis, Telenge, Usrete [Russell & Hiralal]
*Subcastes: Adh Kurmi (in Chota Nagpur), Awadhiya (in Behar), Ayodhiya, Bagsari (in Orissa), Banaudhia, Biyahut,
Chanaur, Chandan, Chandel, Chhota Kurmi, Gadasari, Gaysari, Ghamela, Ghorcharha Jaiswar, Kachaisa, Katriar,
Kharchwar, Khoria, Kurum, Madhyam Kurmi, Magahia, Maisasari, Nich Kurumi, Ramaiya, Saindiwar, Sanswar,
Sauchand, Sikharia, Terahgharia [H.H. Risley]
Andhar (in Fatehpur), Athariya, Audhiya (in Azamgarh), Bahmaniya, Baiswar, Bardiha, Bargaiyan (in Banda), Bota,
Chananu, Chandel, Chandpurha, Chandrawal, Chhappariya, Dhelphora Gaharwar (in Farrukhabad), Gangapari,
Gangwar, Goyit, Gujarati, Haridwara, Jadon (in Bareilly), Jadua, Jaiswar (in Mirzapur), Jaruhar, Kachhwaha,
Kanaujiya, Karjwa, Kathiyar Katwar (in Kanpur), Khapribandh, Kharbind (pure Bind), Kori, Lakariya, Lohat, Mai,
Manwa, Patanwar (in Gorakhpur), Pattariha, Rarh, Sachan (in Kanpur), Sahjan, Sainthwar, Saithwar Sandhauwa,
Sankata, Singraul, Singraur, Sunwan, Thakuriya, Umran, Uttam, Uttaraha [W. Crooke]
Titles: Choudhury, Dayal, Khaira, Mahato, Mandal, Naiya, Patel, Prasad, Pujar, Roy, Singh, Sinha [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Patel, Sanodiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Exogamous divisions: Bharadwaj, Dudhua, Kansia, Karaiya, Kashyap, Kathail, Kausil, Panwar, Samundha,
Sandaphal, Sandil, Sarang, Sindia, Solanki [Russell &C Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans: Ahirana, Angwar, Chilkor, Dhankei, Kaciyaran, Rajbanshi, Tengiara [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
KURMI, GOUR
Synonyms: Gurao, Guraw Kurmi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Gour, Gurao [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Exogamous units/clans: Barewa, Bhadoria, Gour, Gurao, Moha, Piprahwa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Parasar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
KURMI, KUDMI, MAHATO
Synonyms: Kudmi Mahato [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kudmi Mahato [Orissa]
Kurmi Mahato [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Bedia Kudmi, Bogri Kudmi, Choto Kudmi Sikharia, Nicho Kudmi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Adh Kudmi, Bedia Kudmi, Choto Kudmi [Orissa]
Aad Kudmi, Bedia Kudmi, Choto Kudmi, Sikhria [West Bengal]
Titles: Deshmandal, Gonju, Laya, Mahaco, Majhi, Munda, Paramanik, Pargonait, Potlai [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Deshmandal, Mahato, Pargonoit [Orissa]
Deshmondal, Laya, Mahato, Majhi, Naya, Paramanik, Pargonait, Podoi [West Bengal]
Surnames: Mahat, Mahato, Mahto, Mehta, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Mahanta, Mahato, Sing [Orissa]
Mahato, Mahto, Mehta, Singh [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Baghowar (tiger), Baghowar (tiger), Banowar (monkey), Bara Nag (king cobra), Hindwar
(black man), Kaidowar (bufralo), Katiar (silk cocoon), Keshria (kesar grass), Nag (serpent), Sankhowar (conch) [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages: Bagh Banowar ((tiger-monkey), Birhor Banowar (monkey), Chhanchmutra (spider),
Chilbinda (kite), Dumria (fig), Hanstowar (monkey), Hinlowar (black man or wildgrass), Jal Bahuwar Karowar
(buffalo), Katiyar (silk cacoon), Mural(Nilgai), Nag (snake), Murmu [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (bangsh): , Bag Banowar, Banshiar, Chanchmutra, Chilbinda, Childar, Chirrha, Dumria,
Fecha, Hanstowar, Hindwar, Kairoyar, Keshria, Murmu, Musa Punuria Katiyar, Nagtowar, Tirua [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages (bans): Banwar (monkey), Biphor Banowar, Chanchmutra (spider), Dumuria (fig),
Haistowar, Hindowar (black man), Jal, Keshria (kesar grass), Murmu (Nilgai), Nag (serpent) [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
KUROL/KURAL
Synonyms: Jogi, Jugi, Kural, Rishi [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Bar Kurol, Chot Kurol [West Bengal]
Surnames: Chunari, Jogi, Jugi, Kurol, Rishi [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Aladi, Angari [West Bengal]
KURUMO
Subgroups: Kuji Kurumo [E. Thurston]
Titles: Behara, Bissoyi, Dudi, Majhi, Nayako, Podhano, Ravulo, Senapati, Udhdhandra [E. Thurston]
KURUNGA
Synonyms: Karenga, Koranga [Orissa]
Surnames: Barui, Bisoi, Dolui, Hait, Maiti, Sena [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagasha (snake), Salmach [Orissa]
Gotra: Batsa, Kachchap, Kashyap, Nageswar, Salmach [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (vanshd): [Orissa]
KUSTA
Groups/subgroups: Laria, Udia [Orissa]
Titles: Debangan, Meher [Orissa]
Surnames: Debangan, Meher [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Dhakita, Handua, Khatki, Nandala [Orissa]
KUTCHHI
Surnames: Chawala, Pithoria, Rathor [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Jungi, Majhi [Orissa]
LADBANIA
Groups/subgroups: Bisa (twenty), Dasa (ten), Malwi, Nimari, Sikka [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Seth [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Arjhare, Basia, Dalai, Kapriya, Lakrawale, Pankhiya, Porwade, Saha, Saraf, Satle, Shah, Vani [Madhya
LADIA
Synonyms: Larahia, Laria, Raj [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Ahirwar, Ladia (old), Raj, Verma (new) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
LAHANGIR
Titles: Lahangeria, Tantuwai [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bahuraia, Barkud, Dholkia, Fatehpuria, Hataiya, Kathuraha, Katia, Lakdrahia [Madhya
LAKHERA
Synonyms: Laheria, Lahkar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Awadhia, Chanubang, Dakshinaha (Yadubanshi), Darbhangia, Dedhiyot, Madhauria, Tirhuda
Marwari Lakhera, Tarkhera Lakhera [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Subcastes: Dakhinha, Nuri, Tirhutia [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Laheri, Lahkar, Sah, Sahu [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Sahu [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Laheri, Lahkar, Prasad, Sah, Sahu [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Chouhan, Sisodia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bagade, Bhate, Chavan, Hatade, Nagare, Padiyar, Ratvad, Salunki [R.E. Enthoven]
Exogamous units/clans: Chamria, Charan, Dhikia, Lahora, Pamar, Pandit, Sungat etc., Zedia, bhiwal [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Bagri, Bhatia, Chauhan, Hatria, Kethunia, Nagoria, Parihar, Solanki, Verma [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Somvanshi, Surajvanshi [Maharashtra]
Gautam, Vashishtah [R.E. Enthoven]
*Sections: Kasi, mahuri [H.H. Risley]
LALBEGI
Synonyms: Balmiki [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Subgroups: Balmiki, Begi, Sardar [West Bengal]
Gaikwad, Kanderia, Phatrod, Sanakat, Sarwan, Suraswal [S.S. Hassan]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Ahari (chande fish), Bhakta (Cherka Alu a kind of Yam), Bhiwal, Bhunih (sal fish),
Chamaria, Dardapat/bag (tiger), Digar (tortoise), Kotal (kon of grasshopper), Malik (Makar or shark Nayek (salfish),
Pandit, Paremanik (Manik a kind of bird), a kind of sea mouster) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Lineages (khandan/vansh): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
LAMECHU
Exogamous units/clans: Bajaj, Bhujwar, Chandoria, Modi, Pacholaye, Poddar, Raperia, Rawat [Madhya Pradesh
LAVANA/LAMBADI/LABANA
Synonyms: Banjara [Orissa]
Gharnawat, Gharnot Chihot, Labana of Bahawalpur, Labana of Ludhiana, Musla Labana (in Punjab), Ramana,
Udama [H.A. Rose]
Titles: Lai, Ram [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Lai, Ram [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chauhan, Nayak [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhoti, Chauhan, Kakar, Saware, Tekawat [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Badaot, Banod, Barmaot, Barod, Bhakia, Bora, Jathat, Jharbale, Kerut, Korra, Lasria, Mocha, Mur, Murhaot,
Nurhaot, Ortia, Parhia, Saugra [Orissa]
* Gotlgotra: Badwalia, Bartia, Bathia, Dangawat, Gujar Tatra, Kashab, Khasarya Gojalia, Kundlas Pilia, Majrawat,
Mathuan, Narowal, Padwal, Parwal, Puslat Datla, Saundlas Porwals Sindlas Ajrawat Sukiana, Todra, Udiana,
Wamial, Wamowal [H.A. Rose]
Exogamous units/lineages: (Kur Purhi) [Orissa]
LEPCHA
Synonyms: Rong [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Khamba, Rong [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Lama [West Bengal]
Surnames: Chong, Dangidi, Keng, Lama, Lepcha, Lohok, Mongmin, Namcheng, Namchu, Namoda, Nongsong,
Rangan, Song [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Chongmu, Dangidimu, Kengmu, Lohokmu, Mongminmu, Namchengmu, Namodamu,
Nongsongmu, Ranganmu, Songmu Namchumu, Songdiamu [West Bengal]
*Septs: Adinpuso, Barphungpuso, Lukson, Naimzingmung, Ranogmung, Sangmi, Singdyang, Sungutmung,
Tarzukmung, Tingilmung [H.H. Risley]
LET
Synonyms: Let Bagdi [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Bara Let, Chhoto Let [West Bengal]
Surnames: Bagdi, Das, Let [West Bengal]
LIARI
Synonyms: Neilolu [Orissa]
Surnames: Behera, Jena, Rao [Orissa]
LIMBU
Synonyms: Limbu, Yak Thumba [West Bengal]
*Subtribeslsubgroups: Ahtharal, Charkhola, Chhothar, Maikhola, Miakhola or Terodiar, Panthar, Phenab or
Bhuiphuta, Tambrikhola, Yangorup [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Subba [West Bengal]
Subha or Suffah (chief) [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Limbu [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Angbu, Chothar, Khebangba, Lohringten, Manglagpa, Miongba, Panthar, Pheagpa, Phejon,
Pheodan, Terodiar, Thekim, Yakpangjen, Yakshoma, Yakten [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (thor): *Septs (that): Aktenhang, Angbohang, Angdenba, Anglah, Anlabang, Baidohang,
Bakhim, Bargharri, Chdbegu, Hangam, Isbo, Kerungma, Khema, Khingba, Legma, Libang, Lingden, Luha, Mahbho,
Pho-Omphu, Photro Porno, Popson, Puktebu, Sangma, Senihang etc., Serling, Serma, Teling, Thekim, Tumbrok,
Yakpangden, Yakshoma, Yigam, Mahbu, Yungma [H.H. Risley]
LODHA/LODHI
Synonyms: Lodha Savara, Savara [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Sabar [Orissa]
Sabara [West Bengal]
Lodh, Lodha Rajput, Lodhi, Maria Lodha [Delhi]
*'Endogenous divisions: Jaria, Patariha [R.E. Enthoven]
Handeya, Jariya, Loniya, Malgeshiya, Nathniya, Nava Khandewale, Noniya, Pathariya, Singor [S.S. Hassan]
Antarvedi, Bhoslya, Bhusiya, Jaiswar, Jariya, Khagi, Maha Lodha, Mathuria, Pathariha, Saksena, Singraur [W.
Crooke]
Bhakta, Bhokta, Kotal, Nayek, Paramanik [Orissa]
Diwan, Kunwar, Raja, Rao [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Savara [Bihar and/or Jharkhand].
Exogamous units/clans: Ahari (chande fish), Bhakta, Bhumih (selish), Digar (tortoise), Katal (grass hopper), Malik
(crocodile or shark), Nayak (sal fish), Paramanik (a kind of bird) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Banjari, Chauhan, Gujar, Jat, Kol, Kurmi, Lunia, Mali, Ojha, Parmar, Patwa, Pawar, Solanki [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Bagh (tiger), Manik (bird), Naga (snake), Sal (tree) [Orissa]
Ahori, Bag, Bhakta, Bhunia, Dandapat, Digar, Kotal, Malik, Nayek, Paramanik [West Bengal]
Balakote, Bhadoria, Dongaria, Kerbania, Mahdele, Nawaria [Russell & Hiralal]
Barwariya, Batham, Bhadauriya, Bhagirathi, Binaunan, Dilliwal, Katari, Khargbansi, Mahra, Mahuriya, Mohan,
Purabiya, Sanaurhiya, Sankhwar, Sengar, Tarwariya [W. Crooke]
Exogamous units/lineages: Kachim (tortoise), Nag (serpent), Sal (fish) [Orissa]
LOHANDIA
Synonyms: Lohar, Loharia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Kobalia Nicha, Ucha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Loharia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Laheri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
LOHAR/LUHAR
Synonyms: Lohar, Lohar Bhatt [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Vishwakarma [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Luhura [Orissa]
Lohar Bagdi, Nar, Nar Bagdi [West Bengal]
*Endogamous divisions: Gujarad, Kamaras, Kanada Loharsor, Konkani, Maratha, Panchal [R.E. Enthoven]
Groups/subgroups: Lohar Bhatt [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Agariya, Bharadwaj, Jha, Mahuli, Pathuriya, Ratharia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Ayudhyabasi, Barhai, Dhaman, Jholiya, Kanaujiya, Lahauri, Laungbarsa, Mathuriya, Mauliya, Ojha, Ojha Lohar,
Rawat, Siyahmaliya, Tumariya, Vishvakarma [W. Crooke]
* Sections/subgroups: Gadiya Lohar, Recent Jat and Rajput origin, Suthar-Lohar [HA Rose, D. Ibbetson]
*Sub-divisions: Agarias, Ghantras, Ghisaris, Gondi Lohars, Jhade, Kanaujia, Mahulia, Maratha, Mathuria, Ojha,
Panchals [Russell & Hiralal]
*Subcastes: Bagdi-Lohar in Manbhum, Bibhumia, Danda Manjhi, Gobra, Govindpuria, Jhetia, Kamar Kalla, Kamia in
Nepal, Kanaujiya, Kokas, Lohandia in Lohardaga, Angaria, Lohar Manjhi, Maghaya Mahur or Mahuliya, Munda
Lohar, Pensili in Bankura, Sad Lohar, Shergarhia in Santal Parganas, Manjhal Turiya, Sisutbansi Loharia, mathuriya
[H.H. Risley]
Ajudhyabasi, Dhaman, Kanaujiya, Lahauri, Ojha, Rawat, Visvakarma, Mahul, Mathuriya [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Misery, Vishwakarma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Agariya, Bharadwaj, Jha, Mahule, Pathuriya, Ratharia, Tinchutiya, Vishwakarma [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Lohar [Orissa]
Lohar, Majhi [West Bengal]
Agar, Akus, Ambekar, Ankush, Basdiha, Bhadke, Bhorant, Byahut, Champakarande, Chavan, Dakkhinaha, Gadekar,
Gaikvad, Gamela, Gavli, Gore, Gotiya, Jadhav, Jagtap, Javane, Kale, Kalsait Kamble, Kangle, Kavare, Lokhande, Lote,
Mallik, Mane, Navugire, Pavar, Popalghat, Salpe, Sengar, Sonavane, Suryavanshi, Thorat, Tingare, Uttaraha, Vasav
[W. Crooke]
*Exogamous divisions (kul): Afadia, Ajgaonkar (Kanada Lohar), Akuj (Maratha), Andurlekar (Mavli), Asnolkar
(Ravalnath), Asodia, Bandekar (Bandeshvar), Bardia, Bhadrakali, Bhairidevata, Bhaladye, Bhavnagri Bhutnath,
Bodana, Champhekar, Chandarkar, Chandvankar (Bhavani), Chavda, Chiptada, Chitroda, Chohan, Dabulkar
(Giroba), Damapurkar (Bhagvati), Deladia, Devagadkar (Mahalakshmi), Devali Devgha, Dhamnaskar (Bhavani),
Dhavad, Dodia, Elingkar(Ganpati), Gaonkadevikar, Ghatkar (Ghoomkadevi), Gujarati, Gulekar, Hankonkar (Sateri),
Harsura, Hathodia, Jhilka, Kahalia, Kalsabad Kamle, Kankonkar (Nirankar), Karania, Kava, Khambhati, Kinnarkar
(Mahamayi), Kolambekar, Konkani, Kuddekar (Someshvar), Machhukothia, Madkaikar (Mhalsa), Mahakali,
Makvana, Maratha Maru, Masurkar, Mavli, Narayan, Narvekar, Painjinkar (Durgadevi), Pakalghat, Panalkar,
Panchal, Parjia, Parmar, Parsekar, Parvale, Parvatkar (Chandreshwar), Pednekar (Ravalnath), Pithva Podhyar,
Rathkar, Rathod (Ravalnath), Ravut, Sandhav (Sateri), Savandekar, Shinde, Shrivankar, Sirohia, Solanki(Somnath),
Sorathia (in Kathiawar), Surati, Talpankar (Ravalnath), Tingare Vaghela, Vala, Vanol [R.E. Enthoven]
Exogamous units/clans: Kemaiya, Kumarha, Puraniya, Rajotra [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Hansowar, Kithwar [Orissa]
Saladasi, Salsi [West Bengal]
Bagh (tiger), Ban (eel), Bando (wild cat), Bans (bamboo), Besra (hawk), Bodra, Chouria, Dhan, Gunj, Hastuar, Hatti
(elephant), Hemrom, Jalwar (net), Baroha [H.H. Risley]
Gotra: Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bharadwaj, Sandilya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bharadwaj, Goutam, Kashyap, Sandilya, Vasisht, Vatsa [W. Crooke]
LOHARA
Synonyms: Lohra [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Lohara [West Bengal]
Surnames: Lohara, Lohra [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Hor, Manja, Tirki, Toppo [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bail (bullock), Kachhua (tortoise), Ser (tiger), Suar (pig) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Shalshi [West Bengal]
MADARI/KALANDAR
Synonyms: Jadugar, Khilwar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Mehdri, Minka [Orissa]
Subgroups: Ashiqan [W. Crooke]
Exogamous units/clans: Agarwal, Halari, Kungar, Natia, Rardi [Gujarat]
Bidutala, Nagala, Pigulu Petta [Orissa]
Lineages: Aeri, Chintata, Danmala, Kohali, Telli [Orissa]
MADGI
Synonyms: Harijan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Bhudhala, Ganbagarapu, Gengadi, Kama, Mosipogu, Perika, Samkati, Mekala, Raymuthala [Madhya
Lineages: Aeri, Chintata, Danmala, Kohali, Telli [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Exogamous divisions (kula or bedagu): Aivalli, Ankelu, Ari, Bandari, Belli, Bhogam, Billu, Chatri, Chimalu, Chinnada,
Emme, Gonaba, Gujjalu, Hatti, Honnu, Huwa, Karadi, Kori, Korma, Kuri, Magi, Mandma, Nagara, Nari, Sakila Soge,
Yakila [S.S. Hassan]
*Exogamous sections: Boyanapalliwaru, Danduwaru, Kunagollawaru, Malangurollu, Mukapalli, Pasupalliwaru,
Sultanpurwaru, Yelpukonda [S.S. Hassan]
MADRASI/SOUTH INDIAN
Groups/subgroups: Kanada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu [West Bengal]
Titles: Nair, Pillai, Rao [West Bengal]
Agari, Chettiyar, Chetti, Devar, Jadava, Nadar [Andaman & Nicobar Islands]
Surnames: Ayar, Menon, Nair, Rao [West Bengal]
MAGHAYA KUMBAR
Synonyms: Kumbakar, Kumbar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kumbakar, Kumbar, Kumor [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Bangali/Mahaya/Joon, Hatua or Oriya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bangali Kumbar, Joon Kumbar, Oriya Kumbar [Orissa]
Titles: Behara, Desh Pradhan, Mondal, Pargonoit, Paramanik, Pradhan [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Pargonait [Orissa]
Surnames: Behera, Bera, Bhagal, Choudhury, Paul [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Behara, Bera, Bhagat, Choudhury, Pal [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Baranag, Guriyar, Gurudar, Kachim (tortoise), Kara, Kara Boya, Nag (snake), Pani/Jal
Kachim, Tanr Kachim, Tiya [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Guradhar, Jal Kachim (water tortoise), Kachim (tortoise), Kara, Karboiya (buffalo), Nag
(serpent), Tanr Kachim (field tortoise), Thelera (bird), Tiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
MAGHIA
Synonyms: Maghi [Orissa]
Surnames: Behera, Kuntia, Mahapatra, Sahoo [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nageswar (snake god) [Orissa]
MAHAKUR
Synonyms: Goala, Mahakhul, Yadav [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Ram [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Ghana (tortoise), Naga (snake) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
MAHANAYAKA SUDRA
Synonyms: Mahanayaka Khandayat, Mahanayaka Khatriya [Orissa]
Titles: Baliarsingha, Maharathi, Paikarai, Ranasingha [Orissa]
Surnames: Baliarsingh, Biswal, Chottara, Das, Devi, Jena, Kanungo, Lenka, Mangraj, Mohanti, Muduli, Nayak,
Paikarai, Paltasingha, Pattanayak, Rout, Santra, Senapati, Swain [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (dgar), Guruokasya, Kanchana, Mudugala, Nagasa (snake), Sad [Orissa]
MAHAR
Surnames: Bag, Mahar, Mallick, Mehar, Naik [Orissa]
Hogragorhe, Madaom, Meshram, Shendey [West Bengal]
Abhang, Abne, Adhav, Adijadhav, Adsule, Aherrao, Ahire, Andhon, Andvan, Auchat, Autakamble, Babre, Bachav,
Bagad, Bagul, Bahelime, Baikar, Balhi, Balkamble, Bansure, Barke, Basede Bavan, Bavane, Bavcha, Bavise, Bayakar,
Bayat, Bel, Bele, Ben, Bhagat, Bhalerao, Bhambhal, Bhede, Bhilang, Bhoi, Bhoir, Bholke, Bhosale, Bole, Bunkar,
Chandanshive, Chavan, Chelkar Chhettise, Chikane, Chitale, Dahane, Darule, Daule, Detge, Dharmik, Dharpavar,
Dhed, Dive, Doble, Dom, Domb, Dukare, Gade, Gadre, Gaikvad, Gamre, Gardi, Garud, Gavasai, Gavase, Ghadshi
Ghanvat, Ghadcamble, Ghode, Godivale, Godvan, Gondvan, Gopal, Gote, Hatavate, Hedshi, Holar, Huvale, Jadhav,
Jhade, Jogti, Joshi, Junnare, Kabule, Kadam, Kadvan, Kakate, Kakude, Kale Kamble, Kanoje, Kasare, Katre,
Khandagale, Khandizad, Kharat, Kharode, Kharse, Khosare, Khupate, Kochare, Kohale, Kolge, Kosare, Kudvan,
Ladav, Ladhan, Ladvan, Lakde, Lokare, Lokhande Makasure, Malve, Mathkamble, Mehede, Mhasge, Mhaskate,
Mohite, More, Murli, Nikumbh, Nirale, Nirmal, Pacharne, Pagar, Pakhare, Pan, Panya, Pardhe, Patekar, Pavar,
Pokade, Pradhan, Pular Puravne, Ran, Sadavarte, Sakpal, Salade, Saladi, Salve, Samidar, Sapkal, Sarvagod, Satpal,
Shelar, Shelke, Shinde, Shirke, Silvan, Sirsalkar, Sisate, Sodjadhav, Soma, Somavanshi Somkamble, Sonaibalkamble,
Sonavane, Sonkamble, Sonkavale, Surya, Suiyakadam, Suryavanshi, Sutad, Tadke, Talvatke, Tambe, Tapichere,
Thorvade, Tilvan, Tizad, Umbale, Vadkar, Vagh Vaghchavre, Vaghmare, Vaghpanje, Vartak, Yadav, Yetum, Zankar
[R.E. Enthoven]
Exogamous groups: Aglavi, Andhare, Bhajikhai, Darpan, Khanda Phari, Khobra gade, Kodu Dudh, Kutramaria,
Undrimaria [Russell & Hiralal]
*Exogamous sections: Awasrunle, Bhadarge, Bhaktya, Borkutya, Chaudante, Chondhe, Dethya (Ladwan),
Dhuldhawane, Dingarya, Durgya, Gaikwad, Ghonde, Hanumate, Hatker, Ingole, Jiwanya, Jogadande Jondhale
(Soma), Kambale, Karmanker, Khandare, Khillor, Kondagulla, Lambane, Lokhandya, Malkhadya, Mohaker
(Winker), Mule, Nadya, Ondaker, Padd, Paddharya, Pareka, Piprya, Piryadya Ramtakya, Sarode, Sonatakke, Taliwar,
Teltumdya, Tumberya, Umrya, Wadhawe, Waghmarya, Zadya [S.S. Hassan]
Gotra: Hogragorhe, Madaom, Meshram, Shendey [West Bengal]
MAHAR/TIGDA
Synonyms: Kotia, Tigda [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Bawnea, Ladwan, Samos [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Meshram, Ramteke, Rangari [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bamoba, Gojbhiye, Khobragode, Meshram, Ramteke, Rangari [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
MAHARA/MEHRA/MEHAR/MAHAR
Synonyms: Jharua, Oriya [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Jharua, Oriya [Orissa]
Titles: Naik [Orissa]
Surnames: Bagh, Mahar, Mallick, Meher, Naik [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (ban/got): Bagh (tiger), Nago (snake), Sand [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (ban got): Bagh (tiger), Besra, Bhaisa (buffalo), Bokda, Chalki, Kachim (tortoise), Kukur
(dog), Nag (cobra) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
MAHARASHTRIAN/MARATHI
Groups/subgroups: Chitpavan, Desatha, Saraswat, Sheroi [Orissa]
Konkani, Marathi [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Kanoinya, Khetri, Masty [Orissa]
Gorge, Paushik [West Bengal]
Gotra: Garg [Orissa]
Atri, Kapila, Kashyap, Sandilya, Vasisht [West Bengal]
MAHESWARI
Exogamous units/clans: Asaure; Baheti Rajhan, Heada, Jaya, Kachoulya
Rai, Kachoulyas, Karari Kapilansh, Phool, Roop, Saun, Silansh, Thiwodi Guru (teacher) [Andhra Pradesh]
Agiwal, Agsund, Ajmera, Aswana, Atal, Baheti, Bhura, Bhutra, Chandak, Darak, Jaju, Kabra, Karwa, Kasat, Mah,
Malu, Mudra, Mundra, Rathi, Sarda, Sinkchi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Sections: Baoti, Gatani, Janwar, Kabra, Kalian, Lakhotia, Lop, Malpani, Millak, Mundra, Murkia, Palaur, Rauti,
Sabu, Sadra, Sowani, Tabria, Tela [H.H. Risley]
MAHISHYA
Synonyms: Jele Kaibarta, Kaibarta [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Bahubalindra, Majumdar [West Bengal]
Surnames: Das, Kapali, Nayak, Ostad, Pandit, Pattanayek, Sau [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Adak, Adhikari, Bhowmik, Giri, Jana, Kabiraj, Kamardas, Kar, Mahapatra, Maid, Manna, Patra, Santra [West Bengal]
Gotra: Gautam, Kashyap, Madhugulya, Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kashyap, Parasar, Madhugolya, Sandilya [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansa): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
MAHLI
Synonyms: Maheli, Mahili [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Maheli [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Bansphor Mahili, Mahli Munda, Mahli Hor, Patar Mahli or Ghasi Mahli, Sulunkhi, Tanti [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
Subcastes: Bansphor, Mahili, Mahili Munda, Patar Mahili, Tame Mahili [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Deshpradhan, Manjhi, Namahal, Pargona [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Mahoto, Manjhi [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Besra, Hansda, Karunamay, Mahli, Mandi, Murmu [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Baski, Besra, Chore, Dungri (pig), Hansda (bird), Hati, Hembrom, Katergach (jack fruit tree), Keshriar (tuber), Kisku,
Mahali, Mandal, Mandi, Murhu, Shah, Soren, Tirki (bull), Tudu [Orissa]
Mahli [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (bangsa): Baske, Besra, Chore, Hansda, Hembrom, Khangar, Kisku, Mandi, Marangi, Murmu,
Pihiri, Shah, Somah, Soren, Tudu [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (gotar): Dungri (pig), Hansda (bird), Kathergach (jack fruit), Keshriyar (tuber), Tirki (bull)
"Sections: Chardhagia, Charhar (a tree), Dhilki, Dumriar or Dungri (wild fig), Hansda (wild goose), Hemrom, Induar,
Kartusa, Khangar, Khariar, Kundiar, Mandriar, Marri, Sanga, Taw, Tirki (bull) [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages: Baske, Besro, Hansda, Kami, Mandi, Murmu, Soren [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
MAHURI
Synonyms: Bais, Mahuri, Muhura [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Mahawar, Mahor [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Gupta, Lohani, Prasad, Ram, Tarway [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bhadani, Gupta, Prasad, Ram [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Chandramuni [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Chandramuni, Sarbamuni [Orissa]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kapila, Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kashyap, Vasisht [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (Bansa/Khandan): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
MAHURIA
Synonyms: Mahurbaisr, Muhuri [Orissa]
Gotra: Basistha, Chandramuni, Kashyapa, Sarbaniuni [Orissa]
MAINA
Groups/subgroups: Deshwali Maina, Mali Maina [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Mukaddam [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Baleswar, Bargoti, Bhakand, Dhani, Dogbar, Jonbar, Kuwar, Marmat, Mothia, Nehar, Sira,
Tatu [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
MAITHIU BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Maithil Brahmin, Tirhutia Brahman [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Jaibara, Nagara (nagar), Panjibandh, Srotriya (Shrutee), Yogya (Yoga) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Choudhry, Jha, Khan, Mishra, Pathak, Roy [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Alambyaka, Bharadwaj, Garg, Gautam, Kapila, Kashyap, Katyayan, Koundinya, Koushik, Krishnatraya,
Moudgallya, Parasar, Sandilya, Sha, Tandi, Vasisht, Vatsa, Vishnubriddhi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (pangi): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
MAJHI
Synonyms: Kewat, Mallah, Nabik [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Deuri, Majhi [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Choudhuri, Kashyap, Kolgath, Sanwani, Teliagoth [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Dipaik, Machh, Nageswar (snake), Sal [Orissa]
MAJHWAR
Groups/subgroups: Bode Majhwar, Majhwar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Marai, Olku, Pathari, Tekma, Waika [W. Croolce]
Surnames: Sai [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Exogamous septs: Baghani, Bhainsa, Dumar, Khoba, Lotan, Sinehan [Russell & Hiralal]
Armor, Arpatti, Dadaichi, Kargoti, Kariyam, Karpatti, Karpe, Koaichi, Koram, Kusro, Kussenga, Markam, Marpachi,
Masram, Netam, Neti, Oima, Pandaru, Poiya, Posam, Purkela, Sarotiya Sindram, Sirso, Soima, Tekam, Ulangwati
[W. Crooke]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhaisa (buffalo), Bharadi, Dang, Jhinga (prawn), Kachua (tortoise), Kahaya, Nag (cobra),
Sahada, Velowa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
MAL
Synonyms: Malla [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Dhalbhuiya, Mallabhuiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Chatradhari/Rajchatradhari, Paharia Mai/ Dhanguria Mai, Raja Mai, Sapure Mal/Beda [West Bengal]
Subcastes: Deswar, Dhalia, Dhunakata, Gobra, Khera, Khuturia, Magahiya, Mallik, Raja Mai, Rajbanshi, Rarhi Mai,
Sanagantha, Sapurya or Bediya Mai, Sinduria, Tunga [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Deshmandal, Patar, Sardar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Haldar, Khamid, Machhua, Manjhi [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bagh, Dandapat, Kapat, Nayek [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bagh, Das, Mai [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Barh Nag (serpent), Charai (bird), Kachchima (tortoise), Laban (salt), Nag
(serpent), Natur (a fish) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
*Sections: Fenga (a bird), Garur (adjutant), Ghatu (a bird), Kachhap
(tortoise), Nag (snake), Patrishi (bird), Penkal-Machh (fish), Salmachh (fish) [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages (kul): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand] [West Bengal]
MALPAHARIA
Groups/subgroups: Kumarbag Paharia, Malpaharia, Saouria Paharia [West Bengal]
Subtribes: Kumar or Komar Bhag [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Manjhi, Naik, Sardar [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Ahri, Derhi, Ghuns, Grihi, Kumar, Mai Paharia, Manjhi, Pator, Pujahar, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Malpaharia, Paharia [West Bengal]
*Septs: Ahriti (hunters), Dehriti (priests), Grihi (householders), Manjhi (village headman), Patra, Pujhor (priests),
Sikdhar [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages: Gotia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (khunt): Ahiri, Deheri, Grihi, Leya, Manjhi, Pator, Prijhar, Pujhar, Singh [West Bengal]
MALA
Synonyms: Kori [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Endogamous groups: Arava, Asadi, Boya, Daindla, Darabala, Kanta, Morasu, Murikinadu, Murikinati, Pakanad,
Reddi Bhumi, Saindla, Sarindla [. Thurston]
Andhawant, Are Mala, Arva Mala, Badge Mala, Begar Mala, Bhal Mala, Birja Mala, Boya Mala, Chalka Mala,
Chalwadi, Dadi Mala, Das Mala, Dhol Mala, Gunta Mala, Guram Mala, Gurge Mala, Hatkar Mala, Jethi Mala, Jina
Mala, Karne Mala, Ladwant, Landa Mala, Mala Bogam, Mala Ayyawar, Mala Dasri, Mala Jangam, Mala Mannewar,
Mala Mashti, Nayatakani, Pachi Mala, Pambalwad Racha Mala, Shiva Kantha Mala, Somavanshi Mala, Telga Mala,
Tilwan Mala, Tuka Mala, Varne Mala [S.S. Hassan]
Exogamous units/surnames: Kori, Mala [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gangham, Gorraiya, Jobaiya, Tipataiya, Venkataiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Allam (ginger), Ballem (spear), Bandi (cart), Bomidi, Bommala, Boori (cake), Chinna (little), Chintala (tamarind),
Daddu (money), Dakku (fear), Dara (stream of water), Dasari, Dhoddi Duddu (money), Gadi (cart), Goni (a sack),
Gonji, Gurram (horse), Janga (calf leg), Kaila, Kaki, Karna, Komma (a musical horn), Kuncham, Maddila (drum),
Magga (loom), Mailari (washerman), Mallige, Marri, Mudi (knot), Naththalu (snail), Pal (milk), Pamula (snake
people), Pilli (cat), Pindi (flour), Pital, Powaku (tobacco), Rayi (stone) [E. Thurston]
Bhrangi, Pasala, Sakanda, Vamdeva, Vrashabha [S.S. Hassan]
MALAKAR
Groups/subgroups (thak): Dokane Malakar, Phulmali [West Bengal]
Surnames: Adhikari, Chowdhuri, Datta, Dey, Kar, Majumdar, Roy, Seth [West Bengal]
Gotra: Alimman, Kashyap, Madgulya, Phulrashi, Sandilya [West Bengal]
MALHAR
Synonyms: Malar, Malhor [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Jora Savara, Madhuwala, Mahuwala, Mallay [Orissa]
Dhokra, Dokra, Maral [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Bargohri, Chhotgohri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Malar, Malhar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Behra, Boru, Dehuri, Devi, Laru, Pradhan [Orissa]
Karmakar [West Bengal]
Exogamotts units/clans: Baghwar (tiger), Kerketta (bird), Kujur, Nag (snake), Tirkur, Topowar, Toppo (bird) [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
Bagh, Bansh, Bhara, Kachhap, Kak, Nag [West Bengal]
Gotra: Kashyap, Phulrashi, Sandilya [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages (handipaka): [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (gusthi): Chomundi, Chowdhury, Kuliar, Moral gusti, Nagpuriya, Raj gusti, Tekyoar [West
Bengal]
MALI
Synonyms: Malakar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gujarathi Mali, Maratha Mali [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gandha, Maliskorchia, Paido, Phulia, Rathor, Sagbaria [Orissa]
Phulmali [West Bengal]
*Endogamous sub-divisions: Bodo (big), Dongrudiya, Kosalya, Pannara, Pondra, Sonkuva [E. Thurston]
Gujarati, Kanarese, Maratha [R.E. Enthoven]
Baheniya, Bahliyan, Barhauliya, Bhagirathi, Bhanole, Bhawani, Bhomiyan, Deswali, Dilliwal, Diiwari, Gole, Hardiya,
Kachhi, Kachhmali, Kanaujiya, Kapri, Khatiya, Khatri, Kota, Mathur Meghiyan, Mewati, Mohur, Mulana, Panwar,
Pemaniyan, Phulmali, Rajpuriya, Saini, Samri, Surab, Tholiya [W. Crooke]
Groups/subgroups: Kalitor (Phul Mali), Karauhilia, Malu, Phul Mali, Turk Mali [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Adasethi, Adhaprabhu, Bankar, Bavane, Gujarathi Mali, Haldi (turmeric), Jire, Kocha, Lingayat, Maratha Mali, Phul
(flower) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gandha, Phulia, Rathor, Sagbaria [Orissa]
Athgharer, Barendra, Rarhi [West Bengal]

Subcastes/subgroups: Atgharia, Barendra, Dokani Mali, Phulkata Mali, Rarhi [H.H. Risley]
Baone, Ghase Malis, Halde, Hardulia, Jaipuria, Jire Malis, Kannaujia, Kosaria Malis, Phulmalis [Russell & Hiralal]
Subgroups: Adiprabhu, Adshete, Bawane, Bhandare, Ghas Mali, Halde Male, Kosale, Lingayit, Malgand, Mithagare,
Phul Mali, Trigala [S.S. Hassan]
Titles: Bhagat, Kishor, Malakar, Sainik [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Bhagat, Choudhry, Kishore, Mahto, Malakar, Mali, Mandal, Sainik, Sharma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Alibar, Barajadav, Chouhan, Gundi Galore, Jadav, Loarda, Nichalia, Pounwar, Rathod, Gaurphar, Rathor, Sasunr,
Solanki, Sunar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Das, Rana, Sahu [Orissa]
Biswas, Das, Malakar, Mali, Phul Mali [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Adhaprabhu, Adhashsti, Bavane, Halde Bankar, Jire, Kacha, Lingayat, Phul [Madhya
Nageswar [Orissa]
Bagh (tiger), Bansh, Bhara, Kachhap (tortoise), Kar (crow), Maudgalya, Nag (snake) [West Bengal]
Abang, Adhaprabhu (Maratha Mali), Adhasheti, Adhav, Aher, Anarse, Bankar, Bavane, Bhagvat, Bhopale, Bhujhal,
Borade, Borband, Bulkunde, Chaphekar, Chaudhari, Chipade, Dake, Dalve Dhadge, Doke, Gaikvad, Garde, Ghadge,
Gharat, Gholap, Gite, Gore, Halde, Hirve, Jadhav, Jagtap, Jamdale, Jire, Kacha, Kadu, Kajle, Kathe, Khaire, Koke,
Korde, Kore, Kshirsagar, Kudale Lag, Lokhande, Londhe, Malange, Mandlik, Mehre, Mule, Navase, Nikam, Pachure,
Pade, Pandhre, Pansare, Parkhe, Parvat, Phul, Phule, Povar, Rant, Rasal, Raut, Sangle, Sasane, Shevkar Shinde,
Suryavanshi, Tajne, Thorat, Unde, Vagh [R.E. Enthoven]
Anjodiya, Ave, Bavne Madi, Bedare, Bhange, Bhure, Bororiya, Chahiriya, Chinchane, Chowdhari, Dake, Dase Madi,
Dhavale, Gadve Madi, Gaikawad, Gantriya, Ghase, Giram, Gore, Gunjekar Gurnolia, Hagre, Halde Madi, Ingale,
Irkar, Jambudker, Jhagade, Jire Madi, Kavadya, Korade, Kosre Marar (Marar of Adilaba), Kotarangya, Kochamirye,
Langote, Lendgore, Lukte, Madi Mandadiya, Mase Madi, Mire Madi, Mogre, More, Nagoriya, Nikoriya, Pahad
Mandi, Pariskar, Phul Madi, Pidcoliya, Rasya, Rawat, Satade, Sattaldhar, Satwe, Shingare, Sinde (Marar) Sola
Madi, Sonatakle, Sonulya, Thakare, Udgire, Vadhai, Wasakya, Watgoriya, Yadava [S.S. Hassan]
Gotra: Kashyap, Nageswar [Orissa]
Alambayana, Kashyap, Moudgalya, Sandilya [West Bengal]
Alamyan, Kasyapa, Mandgalya, Sandilya [H.H. Risley]
MALI GUJARATI
Surnames: Kapuri, Makuri [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Pokhari, Sangori [Orissa]
MALLAH
Synonyms: Gonrhi, Mandal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
* Endogamous subtribes: Agarwal, Badhariya, Balliya, Bathawa, Bathma, Bharmare, Bhok, Bhontiya, Chain,
Chaudhariya, Dhar, Dhelphora, Gonriya, Goriya, Guriya, Jalchhatri, Jarya, Kalwant, Kharautiya, Khas Kulwant,
Muriya, Nathu, Sonhar, Sorahiya, Tiyar, Turaiha [W. Crooke]
Groups/subgroups: Dhoar, Guria, Khulwant, Pandubi, Parbati Kuria, Sauria, Sawria, Semari [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Subcastes: Bin, Chain or Chai, Chaini, Guriya, Kewat, Kulwant or Kulwat, Muria or Muriari, Pandubi, Suraya, Tiar,
Bathawa or Badhariya [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Baduria, Ghatwal [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Biswas, Choudhry, Das, Mandal, Parasar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Bairagi, Banaila, Bhingraj, Khajuraha, Richhitio, Richiniya [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
MANBHAV/BHOPE MANBHAV
Synonyms: Bhope [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

* Classes: Bhope, Brahmachari, Gharbari [Russell & Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Gugria Bhope, Gujjar Bhope [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Sects: Achyutpanthi, Angvanshil, Bhawal, Bhikshuk, Bhopi, Dharmabhrashta Sanyasi, Dnyani, Gharbhari, Hansa,
Jayakrishniya, Mahanubhavam, Mahatama, Mathdhari, Muni, Paramahansa Patadhari (Vairagi), Pujari, Sanyasi,
Shishya, Upadeshi, Vairagi, Vandhari, Yati, Yogi [R.E. Enthoven]
*Sub-divisions: Bhawalu, Dharma Bhrashta, Gharbhari, Jatadhari, Mathadhari, Patadhari, Wanadhari [S.S. Hassan]
Titles: Bhope [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Chowhan, Kathira Chowhan, Nag Chowhan, Pariada [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
MANG
Synonyms: Bajantri, Makaj, Mang Garodi, Mang Garudi, Matang [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Endogamous divisions: Alhat, Asadaru (in Canara), Assal, Channa Holiya, Chaplasande, Dakkala, Dalaya, Desur,
Dhor, Divate, Gantenavaru, Gavli, Ghadshi, Gujarat, Jingar, Jirait, Jogdand, Kakar, Kalukhe Kanarese, Manbhav,
Mang Garudi, Mang Raut, Manga, Maratha, Mashal, Mhaisbhadre, Mini Madig, Mochi, Musalman, Pardhi, Parit,
Pathantanas, Vajantri Mang, Valar, Vavrat, Zare [R.E. Enthoven]
Are, Balawante, Bhalerao, Bujawane, Bujone, Bule, Dhale, Gaikawad, Gawar, Ingale, Jadhava, Londhe, Mang
Garodi, Paradhe, Pendhari, Sede, Shikare, Sonatakke, Telangi Mang, Ubale [S.S. Hassan]
Groups/subgroups: Berarye, Beraya, Dakhne, Gurupanthi, Kabirpanthi, Khandesh, Mang Garudi, Ramanandi,
Uakhne [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Adne, Bokhare, Channe, Chouhan, Oevare, Dhankasare, Dongardeve, Dongre, Gaikwad, Hiurai, Jonlekar,
Khorke, Lokhande, Ongle Rao, Sanesar, Santape, Waghmare, Wankhede [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
* Exogamous divisions (bedagu): Aivallanavaru, Avale, Bhandaryavaru, Ganikenavaru, Gantenavaru, Heganenavaru,
Henichiiyavaru, Hule, Hutre, Iragad, Kablyanavaru, Kengar, Kumbalenavaru, Mashal, Ojenavaru, Pandur [R.E.
Enthoven]
Exogamous units/clans: Bokhare, Channe, Chouhan, Devare, Ohankasare, Dongar Dave, Dongre, Gaikwad, Hiurai,
Ingle, Jadhav, Jalnakar, Jonlekar, Kasare, Khare, Kharke, Kharre, Lokhande, Santape, Senesar, Taiwade
Tarwede, Waghmare, Wankhedi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
MANGAR
Synonyms: Magar [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Atharah Panth, Buratheki, Gharti, Sakhali [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Thapa [West Bengal]
Rana, Sing, Thapa [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Rana, Rasauli, Sarangi, Singh, Thapa [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Achami, Allia, Barangplagi, Chumi, Ghatrej, Kyagchhagi, Lamjal, Namzali, Pongwar, Pulami,
Rasaili, Sarangi, Yangmi [West Bengal]
Gotra: *Septs/thars: Achami, Agri, Aleh, Allia, Arghaunle, Bareya, Bhujal, Braili, Brangplagi, Byangnasi, Chumi,
Darnal, Darra Lamri, Dan, Dhamala, Dhanuki, Gacha, Gadaili, Gadal, Gelang, Gonda, Granja Haio, Jhangdi, Keli,
Khati, Khulal, Lahakpa, Lamgadeh, Lungyeli, Magratha, Maski, Meng, Panthi, Pun, Pung, Rasaili, Saru, Sheo, Sunari,
Talu, Thada, Yangdi, Yangmi, rijal [H.H. Risley]
MANGLJ
Synonyms: Mongli, Mongu, Mungki [Orissa]
Surnames: Bag, Naik, Singh, Sonar [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Mongrai, Nial [Orissa]
MANIHAR MUSLIM
Surnames: Gaffar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Gangapari, Lakhere, Manihar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
* Sub-divisions: Ajudhyabasi (Hindu), Alampuriya, Angarkha, Bachhal (Muhammadan), Baheliya, Bahraich, Baiswar,
Bankarwar, Bargujar, Batham, Bishnupuriya, Chandeli, Chauhan, Dakkinaka, Darzi, Deswal, dilliwal, Ghosi, Hariya,
Jagarhar, Jaiswar, Jauhari (occupational), Juriya, Kachhiyana, Kalawant, Kanaujiya, Khatri, Khatwao, Kunjra, Lakhiya,
Manihar, Mathuriya, Mukeri, Murai, Panwar, Purabiya, Qalander, Raikar, Rajput, Ramanandi, Rawat, Regwa,
Rikhpuriya, Sagar, Sanvariya, Sauawar, Sisgar, Taubara [W. Crooke]
Exogamous unit/clans: Bangarhara [R.E. Enthoven]
MANKAR
Titles: Patel [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Baror, Chouhan, Dabi, Galodi, Maliwar, Nagora, Nakowane, Parmar, Rathor, Solanki
MANNE DORA/MANNI DORA
Titles: Butalu, Jannalu, Kappili, Karaka, Maripilolu, Uddala [Orissa]
Exogamous units/surnames: Bakuru, Butalu, Chintadi, Dimmedi, Dimmidi, Disara, Dutata, Gedelu, Gundu, Isharalu,
Jamala, Jannalu, Karaka, Kuppili, Moidas, Pottakapulu, Tangkalu, Uddala [Orissa]
Biddika (earthen pot), Kondagorre (a kind of goat), Nagesh (cobra), Namelipitta (peacock), Palika (bamboo leaf
container), Swami (god) [Orissa]
MAR
Synonyms: Malwe Rajput [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Bada, Bara, Chota [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Bag, Kag, Kakusth, Nag (snake), Son [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
MARAR
Surnames (kur): Mahajan, Marav [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhawari, Choudhary, Godapelia, Hardia, Kawara, Iimbapanch, Maneja, Matara,
Pancheswar, Zodapelia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
MARATHA/ARE MARATHA/ARYA
Synonyms: Maharastrian [Orissa]
*Endogamous sections: Kumbi (agriculturist), Lekavali [E. Thurston]
Groups/subgroups: Dhangar Maratha, Kshatriya Maratha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Gaidwad, Jadhav, Kadam [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gokle, Kapadya, Samsme, Saptharsi, Sindhi, Tila, Vyogra [Orissa]
Exogamous groups: Kansika [E. Thurston]
Aghada, Amba (mango), Anjana, Apta, Arai, Arkhe, Avala, Babul, Beheda, Bel, Bhardavajacha pankh, Bor, Borati,
Chat, Chinch (tamarind), Dalabhya, Davana, Dhamak, Dive, Dukar (pig) Garud vel, Garudacha pankh, Ghoda (horse),
Halad (turmeric), Harina (mouse deer), Haryali, Hastidant (ivory), Hivar, Jambhul, Jowari (sorhum vulgare),
Kadamb, Kamal (lotus), Kandyanchi mal, Kasav (tortoise), Kegad (screw pine), Ketak, Khair (catechu), Kocha
(turmeric bulb), Kohala (pumpkin), Koya (bird), Kumbhar Kukde, Kunda, Kurhad (axe), Malyavant Mandarache phul,
Maryadvel, Mhas (buffalo), Mor, Morache pis, Nag (cobra), Nagehampa, Nagvel, Nandruk, Tambul, Vairunija, Veda
[R.E. Enthoven]
Bhonsle, Gaikwad, Gharge, Jadhav, Kadam, Kale, Pawar, Pishal, Shinde. Sirke, Sitole, Surve, Tapkir [Madhya
Ahirrao, Bhonsla, Chauhan, Gujar, Mahadik, Mohte, Panwar, Satghare, Sirke, Solanki, Suryavansi [Russell & Hiralal]
Gotra: Garge, Kandinya, Khetri, nasty [Orissa]
Agasthya, Angirasa, Atri, Bharadwaj, Garg, Goutam, Jamadagni, Kansika, Kapila, Kashyap, Koundinya, Koushik,
Parasar, Sandilya, Vasisht, Vishwamitra [R.E. Enthoven]
MARIYA
Surnames: Mistri, Sharma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Kashyap, Kundion, Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

MARKANDE
Synonyms: Mandal, Muni [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Dahu, Hazari, Kanjia, Mahato, Manjhi, Maraia, Matazari, Padhad [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Mandal, Muni [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
MARWARI
Groups/subgroups: Agrawal, Maheswari [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Agarwal, Gour, Jain Agarwal, Jain Maheshri, Khandelwal, Maheshri, Maheswari, Oswal, Rajput, Sarogi,
Shakaldweep [Orissa]
Agarwal, Maheswari, Oswal, Parikh, Puskarna, Rajput [West Bengal]
Titles: Sheth [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kainya [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bajaj, Biyani, Goenka, Jalan, Khemka, Kuthari, Modi, Periwal, Poddar, Somani [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Agarwal, Bansal, Gupta, Joshi, Kedia, Khandel, Lat, Maheswari, Mittal, Nahata, Pandey, Prasad, Sharma, Singhal,
Soni, Telrewal, Tibrewal, Verma [Orissa]
Bansal, Garg, Mittal, Mohra, Saboo, Singhal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bansal, Garg, Iran, Mittal, Singhal, Soni [Orissa]
Garg [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bharadwaj, Garg, Goutam, Kashyap, Sandilya, Vasisht [Orissa]
Bharadwaj, Daga, Garg, Goutam, Parasar, Sandilya, Singal [West Bengal]
Gargya [S.S. Hassan]
"Sections: Airam, Batsil, Bhaddal, Gawal, Gobhil, Govin, Govil, Kasil, Mangal, Mittal, Singhal, Tairam, Tayal, Thingal,
Tingal, Tittal, Tundal [S.S. Hassan]
Khamp: Adal, Agiwal, Agsor, Ajmera, Asava, Bajaj, Baladi, Baldava, Banali, Bangar, Bangdya, Barla, Bayant, Bayati,
Bhandari, Bharad, Bhujada, Bhura, Bindala, Buba, Chandaga, Chapparwal, Chatadangya, Chopada, Daga, Darak,
Gagrani, Gatani, Girla, Heda, Hurkat, Inani, Jaju, Jakhatya, Kabra, Kahaliya Banali, Kalani, Kankani, Kantadi,
Kapadiya, Karwa, Kayara, Khadloya Khatur, Lada, Lakhotya, Lavari, Luya, Magad, Malanialani, Malpani, Malu,
Mandhanya, Mantri, Manyar, Mudani, Mundada (Mesri), Navagaja, Navandhar, Nayati, Padtati, Randada, Radii,
Sajada Sara, Sodhani, Somani, Soni, Tapadiya, Tawari, Totala, Tusaniwal, Zumavar [S.S. Hassan]
MASTAN BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Balabhadra Gotri, Brahman, Halia, Mahastan, Saraibalia [Orissa]
Surnames: Chaudhury, Debi, Mahanti Swain, Mahapatra, Parida, Praharaj, Sahu, Samantaray, Senapati [Orissa]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Kavatasa, Madhanisha [Orissa]
MATYA
Synonyms: Mati Bhumiya [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Chasa Matya, Munda Matya, Telunga Matya [Orissa]
Surnames: Rao [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Cheli, Jangeli, Kachhim (tortoise), Nag (snake), Nalapalu, Ponnely, Tulsi,
Yaravalu [Orissa]
*Septs: Bhag (tiger), Cheli (goat), Kochchimo (tortoise), Kochimo (tortoise), Nag (cobra) [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/lineages: Galapalli, Kondapalli, Majili, Naka [Orissa]
MAVI
Synonyms: Mahobia, Maiya, Mohobia, Moiya, Moriya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Mohabia Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Singh, Verma [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bamania, Bannia, Chandel, Chouhan, Gaharwar, Gohel, Kachhwa, Kaneria Kachhoua,
Parihar, Powar, Sakle, Sengra, Sisbdia, Solanki, Sonilia Chandel, Tomar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
MAWASI
Surnames: Mundra, Rathi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhowai, Darsowa, Dhiku, Kajle, Silu [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
MAYARA
Synonyms: Madak, Madhunapit, Modak [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Jat Mayara, Kuri Mayara, Madhu Mayara, Satyam Mayara [West Bengal]
Subcastes: Aja asram, Dharm asram or Dharm -Sut in Central Bengal, Mayur asram, Rarh asram [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Chowdhury, Mandal [West Bengal]
Ash, Barat, Chandra, Dan, Dana, De, Laha, Nag, Nani, Raj, Rakshit [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Ash, Biswas, Chowdhury, Das, Dey, Dhara, Dutta, Guin, Laha, Mandal, Modak, Nag, Nandan, Nandi, Pal,
Rakshit, Rana [West Bengal]
Gotra: Alimman, Ambarishi, Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Modgoulya, Sandilya [West Bengal]
*Sections: Alamyan, Bharadwaja, Chandrarishi, Debrishi, Ganesrishi, Gautam, Kasyapa, Madhurushi, Majurrishi,
Nagrishi, Sandihya, Somrishi [H.H. Risley]
MEGHVAUMEGHWAL
Synonyms: Ganeshia, Rakhia, Rishia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Menghvar [Maharashtra]
Megh, Meghbangsi [Rajasthan]
Groups/subgroups: Charania Meghval, Gujar of Meghval, Maheshree
Meghval, Marwar Meghval, Meghval [Gujarat]
Charania, Gujra, Kachhi, Maheshri, Marwada [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Charania Meghval, Gujra Meghval, Kachhi, Maheshri, Marwada
Meghval, Meghval [R.E. Enthoven]
Surnames: Haijan, Maheswari, Mongol, Thakker [Gujarat]
Meghwal [Rajasthan]
Exogamous units/clans: Badru, Badru Lakhiya, Darla, Lakhiya, Sanjotha [Gujarat]
Daura, Kharba, Makwana, Mogre, Rathor [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous unit/clan (hakk): Bharia, Boricha, Dhabaria, Goal, Mabaria, Maru, Mokwana, Pandalia, Parahaya,
Parmar, Pungra, Solanki, Soria [Maharashtra]
Exogamous units/clans (atak): Babri, Chauhan, Diaja, Galotia, Godabar, Kshatriya, Pandiar, Parmar, Solanki
[Rajasthan]
Gotra: Maitreya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
MEHADI/MEHDI
Synonyms: Gaire Mehadi, Garimdi [Andhra Pradesh]
Titles: Khan [Andhra Pradesh]
Surnames: Pathan [Andhra Pradesh]
Exogamous units/lineages (kabeela): [Andhra Pradesh]
MEHAR
Synonym: Meher, Nandavanshi [Rajasthan]
Groups/subgroups: Hadoti, Kumdali [Rajasthan]
Surnames: Mehar, Nandavanshi [Rajasthan]
Exogamous units/lineages (biradari, kutumb): [Rajasthan]
MEHRA
Synonyms: Jheevar, Kashyap Rajput, Kusha, Mehre, Rajput [Himachal
Pradesh]
Exogamous units/clans: Chauhan, Malhans, Tomar [Himachal Pradesh]
MEHTAR (MALKANAMEHTAR)
Synonyms: Bhangi, Hari [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bhangi, Dom, Hari, Lalbegi [Russell & Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Amdaria, Banshpor, Chapraiya, Dhapra, Dom, Dosadh, Khavis, Koelbari, Ladhora, Mochi, Mouli,
Musahar, Sariswar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Bhangi, Hari, Mallik, Ram [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
MEO/MEWATI
METE
Synonyms: Malia Bagdi, Metia [West Bengal]
Surnames: Malla, Mete [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Bogri [West Bengal]
Gotra: Kashyabak, Rangrishi [West Bengal]
MINA/MEENA
Synonyms: Jimawari, Mina Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Bhil Mina, Parihar Mina, Rajput Mina [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Mina, Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Akoda, Banawat, Bhendarwal, Chandbara, Marmat, Narawat, Rundbal, Sher, Tatbara, Tatu, Wargota [Madhya
MIR
Surnames: Ahmed, Nizamuddin [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
MIRASI
Synonyms: Miriasi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Pakhawaji [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
MIRDHA
Groups/subgroups: Kisan, Kura [Orissa]
Titles: Mirdha [Orissa]
Surnames: Bagh, Bahala, Chatar, Hahapala, Hesu, Kechu, Majhi, Mirdha, Pradhan, Seul [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bada, Bahala, Beka, Ekka, Haha, Hesu, Kaich (tortoise), Kan (crow), Kau (crow), Kindo,
Lakhra, Makad (monkey), Minj, Pale, Panua, Tiga, Topomajhi [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (kurpiru): [Orissa]
MIRSHIKAR
Synonyms: Chirimar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Mir, Mirsikari, Sheikh [West Bengal]
Tides: Sheikh [West Bengal]
MODAK/KURI
Synonyms: Moyra [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Layak, Midi, Rakshit, Sen [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Madhu [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Kashyap, Madhurishi, Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
MODH RANDHA DHOBI
Synonyms: Dhobi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bag, Harna, Nag [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

MOGHIA
Synonyms: Sikari [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bamma, Bamne, Bamnia, Dasa, Dhorka, Gujarathi, Karla, Ponware, Ponwari, Solanki
MOMIN/MOMIN ANSARI/JULHA/JOLA
Synonyms: Ansari, Jolaha, Jolha, Julaha, Karikar [West Bengal]
Titles: Mandal, Sarkar [West Bengal].
Lauki, Mahrano, Mahton, Mandar, Manjhi, Marik, Mehter, Nuri, Pandit, Sanahia, Taiya [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Karikar, Mandal, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Kachhim (tortoise), Nag (snake) [West Bengal]
Kachua (Chapota), Manjhi, Marar, Parasar, Parimanik, Purbe [H.H. Risley]
MUNDA
Synonyms: Hora Hon, Mura [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Manki [West Bengal]
Khangar, Kompat, Mahili, Manki Munda, Munda or Khangar or Marang Pattar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kolhani Munda, Nagpuria Munda, Tamadia Munda [Orissa]
Bhumij Munda, Kharia Munda, Kol Munda, Mahali Munda, Manki Munda, Munda Majhi, Nagbansi Munda, Savar
Munda [West Bengal]
Subtribes: Bhuinhar Munda, Karanga Munda, Khangar Munda, Kharia Munda, Kol Munda, Konkpat Munda, Mahal
Munda, Manjhi Munda, Manki Munda, Nagbansi Munda, Oraon Munda, Sad Munda Savar Munda in Chotanagpur
[H.H. Risley]
Titles: Manki [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bodra, Jojo, Lugun, Nag, Purti [Orissa]
Bhuinhar, Dhangar, Kol, Konkipat, Manui, Mohato, Nagbansi inChotanagpur [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Munda, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Baghel, Nag [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bodra, Chauva, Jojo, Lakda, Lugun, Nag, Purti, Sinduria [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Kachim (tortoise), Nag (cobra) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Aind, Aird, Bage, Barha (pig), Barjo, Barla, Bodra, Guria, Hasda, Hori, Horo, Jaria, Jojo, Kerketa, Kerketta, Lugun,
Nag, Saga, Samad, Sinduri, Topno, Tuti [Orissa]
Ashar, Bag (tiger), Bagela, Bar, Beng, Bhengra, Bojra, Gagher, Hansa, Hembram, Karketa, Kiri, Machhli, Nag (snake),
Sal, Tatia [West Bengal]
Aind, Am, Amba, Ambras, Area (fish), Aru (yam), And, Ashar, Asur Lohara, Aura (fruit), Baba, Bage, Baghela,
Baghoar, Baghtkar, Bagti, Bahera, Bahomar, Balamdar, Balmus, Balum, Baman Banda, Bando, Barabhaia [H.H.
Risley]
Exogamous units/clans (kili/gotar): Aind, Bagear, Baghela, Bhengra, Hansda, Horo, Kachchap, Lang, Nag, Tud [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
*Septs: Aind (kind of eel), Amba (mango), Ambras (fruit), Area (Kind of fish), Aru (yam), Anil, Ashr (June-month),
Asur, Aura (fruit), Baba (rice), Bage (any thing forbidden), Bagear (tiger), Baghela (Quail), Baghtuar (a devotee),
Bahera (fruit), Bahomar; Balamdar (Spearman), Balmus (kind of insect), Balum (Salt), Baman (many not touch by a
member of Brahman caste), Banda (kind of leaf), Bando (small Jackal), Bar (Ficus indica), Barabhaia (twelve
brother's Sept), Barha (hog), Bari (flower), Barjo (ances for name), Barjoki (fig tree root), Barla (fruit), Barukandal
(Kussum tree), Barunda (big frog), Barupendil (Kussum tree), Barwa (Small cocoon), Basaroar (kind of small hawk),
Batuar (a bird), Beng (frog), Besra (small hawk), Bhaji Sag (Vegetable), Bhaonra (a large black bee/hornet), Bhengra
(horse), Bhinjo (a yellow bird), Bhuina, Bhutkar, Bihan (Seed), Binha, Binjuar (a kind of eel), Bisrot, Bisru (a bird),
Bjingraj (king crow), Bocha (a bird), Bodra (the ancestors did not wash their mouths after eating), Bojra (a kind of
grass), Budh/Budhwar (Wednesday), Buim (worm), Bukru (a kind of bird), Chadri (place of worship of a headman),
Chadu (kind of bird), Chali (rice soup), Champia (a bird), Champia (a bird), Chata (umbrella), Chauria (rats),
Chelekchela (a small bird), Chilhia (kite), Chirko (mushroom), Chitti (kind of snake), Chocha (a bird), Chota (kind of
bird), Chutia (a small race of worship of a headman), Dhan (paddy), Dhechua (Kind of black bird), Dhelakata (kind
of tree), Dirwar (wood fruit), Dobongwar, Dodrai (kind of bird), Dud Sag (vegetable), Dumriar (figs), Dundu (Kind
of eel), Dungdung (river fish), Ergat (Kind of mouse lives in palm bushes), Gandura (big bird), Garabing (a big river
snake), Gari (a monkey), Garria (kind of bird), Ghager (field bird), Ghi (clarified butter), Ghunri (kind of fruit), Gidh
(a vulture), Gondli (kind of grain), Goobolachan (may not eat beef), Goria (red earth), Gua (areca nut), Gundki (kind
of wood), Gundri (a bird), Gurni (a kind of Vegetable), Guru (may not eat beef), Habin (a tree), Hadung (big black
tree-ant), Hajeri (a kind of tree/bush), Haluman (monkey), Han (nest of ants), Hanjait (a wild fruit), Hanre (a bird),
Hansa (swan), Hanthi (elephant), Hardwar, Hargurra (bone), Hari (ancestors did not wash their mouth after eating),
Harin (deer), Hasada, Hassar, Hassar Ara (kind of Vegetable), Hausakar, Heding (a bird), Hembowar (ancestor),
Hemram (a kind offish), Hemroni (ashes), Heride (bird), Herung (a kind of bird), Hoduar (a bird), Homah, Hong (a
kind of bird with a long tail), Horia (a wood bush), Horo (a red ant on tree), Hularbaha (flower used to flavour
curry), Hundar (wolf), Huni (mouse), Hutar, Imli (tamarind), Indiir Katea (house rat), Ingaria (moon-light), Jagdar
Jago (tamarind), Jamtuti (a kind of grain/vegetable), Jangatras (the bone of a cow), Jatrama, Jatria, Jhuri (dried
bushes), Jia (a river-fish), Jirhul (a flower used for curry), Jitiapipar (kind of fruit), Jonk-Haper (leech), Kachhua
(tortoise), Kakin (ant), Kamal (lotus), Kanda (a kind of sweeet potato), Kandir (a bird), Kandru (fish), Kandurua (a
fruit), Karania (a kussum tree), Karma (a tree), Katea (a flower used for curry), Khandania, Khondua, Khoyea (wild
dog), Khukri (mushroom), Kiri (rice weevil), Kissi, Koa (cacoon), Kodosag (water vegetable), Kongaddi (crow), Kotah
Kaisi (small vulture), Kujri (fruit), Kukur (dog), Kukura, Kundula, Kurkuti (red ant), Kursi (fruit), Kusumbaha (flower),
Lang (bird), Lapung (bird), Larapa (monkey eater), Larsunar, Lenda (earth worm), lilla (cow), Litiya (bird), Logna
Kotra (small deer), Logo (animal), Lohara, Lohrakhukhri (kind of mushroom), Longa (bird), Lugniar (rabbit), Lugum
(tree), Lugun (tree), Lugunki, Lupu (paddy husks), Luti (small fly), Machli (fish), Madhuras (honey), Mahukal
(bird), Maina (bird), Mar (rice-soup), Marmu, Mathasag (vegetable), Madiia (brass bracelet), Maugh (fish), Mind,
Minjur (peacock), Mowl, Muduk, Mundoraj (tree), Mundri (quail), Mungasag (vegetable), Munri (fried rice), Muri
(wild fowl), Murum (stag), Musa/Musu (mouse), Mutri, Nadi Samp (river snake), Nag (cobra), Nagduar (water
insect), Nagrua (mud), Nimak (salt), Nois, Oaria (verandah), Orea (basket maker), Pakhora, Pamia (tree); Pandar
(tree), Panduchone, Panduki (dove), Pankhi (bird), Panr (tribe), Pardhiel Kokaw, Parsi (tree), Parsu (bush), Peo
(bird), Peroan (pigeon), Phuli (rainbow), Phurti, Pikord (bird), Porti (crocodile), Pussi (cat), Putam (dove), Raja
(bird), Ramgharia, Rani Poka (red worm), Raut, Rukhi (squirrel), Runda (leopard), Ruta (tree), Sadom (horse),
Sailum (porcupine), Saisarunduar, Sal (fish), Salkar (potato), Salu (root), Samal/Samar (deer), Samdoar, Sandi
(plough), Sandi Sarin (fowl), Sandiguria (black monkey), Sandil (full moon), Sandipurti (cock), Sang Chiria
(bird), Sanga (sweet potato), Sangoar (sweet potato), Sankura (king crow), Sanpuri, Sarai (tree), Sarnar (curry
vegetable), Semar, Siar Tuyio (jackal), Sikcharo (bird), Sikra (hawk), Sindur (vermilion), Singh (horn), Sisugi (fish),
Soa (vegetable), Soai (bird), Sobarnarekha (river), Soeka (bush), Sohek (fish), Soi (spring), Sokoe (fruit), Solai (fish),
Son Maghia, Sonarwa (bird), Sone (may not wear gold), Sonkharihan (place of worship), Soso Bheloa (fruit), Suga
(parrot), Sukru (potato), Sulankhi (kind of bird), Surhi (wood cow), Suri (fly), Suril, Surin, Susan, Taitum, Tamgarihar,
Tamghuria, Tammba (copper), Tarwar, Tatia (bird), Telia (tree), Tewan Raja (bird), Thithio (bird), Tirango (wood
bird), Tirki (bird), Tirkiar (tree-mice), Tiro (bird), Tiruhar (bird), Toeba (bird), Toeba (flower), Tongsi (bird), Tono
(tree ant), Topna (tree), Topoar (bird), Tow (bird), Tulsiar (flower), Tumbli (flying ant), Tunduar (tree), Turania,
Tursia, Turu (squirrel), Turuar (fruit), Tuti (vegetable), Uchring (an insect), Udbarn (tree), Urdwar, Uring (wild bird)
in Chotanagpur [H.H. Risley]
MUNDAPOTTA
Synonyms: Anadari [Orissa]
Surnames: Bajaru, Kabeti, Kalu, Pano, Sirkula, Tarinika, Tundupalli [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Kabeti, Nagala (snake), Pona, Sirkula, Tarinika [Orissa]
MUNDU
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh, Kachim, Nag [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
MUNNEWAR
Synonyms: Meowar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Exogamous units/clans: Hanuman, Hatia, Nanga, Surja [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
MURHA
Groups/subgroups: Dhimar (fisherman), Kewat (boatman) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Kewat [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Katharha, Kathauta, Kidia, Pharsaha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
MURIARI
Synonyms: Gonrhi, Mandal, Mauriaro [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Banpar, Bin, Chabhi, Gonrhi, Kewat, Mallah [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Biswas, Das, Mandal, Parasar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
MUSAHAR/MUSHAVAR
Synonyms: Dhangar, Dosadh, Maghaiya [West Bengal]
*Sub-divisions: Bachgod, Baghel, Baghochhiya, Bais, Bankhadwa, Bhenriha, Bindrabasi, Bishnuriya, Chandel,
Chauhan, Dabgar, Dhuriya (in Mirzapur), Donwar, Dor, Gaharwar, Ghazipuriya, Gusain, Gwalbans Jaiswar,
Kanaujiya, Kewatiya, Khadiha, Kharbind, Kharwar, Kharwara, Khatri, Kuchbandhua, Lodh, Mughra, Palwar,
Purabiya, Raghubansi, Rakbiha, Rawat, Sarwariya in eastern districts [W. Crooke]
Subcastes: Bhatawar, Chanrwar, Chiksauri, Chotanagpur, Dhar, Kanaujia, Maghaiya, Nathua, Pachhma, Surajia,
Tirhuda in Behar [H.H. Risley]
Subtribes: Dehali, Dehi, Dolkarha, Jangali, Pahari in Eastern districts [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Mandal, Manjhi, Musahar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Mushahar, Roy [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Balakumni, Bansghat, Daitinia, Danharia, Gohlaut, Kasmeta, Pail, Rikhmun, Rishimun
Sarpurkha, Sohlaut, Tisbaria [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
NADUA SHABAR
Synonyms: Byadha Shabar [Orissa]
Surnames: Patro [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Gangoi, Naga (snake) [Orissa]
NAGAR
Synonyms: Lagar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Mondal, Nagar Mondal [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Chain, Dhanuk, Nagar Mondal, Polos Nagar, Tior [West Bengal]
Subcastes: Bhatnagar, Jethaut, Kathautia, Nagbansi, Pulams in Behar [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Biswas, Chaudhri, Lougi, Maharana, Panchnama Mandar, Panjiar, Raut in Bihar and/or Jharkhand [H.H.
Risley]
Surnames: Choudhary, Mahto, Mandal, Sharma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Mondal [West Bengal]
NAGARCHI
Synonyms: Nagaro [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Pandru, Tekam, Wike [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
NAGBANSHI
Groups/subgroups: Lohardagiya, Rajdariya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Shah [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Surnames: Shahdeo [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages: Nagbanshi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
NAGESIA
Synonyms: Adivasi, Kisan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Nagasia Kisan [West Bengal]
Nagasia Kisan, Nagesar, Nageswar [H.H. Risley]
Groups/subgroups: Dhuria, Senduri, Telha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Sindria Nagasia, Telia Nagasia [West Bengal]
Dhuria, Senduria, Telha [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Nagesia [West Bengal]
NAHAL
Groups/subgroups: Raghuvanshi, Tavadia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
NAI/NAPIT
Synonyms: Khohash, Sein [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gujarati Chhareca, Jangrae, Malvi, Purvi, Sarathe, Srivastava, Umrae [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Barendra, Dakshin Rarhi, Haldar Paramanik, Hansadara, Paramanik, Paschim Rarhi, Satghoria, Uttar Rarhi [West
Bengal]
*Subcastes: Anarpuri, Anwarpuri in 24 Parganas [H.H. Risley]
Bandhaiya, Barade, Bundelkhandi, Gadhwaria, Jharia, Lanjia, Malwi, Marathe, Marwari, Mathuria, Nimari,
Pardeshi, Telange [Russell & HiraJal]
Bahlimi, Bais, Banbheru, Bari, Bulehra, Chanwal, Deswala of, Gaur of Saharanpur, Gole, Gole of Bijnor, Kanaujiya,
Madiuriya, Muzafranagar, Purabiya, Sainbhagat, Sribastab, Ummara [W. Crooke]
*Subcastes (khap): Bari, Bhanbheru, Dhais Chhai in Punjab, Gola [HA Rose]
Titles: Baidya, Barik, Bhandary, Khyaurakar, Narasundar, Paramanik [West Bengal]
Khawas in Punjab [HA Rose]
Adhia, Baidya in Maldah [H.H. Risley]
Bagh, Bhadrawa, Nagesh, Naik, Rawat, Seth [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Sein [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Barik, Haldar, Khawash, Mariwa, Pramanik, Rana [West Bengal]
*Exogamous groups (khero or kul): Bharadwaj, Gautam, Jaduvansi, Kashyap, Kosil, Panwar, Sandil, Solankl,
Surajvansi [Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans: Chandel, Gangotiye, Jammual, Jaswal, Kapoor, Katoch, Kaundal, Patial [Himachal Pradesh]
Chauhan, Kalmoudhia, Karvodia, Mathuria (place name) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Kakkota, Modhugolla [West Bengal]
*Got: Dain, Danni in Punjab, Gandhi, Goyal, Jasdhol, Jasse, Joia, Kale, Kapur, Lakkhi, Majjhu, Rihan, Salaf, Salopal,
Sandhara, Sarota, Siddhu, Thuthi Chapri [H.A. Rose]
Bharadwaj, Chanwal, Kashyap [W. Crooke]
Sections: Alanyan in Bengal, Aliman [H.H. Risley]
NAIK
Synonyms: Banjara, Bhat, Dhalia, Mathura, Naikara [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Banjara, Bhat, Chouhan, Dhalia, Turia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Naik [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Aam, Bukkhiya, Kedut, Lohoria, Muchad, Urtia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
NAITA
Groups/subgroups: Patel Naita, Teli Naita [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Ali, Azim, Ismail, Mohammad, Sheikh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Goria, Khamait, Khilchi, Silar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
NAKSIA
Synonyms: Nagesia [Orissa]
Titles: Bhoi [Orissa]
Surnames: Bagh, Bhai, Biswal, Herna, Naik, Por, Prodhan, Sap [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh, Bedali, Bhoi, Biswal, Hirna, Nagasa (snake), Naik, Por, Pradhan, Sap [Orissa]
NALBAND
Synonyms: Lalband, Lalman [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Farrier in Gujarat, Karnatak, the Deccan [R.E. Enthoven]
Sub-divisions: Pathan, Shaikh in North West Province [W. Crooke]
Titles: Khan, Nalband [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Khan, Nalband [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
NAMASUDRA
Synonyms: Chandal, Chang, Charal, Namo, Nishad, Nomosud [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dhani Nama, Jieni Nama, Mani Nama, Silei Nama [Orissa]
Chandal, Chanral, Nama, Namasud [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Chasi, Kishori, Kora, Mecho, Nolo, Nuni, Seuli [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dhani Nama, Jien Nama, Mani Nama, Sieli Nama [Orissa]
Chasi, Kisori, Kora, Mechho, Nama, Nolo, Nuni, Seuli [West Bengal]
Surnames: Biswas, Laskar, Mondal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bala, Barai, Biswas, Byapari, Goldar, Haldar, Madu, Mandal, Mirdha, Rai, Saili, Sarkar, Sikdar [Madhya Pradesh
Biswas, Das, Haldar, Majumdar, Mandal, Misery, Roy, Sardar, Sarkar [Orissa]
Biswas, Chowdhury, Kirtonia, Mandal, Pasi, Paswan, Prasad, Sardar, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Kashyap [Orissa]
Kashyap, Siva [West Bengal]
NAMDEO/NAMDEO MARATHA
Surnames: Namdeo [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Badoria, Bandoria, Bargodia (banyan tree), Basonia, Ganobasya, Janodia, Janria, Kanpuria
(from Kanpur), Narolia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
NANAKSHAHI
Groups/subgroups: Gristab, Nihangi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Babaji, Das, Mahant [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
"Sections: Akali, Kukapanthi, Nirmala, Ragreci, Sudiarashahi, Udasi in North Western Province [W. Crooke]
NAODA
Synonyms: Kewat [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Bholuji, Kewat, Raman, Vikaji [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Biloria, Kharia, Lepalia, Mannekar, Mannewar Rawat, Marlai [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
NAT
Synonyms: Bazigar, Gulgulia, Sapera [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Dimrichia, Jagmores, Kanaraha, Kanaujia, Khatanga, Lakarabadi, Madraulaha, Nimauraha, Pachbaria [Madhya
Natta [West Bengal]
Badi, Bazigar, Dang-Charha, Karnati, Sapera [Russell & Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Banwaria, Chhabhayia, Gulgulia, Kathbhangi, Kazarhatia, Kongarh, Kororhia, Lodhra, Nituria,
Pusthia, Rarhi, Rathor, Tikulhara, Tirkuta [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bratya Kshatriya, Bratya Nat, Gawar Nat, Karwal Nat, Manchrang, Nat, Sratya Nat [West Bengal]
Titles: Prasad [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Gandharva, Lai, Mangta, Prasad, Rathor [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Nat, Prasad [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Barman, Nandi, Natta, Roy, Sarkar [West Bengal]
* Exogamous groups (gotra): Chicharia, Damaria, Dhalbalki, Dhondabalki, Kalasia, Karimki, Purbia [Russell & Hiralal]
Oimrichiya, Jagmora, Kanaraha, Kanaujia (dervied from place name), Khatanga, Madraulaha, Nadbor, Nimauraha,
Pachbariya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Banuth in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, Bero, Chango [H.A. Rose]
Bahunaina, Deodianaik, Gauharna, Ghughasiya, Jaghat (Badi), Jhinjhariya, Jimichhiya, Makriyana (Bajaniya), Marai,
Neshtri, Neta, Netam, Oika, Panchhiya, Sarai (Kalabaz), Ure [W. Crooke]
Alimman, Bharadwaj, Kashyap [West Bengal]
*Sections: Badi Nat, Bajaniya Nat, Brijbasi, Byadha Nat, Chamazmangta, Deodinaik, Eastern, Gagoliya, Gara Nat,
Gonha, Gouharna (Karnataka), Gual, Jogila, Kabutara, Kalabar, Kalabaz, Kapariya Karnataka Nat, Kashmiri Nat,
Lohangi Nats, Mahawat, Mahawat Nat, Makriyana, Malar Nat, Mirdaha, Nat, Rathaur, Sanpaneriya, Sapera,
Suganaik, Tasmabaz, Turkata Pahlwan (Mahawat) Waniawaraha in the districts of North Western Provinces [W.
Crooke]
NAT, MUSLIM
Synonyms: Netua [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Khan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
NAURIA
Synonyms: Dhimar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Nauria (boatman) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Chichalha, Machiya, Rai [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
NEMA
Synonyms: Nima, Niyama [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Bisa (twenty), Dasa (ten), Pacha (five) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Nema [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Balanandan, Kail, Kaushalnandan, Nandan, Raghunandan, Sanoliya, Shivanandan,
Tulsinandan, Vasantan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Gargachaiya, Muradwaj, Sandilya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
NETUA
Synonyms: Nat [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Barki Awan, Chhotki Awan, Gunarhar, Junarhar, Kongar, Ladhera, Naubhaiya, Saat Bhaiya
Surnames: Das, Khalifa, Ram [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Sankh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (parik): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
NEWAR
Synonyms: Pradhan [West Bengal]

Groups/subgroups: Pradhan, Shresti [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Kirtipura, Koushila, Malankar, Sakule, Shresti [West Bengal]
Gotra: Kasi [West Bengal]
"Sections: Barra, Bhaju, in Darjiling [H.H. Risley]
NIKARI
Synonyms: Dafedar, Qala Syed, Nikiri [West Bengal]
Titles: Biswas, Dafedar, Mandal, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Surnames: Biswas, Dafedar, Mandal, Sarkar [West Bengal]
NOUYA
Synonyms: Nunia [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Jalari, Vada Balaji [Orissa]
Surnames: Bugrulu, Dasralu, Jageya, Kaitala, Nagalala, Patra, Phunkalalu, Pottadu, Putalu, Sadieya, Tategya,
Yerreya [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagala (snake) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Bomri, Eingolu, Kondalu, Nagalalu, Nandulu, Nenkalu, Putalu, Rhukalalu, Sakkulu,
Singrulu [Orissa]
NONIA
Synonyms: Lunia, Nunia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Bindh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Chouhan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bamniha, Bojlapuri, Hardia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
NUNIYA/NUNIA
Synonyms: Luniyar, Noniar, Nunia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Chauhan [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Awadhia, Beend, Kharaout, Maghaiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bind (Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh) [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups (khon): Audhia, Bachgotra Chauhan, Beldar, Kharbat [West Bengal]
Subcastes: Awadhia or Ayodhiabasi, Bhojpuria, Chaubhan in Behar, Khaaout, Maghaya, Orh, Pachainya or Chauhan,
Semarwar [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Chaudhary, Chauhan, Mahto [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Beldar in Behar [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Chauhan, Mahto [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Chauhan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Mahato, Rai [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bamniha, Bijlapuri (Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh), Sankh
Hardia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Jata, Kashyap, Nag, Nageswar, Naha, Nilkantha, Sandilya, Vasistha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
"Sections: Andhigot, Bachgotra, Baghgot in Behar [H.H. Risley]
ORAON
Synonyms: Kurukh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Christian Oran, Dhakad, Dhangad, Dhanka, Hindu Oraon, Kuda [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Kurukh [West Bengal]
Dhangar, Kisan, Kuda, Kurukh, Uraon [Russell & Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Barwa, Christian Oraon, Ekka, Hindu Oraon, Kujru, Lakda, Minz, Sadan, Tigga, Tirkey, Topo
*Subtribes: Behar, Berga-Oraon, Dhanka-Oraon, Khendro-Oraon, Kheria-Oraon, Munda-Oraon, in Chotanagpur
[H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bakhla, Bando, Bara, Barwa, Beck, Ekka, Kerketa, Khakha, Khalkho, Khess, Khoea, Kindo, Kispota, Kujur,
Lakra, Minz, Munjni, Oraon, Pana, Runda, Tigga, Tirkey, Toppo [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bakla, Bandra, Barala, Bekh, Gidhi. Gidhra, Kachhu, Kerketa, Khakha, Khalho, Khalkho, Khas, Kispotta, Kunjur,
Lakda, Minj Panna, Tirki, Toppo [Orissa]
Ekka, Kujur, Lakda, Minj, Oraon, Tirki [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bahula, Bakhla, Bakura, Bandh, Bando, Bara, Barwa, Beck, Beek, Bura, Ekka, Kerketa,
Khakha, Khalkho, Khan, Khess, Khoea, Kindo, Kispota, Kujur, Lakra, Minz, Munjini, Oraon, Pana, Runda Tigga,
Tirkey, Toppo [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bek, Bhokla, Kakra, Khalko, Khess (plant), Kujur, Lakra, Minz, Muhjni, Panra, Tikri, Tirkey, Topo [West Bengal]
Amri, Bagh, Bahula, Bakura, Bandh, Bando, Chigah (jackal), Chouriamusa (field rat), Dirra (eel), Ekka (tortoise), Ergo
(rat), Gari (monkey), Gidhi (vulture), Godo (crocodile), Kanda (sweet potato), Khetta (cobra), Kindi (a tree), Kujur (a
fruit), Lakra (hyena), Loha (iron), Mahto (a title), Minji (eel), Putri (a tree), Rundala (a fox), Sarno Tirki (young mice),
Topoar (a bird) etc in Chotanagpur and Behar, gede (duck) [H.H. Risley]
*Khunt: Mahato, Munda, Pahan [Russell & Hiralal]
ORIYA
Synonyms: Khandayat, Odra [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Barbhumiya, Dhalbhumiya, Jajpuria [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bendatia, Kalandi [Orissa]
Titles: Bhuiya, Dakhari, Digar, Kunour, Mangaraj, Nagaraj, Nayak, Sardar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Digar, Huka Bardar [West Bengal]
Surnames: Das, Jena, Mairi, Mangaraj, Nayek, Paul, Rout, Samal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Jena, Panda, Rout [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhuinya, Dala, Dalai, Jena, Parihara, Pradhan, Sahoo, Swain, Swin [Orissa]
Barik, Biswal, Dandapat, Das, Digar, Jelhi, Jena, Kashyap, Main, Misra, Muhanti, Paul, Rath, Rout, Samal, Senapati
[West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Jatarishi, Nag, Nageswar, Nilkantha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Nagasa (snake), Sukra [Orissa]
Jata, Maharshi, Nag [West Bengal]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Sandilya, Vasishtha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kashyap, Sandilya, Vasisht [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages: Dandapat, Das, Digar, Jethi, Maiti, Rout [West Bengal]
ORIYA MUSUM
Synonyms: Pathan [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Mughal, Pathan, Sheikh, Syed [Orissa]
Surnames: Ali, Bai, Barku, Begam, Hussain, Mahammad, Rahaman, Sheikh, Syed [Orissa]
OSWAL
Groups/subgroups: Adhai (division), Bisa, Dasa, Muni Poojak, Murtipayak, Pacha, Sthanakvasi, Terahpanthi
Bhura, Gandhi, Lodha, Lunawat, Saklecha, Sri Srimal, Srimal, Srisrimal, Surana [Uttar Pradesh]
*Subcastes: Oswal proper and Dasa in Bengal and Behar [H.H. Risley]
Bania, Seth, Shah [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhandasali, Gadia, Halakhandi, Khetoni, Khirsara, Konkria, Koshari, Kotecha, Lurhawat, Lurhia, Maratwal, Nagori,
Pipra, Pithlia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Asadhe, Bacharea, Baghmere, Bhandari, Bhandsali, Bothra, Brahmecha, Chaudhury, Daga,
Dassani, Dungrani, Gadia, Gaochari, Garg, Gheeyu, Gunglia, Halakhandi, Kankria, Kataria, Khetoni Khirsara,
Kotecha, Kothari, Lalwani, Lurhawat, Lurhia, Maratwal, Medta, Modi, Nagori, Parekh, Pipra, Pithlia, Shash, Tatia,
Tilora, Uiahar, malk [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Sections: Baid, Baidmota, Chajia, Chaudalia, Chauraliya, Chopra, Dhariwar, Gelra, Golcha, Hinga, Jambar, Malkas,
Methi, Nakat, Nolka, Ranka, Saitiya, Set or Seth, Sil, Singh, Soni, Sri Srimal Srimal, Suchait in Bengal and Behar [H.H.
Risley]
Agra, Allahabad, Bachhawat, Barariya, Barhiya, Benaras, Bhansali, Bhatera, Bhurant, Bhuterip, Bora, Bothara,
Brahmachiya, Chauthalip, Chhorawat, Dadha, Daftari, Daga, Darhiwal Dhamawat, Dhapaiya, Dosi, Dudheriya,
Dugarh, Etawah, Gandhi, Goriya, Guguliya, Hirawat, Jhajlani, Jhavag, Jhovarb, Kachhab, Katari, Khater, Kirar,
Kochar, Kodhari, Kojar, Kukara, Kumat Lembu, Lokar, Lorha, Marori, Mauhata, Mirich, Modi, Monot, Napharan,
Nunawat, Nunip, Pagarip, Palawat, Palecha, Parakh, Parsani, Phophariya, Picha, Pitaliya, Raedasani, Rampuriya
Ranka, Rauswasi, Rawani, Sanr, Sekhani, Sech, Sethiya, Sihani, Sikhawat, Singi, Srimal, Srisrimal, Suchet, Surana,
Syamsukh, Tank, Thajer, Thatha, Tikuliya, Tugaliya, Ulencha, Vaid Vinayakiya in Budaun [W. Crooke]
OTARI
Synonyms: Kasar, Tambatkar, Tamer, Tamrakar, Thatera, Thathera ' [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Bedari, Ghatoli, Kanchali, Kolwana, Nizamsi, Yadali in Hyderabad [S.S. Hassan]
Surnames: Tamrakar, Verma [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chape, Kalasait, Kandore, Khedvan, Satpute, Savan, Taral, Vandar in Bombay (Deccan and Konkan) [R.E. Enthoven]
* Exogamous sections: Choudhari, Oande, Diwate, Gadekar, Kambale, Khambe, Lad, Tare, Upare [S.S. Hassan]
Exogamous units/clans: Baraiya, Barwar, Chipa, Jasethe, Karaiya, Khutha, Lakhete, Loharot, Paigwar, Pinkhan,
Saipuria, Sikhaiya, Telia, Uksa, Vilkata [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/lineages: Avantip, Bhoj, Shondikera, Sugata, Tounikere, Veetechotra [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
*Exogamous septs (intiperulu): Avari, Bandari (treasurer), Bomma (doll), Chinna, Chinnada (denoting gold),
Chlntaginjala, Ganji (gruel), Geddam (beard), Goranda (lawsonia alba), Gurram (horse), Jinka (gazelle), Kadavala
(pot), Kalava (ditch), Kasula (copper coin), Kongara (crane), Kota (a fort), Mamidla (mango), Manchi (good), Meda
(raised mound), Middala (storeyed house), Narala (nerve), Nili (indigo), Nukala, Nyayam (justice), Pathdii (cotton),
Pothu, Pothu (male), Pula (flower), Putta (ant hill), Sadhu (meek), Tangedla, Thelu (scorpion), Tumma (acacia
arebica) Uda in South India (Madras) [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/clans: [Andhra Pradesh]
Markandeya in Madras [E. Thurston]
Bharati, Bhargav, Daksha, Digwas in Hyderabad, Durvasa, Kapila, Koundinya, Kousila, Kutsa, Paundrika, Rikshibha,
Sindhu, Sramsi, Swayambhu, Valakhilya [S.S. Hassan]
PADMAVATI PORWALJAIN
Synonyms: Padmavati Porwal [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Astapad, Divan, Dundiya, Lakare, Mandavariya, Murawal, Ochhala, Pachore, Pandya,
Rollya, Sirmaur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
PAHARIA (DHANUS SAVARA)
Synonyms: Pahaida, Pahira [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dhanus, Dhanus Savara, Sahara [Orissa]
Titles: Ghatowal, Mahadar, Sardar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Pahaira, Paharia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Paharia [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Amba, Dangri, Matalia, Natlia, Nilambar, Nogradia, Toli [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Baddya, Baghra (tiger), Gulgu, Hansda (swan), Hembram, Jarku [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
PAHARIYA
Synonyms: Pahaidia, Pahari, Pahira, Pahyda [West Bengal]

Surnames: Pahari, Pahariya, Singh Pahariya [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Borhal, Luthimachhi, Tita Chhati [West Bengal]
PAIKO
Synonyms: Khandit [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Nicha (impure), Ucha (pure) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Barhatika, Dulia, Katia, Putia, Rana [Orissa]
Bosuntia [E. Thurston]
Titles: Paik [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Khandit [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Baradi, Goladi, Gunta, Hantal, Khara, Khila, Khinbudi, Nayek, Pangi, Sarenda, Sukri [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Kamal (lotus), Nag (cobra) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Baradi, Barpai (goat), Goladi, Gunta (fish), Hantal (snake), Khara, Khila (tiger), Khinbudi, Pangi (kite), Sarendi, Sukri
(cow) [Orissa]
PAKHIMARA/LOLUA
Synonyms: Kurmi, Lolna [West Bengal]
Surnames: Kurmi, Pakhmara [West Bengal]
PALIYA
Synonyms: Poliya [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Paliya Kshatriya, Paliya Rajbansi [West Bengal]
Titles: Adhikari, Bhanga Kshatriya in North Bengal [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Das, Deb, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Gotra: Batsa, Bharadwaj, Goutam, Kashyapa, Modgaulya, Sandilya [West Bengal]
PALLI
Synonyms: Palia, Pallav [Orissa]
Vanniyan [E. Thurston]
Subcastes/subgroups: Edakula, Kallangi, Kallaveli, Marakkadu, Nagavadam Palli, Olai Palli, Rudra, Vada (boatmen)
[E. Thurston]
Titles: Chera, Chola, Goundan, Kandar, Kaundan, Kavandan, Kottam, Mudali, Nayakar, Nayanar, Padaiyachi (head
of an army), Pandya, Pillai, Reddy, Samburayar, Udaiyar, Varma [E. Thurston]
Surnames (intiperulu): Ardhi, Dasiri, Dunna, Karma, Keli, Ketaki, Manisi, Suri, Togi [Orissa]
*Exogamous septs: Agni (fire), Arasu (raja), Kudaikatti (basket making), Marakallu (fishermen), Nagavadam (cobra's
hood), Nattamam, Pandamuttu, Perumal [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/clans: Jambukula, Raghukula, Ravikula [Orissa]
Gotra: Jambua [Orissa]
Jambua [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/lineages (intiperulu): Ardhi, Dasiri, Dunna, Ketaki, Keti, Manisi, Togi [Orissa]
PALLIWALJAIN
Groups/subgroups: Chipa Palliwal, Pailiwal [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Jain [Rajasthan]
PAMARIA
Synonyms: Pawaria [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Pamaria, Sheikh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
PAMULA, TELAGA
Groups/subgroups: Ekadasi, Haldia, Kunchi Elakalalu, Marathi [Orissa]
Surnames: Kandre, Menpadi, Nakka [Orissa]

Exogamous units/clans: Nagasa (Snake) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Kandre, Menpadi, Nakka, Pararsa [Orissa]
PAN
Synonyms: Pantanti, Somasi, Sut Bauri, Tantubai [Assam]
Pan Tanti [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Betra Pano, Buno Pano, Dhulia Pano [Orissa]
Buna Pan, Pan Vaisnab, Raj Pan [West Bengal]
Subcastes: Baraik, Betra Pan, Buna Pan, Chik, Chotanagpur, Ganda, Orh-Pan, Orissa, Patradia in Bengal, Sawasi
[H.H. Risley]
Shamal [Orissa]
Das, Pan, Patra [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh, Chotti, Kondopon, Kumhar, Satri, Sika, Sunar, Takri, Taria [Assam]
Nadosa [Orissa]
Gotra: Kashyap, Sandilya, Vyasa [West Bengal]
"Sections: Bagh (tiger), Baghail (tiger), Bagti, Bail, Bajar, Bajarpuriji, Balbaudhi, Ballisor, Bengal, Beniaro (frog),
Bondo (wild cat) in Chotanagpur, Chownr (yak's tail), Demta (a red tree ant) Dhondh (a water snakre), Hekoria
(tomato), Kachua (tortoise), Kesra (rahardal), Kusum (a fruit), Mayur (peacock), Orissa, Rajhasia (swan), Raotia
(crab), Sikra (hawk) Babunhathia [H.H. Risley]
Title: Patro [Orissa]
PANARA
Synonyms: Mali, Marar, Patel [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Belia, Jat, Mahar, Patel, Raik [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Koushik, Mali, Marar, Patel [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Baghela (tiger), Bhaiswar (buffalo), Dantewadia, Sakria (animal), Sambulpuria (place
name), Tetaria (animal) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
PANDO
Groups/subgroups: Surgujia, Uttaraha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Baiga, Gunia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Lai (new), Pando, Ram, Sai (old) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Barojha, Bhalwa, Bhania, Bilamia, Bilamiya, Gosai, Kumaro, Moka, Mudella, Piparia, Shikari,
Siraya, Takaria [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
PANIKA
Exogamous units/clans: Manjnathatdllami, Mutdllam, Pallikkillam, Toranttillam, soliyaillam (ancestral names)
PANIKA
Synonyms: Panaka [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chile, Chile Baraik, Ganda, Pab, Pan, Panwa, Paur, Sawari, Tanti [W. Crooke]
Groups/subgroups: Bhagat, Sakat [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Panika [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Baghel, Bajar, Chhur, Dudhkanwara, Goyan, Marai, Neora, Parewa, Tandriya [Madhya
PANKA, PANIKA
Synonyms: Das Panka, Kabir Panka, Kabir Das Panka, Manikpuri
Panka, Panika, Panka [Orissa]
*Sub-divisions: Bajania, Dom Pankas, Kabirpanthis, Saktaha [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Panka [Orissa]
*Exogamous septs: Chhura, Ghughua, Khetgarhia, Kuldip, Neora, Panaria, Pandwar, Parewa, Sonwania, Tandia
[Russell & Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans (bansa): Bagh (tiger), Bendka, Besra, Chhatar (umbrella), Dongri (hill), Kachim, Kukur (dog),
Naa (Kolwa) Suna (gold), Nag (cobra), Sunsih [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (kuri): Birgat, Chikonjia, Gaigoar, Korwa, Kumaria, Marai, Paneria, Porwar, Rathia, Sarima,
Sunayani [Uttar Pradesh]
PANO
Synonyms: Pan [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Betra Pano, Buno Pano, Dhulia Pano [Orissa]
Desa Pano, Khonda Pano [E. Thurston]
Surnames: Shamal [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagasa (snake) in South India [Orissa]
PANWARI
Synonyms: Kumawat, Parwari, Tambili [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Chourashia, Kulmi, Kumawat, Purbia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Kumawat, Panwari [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Arabal, Jalkhare, Lonaya, Parkatia, Shivpuria [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
PAO
Synonyms: Pawara [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Pao [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Kannujia, Khandiha, Kisan, Musgudia, Umaniha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
PAP
Groups/subgroups: Bada Bhuinya, San Bhuinye [Orissa]
Titles: Bhuinye [Orissa]
Surnames: Bhuinya [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Basha, Hannabeer, Kachua (tortoise), Landua Bera, Naga (snake) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: (Kurpiri) [Orissa]
PARAHIYA
Synonyms: Baiga [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Baiga, Parhaiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
PARDHAN
Synonyms: Deshandhi, Mokhashi, Pataria [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
* Endogenous divisions: Arakhs, Chanda, Chor, Deogarhias, Gaitas, Ganda Pardhans, Gond Padiaris, Kanres,
Khalotias, Mades, Raj Pardhans, Thothia Pardhans [Russell & Hiralal]
Chardev or four goods, Chhaadev or six goods, Panchdev or five gods, Sattahdev or seven gods [Madhya Pradesh
Exogamous units/clans (gote, kur): Alam, Atram, Chhkati, Durve, Godam, Jumnake, Karpet, Kedyami, Kiringa,
Kodapa, Kumeta, Kusram, Madavi, Meshram, Narota, Parteti, Pendam, Sadam, Sedmak, Velode, Wike [Madhya
PARDHI
Synonyms: Bagri, Mogia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Endogamous divisions: Haran Pardhi, Korchar, Mir, Pardhi, Phanse, Vaghri in Bombay (Khandesh) [R.E. Enthoven]
Chitewale, Langoti Pardhi, Pal, Phanse Pardhi [S.S. Hassan]
Groups/subgroups: Chitewale or Phanse Pardhi, Pal or Longota Pardhi [S.S. Hassan]
*Subcastes: Bandarwale, Chitewale, Gayake, Gosain Paradhis, Karijat, Langoti Pardhis, Phanse Pardhis, Shikari or
Bhil Pardhis, Shishi ke Telwale, Takankars [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Dhugao, Islavath, Jognichowhat, Nukod, Shakthi [Andhra Pradesh]
Dhadra, Dodhkia, Parmar, Solanki [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chavan, Dabhade, Powar, Solanki, Sonvani in Bombay (Knandesh) [R.E. Enthoven]
Chauhan, Panwar, Rathor, Sesodia, Solanki [Russell & Hiralal]
Chavana, Dongle, Jadhava, Kare, Pawar [S.S. Hassan]
PARDHl/NAHAR
Synonyms: Nihal [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Raghvanshi Nihal, Tavadia Nahal [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Lai, Ram [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Barang, Dhavda, Gular, Katilithor, Korani (cock), Maria (goat) Saoner, Naikda, Netam (pig),
Poyam (tortoise), Raikda, Saunjhar, Semal, Sori (fish) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
PARENGA
Synonyms: Pareng Paroja, Parenga Paroja [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Vaishya Putuli [Orissa]
Surnames: Khora, Majhi, Muduli, Pujari, Sisa [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (bansa): Golori, Kankra, Khila (tiger), Khinbudi (bear), Khora, Macha, Ontal (snake), Pargi
[Orissa]
PARGHA
Synonyms: Paigarh, Parghu [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Paigarh, PaJiyar Pargha, Parghu, Supa Pargha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Jamadar, Manjhi, Panda, Pargha, Patar, Rai, Raut [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
* Sections: Kumar, Manjhi, Marar, Masik, Ojha, Patar, Rai, Raut, Siyar [H.H. Risley]
PARHAIYA
Synonyms: Baiga [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups (pari): Cheroyan, Narkatma, Pakphor, Pandavabansi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Baiga, Parhaiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans (khut): Badhya, Baghra (tiger), Gulgu, Hansada (duck), Hembram, Jarru [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
*Septs: Bag, Faniga, Gachat, Gidh, Kaua, Maina, Nag, Ophia, Tetenga in Chotanagpur [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages: Khut Pitta [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
PAROJA/PARJA/PORJA
Synonyms: Paraja, Parja, Poraja, Porja [Orissa]
Porja, Poroja [West Bengal]
Division: Bissoy Parangi, Jodia [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups:
Bada, Bareng, Chhelia, Chhoua, Konda, Penga, Sodia [Orissa]
Gowda Parja, Jodia Parja, Konda Parja, Pareng Parja, Peng Parja [West Bengal]
Paroja [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Bikda(goat), Bonda (goat), Godhi (lizard), Kachhim
(tortoise), Mandi (cow), Nag (cobra), Netam (dog), Pondi (dove) [Orissa]
Bhalu, Kachhim (tortoise), Kilo, Kora, Machhi, Ontal, Phangi [West Bengal]
* Exogamous units/septs: Bagh, Bokda, Gohi, Kachhim, Netam, Pandki [Russell & Hiralal]
*Sections: Barang Jhodia (eat beef), Bonda, Dedingi, Dhur Poraja, Didayi, Gidda (vulture), Kondi Paroja, Mandi
(cow), Nanga Paroja, Parengi Paroja, Paroja, Pengu, Tagara Paroja in South India [E. Thurston]
PAROJA, PENGO
Synonyms: Hengo, Heno, Pango Paraja, Pengua [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Pengo Lohara [Orissa]
Titles: Majhi [Orissa]
Surnames: Pengo [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Barka, Dangru, Kui, Kuler, Kupi, Nag [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Gajaeel [Orissa]
PARSI
Synonyms: Zoroastrian [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Behdin, Fassalis, Kadmi, Shahenshai [West Bengal]
*Sects (sections): Gujarat, Kadmi, Shahanshahi in Bombay, Thana and Poona [R.E. Enthoven]
Surnames: Badivala, Dastur, Guzdar, Parakh, Sethna [West Bengal]
PARWARJAIN
Groups/subgroups: Aath Sake, Chau Sake, Do Sake [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bachhalla, Bazhalla, Bharilla, Eagulla, Goel, Gohilla, Goyal, Khoyal, Kochalla, Koel, Koshilla,
Koyal, Madilla, Vasalya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
PASI
Synonyms: Choudhary [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Chomar, Khajuria [Orissa]
Byadha, Gaydudhya, Kaykhoash, Trisula [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Byadha, Gaiduha, Kamani, Tirsulia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Byadha, Gaydudhya, Kaykhoash, Tirsulia [West Bengal]
Subcastes: Byadha, Gaiduha, Tamani, Tirsylia, Turk (Mohamedan) in Behar [H.H. Risley]
Aheriya, Allahabad, Arakh, Bachar, Baheliya, Bahraich, Banya of Gonda, Banya of Lucknow, Barabaunki, Baurasi,
Bhadauriya of Tarai, Bhar, Bhare of, Bhil of Budaun, Bhil of Muradabad Bihar and/or Jharkhandi, Boriya of Unao
and Fatehpur, Boriya of Raebareli, Byadha (in Bihar and/or Jharkhand), Chaurasi of Basti, Chiryamar, Chunarha,
Dhanuk, Fatehpur, Gaiduha, Gual, Gujar, Jaiswara (in Benares), Kaithwas (in Mirzapur), Kamani, Khatik of, Khatik of
Sitapur, Mahtiya, Manwas, Mirzapur, Mothi, Pahri, Parasarami of Unao, Pas Mangta, Pasiwan, Raj Pasi (in
Partabgarh) Rewas of Banda, Sultanpur, Tirmali of Ghazipur, Tirsuliya throughout North Western Province and
Eastern Oudh [W. Crooke]
Titles: Prasad [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Choudhary, Pasi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kaidiwa, Pasi, Prasad [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Behera [Orissa]
Chowdhury, Pasi, Paswan, Prasad [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Baurasi, Gohia, Kaithnas, Khatik, Parinanjan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bagh (tiger), Kencho (tortoise), Sapo [Orissa]
Gotra: Parasuram [West Bengal]
PATARA
Groups/subgroups: Aswini Patara, Muguri, Oriya Patara [Orissa]
Surnames: Akhit, Das, Kundu, Mudiari, Pal, Parida, Patro, Seal, Sen, Tush [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Jaimuni, Kalman, Mayura [Orissa]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Shiva [Orissa]
PATEUA
Groups/subgroups: Bhagat, Nagad [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Bhai, Chauhan, Parmar, Patelia, Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bamania, Baria, Chauhan, Khaper, Parmar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
PATHAN
Synonyms: Khan [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Afridi, Bangash, Bhatti, Durrani, Ghouri, Lodi, Lohang, Qazalbash, Rohilla, Yaqubazi, Yusufzai
Groups/subgroups (thak): Beteli Pathan, Guria Pathan, Jelem/Jilam Pathan, Niaji Pathan, Sur Pathan [West Bengal]
* Sub-divisions: Afgan proper, Ghilzai, Kakar, Karnalu, Lodi, Ysufzai [HA Rose]
Tribes: Afridi, Bagarzai, Bangash, Bareeh, Bunerwal, Daudgai, Dilazak, Durrani, Ghilzai, Ghor gushti, Ghori, Kakhar,
Khalil, Khatak, Lodi, Mehmad, Muhamadzai, Quizillabash, Rohilla, Tarin Urmuz, Ushturyani, Warakzai, Waziri,
Yaqubzai, Yusufzai throughout North Western Province [W. Crooke]
Khan [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Alikhan, Ganikhan, Khan, Mohammadkhan [West Bengal]
'Sections: Arakzai, Babar, Baluch, Bitanni, Daulal, Dutanni, Gandapu, Ghilzai, Ghorzai Panni in North West Frontier
and Punjab, Kakar, Kharate, Khasor, Kundi, Lodi, Lohani, Mamat, Miankhel Musakhel, Nasar, Niazi, Shirani,
Suleman, Trafio, Ushtarcani [H.A. Rose]
PATHARKUT KANJAR
Synonyms: Ghiara, Kanjar, Patharkut, Thawai [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Baid, Baud, Bhains, Lohia, Maraiya, Sanda, Sankat, Sauda, Uthwar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Kanjar, Prasad, Sankar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Baid, Bhains, Lahia, Marriya, Sanda, Sankat, Uthwar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
PATHURIA
Surnames: Bindhani, Das, Mahapatra, Maharana, Ojha, Sutar [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Binayaka (Lord Ganesh), Naga (cobra) [Orissa]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap [Orissa]
PATIKAR
Synonyms: Paital, Patial [West Bengal]
Titles: Mandal [West Bengal]
Surnames: Bhadra, Dey, Ohar, Mandal, Nandi, Patikar [West Bengal]
Gotra: AJimman, Goutam, Kashyap, Moudgalya [West Bengal]
PATKA
Synonyms: Patki, Patwa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagvi, Bahrlle, Chamaroiya, Chandel, Daheria, Deoda, Gahlout, Malik, Marka, Papaiya,
Ratnele, Rawat, Semria, Tantwar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
PATNI
Synonyms: Gehacwan, Ghacwal, Maheswar [West Bengal]
Subcastes: Balami, Bansphor, Dagara in Bengal, Dom-Pacni, Ghac-Patni, Jat-Patni, Machhwa or Nagarchi [H.H.
Risley]
Gotra: Alimman, Kashyap [West Bengal]
* Sections: Bhadraghat, Jhinia, Kalagachi, Kaliwala, Naskarpura, Paramanik, Prachir, Raipur, Saidabad, Sana,
Tentulia in Bengal [H.H. Risley]
PATRA
Surnames: Basa, Hati, Mahapatra, Nayek, Pusti, Saw [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Chan, Devi, Devta, Nag, Panda, Singh [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagesh (tiger), Nageswar (snake), Tiktiki (small house lizard) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (vansamu): [Andhra Pradesh]
PATRA TANTIA/PATRATANTI
Synonyms: Pan, Pan Tanti, Patratanti, Tant [Orissa]
Surnames: Patra, Patratanti [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Negeswar [Orissa]
PATWA
Groups/subgroups: Gouria, Jurihar, Rewar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups (kuri): Batere, Devwanshi, Gangapari, Kanoujia, Mara, Naraiwanshi, Tara, Tarkere [Madhya
*Sub-divisions: Gausia, Rewar, Tanti in Bengal [H.H. Risley]
Agarwala, Barauniya, Channiyan (in Hamirpur), Deobansi, Gauriya (in Lucknow), Jeorahiya, Jogi Patwa, Kariya,
Khadadewal, Khanrawa, Khara (genuine Deobansi), Kharewal, Kharwar, Lahua Nasaniyan, Ratha, Rewar, Sikarwar,
Tanti, Torela in Oudh [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Lai, Prasad, Ram [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Patwa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Aryana [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Sawalankhi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Sandilya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
PAWAR
Groups/subgroups: Kshatri Pawar, Rahadya Pawar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Bhagat, Bisen, Ede, Katre, Parihar, Patel, Pawar, Rahangdale, Temnhare [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhagat, Bhoyar, Bisen, Ede, Katre, Parihar, Patel, Rahangole, Temnhare, Thakre [Madhya
PAYAK
Synonyms: Babar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Dor, Gelat, Hara, Kachowa, Powar, Rathor, Shamariya [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
PENTIA
Synonyms: Holva, Penthia [Orissa]
Halaba, Halba in South India, Holuva, Holwa [E. Thurston]
Groups/subgroups: Bodo (big), Sanno (little) [. Thurston]
Titles: Nayako [E. Thurston]
Surnames: Chalan, Dalai, Holva, Majhi, Nayak, Patra, Pentia, Prodani, Pujari, Randharu [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagha (tiger), Dhanogundia (a kind of paddy), Kachopa, Kama (the great warrior in the
epicMahabharatha), Makara (monkey), Naga, Sonakeria (vulture), Surya (Sun) [Orissa]
*Septs: Bhag (tiger), Kurum, Kurum (tortoise), Nag (cobra), Surya (Sun) [E. Thurston]
PINDARA
Surnames: Sheikh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Alande (Hindu Pindari), Ghyatalak, Kshirsagar, Ranshing, Thorat in Mysore and Tumkur
districts [Nanjundayya and Iyer]
Alande, Ghayatalak, Kshirasagar, Ranashing, Thorat [R.E. Enthoven]
POBIA
Synonyms: Pao [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Dhupkatta Pobia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Chakrapani, Koisidar, Sidhar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
POD/POUNDARA
Synonyms: Poundara Kshatriya [Orissa]
Padmaraj, Padmaraja, Paundea, Paundra, Poundara Kshatriya, Pundari, Pundarika, Punro, Sapui [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Bajitpure, Buruni, Dhulepure, Medinipure [West Bengal]
Subcastes: Bagaude, Bangla, Chasi-Pod, Khotta, Uriya in Bengal [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Mandal, Sardar [Orissa]
Baidya, Biswas, HaJdar, Kakhya, Kayal, Laskar, Mandal, Paik, Patra, Pundari, Rishi, Sapul, Sarkar in Bengal [H.H.
Risley]
Surnames: Biswas, Gayan, Haldar, Mandal, Naskar, Ray, Sardar [Orissa]
Haldar, Mondal, Purakayastha, Purkait, Sanpui [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Jadubangsi, Lakshmir Baraputra [West Bengal]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Sandilya [Orissa]
Kashyap, Sandilya [West Bengal]
*Sections: Alamyan, Dhanesri, Kasyapa, Madhukulya in Bengal, Maudgalya [H.H. Risley]
PONDARA
Synonyms: Bartiya, Pandara [Orissa]
Surnames: Bartiya [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nagesa (snake) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Bagoa, Behera, Jalia, Patra, Surya [Orissa]
PORTUGUESE
Synonyms: Firingi [West Bengal]
Surnames: D'Cruz, Izaq, Lobo, Nunis, Pereira, Rowa, Royario, Tessera [West Bengal]
PORWAL JAIN/PORWAL
Titles: Bonia, Seth [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Chouhan, Genebath, Hironi, Jejani, Kashyap, Kothari, Manaboth, Mehta, Parekh, Saha, Sekhawat
Chouhan, Hironi, Jejani, Jenebath, Kothari, Manabath, Mehta, Parekh, Saha, Sekhawat [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
PUNJABI/PUNJABI HINDU
Groups/subgroups: Arora, Brahmin, Chamar, Chatri, Hindu, Jat, Ramgaria, Sikh [Orissa]
Amritsaria, Badal, Chowdhury, Sardar [Orissa]
Bains, Bhasin, Bhatoe, Changar, Chohan, Kapoor, Kauldhar, Kaur, Khanna, Klair, Mehra, Nerula, Ratu, Seamar, Seth,
Sidhu, Singh, Suman, Taneja, Virdi [West Bengal]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Sandilya [Orissa]
PURAN
Synonyms: Bhanja Puran, Pura [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Puran [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans (got): Man, Naik, Nao, Sal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
PURAN, BHANJA
Synonyms: Puran [West Bengal]

Groups/subgroups: Bhanja Puran; Kshatriya Puran, Tamaria Puran [Orissa]
Bhanja, Kshatriya, Tamadiya [West Bengal]
Titles: Barhua, Das Babu, Mahaldar [Orissa]
Dakua, Paramanik, Pargonoit, Pradhan [West Bengal]
Surnames: Bhanja, Deo, Dhalsee, Dhir, Patbanda, Raj, Thayal, Tipria, Tung [Orissa]
Deo, Dhal, Dhir, Patbandha, Rajsi, Thayal, Tipra Bhanja, Tungia [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Kerketta, Mayur (peacock), Nag (snake), Ponvuk, Sal (tree), Saras [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/lineages: Dahuk, Kerketa, Mayur, Nag, Sal, Sol, Sun [Orissa]
Dhebchu, Kerketa, Mayur, Nag, Sal, Sun [West Bengal]
PUSHAPALOKE
Surnames: Pushpaloke [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Parhi, Ponda, Povida [Orissa]
Gotra: Sandilya [Orissa]
PUTULI BANIA/PUTULI BENE
Synonyms: Gandha Banik [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gandha Banik [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Aut, Chatri, Desha, Sankha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Tamili, Vaidya Prusthi, Vaishya Putuli [Orissa]
Surnames: Bhole, Bhui, Das, Dey, Dutta, Gatwar, Mahapatra, Roy, Sadhu [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bhatuari, Mahanti, Mahapatra, Pala, Prushthi, Sahu, Subudhi [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nageswar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Gautam, Kashyap, Modgal, Parasar, Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kashiya, Koushik, Nagasaia (snake) [Orissa]
QALANDER
Synonyms: Kalandar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
RABARI/RAHBARI/RAIKA
Synonyms: Devasi, Raika, Utwallebaba [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bhopa, Mogha, Raika, Sinai, Vishotar [R.E. Enthoven]
"Divisions: Maru, Pitalia in Jailalmar and Nabha [HA. Rose]
Aligia, Gujarati, Hona, Sorathia (in Kathiawar), Vadhiara, Vinvia [R.E. Enthoven]
Bhagat, Sagat [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Rabari [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Aga, Ahmedabad districts of Gujarat, Ajana, Al, Amla, Badh, Barad, Bhadka, Bhangla, Bharin, Bhatcha, Bhubhalia,
Bhuka, Bhungalia, Chadka, Charonata, Chavda, Chelana, Chohan, Daichal Damal, Dedia, Dev, Dharbutia, Dia,
Gangoda, Gohel, Gotana, Hungar, Jadhav, Jhor, Jihor, Kachila, Kalar, Kalotra, Kambhlia, Karmata, Kataria,
Kathiawar, Khar, Kharod, Kodiatar, Kond Langhar, Lavituka, Lodha, Luni, Makvana, Mangra, Mari, Markata, Moida,
Muku, Nagal, Padhar, Pahuvala, Palanpur, Pankuta, Parmar, Parmatta, Patwadi, Puchhaiia, Rathod. Rojia, Samod
Savdhar, Selana, Sheval, Un, Vangal, Varana, Varchar, Varmai, Vasa, Vatma, Vava in Cutch [R.E. Enthoven]
Exogamous units/clans: Ajavane, Chauhan, Goyal, Karotara, Khamala, Makwana, Maru, Parihar, Rathor, Samad,
Ajana, Avalpura, Barad, Bhadka, Bhangra, Bhatti (Kalar), Bujbhukan, Bukan, Chavada (Bhunbadia), Chohan, Dabbi
(Gurchhar), Ohagal, Gangar, Ghatti, Kachhela, Kalbhana, Karbata, Luni Muriya, Ratti, Rojia, Sabdhara, Sadtar, Ulva
in Cutch [R.E. Enthoven]
Got: Al, Bar, Bhati, Bhim, Bhokia, Bhunhalia, Chauhan, Chaulana, Dhogal, Gaihar, Ghangar, Haun, Jind and Nabha,
Kalar, Kangal, Khatave, Kohla, Longas, Mahiwan, Makwana, Parhke, Pasorala
Pokha, Somar in Jaisalmar [HA Rose]
RABHA
Groups/subgroups: Das, Rabha, Roy [West Bengal]

Kantram, Kara, Logobak, Mositak, Mosshitak, Muiji, Nogra, Pomar, Uni [West Bengal]
RADHI/NAIRI
Synonyms: Niari [Orissa]
Surnames: Behara, Naik, Patra, Roul [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Kashyap, Nageswara (snake) [Orissa]
RAGHUBANSI
Synonyms: Raghubanshi, Raghvi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhule, Bildaiya, Chenetiya, Deshmukh, Gahoriya, Kand, Kaud, Khareya, Koochh, Mahanta,
Mirdha, Nakhare, Nikhar, Songar, Tumak [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
RAGHUNATHIA BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Bhimgiria, Hargilla, Panchasani [Orissa]
Titles: Bhimgiria, Hargilla, Panchasasani [Orissa]
Surnames: Biswas, Das, Dhar, Nath, Tripathi [Orissa]
Gotra: Angirasa, Bharadwaj, Jamadagni, Mudgala, Parasar, Pulaha, Vasisht [Orissa]
RAI
Synonyms: Kirat Rai [West Bengal]
Surnames: Rai [West Bengal]
Baing, Bantawa, Chamling, Khaling, Kuluing, Thulung, Yakha [West Bengal]
RAJBANSHI
Synonyms: Bahey, Deshi, Deshibahe, Rajbanshi Kshatriya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bahey, Desi, Rajbanshi, Rajbanshi Khattriya [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Bara Bhag, Chota Bhag [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bara Bhag, Choto Bhag [West Bengal]
* Sub-divisions: Kudlukara in South Canara, Kudalderkkara [E. Thurston]
Titles: Adhikari, Bhang in Jalpaiguri, Bhanga Kehatiya, Eastern Bengal [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Rajbanshi, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Barman, Dev, Roy, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Gotra: Vasishr, Savarna, Vatsya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Alambyan, Batsya, Kashyapa, Moudgaulya, Parasar, Sandilya [West Bengal]
RAJBHAR
Synonyms: Bhar, Gandha Banik [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Raghubansi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Dhelphoria, Khulohat, Mushahar, Suorposh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Mondal, Rai, Singh, Verma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kumar, Lai, Patel, Raghubansi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Baghelo, Brahmania, Dudhmokar, Rajpatel, Ratelu, Urdel [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Baradwaj [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
RAJBHAT
Synonyms: Brahmabhat [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Brahmabhat, Gobrahman, Rajbhat [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Roy, Sharma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Vasishta [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
RAJDHOP
Surnames: Biswas, Mandal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

RAJPUT
Synonyms: Thakur [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gaderi [Orissa]
Chattri, Chauhan, Chhatri, Chhetri [West Bengal]
Chhatri, Kshatriya, Thakur [Russell & Hiralal]
Groups/subgroups: Chandrabansi, Kushbhavan, Kuwar, Nikumbh, Parmar, Surajbanshi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Agnivanshi, Chandravanshi, Suryavanshi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chandrabangsio, Suryabangsio [West Bengal]
Agarwala, Agastwar, Almecha, Anai, Bahariya (in inner Bias), Bahman, Barwar, Behila, Belwar, Bhale, Bharadih Bais,
Bhat, Bhatiya, Bhatiya of Jaisalmer, Bhatiyas of Dharanganu, Bhatner Bhitariya (in outer Bias), Bhorar, Bhudi,
Bhuinhar, Bhur, Bhurta, Birpur, Bohra, Briku, Budano, Chahus, Chandrabansi, Chauhan, Chauhava, Chaurasi,
Chhatri (in Ghazipur), Dasena Gandhariyas, Gaurs of, Gujaratis, Halais, Hariyana, Jadon, Jadonbansi, Jasawat,
Jaysalmer, Kachhis (Bhatiya), Kain, Kalacha, Kalamor, Kana (Gaur of Oudh), Kathiawari Khairagarh of Allahabad,
Kharara, Khasiya, Laugaha, Madkul, Mahespuriya, Maheswari, Markaha, Marwari, Mathuriya, Modal gotra
(Brahman Gaur), Nagaur, Naipuriya, Oswal, Oudh, Pakhni Palliwal, Panjab, Prijas, Rahtu, Raja (Chamar Gaur),
Ranikiya, Rao, Raska, Rawat, Sahasri, Sarai, Sengas, Sherpuriya, Silhala, Sindh, Sirwariye, Surhi, Tantiya, Tarai,
Thaktaya Tilokchandi Bias, Togra, Untahir (sakha of Gaur) [W. Crooke]
Sub-divisions: Agnikul, Bachgoti Chauhan, Baiaghrapad, Bhanj, Bhojpuria, Chahil, Chahira, Chandrabansi,
Chaudrabausi, Chauhan, Gaur, Jadubansi, Malwe, Mar Rajput, Sombansi, Suryabansi (in Behar) Surjabansi [H.H.
Risley]
Titles: Raja, Rana, Singh [West Bengal]
Surnames: Singh, Sinha, Thakur [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Banaphar, Bias, Chouhan, Handa, Parihar, Parmar, Singh, Sisodia, Solanki, Thakur, Tomar [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Babu, Barik, Bhanja, Chanda, Chhatri, Das, Rai, Rout, Samant [Orissa]
Roy, Singh, Sinha, Sisodia [West Bengal]
Ahban, Athbhaiya, Bachgoti, Bachhal, Bachhil, Bais, Balbhadraut, Banbirpota, Bandhilgoti, Beriyagar, Bhankawat,
Bharadwaja (in Hardoi), Bisen (Oudh Rajput), Chandel, Chandraseniya Chatrabhujaut, Chauhan, Devdas, Dikhsit,
Gahawar, Gajama, Gaur, Gautam, Gehlot, Gugawat, Janwar, Kalyanaut, ECanhpuriya, Khangaraut, Khasiya,
Khumbani, Khumbhawat, Kukaur, Kulhiya Lautamiya, Madhobadha, Mahror, Mainu, Manava, Maun, Multani,
Naihaltra, Naruka, Nathawat, Pachhayanaut, Palwars, Panwar, Parikar, Parinmalot, Rae, Rae Chamuja, Rae Daiya,
Rae Dhadhar Rae Dhava, Rae Gagla, Rae Ghaga, Rae Gungulab, Rae Jaydhan, Raejiya, Rae Jiyala, Rae Kajariya, Rae
Kapur, Rae Karangona, Rae Kartari, Rae Korhaiya, Rae Kova, Rae Malan, Rae Mogaya Rae Palija, Rae Panchloriya,
Rae Parijiya, Rae Pawar, Rae Rariya, Rae Rika, Rae Saraki, Rae Sijballa, Rae Soni, Raikwar, Raja, Rajkumar, Ramaiya,
Rao, Raotar, Rawat (in Unao), Rishivan Sainbansi, Sakarwar, Sanras, Sengar, Senya (in Sultanpur), Siubaranpota,
Sudharvan, Sultanaut, Suphla, Surajbansi, Taseli in North Western Province [W. Crooke]
*Exogamous sections: Bhudaria, Bias, Bisene Thakur, Brahmangaur, Chamargaur, Chandel, Chandrabansi,
Chaubaria, Chavan, Dikkhat, Gautam, Harha Thakur, Jadhav, Kachhwah, Kanwar, Kaseb, Pamar, Parihar (Rajput),
Pawar, Raghubansi, Rahekwar, Rana, Rathor Thakur, Sakharwar, Sangir Thakur, Sengar, Simia, Sisodia, Somavanshi,
Sulankha, Surajbansi, Suryabansi, Ujain Thakur, Waghel Thakur in Hyderabad [S.S. Hassan]
Exogamous units/clans (kuri): Banaphor, Bias, Chauhan, Handa, Parihar, Solanld, Tomar [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Clans: Ada, Avera, Balater, Barod, Bhati, Bihola Solanld, Biya, Bodav, Chamarpa, Chandravrat, Chavad, Chavada,
Chochu, Chohan, Choid, Chudavat, Dabhi, Dagh, Daima, Dairja, Devchand, Devda Dhandhu, Dod, Dodiya, Duval, Ed,
Galecha, Ghelot, Gohel, Goiter, Gor, Gujjar, Hadial, Harashi, Hatha, Humad, Jadav, Jadeja, Jhala, Jiriya, Jodha, Joja,
Jut, Kaba, Kachhotia, Kalam Karodia, Kher, Khod, Khula, Kukan, Lakam, Mahida, Makvana, Mai, Masani, Mer,
Mohal, Mori, Narwan, Padhar, Padhiar, Palonia, Parmar, Pesrau, Puravia, Rana, Ranrathod, Rathod, Raval
Ravar Solanld, Rehevar, Revod, Sadria, Sedhal, Sisodia, Sodha, Sodria, Sojatria, Solanld, Songad, Surcha, Suvar,
Tank, Tantol, Thokiya, Tuar, Udvat, Uma, Vadhel, Vadvasia, Vaghela Vaish, Vaja, Vala, Vamla, Vanol, Vantia, Varam,
Vehtia, Vejola, Vezania, Virpura Solanki [R.E. Enthoven]
Badgujar, Bais, Balla, Chalukya or Solanki, Chauhan, Chawara or Chaura, Daharia, Dahia, Dahima, Dhabi, Doda,
Gahlot or Sisodia, Gaur, Gherwal or Gaharwar, Gohil, Hul, Huna Ikshwaka or Surajvansi, Indu, Jaitwa, Jhalla, Jit or
Gete, Johia, Kachhwaha, Kathi, Mohil, Nikumbh, Parihar, Parmara, Rajpali, Rathor, Sarweya, Sengar, Sikarwal, Silar
Somvansi or Chandravansi, Tak or Takshac (Nagvansi or Mori), Tuar or Tomara, Yadu [Russell & HiralaJ]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Agasthya, Bharadwaj, Goutam, Kashyap, Sandilya, Vasisht, Vishwamitra [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Kasyapa, Kausik, Parasar, Vasisht, Vatsa [Orissa]
Atri, Batsa, Bharadwaj, Goutam, Kashyap, Sandilya, Vasisht, Vishwamitra, Vyas [West Bengal]
Ahariya, Amethiya, Baghel, Bais, Bandhalgoti, Bargaiyan, Bargala, Bargujar, Barhaiya, Barhauliya, Barhiya,
Barholiya, Barwar, Benban, Berwar, Bhaduriya, Bharadwaj, Bhargav, Bharsaiyan Bhatti, Bhikha Sahib, Bhuinhar,
Bias of, Birwar, Bisen, Bundela, Burhela, Byarsiyan, Chamar, Chanamiya, Chandauriya, Chandel, Chaupata Khamb,
Chhatris, Dhakara, Dhakra, Dikhshit, Dor Dundiyakkhera, Durgbansi, Gaharwar, Garg, Gargbansi, Gaur, Gaurua,
Gautam, Gauvahar, Gehlot, Goutam, Hara, Hayobans, Jaiswar, Janwar, Jaughara, Johiya, Kachhwaha, Kakan,
Kalhans, Kanet Kanhpuriya, Kashyap, Katheriya, Kathi, Kadiia, Katiyar, Kattak, Kattaur, Katti, Kausik, Khatri, Khetar,
Khichi, Kinwar, Kirar, Koushik, Mahror, Mandahar, Marwar (Marwar), Maudarkiya Mauhar, Monas, Mongil,
Nagbansi, Narauliya, Naudwani, Nikumbh, Pachtoriya, Pahari, Paliwar, Palwar, Panwar, Parasar, Parihar, Pundir,
Raghubansi, Raikwar, Rajkumar, Rathaur, Sakarwar Sarpakriya, Sengar, Sirnet, Sisodia, Solanid, Sounaka,
Surajbansi, Tank, Tomar\ Tunwar, Ujjaini, Vais, Vasisht, Vatsa, Vatsya, Vayasas in North West Province [W. Crooke]
*Septs: Ahir Paik, Amaithia, Ataia, Athral, Adirol, Bachhil, Badhik, Baghel, Bahrsuria, Bais, Balkharya, Banampur,
Banaphar, Banaudhia, Bandhalgoti, Barahi, Baraia, Bardia, Bargair, Barhwatia Barnia, Basbaria, Bauadhia, Bengal
and Chotanagpur, Besain, Bhadaria, Bilkharia, Birwa, Budhbansi, Chandail, Chaubaria, Chaudhria, Chauhan,
Damarwar, Dandwar, Dangar, Gaharwar, Gahlaut Gautam, Harihobans, Jaitar, Jasatbar, Kachhwah, Kailwar, Kakan,
Kanwar, Kapur, Karnwar, Kausik, Khati, Kinwar, Kulchulia, Kulharia, Kurminia, Kusbansi, Lautni, Mahraur, Mahto,
Mali Maulwar, Narauni, Nauthni, Nikumbh, Nisan, Pamar, Raghubansi, Rahtaur, Raksain, Rana, Ranauni, Sabarnia,
Sakarwar, Sangir, Sarnia, Sengar, Sirnait, Sirnia, Sisodia, Solanki, Somwar Subansi, Sukalnaki, Surkhi, Surwar,
Tarwar, Tekha, Tetia, Tilaut, Tongar, Ujain in Behar [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages: Bulandshahr, Chatranagar family, Chaudhari, Chauhan, Chauhan of, Ganga Jamuna,
Gorakhpur family, Khagi, Lucknow family, Padhan, Pratapner family Rajor family, in North West Provincely family
[W Crooke]
Exogamous units/lineages (bans/ktd): Azamgarh family, Bareil [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
RAJPUT SOLANKI
Synonyms: Agnibanshi Rajput, Baghela Rajput, Chalukya [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Ashi Ghar, Choddosho Ghar, Panchsho Bahanna Ghar, Tero Ghar [West Bengal]
Titles: Rajanya, Rana, Singh [West Bengal]
Surnames: Bera, Chakraborty, Chandra, Choturdhurin, Das, Deb, Debsingha, Kumar, Maity, Mandal, Senapati,
Sinharoy [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Chalukya, Solanki [West Bengal]
Gotra: Atri, Bharadwaj, Goutam, Kashyap, Vasisht, Vishwamitra, Vyas [West Bengal]
RAJU
* Classes: Konda (hill), Bhu (Plain) in South India [E. Thumon]
Groups/subgroups: Bhu (plain), Chandra (moon), Konda (hill), Murikinati, Nandimandalam, Suryavamsam in South
India [E. Thurston]
*Subcastes: Baghai or Baghal, Baina, Daina or Chauan, Sar in Midnapur [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Chanda, Das, Jena, Mahanti, Nanda [Orissa]
Das, Sinha [West Bengal]
Alambyan, Kashyapa, Moudgulya, Sandilya [West Bengal]
Dhananjaya, Kashyapa, Koundinya, Vasisht in South India [E. Thurston]
RAJUAR/RAJWAR
Synonyms: Rajwar [Orissa]
Rajbansi [H.H. Risley]
Groups/subgroups: Bhogta, Lathaur, Nagbansi, Nakchedia, Rajbansi, Rajbhar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Birara, Mar, Rajware [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Angar, Bhumihar, Jhuintihar, Khorriar [West Bengal]
Subcastes: Angrok, Banswar, Bar-Ghori, Behar, Berra Rajwar, Chapwar, Chotanagpur, Majhal Turiya, Rajwar,
Sikharia, Sukulkara [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Ganjhu, Mahato [Orissa]
Surnames: Rajbansi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Rajwar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Behara, Parmanik, Ram, Roy [Orissa]
Mandal, Rajbanshi, Rajwar, Roy [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bilwa (cat), Dorha (snake), Hathi (elephant), Nagha (snake), Saraiha (tree name), Surjaha
(sun), Tendna (panther) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Kachhap, Nageswar (snake), Sankha (conchshell) [Orissa]
Bagbanwar, Bura, Dhamara, Dumra, Gobasanti, Madhurekha, Manja, Mera, Mukhia, Nagbangsi, Sabdarekha,
Sagarchita, Sandiiya, Sangatkoira, Singan, Singtoar, Supad [West Bengal]
*Sections: Bhogta, Chapa, Chirra (squirrel), Chotanagpur and Behar, Dorihar, Karhar (a fruit), Kasyapa, Katwar,
Kharakwar, Lathur, Loharatengi, Majhiya, Marrik, Matwara, Nag (cobra), Rikhi Sankwa, Singh in Bengal [H.H. Risley]
RANA
Synonyms: Rana Paika [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Guntha (fish), Handal (snake), Khara (Sun), Khila (tiger), Kinbudi (bear) [Orissa]
RANGREZ/NILGAR
Synonyms: Lilgar, Nilgar, Rangraz, Sabbagh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Nilgar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bilgar, Lilgar [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Lilgar, Nilgar, Rangrez [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bandistare, Chippa, Chunrigar, Lalgar, Lilgar, Sheikh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chimpiga (tailor), Unupulavadu (dyer) [E. Thurston]
*Subcastes: Bhat, Chandewal, Chauhan, Desi, Deswaia, Gaur, Ghosi, Gual Pathan, Hard, Kamangar, Khatri, Muttani,
Nilgar, Pathan, Qurashi, Sadiqi, Shaikh, Usmani in North West Provinces [W. Crooke]
Surnames: Ahmed, Alam, Chouhan, Solanki [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ahmad, Rasheed, Siddiqui [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Behera, Sahu, Senapati, Subudhi [Orissa]
Chowhan, Govi, Lodhi, Solanki [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Anantabasudeva, Nagaswa [Orissa]
RAUNIYAR/RONIAUR
Synonyms: Naunihar, Nauniyar, Raunihar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Bhagat, Gupta, Prasad, Sah, Sahu [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
RAUTIA
Synonyms: Ganju, Rautiya, Routia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Naik [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Barghori, Chhotgohri, Majhgohri~[Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Boraik, Borhia, Nayak [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Badagahandi, Berra [Orissa]
Baragahari, Chhotagahari [West Bengal]
*Sub-divisions: Barki, Chotki Bhir, Majhi [Russell & Hiralal]

Titles: Baraik, Ganjhu, Kotowar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Singh [Orissa]
Ganjhu [West Bengal]
Surnames: Ganjhu, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Sai [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Singh [Orissa]
Ganjhu [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Induar, Kharkhowaj, Lathur, Manjhi, Rikhi, Yogi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dadul, Indwar, Khumbhoj, Kharagwar, Nag [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Baghel, Jogi, Kharia, Kharkuar, Kumhar, Lathuar, Majhi, Rikhi, Suran [Orissa]
Kachhap, Katoyar, Kharkoyar, Kumhar, Laduir [West Bengal]
Baghail, Baghel [H.H. Risley]
*Septs: Baxwan, Bira, Kansi, Sand, Tithi [Russell & Hiralal]
RAVULO
Surnames: Raula [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Hatsyasa, Nageshara [Orissa]
RAWAL
Synonyms: Ravalia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Akarmashe, Baria, Bhalia, Bhorria, Makvania, Maru, Padamroti, Palai, Sakhia, Udlia, Vahaba
[R.E. Enthoven]
Surnames: Rawalia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhabbar, Bhejria, Homar, Makwana, Parmar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
REDDY/REDDIAR/KAPU
Synonyms: Reddifca [Orissa]
Bada Reddy, Sana Reddy [Orissa]
Surnames: Narsimullu, Reddy [Orissa]
Hatari, Kandullu, Kandumuj, Kuruma, Miriyalu, Mukhelu, Naga (snake) [Orissa]
RELLI
Exogamous units/surnames: Oeopali, Relli, Sunadhar [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (bansa): Aradi, Bagh, Ghotkari, Kochim, Kuldip, Madgul, Muniga, Nag, Piate, Raj, Sundi
[Orissa]
RONA
Synonyms: Kumar, Kumbhakar, Kumhar, Rana Paika [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Kottiya Paiko, Odiya Paiko, Paik, Paiko, Pattiya, Rona Paiko [E. Thurscon]
Titles: Rona [Orissa]
Nayako [E. Thurston]
Surnames: Allangi, Buridi, Dholopathi, Gollori, Kinchoi, Korra (Sun) [Andhra Pradesh]
Devi, Rona [Orissa]
Anantra, Nageswar [Orissa]
Bhag (tiger), Khinbudi (bear), Kora (sun), Matsya (fish), Nag (cobra) [E. Thurston]
Gotra: Ananta, Kashyap, Nageswar, Parasar [Orissa]
RUBALA
Surnames: Lai, Narain (new), Rubala (old), Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Balor, Datarha, Gamwel, Gehlot, Khichi, Mandia, Mendra, Namel [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
RUJJAR/RUJJHAR
Synonyms: Rajjar, Rajjhar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
* Sub-divisions: Ahiriya, Baksaria, Bamhania; Baslya, Bisatia, Chhitkaria, Dukhania, Hardaya, Mohanya, Richhaya,
Sunarya [Russell & HiraJal]
Surnames: Agaria, Bamariya, Baskaria, Basulia, Bijlia, Bisakhiya, Chhitkariya, Chholia, Dabaria, Hardiya, Jujania,
Kalbaria, Khardiya, Mahania, Subnadhia, Sunaria [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Agariya, Bamariya, Bamniya, Baskariya, Basuliya, Bijlia, Bisakhiya, Chhitkariya, Chholia,
Dabaria, Hardiya, Jujania, Kalsaria or Kalbaria, Khardiya, Mahania, Subnadhia, Sunariya [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/lineages: Bhimsen Darui [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
SABAKHIA
Synonyms: Swalgiri [Orissa]
Surnames: Behara, Patra, Sabakhia, Swalgiri [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh, Jogi, Kharkura, Khunta, Majhi, Nageswar (snake), Rikhi, Sarathio, Suram [Orissa]
SABAR
Groups/subgroups: Sabar, Muslim Sabar, Sabar [West Bengal]
Surnames: Das, Nayak, Singh [West Bengal]
Gotra: Kashyap, Moudgulya, Sandilya, Vyas [West Bengal]
SADGOP
Synonyms: Chasa, Chasi, Satgop [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Kulin or Kongar, Moulik [West Bengal]
Subcastes: Konr-Gop in Bengal, Kulin, Maulik, Paschim Kuliya, Pratihar, Purba Kuliya, Somaj [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Biswas, Chowdhury, Khan, Majumdar, Mallik, Mandal, Roy, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Bakundi, Biswas, Das, Ghosh, Konr, Neogy, Pal, Sarkar, Sur in
Bengal [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Dandapat, Ghosh, Jana, Kuila, Mahapatra, Mandal, Pal, Patra, Roy, Sarkar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Biswas, Chowhury, Ghosh, Hajra, Haldar, Khan, Konar, Laha, Majhi, Majumdar, Mallik, Mandal, Nayek, Pal, Pan,
Patra, Roy, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Alindam, Sal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Kashyap, Moudgalya, Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Alammana, Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Moudgulya, Sandilya [West Bengal]
Alamyan, Kasyap, Maudgalya, Sandilya in Bengal [H.H. Risley]
SAHARIA/SAHARIYA
Synonyms: Seharia, Sehria [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Prasad [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bansoria, Brishrewani, Chouhan, Deshbaria, Gidrania, Gorewa, Jirmeria, Karwar,
Kharewadia, Kodlia, Kuanwa, Porai, Semrewa, Tataiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
"Sections (gotra): Bagauliya, Chaharoya, Chirauncha, Jachoroya, Kodoriya, Kurwariya, Kusmoua, Rajauriya,
Sanhauriya, Sarosawa, Sirausiya, Soanauliya, Thegotiya, in Lalitpur and Bundelkhand [W. Crooke]
SAHI
Synonyms: Sais [West Bengal]
Surnames: Kadma, Mukhi, Sahis, Sikira [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Paira, Sal, Sankha [West Bengal]
SAHU
Exogamous units/clans: Bandare, Baralia, Domraya, Doordiya, Hasolia, Horsoliya, Jagdisia, Jherwar (spring),
Karmajia, Nokale, Naralia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
SAIS
Synonyms: Kanghikar, Sarthi, Sut [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Sarthi, Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Sarthi, Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Baghel, Bharat, Karchuli, Keshav, Sagar, Sen Sunwani, Sunwani [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
SAKALDWIPI BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Sakaldwipi, Shakdipiniya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Bhojak or Mahapatra or Sradhbhoj, Mag [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Dev, Guru, Misra, Pandey, Pathak, Suri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Goutam, Kashyap, Katyayini, Mudgual, Parasar, Sandilya, Sravana, Vasisht, Vatsa [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (Pur): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
SALVI
Synonyms: Sali [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Gujar Sali, Malvi Sali [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Sisodia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Billia, Khandel, Limbodia, Nagar, Pawar, Rathore [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
SAMASI
Synonyms: Sawasi [Orissa]
Surnames: Samasi [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bamanhatia, Chick, Daskumari, Dhand, Hunjar, Mechadi, Panchbiha, Rautia, Somkharika
[Orissa]
SAMAYYA
Exogamous units/clans: Bachhalla, Baralla, Basilla, Fagulla, Goel, Gohilla, Kocholla, Koel, Koshilla, Madilla, Vasalya
SANADHYA BRAHMAN
Titles: Maharaj, Pandit [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Budholia, Dhimote, Dikshit, Norolia, Ojha, Pachori, Parasar, Pathak, Saraiya, Tignath, Tinguriya, Tiwari
Gotra: Agnihotri, Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Parasar, Sandilya, Vasishistha, Viswamitra [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
SANEI
Titles: Naik[Orissa]
Surnames: Naik, Singh [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagho (tiger), Nagao (snake) [Orissa]
SANGTARAS
Synonyms: Gantawala [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Aajamgarhi, Gorakhpuri, Kannaujia, Maghaiya, Mirjapuri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Bhagat, Mishtri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Bhagat, Mistri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Bhaisa, Koda, Lohia, Sani Maraiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (jantwala): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
SANKHAKARA
Synonyms: Sankharia [Orissa]
Sankhabanika, Sankhakara, Sankhari [West Bengal]
Subcastes: Bara Bhagiya or Bikrampur Shankari, Chota Bhagiya or Sunargaon, Sankhari [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Baudhar in Bengal [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Chandra, Das, Dutta, Kar [Orissa]
Bardhan, Bhadra, Das, Datta, Kabiraj, Kar, Kundu, Mandal, Nandi, Nayak [West Bengal]
Bhim, Bhrigu, Goutam, Mou, Moudgulya, Parasara, Sandilya [West Bengal]
SANNYASI
Synonyms: Dasnami, Gosain, Jogi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Dasnami Sanyasi, Sanyasi [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Aranya, Ashram, Ban, Bharati, Giri, Nath, Parbat, Puri, Sagar, Saraswati, Tirtha [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Subgroups: Aghora Panthi, Agnori, Akasmukhi, Aranya, Asrama, Bhairab Alekhia, Bhakta, Bharati, Brahma, Ganesa
Alekhia, Gir, Giri, Hansa, Kali Alekhia, Parvata, Puri, Sagara, Saiba, Saraswati, Tirdia, Turiya, Vana [H.H. Risley]
Honnuru Babaiya Jangam, Jangam, Kannada Sanyasi, Kolar, Pusala, Sanchalu, Sudugadu Sidda, Telugu Sanyasi in
Mysore [Nanjundayya and Iyer]
Badgi Sanyasi, Gudsamma Sanyasi, Haram Sanyasi in Hyderabad [S.S. Hassan]
Acharya, Arana, Asrama, Bharthi, Brahman, Giri, Kshatriya, Parvata, Puri, Sagora, Sannayasi, Saraswati, Sudra,
Vaisya Tirtha [W. Crooke]
Titles: Aluna [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Goswami [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Asram, Bano, Bharati, Giri, Parbata, Puri, Sagar, Saranta, Thirtha [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhrubalashya [Orissa]
Abadhut [H.H. Risley]
Baltarwaru, Challawaru, Erlodu, Galtawaru, Gondamolu, Kadmanlod, Kalle Mollam, Kondapiledu, Kundawaru,
Mainodu, Mathamwaru, Ningodolu, Pastamolu, Pastamwaru, Rasrodu, Rudrakshalodu Vilukundawaru in
Hyderabad [S.S. Hassan]
Gotra: Siva [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansa): asra, bharati, sagar [Orissa]
SANSI/SANSIYA
Synonyms: Bhaue, Sahnsi, Sansiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Kalkar, Mahla [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bant, Desi in Punjab [H.A. Rose]
Kalka, Malla [W. Crooke]
*Subcastes: Benetia, Khandait [Russell & Hiralal]
Titles: Bhaneria, Singh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bagaria, BatnawaJ, BharwaJ, Bhelod, Biddu, Chetuwal, Dhindse, Gawala, Ghoghar, Ghusar, Gil, Haibawal Tatwal,
Hiba, Jairam, Jhough, Kalyane, Kewalwal, Khanowal, Khanu, Khara, Khokhar Khushaliwal, Lodi, Mathu, Nahal,
Nardu, Puddewal, Punia, Sahsar, Sakru, Sarwani, Sehju, Seru, Shambir, Shamir, Shera, Sidhu, Singewal, Suja,
Sundanwal Mihdnwal, Ugi in Punjab [H.A. Rose]
Chauhan, Gahlot, Khagi, Pundir, Samhar [W. Crooke]
SANTAL
Synonyms: Hor, Manjhi, Marishi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Majhi [Orissa]
Hor, Majhi [West Bengal]
Kharwar, Safa-Hor, Saontar [H.H. Risley]

Subtribes: Bhagalpur and Santal Paragana, Deswali Santal, Kharwar or Safa-Hor in Bengal, Orissa [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Buna, Mandal, Pradhan, Sardar, Manjhi [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Baske, Bedes, Besra, Ceral, Hansda, Kisku, Marandi, Membram, Murmu, Pauria, Soren, Tudu [Orissa]
Baske, Besra, Chanre, Hansda, Hembrom, Kisku, Marandi, Murmu, Pauria, Soren, Tudu [West Bengal]
Baske, Bedes, Besra, Ceral, Hansda, Hembrum, Kisku, Marandi, Murmu, Pavria, Soren, Tudu [Orissa]
Baske (state rice), Bede, Bedea, Besra, Chanre, Hansdak, Hembram, Kisku, Kore, Marandi, Murmu, Pauria, Soren,
Tudu [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (khunt/pari): Bedia, Besra, Bosku, Chorrey (lizard), Hansdak (wild goose), Hembram (betel
nut or palm), Kisku, Marandi, Murmu (Nilgai), Pauria (pigeon), Soren, Tudu [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
*Septs: Abar, Adeb, Aind, Angaria, Bansdeo, Baski, Bediya (sheep), Besera (hawk), Bhagalpur, Chonre, Hansda (wild
grass), Hembaram (betel), Hembrom, Kisku, Marndi (grass), Murmu (Nilgai), Orissa, Pauria, Santal Paragana, Saren,
Tudu in Bengal [H.H. Risley]
*Subsepts: Baski: Nij and Sada; Besra: Bundra, Kahu (crow), Kara (buffalo), Nij, Sada, Sibala, Son and Sung; Hansda:
Barwa, Chilbindha (eagle slayer), Jihu (bird), Kerwar, Manjhi-Khil, Naiki-Khil, Nij, Rohlutur (ear pierced) and Sada;
Hemrom: Dantela (those who rear pigs), Gua (areea nut), Jahur, Kumar, Laher, Naika-Khil, Nij, Roh-Lu (ear pierced),
Uh; Kisku: Abar, Ah, Kachna (tortoise), Lat (bake meat in a leaves platter), Nag (cobra), Nij, Roh-Lutur, Sada, Somal
(dear), Marndi: Burn-Birit (of hills), Kekra (crab), Laher, Manjhi-Khil, Niaki-Khil, Nij, Roht (panjaun tree) and Sada;
Murmu: Bital, Boar (fish), Chopear, Ganr (fort), Handi (easthern vessel), Muro, Nij, Sada, Sangda, Sikiya (a dain) and
Tikka; Saren; Barchi (spearmen), Hat, Jogi, Lat, Mai, Mundu/Bedar (dense jungle), Nij, Sankh (conch shell),
Sidup/Siduk (straw bundle) and Tirku; Tudu: Agaria (Charcoal burners), Chigi/Chiki (impale), Dantela (bread pigs
with very large tusks for sacrificial purposes), Lat (bake meat in a leaves platter), Manjhi-Khil, Nij-Lutur (ear
pierced), Sada and Sung [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages (khunt): [West Bengal]
SAORA
Synonyms: Sabara, Sahabar, Saura, Savara, Sora [Orissa]
Sabar, Savar [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Arisi or Lombo Laniya, Arsid Saora, Bhimma, Bobbili Saora (place), Dovdiya, Jadu Savara, Jati
Jara Saora, Saora [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Arsi, Jadu, Jati, Kindal, Kumbi, Lanjia, Laura, Sudha [Orissa]
Akhoti Sabar, Basu Sabar, Lodha Sabar, Mahato Sabar [West Bengal]
* Sub-divisions: (Hill Savara), Arsi, Jadu, Jati, Kapu, Kindal (basket maker), Kudumba, Kumbi (potter), Lamba Lanjia,
Luara, Luhara (occupational), Maliah (hill), Muli (occupational) Savaras of low country, Sudha (good) in Ganjam and
Vizagapatam [E. Thurston]
Laria, Uriya [Russell & Hiralal]
Subtribes: Beudkar, Chotanagpur, Jharua, Orissa, Palli, Parira in Bengal [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bayya, Gomana, Karji, Saora [Orissa]
*Exogamous septs/bargas: Bada, Badaiya, Bagh, Bagula, Bahra, Basantia, Bhatia, Bisi, Hathia, Jancher, Joria, Juadi,
Kachcha, Karsa, Khairaiya, Khuntia, Lodhi, Markam, Rajhans, Silgainya, Suriya Bansia, Tiparia [Russell &c Hiralal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhag, Bhopal, Bichi, Ghuria, Malik, Nag, Sonr, Surjabansi [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
"Septs: Chatanagpur, Gargarishi, Kasibak, Orissa, Saimachh, Sandilya in Bengal [H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages (birinda): [Orissa]
SAORA, BONTHUK
Exogamous units/clans: Gedala (buffaloe), Kudumala (cake) [E. Thurston]
SAORA, LANJIA
Synonyms: Lamba, Lanjia Soura, Lanjih Soura [Orissa]
Titles: Bodroito, Dolbehera, Gamango, Mondal [Orissa]
Surnames: Savar [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (berinda): Arsid, Bhuiyan, Bodroito, Daloi, Dolbehera, Dora, Gamango, Karjee, Kumbhi,
Loara, Mondala, Raika, Roito [Orissa]
SAPERA MUSLIM
Synonyms: Mastan, Ustad [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Iraki, Irani [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Sapera [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
SARAGARA/SARGARA
Synonyms: Sagra [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Kanalehi Sargara [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Chouhan, Pawar, Rathore [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Chouhan, Davi, Kuchhwa, Makwana, Pawar, Rathore, Solanki [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
SARAK
Synonyms: Sarwak [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Acharya, Kama, Patnia, Sarak [Orissa]
Atharasika, Mahat [West Bengal]
Titles: Kisan Majhi, Majhi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Achareya, Chowdhury, Khan, Mahashaya, Mandal, Singh [West Bengal]
Surnames: Majhi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Behera, Das, Mahala, Sahu [Orissa]
Acharya, Chowdhury, Gayen, Khan, Layek, Mahashya, Majhi, Majilayek, Mandal, Naskar, Sarak, Singh, Vaishnava
[West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Adi Dev [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Anantabasudeva [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Adidev, Atharasika, Dharmadev, Hrishidev, Mahat [West Bengal]
*Sections: Adidev, Ananta, Machli, Sandilya in Chotanagpur [H.H. Risley]
SARAYUPARIA BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Babaji, Panditji, Sarjuparin Brahman [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Maharaj, Pandit [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Choubey, Dubey, Ojha, Pandey, Pathak, Tiwari, Tripathi, Upadhyay [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Choube, Dubey, Mishra, Pandey, Tiwari, Tribedi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Garg, Gautam, Kashyap, Katyayan, Kausik, Parasar, Sandilya, Savarna, Vasistha, Vatsa [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
Bharadwaj, Garg, Goutam, Kashyap, Parasar, Sandilya, Vasist [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
SARKI (NEPALI)
Synonyms: Kanikar, Karighar, Karikar, Mistri [West Bengal]
Surnames: Bishnugi, Boshel, Koiralo, Mongrati, Purkuti, Rangtel, Rokha, Ruka, Tolangi [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bishnugi, Boshel, Koiralo, Mongrati, Purkuti, Rangtel, Rokha, Rukha, Tolangi [West Bengal]
SARUA BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Asrotriya Brahman, Badhusika, Paniar, Saraswata Brahman, Sarawata, Sarua Panda [Orissa]
Surnames: Dash, Kapa, Padhi, Panda, Panigrahi, Pad, Tripathi [Orissa]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kapila, Kashyapa, Koundinya, Parasar, Sandilya [Orissa]
SATHIYA
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Banatar, Chalatar, Chauhan, Jalawa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
SAUNTA
Synonyms: Bosode [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Dhurwa, Felshi, Karradia, Loudoriya, Markam, Nabposhia, Sonyani [Madhya Pradesh
SAUNTIA
Synonyms: Santia [Orissa]
Surnames: Besai, Janni, Pradhan [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages: Baisnab, Bura, Dina, Janni, Karji, Ulla [Orissa]
SAUR
Exogamous units/clans: Bararajoia, Bela, Lathbadhia, Rajoria, Sunaria [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
SAURIA PAHARIA
Synonyms: Male, Maler, Paharia, Samaria, Samaria Pahariya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Asal Paharia, Mai, Paharia, Samariya Male, Samil Paharia, Sanghi, Sauria [H.H. Risley]
Groups/subgroups: Hill Maler, Plain Maler [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Malto, Pahariya, Sauria Pahariya, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
SAVAR
Synonyms: Saora, Saura, Shabar, Soura [Orissa]
Surnames: Gomango, Savara [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Arika, Arsi, Bidika, Daloi, Kadraka, Kampo, Kaura, Kumbrika, Mandangi, Mondal, Naga,
Namana, Nimala, Paloka, Pattika [Orissa]
SAWASI
Synonyms: Pan [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Sawasi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Banjar, Mechayari, Rautia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
SAYEE/SAI
Synonyms: Faqir [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Shah, Sheikh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
SEKERA
Surnames: Sekera [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Horo or Hori Bagdoer, Naguri, Singlecopo [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
SHAH/SHAH FAQIR
Surnames: Shah [West Bengal]
SHEIKH
Titles: Sheikh [West Bengal] .
Muhammad, Sheikh [R.E. Enthoven]
Farroqi, Osmani, Sheikh, Siddiqi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ahmed, Ali, Mqndal [West Bengal]
SHEKPA
Surnames: Chiwa, Garza, Goarma, Gola, Gombu, Gyasto, Gyastu, Horgway, Khambaza, Khapa, Lama, Norgway,
Pinasa, Salakha, Sherpa, Sukpa, Thaktu [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (ru): Chayaba, Finasha, Goperma, Khanbu, Lama, Rama, Shalakha, Sherpa, Solu [Sikkim]
Khumbu, Mende, Parak, Solu [West Bengal]
*Subsepts: Chah-Ba, Dong-Ba, Minag-Pa, Nath-Pa, Ser Lungchang, Shyang-Ba, Ser-Phen, Serpa, Weh-Ba, Zangma
[H.H. Risley]
Exogamous units/lineages (ru): Chiwa, Garza, Goarma, Gola, Khambaza, Khapa, Lama, Pinasa, Salakha, Sukpa,
Thaktu [West Bengal]
SHERSHABADIA
Synonyms: Badhia, Bhatia, Sishubadia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
SIKH
Synonyms: Sardar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bhaiya, Punjabi, Sardarjee [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Hindu, Jat Sikh, Khatri Sikhs, Mazhabi, Ram, Ramdasia, Shadur Sikhs [West Bengal]
Kaur, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Brar, Grewal, Sidhu [West Bengal]
Surnames: Anand, Arora, Bhatia, Chopra, Gill, Grewal, Kaur, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Babat, Bedi, Chohan, Dhaliwal, Dhaman, Dhillon, Gill, Gode, Grewal, Maharu, Mann, Mujhal, Sarin, Sidhu, Virdi
[West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Asud, Bedi, Gella, Kairo, Malli, Nag, Palla, Ponu, Radaba, Sidhu, Sodi [Meghalaya]
SIKLIGAR/SAIQALGAR/SIKKLIGAR
Synonyms:
Groups/subgroups: Lohpite/Lohare, Malviya, Mathuriya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Sikligar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
SIIAWAT
Exogamous units/clans: Bhidoriya, Bodoriya, Kotiya, Matoliya, Meraryara, Narayara, Palaya, Revariya [Madhya
SINDHI
Groups/subgroups: Hyderabadi, Shikarpuri, Sukhur [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bhat, Brahman, Khatri, Sindhi Sardar, Sohi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Advani, Hirwani, Jethmalani, Kripalani, Madnani, Mirpuri, Sainani, Sharma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ambani, Bhojwani, Hirwani [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Advani, Chogani, Indani, Jetley, Jhingan, Kriplani, Mehtan, Mirpuri, Santani, Sharma [Maharashtra]
Advani, Bhasani, Bhatio, Mirchandi [Orissa]
Kurchereike, Mangara, Nag (snake) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Ahuja, Ajwani, Bhojwani, Cockrel (cock), Karda, Kukreja, Mulchandani, Nagdeo
(snake god), Sukhreja [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/lineages: Divani [Orissa]
SINOHURIA/SINDURIA
Synonyms: Sidhria [Orissa]
Surnames: Dandia, Dhuri, Maharana, Sidhri [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Cherua, Kur, Mangar, Nageswar [Orissa]
SINDURIA BANIA
Synonyms: Kaithal Vais [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Das, Gupta, Prasad, Shaw, Srivatsa, Verma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
SIRVI
Surnames: Chowdhury, Wkali [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhawal, Bhawel, Chauhan, Goittar, Golottar, Parihar, Powar, Rathore, Sephtadhya, Sephta,
SISGAR
Synonyms: Churigar, Kanchgar, Lakhera (Muslim) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Lilgar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Ali, Gani, Padian, Sheikh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
SITULIA
Synonyms: Sitaria, Sithuria, Situla [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Jhuna Situlia, Mom Situlia [Orissa]
Surnames: Behera, Pradhan [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (gotiar): Bagha (tiger), Indumarcha, Keoli, Machha, Nageswar (snake), Netramacha [Orissa]
SIYAL
Synonyms: Khajuria [Orissa]
Surnames: Behera, Rout [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Baraha, Kencho, Magoro, Salasa, Sarpo [Orissa]
SIYALGAR
Surnames: Barik, Das, Jana, Patra [West Bengal]
SMARTHA, BRIHATCHARANAM
Groups/subgroups: Rigved, Yajurved [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Deshmukh, Deshpande, Kaigaokar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bharadwaj, Bhargav, Goutam, Kashyap, Koushik, Krishnattraya, Parasar, Sandilya, Vatsa [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
SONAR/SUNAR
Synonyms: Swarnakar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Hamkar, Potdar, Saraf, Soni, Swarnakar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Sonari, Sonari Bania [Orissa]
Jargar, Maipotra, Sawrnakar, Suniar, Verma [Chandigarh]
Groups/subgroups: Ayodhyabasi, Ayodhyapuri, Barhaiya, Jathere, Jothara, Kammarkala, Kannaujia, Magahiya,
Tetulia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Asdialohi [Orissa]
Bagge, Bagri, Bahar, Bari, Bunjahi, Delhi, Desi, Dhalla, Dharna, Dhuna, Gharwal, Gujarat, Jaura, Kakal in Eastern
plain, Khati, Mair, Masau, Multan, Nabha, Nichal, Pajji, Patni, PlaudRajputana, Shin, Tank [HA. Rose]
Kanaujiya in Behar [H.H. Risley]
Ajudhyabasi, Bagri, Chaahi, Deswali, Kanaujiya, Khati, Mair, Rastogi in North West Province [W. Crooke]
Titles: Surnames: Gupta, Sonar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Soni, Swarnakar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Charan, Gaikwad (place name), Jagdal (place name), More, Rajgarh (place name) [Maharashtra]
Mahapatra, Pusthi, Sahoo, Chinera, Sahu, Saraf, Sathua, Senapari [Orissa]
Exogamous divisions: Ahir, Ajhra, Aksali, Oasiputra, Deshi (Devangan), Jain, Kadu, Kanade, Khandeshi, Konkan and
Karnatak, Konkani, Lad, Malwi, Maratha, Pardeshi, Sada, Shiivant, Vaishya, Vidur in Deccan [R.E. Enthoven]
Exogamous units/clans: Kaushal, Mudgal [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Handa, Kaplash, Mehta, Saul, Soni, Varma [Himachal Pradesh]
Bharadwaj, Chanda, Mayur (peacock), Nageswar (snake) [Orissa]
Garg, Goutam, Kashyap, Sandilya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Agasthya, Bhagavat, Bharadwaj, Jamadagni, Koundinya, Vishwamitra [Maharashtra]

Bharadwaj [Orissa]
Angirasa, Atri, Bharadwaj, Bhargav, Dadhichi, Goutam, Jamadagni, Kashyap, Koundinya, Parasar, Sandilya,
Sankhayana, Vasisht, Vatsa, Vishwamitra [R.E. Enthoven]
SONAR, MERH SONAR
Synonyms: Merhabanshi Sonar, Sunar, Suvarnakar, Swarnakar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Ayodhyabasi, Bundelkhandi, Merhbanshi, Pachhakar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Chandrabansi, Chouhan, Dahiya, Dayma, Goutam, Johri, Pawar, Rathor, Sonar, Suryabansi, Varma
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Koundinya, Sandihya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/lineages: Ajmerji [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
SONDHIA
Surnames: Prasad, Sondhia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagrewal, Bodana, Chouhan, Kawal, Parmar, Sarbat, Sisodia [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
SONR
Titles: Sonr [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Sonr [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Auteya, Chandeli, Dhemdaha, Kamraha, Makaraiya, Narkatiya, Rathore [Madhya Pradesh
SORIA
Synonyms: Khuliya, Khutia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Chauhan, Ourgaria, Gidra, Karabar, Samraya, Tatawna, Vareriya [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
SOUNTI
Surnames: Biswal, Dalai, Dehuri, Naik, Poida, Pradhan [Orissa]
Gotra: Nageswara [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (khilli): Bardia, Doldasia, Sam, Tangsaria [Orissa]
SRIMAU VAISHYA BANIA
Groups/subgroups: Bisa (twenty), Brahan Srimali, Dasa (ten), Jain
Srimali, Ladva Srimali, Vaisya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Titles: Bania, Choudhury, Voni [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Bhagwati, Chhajar, Choudhury, Chourkhadi, Dalai, Dallal, Girati, Gupta, Kataria, Lorha, Malvi, Mosamal,
Mosanual, Mujumdar, Oswal, Payikti, Pradhan, Saha, Saraf, Srimali, Tarkan, Tarkar [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Goutam, Kashyap, Shiva Shakthi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/lineages: Laxmi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
SUBARNA BANIK
Synonyms: Bania, Banik, Poddar, Sonarbene [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Behgampuri, Dishi, Rarhi, Saptagrami [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Bangaja, Dakhin-Rashi, Kulin, Maalik in Bengal, Saptagrami, Uttar-Rashi [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Chowdhury, Mallik, Mandal, Roy, Singh [West Bengal]
Adhya, Banasil, Baral, Bardhan, Chandra, Dan, Das, Datta, De, Dhar, Laha, Mallik, Mandal, Nandi, Nath, Pal, Poddar,
Rai, Sil, Sinha in Bengal [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Addhya, Bairal, Bardhan, Chandra, Chowdhury, Das, Datta, Debabhuti, Dey, Laha, Mallik, Mandal,
Nandi, Pal, Poddar, Roy, Sen, Shil, Sinha [West Bengal]
Gotra: Goutam, Kashyapa, Moudgulya, Nagrishi, Parasara, Sabarna, Sandilya, Sureshwari [West Bengal]
Sections: Aliman, Bharadwaja, Brahmarishi, Gautam, Kasyap, Madhukulya, Maudgalya, Nagrishi, Parasara, Sabarna,
.Sandilya, Vysa in Bengal [H.H. Risley]
SUDA
Synonyms: Khatriya Paiko, Sudh, Sudha [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Bhuniya, Boro, Dumal, Khatriya Paiko, Sano Suda [Orissa]
*Subcastes: Bara Sudha, Butka Sudha in Orissa, Paila Sudlia, Sane [H.H. Risley]
Bada, Butka, Dehri, Kabat konia [Russell & Hiralal]
Titles: Paiko [Orissa]
Behara, Bissoyi, Podhano.[E. Thurston]
Amayat, Bechera, Dehuri in Orissa [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Dehuri, Naik, Paiko, Swain [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Gaja, Nageswar (snake), Sand [Orissa]
SUDA. BUTKA SUDA
Synonyms: Chhota Suda, Putka Suda, Sano Suda [Orissa]
Titles: Behera, Dehuri, Pradhan [Orissa]
Surnames: Behera, Dehuri [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nageswar (god of snake) [Orissa]
SUKIYAR
Surnames: Mahto, Mehta [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
SUNAR
Groups/subgroups: Ayodhyawasi, Baghelkhandi, Bundelkhandi, Medhkshatri, Purania [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Awadhia, Ayodhyabasia, Bais, Bhojpuria, Gaur, Kamarkalla, Kanaujia, Mair, Oria in Bengal [H.H. Risley]
Ahir, Kadu, Lad, Malvi, Panchal, Vaisya in Hyderabad [S.S. Hassan]
*Sub-divisions: Ahir Sunars, Audhia, Bundelkhandi, Lad, Mair, Malwi, Pandhare, Patkars, Purania [Russell & Hiralal]
Titles: Setti [E. Thurston]
Chaudhri, Poddar, Sahu [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Swarnkar, Soni [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Exogamous septs/bainks: Bhilsainya, Diliwal, Kalpiwal, Kanaujia, Kolhimare, Ladaiya, Munde, Narwria, Kale
[Russell & Hiralal]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Gautam, Kashyap, Kaushal, Sandilya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
*Sections: Ainia, Aminapur, Ampur, Anril, Antaiya, Asarhi, Aswaria, Bagaiya, Baguan, Barmait, Barni, Bathuet,
Belha, Bhaunrajpuri, Bhekh, Bhuswal, Bibarhia, Bihar and/or Jharkhandi, Bilar, Borha, Chalhaka, Chitha
Dhakaichha, Dhaundria, Dubaithia, Dumrahar, Fatehpuri, Gancsia, Ganet, Garahia, Gehanl, Hamdabadi, Hanuman,
Hardiwal, Jakhalpuria, Jamalpuri, Janakpuri, Josiam, Karbhaia, Kashyap, Kasi Kastuar, Katalpuri, Kerauta, Kokarsa,
Kothadomar, Lohatia, Machhilha, Machi, Makundpuri, Marj, Mirchwan, Musamia, Noinjora, Pachpakar, Parian,
Proha, Rajgrihi, Rampuri, Rautar, Saharwar Sakaddi, Samundar Khora, Silaichia, Simar, Sisodia, Sochari, Sonpuria,
Sultanpuria, Tejania, Teliha in Behar [H.H. Risley]
Ahstikar, Ambegaonkar, Chilkharkar, Dahale, Halikar, Jinturkar, Kulthe, Lolage, Moregaonkar, Nagarkar, Patharkar,
Pedgaonkar, Rajurkar, Shahane, Shingnapurkar, Tak, Tehare Udawant Udekar in Hyderabad [S.S. Hassan]
SUNDI
Synonyms: Sethia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Sunri. [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Jat Sundi, Oriya Sundi, Raik Sundi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Gola Sundi [Orissa]
*Sub-divisions: Bodo Oriya, Madhaya, Oriya Kira [E. Thurston]
Titles: Sethia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Sahu [Orissa]
Behara, Bissoyi (Vizagapatam), Chowdri, Podhano, Sahu (in Ganjam) [E. Thurston]
Surnames: Das, Maharana, Parida, Sahu, Senapati [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Naga (snake) [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans (vansa/gotra): Bagh (tiger), Chena, Kachua (tortoise), Konda (hill), Kukur (dog), Nag (cobra)
SUNRI
Synonyms: Saundika, Shaha, Sundika [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Modo Shaha [West Bengal]
"Subcastes: Ariyar, Atharachura, Banga, Banger Rarhi, Barendra, Barpara, Behar, Bengal, Bich, Bitwar, Biyahut,
Chaturthan, Dholo, Duarbandha, Garnjhu, Holongwar etc. in Manbhum, Jaibele, Kalwar Kulsunri, Majlishi,
Mandarane, Paripal, Purbiya, Rarhi, Radier Rarhi, Saghut, Singhazari, Sokira [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Bhakta, Bhandari, Bhuiya, Chaudhri, Das, Deori, Duryodhan, Kirttan, Lai, Majumdar, Mandal, Mandor, Modi,
Mohasib, Munjhi, Nirbhaya, Poddar, Pradhan, Rai, Saho in Manbhum [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Das, Shaha [West Bengal]
Gotra: Aliman, Garga, Kashyap, Moudgulya, Sandilya [West Bengal]
*Sections: Aladasi, Aliman, Andrish, Bandrisi (fish), Behar, Bharwe, Chaudhri, Gara, Gargarishi, Gautama, Kach
(crab), Kapri, Kasyapa, Kharga, Madrishi (honey-bee), Mahton, Manbhum, Manjhi Maudgalya, Mehran, Nagrishi
(snake) etc. in Bengal, Naik, Pradhan, Raut, Sandilya, Satra [H.H. Risley]
SUPAKAR
Synonyms: Suara [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Mahasuar, Suar [Orissa]
Titles: Chhappanbhogi [Orissa]
Surnames: Dikshit, Mahanry, Pradhan, Suar, Supakar [Orissa]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Kaunrishi [Orissa]
SURAHIYA
Synonyms: Sahni, Soprahiya, Suraiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Khilaut, Surahiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Mahaldar, Sahni, Singh [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Kashyap, Nisad [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
SURI
Synonyms: Dhaneshwar, Saundhik, Sundhi, Sunri, Vaishya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Darchuwa, Sagahut, Vivahut [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Garni, Karga, Mahaseth, Mahto, Mandal, Nayak, Panjiar, Prasad, Purbey, Raut, Sah, Sahu, Seth [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
SURVADEJOSHI
Synonyms: Pangul [Maharashtra]
Surnames: Bhosie, Chavan, More, Salunke, Sinde [R.E. Enthoven]
SUTRADHAR
Synonyms: Chhutar/Chhutor [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Barendra, Kulin, Maulik, Rarhi [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Akur-Parmananda, Ari, Badwaniya, Bani, Bhar-Chuttar, Chaturan-Khan, Dacca, GopalKarikar, Katuria
etc. in Nookhali, Kharipara, Man-Gauranga, Mandarana, Nagre-Chhutar, Patura-Chhutar Saini, Saitgharia, Santal
Pargana, Sri, Western Bengal [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Datta, De, Kar, Kundu, Mistri, Pal in NoakHali, Santal Pargana, Western Bengal [H:H. Risley]
Surnames: Bhaskar, Chandra, Das, Datta, Dey, Gayan, Hath, Kar, Kundu, Laha, Pal, Rana, Sheel [West Bengal]
Gotra: Alimman, Bharadwaj, Kashyapa, Moudgulya, Sandilya [West Bengal]
* Sections: Alamrishi, Alamyan, Banrishi, Kanakrishi, Kasyapa, Madhukulya in Murshidabad, Noakhala and in Santal
Pargana, Sandilya, Western Bengal [H.H. Risley]
SWARNAKAR
Synonyms: Sankra [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups (thak): Rarhi, Saptagrami [West Bengal]
Titles: Chowdhury, Sinha [West Bengal]
Surnames: Boler, Chowdhury, Das, Dhara, Patra, Porel, Sarkar, Sheel, Sinha [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Saragi [West Bengal]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Moudgulya, Sandilya [West Bengal]
SYED/SAYAD
Groups/subgroups: Shia, Sunni [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Sayyed, Syed [West Bengal]
Surnames: Meerza, Sayyed [West Bengal]
TAMANG
Synonyms: Lama, Tamanglama [West Bengal]
TAMBUU
Synonyms: Paneri, Tamoli [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Tamli, Tamuli [West Bengal]
*Endogamous divisions: Hindu, Khandesh and Satara, Lingayat, Musalman in Deccan [R.E. Enthoven]
Groups/subgroups: Magahiya, Tirhutia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ashtagrami, Bardhamani, Biyallishgrami, Chaturthagrami, Chauddagrami, Rajhati, Saptagrami [West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Ashtagrami, Bardhamani, Behar, Bhojpuria, Biyallisgrami, Chauddagrami, Kanaujiya, Karan, Kataki in
Bengal, Kurram, Magahiya, Orissa, Surya-dvija, Tirhuria [H.H. Risley]
Ahsia, Bagheli, Baiswala, Bhodesiya, Boria, Chatri, Chaurasia, Gaharwar, Gaur, Jadon, Jaiswar, Janwar, Jaunpuriya,
Kahar, Kalwar, Kachwar, Kayasthwar, Kharwara, Luniya, Madhesiya Nagbansi, Nandbansi, Nasarkhani, Raghubansi,
Rathaur, Rawat, Sahet-Mahet, Srivastav, Tenduhara, Thakur etc. in North West Province [W. Crooke]
Chawdhury, Khan, Sinha [West Bengal]
Bhakat, Chail, Chaudhri, Oatta, De, Khili-Wala, Khur, Nagbanisi, Paid in Bengal and Behar, Pal, Pauti, Rakshit, Singh,
Son [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Lai, Mandal, Madi, Paid, Prasad, Ram [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ashe, Chal, Dey, Kar, Sen [Orissa]
Ashdan, Bardhan, Chel, Chowdhury, Daripa, Das, Datta, Dey, Kar, Khag, Khan, Kumar, Laha, Nagrudra, Nandi,
Nayek, Pal, Palchowdhury, Piri, Rakshit, Sharma, Sinha [West Bengal]
Ambole, Asyakul, Bhise, Chavan, Dalave, Dhavane, Gade, Hagavane, Jeble, Kadam, Kapase, Kharade, Lone,
Parande, Ranashing, Sagure, Shinde, Todkar [R.E. Enthoven]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhringi, Nandi (Lingayat), Skandha, Vir, Vrishabha [R.E. Enthoven]
Aglave (fire brand), Bhandare, Bruhanpria (Burhanpur), Chitore, Darve, Ghodmale (groom), Khokari (fox), Kutre
(dog), Makuri (ape), Narale (coconut), Rajurkar (Rajura), Sayale (porcupine), Wadaskar (Wada) [S.S. Hassan]
Kashyapa, Parasara, Sandilya, Vyas [Orissa]
Bharadwaj, Byasrishi, Kapil, Kashyapa, Moudgalya, Moudgulya, Sandilya, Vyas [West Bengal]
Angirasa, Atri, Bharadwaj, Bhrigu, Goutam, Jamadagni, Kashyap [R.E. Enthoven]
Sections: Kasyapa, Parasara, Sandilya, Vyasa in Behar [H.H. Risley]
TAMRAOKAR
Synonyms: Kanskar, Kasera, Thathera, Thetra [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Arjuna Kasera, Bashi Kasera, Hathras Bansi, Mathura Banshi, Panchal Banshi [Madhya Pradesh
Surnames: Burma, Chauhan, Mahelbar, Tamrokar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Das, Pradhan, Tamara [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Biloot, Chautariya, Kariaye, Larot, Mahelbar, Pakhbar, Sivpuria [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Nageswar [Orissa]
TAMUDIA
Synonyms: Tamadia [Orissa]
Surnames: Behara, Das, Patra, Singh, Tamudia [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Chorve (fish), Chorve (fish), Dandul (frog), Manger (crocodile), Nage (snake) [Orissa]
TANLA
Synonyms: Behera, Pradhan, Sahu, Swaia, Tannla, Taonla [Onssa]
Surnames: Behera, Pradhan, Sahu, Swain [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Hati (elephant), Kancho, Khatua, Nageswar (snake) [Orissa]
TANTI
Synonyms: Tantubai, Tati [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Tantubaya [West Bengal]
Galatanti, Kanditanti, Matiatanti, Ranganitanti [OnssaJ
Bonajtanti, Pantanti, Sambalpuri tanti Uripura]
Aswini, Aswinitanti, Balarami, Barddhamaner, Barnakal Aswini, Madhukari, Madhyakul Aswini, Purandari, Uttarkul
[West Bengal]
*Subcastes: Aswini Tanti, Baiswara, Balarami, Baudadhia, Gala Tanti, Hansi-Tanti, Jaiswara, Kahar, Kanauja, Kature,
Kora, Magi, Marialli, Matibans-Tanti etc. in Behar and Bengal, Nir, Pattar, Rarhi Vaahabi [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Maharana [Orissa]
Baisak, Basakh, Behar, Chand, Chhagri (goat), Dalai (broker), Jachandar (appraiser), Mesha (sheep), Mukhim
(supervisor), Nandi, Orissa, Pal etc. in Bengal [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Bivar, Bogh, Dhan, Karmakar, Kumhar, Nandi, Satri, Sika, Sunar, Tanti, Tasha [Assam]
Tanti, Tantubai [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Maharana, Nayek [Orissa]
Basak, Das, Dey, Dutta, Guin, Kar, Mandal, Nandi, Pal, Sadhu, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Adisha [Orissa]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Goutam, Kashyap, Kulrishi, Sabarna, Sandilya, Vatsa [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans (gotar): Kachchap, Nag, Sal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
* Sections: Aladasi, Aliman, Attri etc. in Bengal, Bararasi, Behar, Bharadwaj, Biswamitra, Chamartali, Gargarishi,
Goutam, Hindua, Kacyapa, Kulya Rishi, Madhukulya, Orissa, Parasara, Sandilya Vyasa [H.H. Risley]
TATTAMA
Synonym: Tanri, Tantuwai, Tattawa, Tattwa [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Kannaujia, Maghaiya, Tirhutia [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Das [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Das, Tanri, Tattwa [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
TELGA
Synonyms: Halba [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Puroit or Nekha (pure), Surait or Nayak (impure) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Bersea, Marem [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Barsea, Kashyap, Nag (cobra), Srimeri [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
TELOTILI
Synonyms: Kolhu, Roshan, Tailik [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Sahu [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Baladhia Teli, Gachhua, Ghana, Ghani, Jharia Teli, Sahu, Teli Hulara, Telikumbara, Telkar [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Awadhiya, Biahuta, Kanaujia, Magahiya, Surhi, Teligorai [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Ekadasi, Haldia [Orissa]
Dwadash, Ekadash, Panta, Peno [West Bengal]
"Sub-divisions: Chore Teli, Dobaile, Ekbaile, Ekbania, Gujarati Teli, HaJia, Jharia, Kosarias, Maratha Teli, Rathor Teli,
Ruthia, Sao Teli, Sirwas, Teli-Kalars, Umre Teli, Yerande Teli [Russell & HiraJaJ]
*Subcastes: Abhl, Anwarpuri, Araiya, Barendra, Barharia, Behar, Bengal, BhujaTeli, Biahut, Desi, Dwadas, Ekadas,
Fatehsing, Gachhua, Gauda, Haldia, Hennania, Janakpuri, Jaunpuri, Kalu, Kanaujia Kutabpuri, Lathaur,
Maghadkhandi, Maghaiya, Masnath, Rarhi, Saptagrami, Sarwaria, Senbhumia, Sikharia, Tirhutia, Tularia, Turkia in
Orissa [H.H. Risley]
Bahlim, Byahut, Doasna, Dori, Ekasna in North West Province, Jaiswar, Jaunpuri, Kanaujia, Mathuria, Rattaur,
Sribastav, Umare [W. Crooke]
Subgroups: Kharairia, Penja or Dhunia, Teli proper in Punjab [HA Rose]
Akarmase, Avar, Bene Israel, Bhute, Gandhi, Gujar, Kadu, Kanade, Kandhi, Lad, Lingavat, Maratha, Pancham,
Pardeshi, Rathod, Shavar (Saturday), Shukravari, Somvar, Tilvan [RE. Enthoven]
Balija Gandla, Chalka in Hyderabad; Tilwan Teli, Deva Gandla, Lad, Lad Teli, Mirje or Lingayat Teli in Maharashtra,
Reddi Gandla, Siva, Telkula Gandla, Vaniliyaddu Gandla [S.S. Hassan]
Titles: Sahu [Orissa]
Mandal, Roy [West Bengal]
Bagali, Chaudhri, Choudhri, Dafadar, De, Dhabal, Gorai, Kapri, Koleman, Kundu, Mandal, Masanta, Naik, Nandi, Pal,
Paramanik, Parihara, Poddar, Sadkhan, Sahu, Shaha, Sit in Bengal; Behra
Talukdar in Behar [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Choudhury, Dey, Gupta, Kundu, Mandal, Naik, Nandi, Pal, Panjyara, Prasad, Roy, Sah, Saha, Sahu, Sao
Sahu [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Behara, Das, Naik, Pal, Prusty, Sahu [Orissa]
Dey, Dharm, Hazra, Kundu, Laha, Mandal, Nandi, Nayek, Pal, Pore, Roy, Saha [West Bengal]
Alwariya, Chauhan, Gaganna, Garolia, Gupta, Lathi, Poorviya, Rathor, Sahu, Sisodia [Delhi]
Amle, Bendre, Bhagvat, Bhise, Bhoj, Chavan, Chichkar, Dalve, Deshmane, Divkar, Dolse, Gaikvad, Ghodke, Hadke,
Karpe, Kasture, Katekar, Kerulkar, Kprde, Lokhande, Mahadik, Mahale, Mangar Rahate, Rajmane, Rane, Raut,
Saijandar, Shelar, Thombre, Tilekar, Ubale, Vakchavade, Valmunjkar, Vibhute, Zagade in Deccan and Korikan [R-E.
Enthoven]
*Exogamous groups: Ardona, Badwaik, Baghmare, Bawankule, Besram, Bhajikhaya, Chaudhri, Deshmukh, Dhurwa,
Ghoremadia, Sanichara, Satpute, Sonwani, Vaidya, malghati [Russell & Hiralal]
Baghmare, Bawankul, Chormar (killer of thief), Choudhury (headman), Deshmukh, Son Kallar (gold), Son Kapat
(door), Son Kulharia (axe) [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Chandan, Nageswar (snake), Sahak [Orissa]
Kashyap, Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kashyap, Kashyap, Chandan, Nag [Orissa]
Bharadwaj, Kashyap, Moudgulya, Sandilya [West Bengal]
Sections (ban): Aliman, Barharoa (a fruit), Behar, Bengal, Bhusiwar, Boria, Chandrarishi, Demaha, Dhobaha,
Harpati, Jhagaraha, Kachim, Kachua (tortoise), Kalmi, Kansi (a kind of grass), Kapri, Karak Kasyap, Kharpur,
Lalgamia, Madhukulya, Maudgaly, Mihtar, Musipur, Nag, Nagasya, Niskalanka, Niyarishi, Orissa, Pakhichata,
Pandiain, Pandki (dove) in Chotanagpur, Pata-Ratnauli, Rath, Chash-bagh-marwa, Sandilya, Sindhurishi, Telhari,
Teliyamia, Tulsi [H.H. Risley]
THAKURAI
Surnames: Thakurai [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Bakcha, Chouhan, Kuchbaria, Madhwar, Nafran [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
THANAPATI
Synonyms: Gandhamali [Orissa]
Surnames: Barmali, Gauntia, Mahanaik, Naik, Pudiamali, Thanapati [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clam: Baraha, Katchhapa, Nageswara (snake) [Orissa]
THARU
Synonyms: Mahato [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Bantar, Chitwania, GarhwaUa, Khawas, Lampochwa, Mahawat, Rautar [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
*Sub-divisions: Bana (in Kheri), Batur, Ohaikar, Oingaria, Dingariya (in Gonda), Dingroiya or Dinaria, Gurbans
Katheria, Gurbans Katheria (in Gonda), Kathariya, Majhi, Malwaria, Manjhi Musahra, Pachhami (in Gorakhpur),
Purabia (Eastern), Purabi (eastern), Tharkonahra ire the districts of Eastern Oudh districts [W. Crooke]
*Subtribes: Batwar, Bautar, Behar, Bot, Chitwania, Gaurihar, Iswajitauni, Khatkala, Khawasiya, Kochila, Marichwar,
Naua, Nepal, Purabia in Champaran, Rautar [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Barwaik, Khan, Mahto, Rai [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Kaji, Khatait, Khojkar, Mahato, Mukhia, Patwari, Ranth [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Amara, Batar, Boksa, Dagwariya, Dendwar, Detwar, Dhaker, Dhimar, Dingar, Garhwariya,
Jogitharu, Kawasiya, Khun, Khuna, Khusiya, Kositharu, Kuchhila, Kumhar, Kupalithe, Marchahe Musahar
Nawalpuriya, Pradhan, Rautar, Tharjogi, Unchdih [W. Crooke]
*Septs: Bantar, Bhanr, Champarah, Chaudhri, Chautaria, Dahit, Donwar, Gaharwar, Gauro, Guro, Kaji, Katharia,
Khon, Mahto, Majhiour, Nepal, Ojhaiya, Patwari, Rai, Rautar etc. in Behar, Sentha [H.H. Risley]
THARUA
Groups/subgroups: Tharua Bindhani, Tharua Kumbhar [Orissa]
Surnames: Behara, Bindhani, Kanyari [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Anaki, Sal [Orissa]
Exogamous units/lineages (bansa): Ahadar, Latta, Tetenga [Orissa]
THATARA
Synonyms: Thatari, Thathari [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Kansari, Khandora, Thatari [Orissa]
Surnames: Behura, Sahu, Swain [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Kashyap, Nagasa (snake) [Orissa]
THATHERA
Synonyms: Tamrkar, Thatheri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Kasera, Rasera, Tambera, Tambrakar [Uttar Pradesh]
Awadhiya (in Mirzapur), Azamgarh, Bangariya, Barhariya, Barwar, Basti, Bhariya (in Lucknow), Bhusauliya, Damdiya
Kheriya, Daudiya, Gonda districts, Gorakhpur, Gulraha, Gurha, Jarseth Lodh, Tusaka in Allahabad, Unao [W.
Crooke]
Surnames: Gupta, Prasad, Ram, Sah, Sao, Singh, Sinha, Thathera [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

THETRI
Synonyms: Thatheri, Thethri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Bisoi, Dakra, Paramanik [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Kansari, Maharana, Rana [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Krohhima (tortoise), Nag (serpent), Sal (fish), Sankha (conch) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Alambayan, Bashist, Kapildev, Kashyap, Modgolla, Parasar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/lineages: Chunchata, Damria, Kachchap, Mobli [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
THORI
Synonyms: Nayak [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Nayak Banjara, Nayak Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Garasia, Makwanas in Panchmahal and Rewakantha [R.E. Enthoven]
Surnames: Thori [Gujarat]
Exogamous units/clans: Bhatti, Chouhan, Ghoram Bhati, Koshna, Parmar, Rathor, Sankla, Sengra, Solanki, Tomar
THURIA
Synonyms: Mahajan, Sao [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Thoria [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Atradesia, Pardesia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Sao [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Behera, Das, Pradhan, Sahu [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Behera, Duari, Duwai, Khatai, Nag (cobra), Pusthi, Soi [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Nageswar (snake) [Orissa]
Gotra: Bharadwaj [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
TIAR
Synonyms: Machua, Parichar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Bin, Keot Muriari, Malha Suraiya, Murianj, Polwar, Raj Banshi, Suraj Banshi [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Surnames: Biswas, Mandal, Parihar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Alambayana, Kapila, Kashyap, Madugolya, Parasar, Sandilya, Vasishc [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
TIKULHARA
Synonyms: Tiklihar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Chaube, Mishra, Pandey, Tiwari [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
TIYOR/TIOR/TIYAR
Synonyms: Muchhua, Rajbangsi, Rajbanshi, Tiar, Tiyar [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Ghori or Mlechha, Tarai [Orissa]
Chasi Tiyor, Jele Tiyor, Nale Tiyor [West Bengal]
*Sub-divisions (endogamous): Artia, Ghodai, Kulodondia, Tora [E. Thurston]
*Subcastes: Bamanjagya, Bengal, Gana in Behar, Gouriya, Nal Tiyar, Paramanik, Pradhan, Rajbansi or Tilak Das,
Surajbansi [H.H. Risley]
Titles: Kulodondia [E. Thurston]
Bengal, Chaudhri, Chharidar, Mallah, Manjhan, Marara, Mukhiar
in Behar [H.H. Risley]
Surnames: Behera, Chowdhury [Orissa]

Hati, Hela, Mondal, Moral, Sarder, Sarkar [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Achhuta [Orissa]
Gotra: Alimman, Kashyapa [West Bengal]
'Sections: Bengal, Itbal or Ithar, Jai Singh in Behar, Kasyapa [H.H. Risley]
TOTO
Surnames: Toto [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Bodhu Be, Bomo Be, Bonudi Be, Damkhu Be, Dantro Be, Lengkaiji Be, Mangkang Be,
Mangku Be, Montro Be, Nube Ba, Nurekcang Be, Pishu Kang Kaiji Be, Triugkoreku Be [West Bengal]
TULA VINA
Synonyms: Vina [Orissa]
Surnames: Das, Sahu [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Nageswar (snake) [Orissa]
TURHA
Synonyms: Tomar, Tomra [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Palak, Turha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Sah, Sahu [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Sah, Sahu, Turha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Exogamous units/clans: Induar, Kachhua, Surain [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Lineages: (Khandan) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
TURI
Synonyms: Dom, Domra [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Amkjo, Bonod, Bosor, Majhi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Bune, Sarder [West Bengal]
Groups/subgroups: Dom, Domra, Kisan Turi, Mahili Turi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
*Subcastes: Domra in Chotanagpur, Turi or Kisan-Turl, or Dom [H.H. Risley]
Domra, Dom, Kisan Turi, Or [Russell & Hiralal]
Surnames: Majhi, Turi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Bagh [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Majhi, Mallick [Orissa]
Sarder, Turi [West Bengal]
Exogamous units/clans: Induar, Kachhua, Surain [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Baghel (tiger), Indwar, Jari (snake), Kaita, Karketta (bird), Molia (fish), Suroin (fish) [Madhya Pradesh and/or
Chhattisgarh]
Baghar, Hansda, Jaddi, Majhi, Soren [Orissa]
*Sections: Bagehar, Bar, Charchagiya, Charhad, Hansda (wild goose), Hastadda (el), Induar (el), Jariar (lizard),
Kachhua (tortoise), Kerketa (a kind of bird), Madalwar, Mai, Panch Bhaiya Samp (snake), Saur (fish), Sumat (deer),
Suren (a kind offish), Surinwar, Tamagandiya in Chotanagpur, Tirki (mouse), Tirkuar, Toppo (bird) [H.H. Risley]
TURI, BETRA
Synonyms: Patikar [Orissa]
Surnames: Bhoi, Gashet, Gehorai, Naik, Pradhan [Orissa]
Gotra: Bagho (tiger), Hati (elephant), Kanpuria, Nago (snake), Sand [Orissa]
TURUK PASI
Synonyms: Musalmanya Pasi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Ahmed, Devara, Goparapu, Kamala, Khan, Male, Mohmad, Nagillollu, Rachapalli, Saragundla [Bihar
and/or Jharkhand]
UJIA
Surnames: Behara, Dandapat, Dolai, Kanhar, Patra, Rout [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Basant (bird), Fingasa (bird), Nageswar (snake), Saraswati (bird) [Orissa]
UTKAL BRAHMAN
Synonyms: Oriya Brahman [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Dakshinatya, Jajpuri, Jharkhandi Brahman [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Titles: Deshmandal, Majhi, Raj Purohit, Singh Mahapatra [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Hota, Mahanti, Mishra, Panda, Pani, Panigrahi, Ratha, Sarangi, Satpathi, Tripathi [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
Gotra: Bharadwaj, Goutama, Jamadagni, Kashyapa, Modgal, Parashara, Vasishta, Vatsa, Viswamitra [Bihar and/or
Jharkhand]
VALMIKI
Synonyms: Dom, Valmiki [Orissa]
Groups/subgroups: Dom [Orissa]
Surnames: Adikatia, Agathambidi, Appalamma, Chautia, Chenda, Chetty, Gampa, Gamparai, Ganderu, Karnam,
Kommu, Kora, Kuda, Landa, Londadi, Mandi, Mangha, Marati, Mosia, Narigeli, Nikulu, Pangi Peneemala, Rangi,
Rao, Sama Reddy, Sandadi,.Talari, Vengada [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Balu (bear), Gaduda, Goi (cow), Hanu (monkey), Macha (fish), Nag (cobra),
Pangi, Sanku, Surud, Tai [Orissa]
VARHIYA
Synonyms: Baraiya, Varaiya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Groups/subgroups: Dasa Variya, Visa Variya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans (gotra): Achhiya, Bedia, Bhandari, Choudhari, Dau, Dhanoriya, Guliya, Indurkhya, Karodiya,
Kumbhariya, Pahadiya, Palaiya, Rosariya, Sethariya, Sechiya, Singhai [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
VELAMA/ELLEMA/YELMAR
Synonyms: Groups/subgroups: Kapulu, Palnati [Orissa]
Kamma Velama, Yanadi [E. Thurston]
Subcastes: Eko Velma, Gune Velma, Naik Velma in Hyderabad, Racha Velma, Sikhamani Velma, Tarkasati Velma
[S.S. Hassan]
Titles: Anna, Ayya, Dora (lord), Naidu, Nayudu, Racha, Rachu [E. Thurston]
Amma, Ayya, Dhora (master), Naidu, Naik in Hyderabad, Radu, Rahida [S.S. Hassan]
Surnames: Desite, Naidu, Pannanda, Reddy, Redini, Sala [Orissa]
Exogamous units/clans: Korakanchi, Narsingha, Ponal [Maharashtra]
Nagasa [Orissa]
Anagdalu, Arelli, Cheshalla, Kunapalli (tiger cub), Miriya, Mudanollu, Paspunollu, Podanollu [S.S. Hassan]
* Exogamous septs: Doddi (courtyard), Koppala, Naga, Nalla (black), Padma (lotu), Pedda (big), Ponneti, Reddi,
Sankha, Tabelu, Toththala, Tulasi [E. Thurston]
Exogamous units/lineages (intiperultt): Allu, Oesiti, Eppili, Naidu, Podola, Sala [Orissa]
YADAV
Synonyms: Ahir, Goala, Gope, Gowala, Rai, Sargppe [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Groups/subgroups: Bhurihar, Dandhor, Kannaujia, Kisnaut, Majhrot [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Surnames: Gope, Rai, Ram, Singh, Yadav [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]
Gotra: Kashyap, Manu [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

YADAVA
Synonyms: Dhangar, Gauvali, Gollewar, Gulla, Gullar [S.S. Hassan]
* Sub-divisions: Boksha, Dhanapala, Puja, Puni [E. Thurston]
*Subcastes: Anaikambu, Kalla, Kangayan, Karutta, Karutdiakadu, Maniyakkara, Panjaram or Pancharam Katti,
Perumal Madukkarans, Perusam, Pudunattu, Putthukkanattai, Sholia, Tali sire Tali [E. Thurston]
Adi Golla, Ale Golla, Gampa Golla, Gujarathi Golk, Karne Golla, Manda Golla or Buchewad, Modaci Golla, Mudra
Golla, Mushti Golla, Paknati Golla, Pedwati Golla, Puja Golla, Sadnam or Boya Golla, Sale Golla, Sarsa Golla, Yadavi
Golla, Yaya Golla, Yera or Era Golla [S.S. Hassan]
Titles: Kariyalan, Kon, Konan, Pillai [E. Thurston]
ZAMRAL
Groups/subgroups: Gachha [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Surnames: Basore, Chauhan, Phulpagare, Phulphagar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]
Exogamous units/clans: Basare or Basore, Chouhan or Chauhan, Kharrat or Karret, Nakalia, Nikalja, Phulpagar,
Saulia, Suryavanshi, Usharia [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

People Groups of India Appendix B Titles and Surnames

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People Groups of India Appendix B Titles and Surnames

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PEOPLE OF INDIA

National Series Volume VIII

Groups/subgroups: Ghee Bhaha, Sagaha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Titles: Majhi, Parja [H.H. Risley]

Synonyms: Mistry, Sharmaji, Thakur, Viswakarma [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Groups/subgroups: Banga, Barendra, Kulin, Pandvakori, Rarhi [West Bengal]

Gotra: Kashyap [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Surnames: Barika, Behara, Bhandari, Kshuri [Orissa]

Synonyms: Bahutuli, Bathdi, Bathuhuli, Battidi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Gotra: Kashyap [Orissa]

Titles: Gadahya, Marar, Raut [H.H. Risley]

Exogamous units/clans: Khunerashi [West Bengal]

Exogamous units/lineages (bansh): Baisya, Kankutya [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Groups/subgroups: Bada, Sana [Orissa]

Exogamous units/clans (bansa): Bagh (tiger), Goyi (lizard), Kochin

Exogamous unit/lineages (vans, khandan): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Gotra: Kashyap, Kasi [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Gunjwar, Majhi, Pradhan [Orissa]

Sections: Banjara, Mughal, Rajput, Shaikh [W. Crooke]

Exogamous units/surnames: Chhetti, Murthi, Rao [Orissa]

Charmakar, Mochi [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

*Subcastes: Barendra, Dakhin-Rarhi, Uttar-Rarhi [H.H. Risley]

Titles: Khan [West Bengal]

Bareli, Badimi, Bhadwariya, Bhagalpuriya [W. Crooke]

Titles: Mudali, Pillai [E. Thurston]

Synonyms: Behera, Halaj, Mansoori, Naddaf, Piujara [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Kashyap [West Bengal]

Synonyms: Bania, Bene, Gandha Bania, Putuli [West Bengal]

Exogamous units/lineages (khandan): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Groups/subgroups: Nicha, Ucha [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Ohibar, Ghunnya, Kaibarta [West Bengal]

Synonyms: Kharauva, Mithauva [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Synonyms: Danaoni, Dandami Maria, Maria [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Synonyms: Thakur [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Surnames: Bharati, Gosain, Puri [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Beng (frog), Meen (fish), Naga (cobra) [Orissa]

Exogamous units/lineages (kula): [Orissa]

Kashyap [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

KABIR PANTHI PANKA

Exogamous units/lineages (khandan): [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Chowdhuri, Dastidar, Majumdar, Roy, Sarkar [West Bengal]

* Sub-divisions: Dahat, Karbal, Mirdha or Nakib, Rai [Russell & Hiralal]

Gotra: Shiva [Orissa]

Synonyms: Chasi Konai [West Bengal]

Barika, Bishmagri, Jani, Piyari [Orissa]

Groups/subgroups: Dora [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Titles: Maharana [Orissa]

Surnames: Gour, Gurao [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Athgharer, Barendra, Rarhi [West Bengal]

Synonyms: Bhope [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Gotra: Kashyap, Kundion, Sandilya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Exogamous units/lineages (bans): [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Synonyms: Meowar [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh]

Titles: Shah [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Synonyms: Bazigar, Gulgulia, Sapera [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

Synonyms: Pradhan [West Bengal]

Synonyms: Pahaidia, Pahari, Pahira, Pahyda [West Bengal]

Surnames: Kandre, Menpadi, Nakka [Orissa]

Synonyms: Puran [West Bengal]

Groups/subgroups: Das, Rabha, Roy [West Bengal]

Surnames: Biswas, Mandal [Bihar and/or Jharkhand]

*Sub-divisions: Barki, Chotki Bhir, Majhi [Russell & Hiralal]

Kharwar, Safa-Hor, Saontar [H.H. Risley]

Agasthya, Bhagavat, Bharadwaj, Jamadagni, Koundinya, Vishwamitra [Maharashtra]