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PRELIMINARY TITLE
Chapter I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1: NAME OF DECREE
Article 2: DATE OF EFFECTIVITY
COMMENTS AND CASES
1.
2.
3.
4.
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5.
6.
7.
8.
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Act 2549 which prohibited payment of wages
in non-cash form
RA 1054 which required emergency medical
treatment for employees
CA 444 or the Eight Hour Labor Law
CA 103 which created the Court of Industrial
Relations (pre-NLRC)
PD 21 which created the NLRC
RA 875 or the Industrial Peace Act/ Magna
Carta of Labor
RA 946 Blue Sunday Law
RA 1052 or the Termination Pay Law
SIGNIFICANCE OF FOREGOING DECISIONS
Where are labor statutes are based upon or
patterned after statutes in foreign
jurisdiction, the decisions of high courts in
those jurisdictions should receive the careful
attention of the SC in the application of our
own law.
RELATED LAWS
10.1.
The Civil Code
Labor relations not merely contractual, but
must yield to the common good.
Prohibition against involuntary servitude (Art.
1703)
Also contains provisions regarding wages,
househelpers and liabilities of employers.
10.2.
The Revised Penal Code
Punishes the use of violence or threats by
either employer or employee (Art. 289)
10.3.
9.
10.
Special Laws
SSS law, GSIS law, Agrarian Reform Law, 13th
month Pay Law, etc.
INTERNATIONAL ASPECT
On June 15, 1948, the Philippines became a
member of the International Labor
Organization (ILO), which is the UN
specialized agency which seeks the promotion
of social justice and internationally
recognized human and labor rights.
The ILO formulates international labor
standards in the form of Conventions and
Recommendations setting minimum standards
of basic labor rights.
An essential characteristic of ILO is
tripartism, that is, it is composed not onl of
government representatives but also of
employers and workers organizations.
11.1.
International Commitments
By being an ILO member, the country thereby
subscribes t the fundamental principles on
which the ILO is based. Also, as an ILO
member, the Philippines imbibes the
obligation of the ILO to further programs that
will achieve ILO objectives.
11.2.
ILO Core Conventions
The eight core conventions are as follows:
Forced Labor Convention (1930); Freedom of
Association and Protection of the Right to
Organize Convention (1948); Freedom to
11.
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them to avail of the benefits under the law, in
consonance with the States avowed policy to
give maximum aid and protection to labor.
1.2.Concern for Lowly Worker
The Sc reaffirms its concern for the lowly
worker who, often at his employers mercy,
must look up to the law for protection.
1.3.Reason for According Greater Protection to
Employees
In the matter of employment bargaining,
there is no doubt that the employer stands on
higher footing than the employee.
This is because there is a greater supply than
demand for labor. Also, the need for
employment comes from vital, even
desperate, necessity.
2. MANAGEMENT RIGHTS
Management also has its own rights which are
entitled to respect and enforcement in the interest
of simple fair play.
2.1.Right to ROI
The employer has the right to recover his
investments and make profits. There is
nothing dirty about profit per se it is profit
that creates jobs and improves the workers
lot.
2.2.Rights to Prescribe Rules
Employers have the right to make reasonable
rules and regulations for the government of
their employees, and when employees, with
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Chapter II
EMANCIPATION OF TENANTS1
Article
Article
Article
Article
Article
7: STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES
8: TRANFER OF LANDS TO TENTN-WORKERS
9: DETERMINATION OF LAND VALUE
10: CONDITION OF OWNERSHIP
11: IMPMENTING AGENCY
3.
4.
5.
6.
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AUTHORIZED ENTITIES
Based on the Rules Implementing the Code, the
following entities are authorized to recruit and place
workers for local or overseas employment:
a. public employment offices
b. Private recruitment entities
c. Private employment agencies
d. Shipping or manning agents or
representatives
e. POEA
f. Construction contractors if authorized
to operate by DOLE and the
Construction Industry Authority
g. Members of the diplomatic corps
although hirings done by them have to
be processed through the POEA
h. Other persons or entities as may be
authorized by the DOLE Secretary.
Article 17: OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT DEVELOPMENT
BOARD
COMMENTS AND CASES
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1. OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT, A BRIEF HISTORY
Labor migration in the Philippines began in the 1900s
when Hawaii experienced severe manpower
shortage. The 200 Filipinos that initially went there
were followed by many more until they formed
about 70% of Hawaiis plantation labor.
Other countries such as the US, Canada, Australia,
Japan and Saudi Arabia eventuall followed suit.
2. LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND OF OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT
Act 2486: first law passed by Philippine Congress
relating to overseas employment
PD 442: Labor code, paved the way for stricter
government regulation of the overseas employment
industry.
PD 1412: revived private sector participation in the
recruitment and placement of Filipino migrant
workers.
EO 797: Enacted to streamline operations in the
overseas employment program.
EO 247: Reorganization Act of the POEA
RA 8042: Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act
of 1995
3. OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT POLICY
3.1.R.A. No. 8042
The State does not promote overseas
employment as a means to sustain economic
growth and achieve national development.
The existence of overseas employment
program rests solely on the assurance that the
dignity and fundamental human rights and
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overseas employment of the Filipino workers and the
protection of their rights to fair and equitable
employment practices.
Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) is understood as a
Filipino worker who is to be engaged, is engaged, or
has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a
country of which he/she is not a legal resident.
OFWs are classified by DOLE as either land-based or
sea-based.
4.1.POEA Rules (2002)
5. REGULATORY FNCTION OF POEA
POEA regulates the private sector participation in
the recruitment and overseas placement of workers
through its licensing ad registration system.
6. ADJUDICATORY FUNCTIONS OF POEA
Before the passage of RA 8042, POEA had original
and exclusive jurisdiction to hear and decide the ff
cases:
a. Recruitment violation and related
cases consisting of all preemployment
cases which are administrative in
character, involving or arising out of
recruitment laws, rules and
regulations, including money claims
therefrom or violations of the
conditions for issuance of license to
recruit workers.
b. Employer-emploee relations cases
consisting of all claims arising out of
an employer-employee relationship or
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involving Filipino workers for overseas
deployment.
RA 8042 allows for claims for money
or damages sustained during the
period of deployment or before
departure for abroad.
6.2.Jurisdiction Retained With POEA
POEA retains the jurisdiction to
decide all cases which are
administrative in character and
disciplinary action cases.
6.3.Compromise Agreement
RA 8042 allows also resolution by
compromise.
6.4.Mandatory Principle
Non-compliance with the periods
provided for under the law will
subject the responsible officials to
penalties such as withholding of
salaries until compliance, suspension,
or dismissal from service.
7. EMPLOYER-EMPLOYEE RELATIONS CASES: TERMINATION
OF EMPLOYMENT
7.1.Contractual Employees
Sea farers are contractual employees.
(Millares and Lagda vs. NLRC)
7.2.Premature Termination of Contract
Where the workers employment
contract is terminated before its
agreed termination date, and the
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to warrant their dismissal. They were only exercising
their rights. Hence, dismissal was illegal.
Filipino seamen are admittedly as competent and
reliable as seamen from any other country in the
world; otherwise, there would not be so many of
them in the vessels sailing in every ocean and sea on
this globe. They are entitled to government
protection when they ask for fair and decent
treatment by their employers and when they
exercise their right to petition for improved terms of
employment, especially when they feel that these
are substandard or are capable of improvement
according to internationally accepted rules. Also,
the standard forms embody the basic minimums
which must be incorporated as parts of the
employment contract. They are not collective
bargaining agreements or immutable contracts which
the parties cannot improve upon or modify in the
course of the agreed peril of time. (Vir-jen Shipping
vs. NLRC)
3. INVALID SIDE AGREEMENT
An agreement that diminishes the employees [ay
and benefits as contained in a POEA-approved
contract is void, unless such subsequent agreement
is approved by the POEA.
4. DELAY IN FILING CLAIM
There is no absolute rule as to what constitute
laches; each case is to be determined according to
its particular circumstances. The question of laches
is addressed to the sound discretion of the court and
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COMMENTS
1. PROTECTION AND ASSISTANCE BY GOVERNMENT
AGENCIES
RA 8042 assigns four government agencies to
promote the welfare and protect the rights of
migrant workers and, as far as practicable, of all
overseas Filipinos: DFA, DOLE, POEA, and OWWA.
2. THE RPM CENTER
Re-Placement and Monitoring Center
Serves as a promotion house for local employment of
these returning workers and to tap their skills for
national development.
3. THE OWWA
Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
Intended to provide social and welfare services,
including insurance coverage, legal assistance,
placement assistance, and remittance services to
OFWs.
Funded with contributions from the workers
themselves and the fees and charges imposed by the
POEA and BLE.
4. REPATRIATION OF WORKERS
The primary responsibility to repatriate a worker,
including his or her remains and personal effects,
belongs to the principal or the agency that recruited
or deployed the worker.
If the termination is due solely to the fault of the
worker, the principal or agency may recover the cost
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COMMENTS
The POEA rules also disqualify persons with
derogatory records such as those convicted for
illegal recruitment or other crimes involving moral
turpitude, an official or employee of DOLE, POEA,
OWWA, DFA and other government agencies directly
involved in the implementation of RA 8042 or any of
their relatives within the fourth civil degree.
COMMENTS
The required capitalization, according to POEA rules,
is a minimum of two million pesos in case of single
proprietorship or partnership and a minimum paid-up
capital of the same amount for a corporation.
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COMMENTS AND CASES
1. CHARGEABLE FEES
Unless otherwise provided, the principal shall be
liable to pay for the ff:
a. visa fee;
b. airfare;
c. POEA processing fee; and
d. OWWA membership fee.
A land-based agency may charge and collect from its
hired workers a placement fee in an amount
equivalent to one month salary, exclusive of
documentation costs. These documentation costs
shall include expenses for the ff:
a. Passport;
b. NBI/ Police/ Barangay clearance;
c. Authentication;
d. Birth Certificate;
e. Medicare;
f. Trade test, if necessary;
g. Inoculation, when required;
h. Medical Examination fees.
The abovementioned placement and documentation
costs are the only authorized payments that may be
collected from a hired worker. No other charges in
whatever form, manner or purpose, shall be imposed
on and be paid by the worker without prior approval
by the POEA.
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and entities found to be engaged in the recruitment of
workers for overseas employment without having been
licensed or authorized to do so.
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Art. 39 - PENALTIES3
(A) The penalty of life imprisonment and a fine of One
Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000) shall be
imposed if illegal recruitment constitutes economic
sabotage as defined herein;
(B) Any licensee or holder of authority found violating
or causing another to violate any provision of this
Title or its implementing rules and regulations shall
upon conviction thereof, suffer the penalty of
imprisonment of not less than two years nor more
than five years or a fine not less than P10,000 nor
more than P50,000, or both such imprisonment and
fine, at the discretion of the court;
(C) Any person who is neither a licensee nor a holder of
authority under this Title found violating any
provision thereof or its IRRS shall, upon conviction
thereof, suffer the penalty of imprisonment of not
3
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The penalty of LIFE IMPRISONMENT and a FINE
NOT LESS THAN FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND PESOS
(P500,000.00) NOR MORE THAN ONE MILLION
PESOS (P1,000,000.00) shall be imposed if IR
CONSTITUTES ECONOMIC SABOTAGE
Provided however, That the MAXIMUM PENALTY
shall be imposed if the PERSON ILLEGALLY
RECRUITED is LESS THAN 18 YEARS OF AGE or
committed by a non-licensee or non-holder of
authority.
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and its IRRs shall be punished in accordance with
Arts. 2894 and 290 of the Labor Code.
In addition, the alien worker shall be subject to
deportation after service of his sentence.
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BOOK TWO
HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
TITLE I:
MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
CHAPTER 1
NATIONAL POLICIES AND ADMINISTRATIVE MACHINERY
FOR THEIR IMPLEMENTATION
Articles 43 56; pertaining to National Manpower and
Youth Council has been replaced and absorbed by the
TESDA (Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority) created under RA7796 which was approved
on August 25, 2994.
For the complete copy of Republic Act 7796: The
TESDA Act of 1994,
see Appendix II-1 of Azucenas Labor Book
For the complete copy of the Implementing Rules for
R.A. 7796,
see Appendix II-1.1. of Azucenas Labor Book
Declaration of Policy: It is the declared policy of the
State to provide relevant, accessible, high quality and
efficient technical education and skills development in
support of the development of high quality Filipino
middle-level manpower responsive to and in accordance
with Philippine development goals and priorities.
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(a) Be at least fourteen (14) years of
age; (but under the IRR, its 15 years)
(b) Possess vocational aptitude and
capacity for appropriate tests; and
(c) Possess the ability to comprehend
and follow
oral
and written
instructions.
Trade and industry associations may recommend to the
Secretary
of
Labor
appropriate
educational
requirements for different occupations.
Art. 60 Employment of Apprentices
Apprenticeship is the arrangement and the period
when an upcoming worker undergoes hands-on
training, more or less formal, to learn the ropes of a
skilled job. It is usually the point of entry to the
world of work.
Department Order no. 8; March 9, 1989 DOLE
Policy on Apprenticeship; by virtue of which, the
DOLE is required to undertake the review of trades,
occupation, and jobs in all sectors of the economy
to determine the apprenticeability, after which it
shall submit a list of apprenticeable occupations.
The apprenticeable age under this Article is 14, but
under the IRR, its 15, now under R.A. 7610 there is
an explicit prohibition on employment of children
below 15 years of age, although the said law
recognizes certain exceptions, an apprenticeship is
not included in the enumeration.
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Art. 70 - Voluntary Organization of Apprenticeship
Programs, Exceptions
Art. 71 - Deductibility of Training Costs
Art. 72 - Apprentices without Compensation
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Any employer desiring to employ learners shall enter
into a learnership agreement with them, which
agreement shall include:
a.) the names and addresses of the learners;
b.) the duration of the learnership period, which
shall not exceed three (3) months;
c.) the wages or salary rates of the learners
which shall begin at not less than seventy-five
(75%) percent of the applicable legal minimum
wage; and
d.) a commitment to employ the learners if they
so desire, as regular employees upon
completion of the learnership. All learners
who have been allowed or suffered to work
during the first two (2) months shall be
deemed regular employees if training is
terminated by the employer before the end of
the stipulated period through no fault of the
learner.
The learnership agreement shall be subject to
inspection by the Secretary of Labor, or his duly
authorized representatives.
Art. 76 Learners in Piecework
Learners employed in piecework or incentive-rate jobs
during the training period shall be paid in full for the
work done.
Learnership v. Apprenticeship:
BOTH: Training periods for jobs requiring skills
that can be acquired through actual work
experience; both learner and apprentice may be
paid wages twenty-five (25%) percent lower than
the applicable legal minimum wage
Learnership
- training in semi-skilled
job; industrial occupations
that require training for
less than 3 months
- job is non-apprenticeable
because its practical skills
can be learned in 3 (not 6)
months
- commitment to hire a
learner after the period
- no need for prior
approval from DOLE in
terms of hiring
Apprenticeship
- training in highly-skilled
job; job found in highlytechnical industry; training
period exceeds 3 months
- minimum period is 6
months
- no commitment to hire
an apprentice even after
completion of period
- prior DOLE approval
required
for
hiring
apprentices
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Art. 78 Definition
Handicapped workers are those whose earning capacity
is impaired by age, or physical or mental deficiency or
injury.
Art. 79 When Employable
Handicapped workers may be employed when:
a.) their employment is necessary to prevent
curtailment of employment opportunities; and
b.) it does not create unfair competition in labor
costs or impair or lower working standards.
Art. 80 Employment Agreement
Any employer who employs handicapped workers shall
enter into an employment agreement with them, which
agreement shall include:
a.) the names and addresses of the handicapped
workers to be employed;
b.) the rate to be paid the handicapped workers
to be employed which shall be not less than
seventy-five (75%) percent of the applicable
legal minimum wage;
c.) the duration of the employment period; and
d.) the work to be performed by the handicapped
workers.
The employment agreement shall be subject to
inspection by the Secretary of Labor or his duly
authorized representatives.
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evidence of employment:
id,
vouchers,
SSS
registration,
memorandum, appointment letters,
payrolls, organization charts
pakiao
workers
are
considered employees as long as the
employer exercises control over the
means by which such workers are to
perform their work (Zamudio vs NLRC)
LC defines an employer as
any person who acts in the interest of
an employer in/directly; the law does
not require an employer to be
registered in order to be considered as
an employer (Orlando Farm Growers vs
NLRC)
No
employment
relationship job contracting or
independent contractor
Employer is free to
regulate, accdg to his own discretion
and
judgment,
all
aspects
of
employment, including hiring, work
assignments, working methods, time,
place and manner of work, tools to be
used, processes to be followed,
supervision of workers, dismissal and
recall of workers so long as the they
are exercised in good faith for the
advancement
of
the
employers
interest and not for the purpose of
defeating or circumventing the rights
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Chapter II
WEEKLY REST PERIODS
Art. 91 Right to weekly rest day
rest period of not less than 24 hours after every 6
consecutive normal work days
Art. 92 When employer may require work on a rest
day
1. necessary to prevent loss of life or
property or in case of imminent danger to
public safety due to impending emergency
caused by accidents, fire, flood, typhoon,
earthquake, epidemic, or other disaster or
calamity
2. urgent work to be performed on the
machines, ect. In order to avoid loss or
damage to employer
3. abnormal pressure of work due to special
circumstances, where the employer cannot
ordinarily be expected to resort to other
measures
4. prevent loss or damage to perishable goods
5. nature of work requires continuous
operations and stoppage of work may
result in irreparable injury or loss to the
employer
10 regular holidays
1. New Year (Jan.1)
2. Maundy Thursday
3. Good Friday
4. Araw ng Kagitingan (Apr 9)
5. Labor Day (May 1)
6. Independence Day (Jun 12)
7. National Heroes Day (Last Sunday of Aug)
8. Bonifacio Day (Nov 30)
9. Christmas Day (Dec 25)
10.Rizal Day (Dec 30)
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Muslim Holidays
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SALARY denotes a
higher degree of employment, or a superior grade
of services, and implies a position or office
- suggestive of a larger and more permanent
or fixed compensation for more important
office
- excludes allowances
commissions and
computation of
GRATUITY something
given freely, or without recompense; a gift;
something voluntarily given in return for a favor
or services; a bounty; a tip
- that which is paid to the beneficiary for
past services rendered purely out of the
generosity of the giver or grantor
- not intended to pay a worker for actual
services rendered
Agricultural
work on the soil and its harvests
work
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elimination
or
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include
all
remunerations or earnings paid by
an employer to an employee for
services rendered but may not
include cost-of-living allowances,
profit-sharing payments and all
allowances and monetary benefits
which are not considered or
integrated as part of the basic
salary of the employee;
- overtime pay and other
remunerations are excluded
as part of basic salary and in
the computation of the 13th
month pay (San Miguel Corp v
Inciong)
- commissions are included or
excluded, depending on what
kind of commissions are
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as a percentage on the
amount of his transactions or
on the profit of the principal
teachers
overload
pay
performed during or within
the 8 hours in a day [the load
in excess of the normal load
of private school teachers as
prescribed by DECS or the
policies, rules, and standard
of particular private schools;
work in excess of the regular
teaching load; may be
performed within or outside 8
hours in a day] part of basic
pay for computing 13th month
pay
an
employee
who
has
resigned or whose services
were terminated at any time
before the time for payment
of the 13th month pay is
entitled to this monetary
benefit in proportion to the
length of time he worked
during the year, reckoned
from the time he started
working during the calendar
year up to the time of his
resignation or termination
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element of control and supervision over
the manner as to how the work is to be
performed
ex: piece-rate worker
2. those whose time and performance is
unsupervised
ex: pakiaw and takay workers
payment
by
result
not
determinative of er-ee rel., only a method of
compensation
unsupervised
piece-rate
workers are not entitled to night differential pay
and service incentive leaves
computation
of
service
incentive leave of piece-rate worker get
actual wage earned for 1 year, divide by 12 to
get average monthly earnings then divide by the
average number of actual worked days in a
month, multiply result by 5; if average daily rate
is less than P36, basis for the computation is P36,
the minimum rate outside Metro Manila.
Other entitlements:
1. holiday pay
2. 13th month pay (if he has rendered at least
1 month work or service during the
calendar year)
Variant Jurisprudence on
Piece-rate workers entitlement to statutory
benefits
a. Makati Haberdashery v NLRC
Held:
- workers are regular employees
although paid on piece-rate basis
- entitled to minimum wage
- as regular employees, they can
claim cost-living allowances, 13th
month pay
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not entitled to service incentive
leave pay and holiday pay because
they fall under one of the
exceptions stated in Section 1(d),
rule 5, Implementing Regulations,
Book 3, Labor Code for being paid
at a fixed amount for performing
work
irrespective
of
time
consumed in the performance
thereof
b. Labor Congress v NLRC
Held:
- piece-rate employees are entitled
to night shift differential, holiday
pay, service incentive leave,
premium pay, and 13th month pay
because they do not fall within the
group of workers who are field
personnel and other employees
whose time and performance is
unsupervised by the employer,
including those who are engaged
on task or contract basis, purely
commission basis, or those who
are paid a fixed amount for
performing work irrespective of
the time consumed in the
performance thereof.
- entitled to overtime pay if their
output pay rate is not shown to be
-
Summation
of
benefits
payable to Piece-rate workers
1. minimum wage
2. service incentive leave of 5 days with pay
3. night differential pay
4. holiday pay
5. meal and rest periods
6. overtime pay (conditional)
7. premium pay (conditional)
8. 13th month pay
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9. other benefits granted by law, by individual or
collective agreement or company policy or
practice
IF output rates conform with the standards
prescribed by the Labor Code, employer is not
required to grant the piece-rate workers the
benefits under the Rule on Hours of Work nor
to pay the wage differentials if their daily
earnings do not amount to the applicable
statutory minimum daily wage.
Chapter III Payment of Wages
Art 102. Forms of Payment
Forms of payment
1. Proof of wage payment
Where the employee alleges non-payment of wages
and/or commission, the employer has the burden to
prove payment.
Jimenez et al v. NLRC (1996)
Facts:
Employee Juanatas sued for full payment of his 20%
commission of the gross income. There were cash
advances may by the employee as evidenced by a
notebook presented by the employer.
Held:
Although the employer submitted a notebook
showing the alleged vales, the same is inadmissible
considering the it is not properly accomplished
undated, unsigned and is thus uncertain as to its
origin and authenticity.
The employer has the burden of proof to establish
full payment of wages.
The Implementing Rules require every employer to
keep a payroll showing length of time to be paid,
the pay rate, amt actually paid, etc. The employee
should sign the payroll
Art. 103. Time of Payment
Art. 104. Place of Payment
Place of Payment
GR should be near place of undertaking
E 1. Payment cannot be effected at or near the
place of work:
a. bec of deterioration of peace & order
b. by reason of actual or impending
emergencies caused by fire, flood,
epidemic or other calamity
rendering payment thereat
impossible;
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1. When employer provides free transpo back &
forth
2. Under any analogous circumstances, provided:
a. Time spent by employee in collecting their
wages shall be considered as compensable
hours worked
No employer shall pay his employees
in any bar, night or day club, drinking
establishment, massage clinic, dance hall or
other similar places, or
in places where games are played with stakes of
money or things representing money; except in
the case of persons employed in said places
2. Payment through banks
Upon written permission of the majority of the
employee or workers concerned,
Entities with 25 or more employees and
Located within 1 km radius to a bank
Shall pay wages & other benefits through
any of said banks
Within period of payment of wages fixed
by Labor Code
(Wage Rationalization act RA 6727)
Whenever applicable and
Upon request of a concerned worker or union,
Bank shall issue a cert of the record of payment
of wages
Of particular worker/workers
For a particular pay period.
(Wage Rationalization act RA 6727)
Payment through ATM allowed.
(under a labor advisory dated Nov
25, 1996)
Art. 105. Direct Payment of Wages
Art. 106. Contractor or Subcontractor
Art. 107. Indirect Employer
Art. 108. Posting of Bond
Art. 109 Solidary Liability
Contractor of Subcontractor
1. Contracting and Subcontracting in general
Co. A engaged in resto business concludes contract
with const co. B which in turn hires the services of
another contractor C to handle certain aspect of
construction project. B & C hires people.
GR Employer-employee relationship (see Art 82)
Bet B and his workers
Bet C and his workers
A is not an employer to B or C
to their respective groups
of workers
E employment arrangement unlawful
A is indirect employer
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D.O. 18-02
Contracting or subcontracting as an arrangement
whereby a principal agrees to put out or farm out
with a contractor or subcon the eprformance or
completion of a specific job, work or service within a
definite or predetermined period, regardless of
whether such job, work or service is to be performed
or completed within or outside the premises of the
principal.
4 features of legit contracting
i. Parties principal enters into a contract with
subcon.
ii. Specific Job performance or completion of a
specific job, work or service
iii. Period definite or predetermined period
iv Location performed within or outside principals
premises
1.2Trilateral relationship
3 parties principal, contractor and contractual
employees
Bet principal and contractor Civil code & pertinent
commercial law
Bet contractor & employee Labor code and special
labor laws
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Filipinas Synthetic Fiber v. NLRC (1996)
Where the contractor is a going concern duly
registered with the SEC with substantial
capitalization of P1.6M, P400T of which is actually
subscribed, such contractor cannot be considered as
engaged in LoC being a highly capitalized venture.
Control right reserved to the person for whom the
service of contactual workers are performed, to
determine not only the end to be achieved but also
the manner and means to be used in reaching that
end.
Insular Life v. NLRC (1989)
The fact that the complainant worker was required
to solicit business exclkusively for the alleged
employer could hardly be considered as control in
labor jurisprudence. Under the memo issued by the
Insurance Commission, insurance agents are barred
from serving more than 1 insurance company.
AFP MBAI v.NLRC (1997)
Exclusive servicing does not necessarily mean being
under the control, or employment of the entity
being served.
2.3Consequence of LoC Worker supplied by Agency
becomes employee of client company
PBCOM v. NLRC (1986)
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ii)
4. 2nd set of prohibitions Arrangements that violate
public policy (DO 18-02)
Not LoC but are likewise prohibited because they
contravene public policy:
Prohibitions:
a) Contracting not done in good faith and not
justified by the exigencies of the business and
the same results in the termination of regular
employees and reduction of work hours or
reduction or splitting of the bargaining unit
b) Contracting with cabo
c) Contracting with in house agency
d) Contracting bec of strike or lockout
e) Contracting that constitutes ULP under Art
248
5. 3RD set of prohibitions Exploitative acts
Taking undue advantage of the economic
situation or lack of bargaining strength of the
contractual employee or undermining his security
of tenure or basic rights, or circumventing the
provisions of regular employment, in any of the ff
instances:
i)
in addition to his assigned functions,
requiring the contractual employee to
perform functions done by regular
employees
iii)
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i)
ii)
iii)
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Messengerial/Janitorial Service
Rhone-Poulenc Phils v. NLRC
The respondents themselves admitted that they
were selected and hired by CSI and were assigned to
Union Carbide. [Union Carbide was bought by
Rhoune Poulenc.]
The janitors drew their salaries from CSI which
exercised control over them. Moreover, CSI had the
power to assign its janitors to various clients and to
pull out.
Independent Operator
Ushio v. NLRC
Severino is one of those independent, free lance
operators who offer services to customers of auto
parts shops along Banawe.
The power to control the employees conduct is
absent, with respect to the means and methods by
which his work was to be accomplished.
Private respodent was free to offer his services to
other stores along Banawe.
7.3Judicial Notice of Job Contracting
Neri v. NLRC
Judicial notice of general practice adopted in govt &
privateinstitutions of hiring independent
Escario v. NLRC
In earlier case of Tabas v. CMC, Livi was determined
to be an LoC. But reliance of Tabas case is
misplaced because Livi was a mere placement
agency that had simply supplied CMC with manpower
necessaru tp carry oiut the companys merchandizing
activity.
But in this case, applying the 4-fold test in
determining employer-employee relationship, the
status of Admark as the true employer of the
petitioners is further established.
9. Extent of Principals liability in legit contracting
Contractor considered to be the employer of the
contractual employee for purposes of enforcing the
provisions of the Labor cCode and other Social
legislation. (DO 18-02)
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The principal shall be solidarily liable with the
contractor in the event of any violation of the
provisions of the Labor Code, including failure to pay
wages. (DO 18-02).
9.1 As to payment of wages/money claims
When a contractor fails to pay the wages of his
employees in accordance with the Labor Code, the
employer who contracted out the job becomes
jointly and severally liable with the contractor to
the extent of the work performed under the
contract. as if such employer were the employer
of the contractors employee. (PBCOM v. NLRC)
Legislated wage increases are deemed amendments
to the contract. (Rosewood Processing; also NFA)
9.2 As to other violations
Under DO 18-02, Sec 7 par 1, indirect employer is
solidarily liable.
Rosewood Processing v. NLRC
Liability does not extend to the payment of
backwages and separation pay of employees who
were constructively or illegally dismissed by thec
ontractor no showing that principal conspired in
effecting illegal dismissal.
An order to pay backwages and separation pay is
invested with a punitive character such that an
indirect employer should not be made liable without
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5. Pao Lawyers
PAO lawyers disqualified from being awarded atty
fees (Lambo v. NLRC)
Chapter IV Prohibition Regarding Wages
Art. 112. Non-interference in disposal of wages
1. Civil Code Provisions
a. Art 1705 CC: paid in legal currency
b. Art 1706 CC: withholding of wages, except
for a debt due, shall not be made by the
employer
c. Art 1707 CC: Labors wages shall be a lien
on goods manufactured or work done.
d. Art 1708 CC: wages not subject to
execution or attachment, except for debts
incurred for food, shelter, clothing and
medical attenda.ce
e. Art 1709 CC: Employer shall neither seize
nor retain any tool or other articles
belonging to the laborer.
Art. 113. Wage Deduction
Wage deduction
Authorized deductions by law:
a. Value of means and other facilities
b. Premium paid by employer where insured with
employees consent
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c. Union to check off recognized by employer/
authorized in writing by indiv employee
d. Employee is indebted to employer, due &
demandable
e. Subject to exection for debts incurred for
food, shelter clothing and medical attendance
f. Withholding tax
g. Salary deductions cooperative
h. SSS, Medicare, Pag-ibig
Payment to 3rd person
Authorized in writing by employee
Employer agrees to make deduction
Employer must not receive any pecuniary benefit,
directly or indirectly from transaction.
Art. 114. Deposits for Loss or Damage
Art. 115. Limitations
Deductions for Loss or Damage
(1) employee clearly shown to be responsible for
loss or damage
(2) employee given ample opprotunity to show
cause why deduction should not be mde
(3) deduction fair and reasonable and shall not
exceed actual loss or damage
(4) deduction not exceed 20% of employees
wages in a weel
Deductions for absences
Deductions for unpaid absences are allowed.
Illegal Deposit
Art. 114 provides the rule on deposits for loss or
damage to tools, materials or eqpt supplied by
employer. It does not permit daily deposits which
taxi drivers are required to make to defray any
shortage in their boundary. No Showing that the
DOLE Sec recognized such deposit as a practice in
taxi industry. Hence illegal. (5-J Taxi v. NLRC)
Art. 116 Withholding of wages and kickbacks
prohibited
Art. 117. Deduction to Ensure employment
Art. 118 Retaliatory Measures
Are retaliatory measures (Art 118) striakeable?
Acts under Art 118 are broad, and can lead to a ULP
case if employer retaliated against testifying
employee. If ULP, striekable.
Reprisal for Silent Testimony
Art 118 equally applies to implicit or unspoken
testimony by an employee.
Art. 119. False Reporting
Chapter V. Wage studies, wage agreements and
wage determination
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Minimum wage / actual salary = % x prescribed increase
= distortion adjustment
See also equitable bank case
Art. 125 Freedom to Bargain
Art. 126 Prohibition against Injunction
Art. 127. Non-Dimunition of Benefits
Chapter VI Administration and Enforcement
Art. 128. Visitorial and Enforcement Power
If employer-employee relationship still exists regional
director has power to order and administer, after due
notice and hearing, compliance with labor standards
provision of Labor Code/other laws
DOLE regional director must endorse case to Labor
arbiter
Where employer contests finding of labor standards
and welfare officers and
Raises issues which cannot be resolved without
considering evidentiary matters
That are not verifiable in the normal course of
inspection.
Regional director can enforce a labor standards law
even if the compliance issue is not raised in the
complaint. (Aboitiz Shipping v. dela Serna)
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Labor Standards Enforcement Division (LSED) with 24 hrs
after investigation or within a reasonable period as
determined by Regional Director.
Restitution
Plant Level restitution may be effected for money
claims not exceeding P50T. Report submitted to
Regional Director for verification and confirmation.
Compromise agreement
In writing, signed by parties in the presence of Regional
Director or his duly authorized rep.
Hearing
Where no proof of compliance submitted by employer
after 7 days from receipt of inspection, Regional
director to summon employer & complainants to a
summary investigation.
Appeal
Appealable to DOLE sec. Then to CA through certiorari.
DO 57-04 New system for enforcement of labor laws
3 approaches
(1) self-assessment voluntary compliance applicable
for shops >= 200 workers or those with CBA
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Paternity Leave (RA 8187) legit married, living with
spouse
Maternity leave benefits apply to married or unmarried
women.
Art. 134. Family Planning Services; Incentives for
Family Planning
Art. 135. Discrimination Prohibited
Discrimination prohibited
solely on account of her sex
RA 7192 provides that the state recognizes the role of
women in nation-bldg and shall ensure the fundamental
equality before the law of women and men. The State
shall provide women rights and opportunities equal to
that of men. To attain this policy: (1) substantial
portion of Official Devt Funds set aside & utilized by
agencies to support programs & activities for women;
(2) All govt depts. Ensure that women benefit equally &
participate directly in devt programs & projects of said
depts.; and (3) All depts. And agencies shall review &
revise regulations, circulars, issuances and procedures
to remove gender bias therein.
Art. 136. Stipulation against marriage
Stipulation against marriage
Nondiscrimination policy against women for T&C of
employment.
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sweeping intendment of the law, be it on special or
ordinary occupations is reflected in the whole text and
supported by Art 135 that speaks of nondiscrimination
on the employment of women.
PT&T v. NLRC
Similar to the Zialcita case except that the employer
did not admit that the employee was dismissed because
she was married. The cause of the dismissal, the
employer insisted, was her dishonesty in stating in the
job application that she was single though in fact she
was not.
PT&Ts policy that married women are not qualified for
employment in PT&T is not only in derogation of the
provisions of Art 136 on the right of women to be free
from any kind of stipulation against marriage in
connection with her employment, but it likewise
assaults good morals and public policy tending as it does
to deprive a woman of the freedom to choose her
statusl, a privilege that by all accounts inheres in the
individual as an intangible and inalienable right.
Gualberto v. Marinduque Mining (1978) CA Case
Whether pre-employment agreement or company
policy, the policy of the firm to consider, due to lack of
facilities for married women, female employees as
separated the moment they get married, is void. No
employer may require female applicants for jobs to
enter into preemployment agreements that they would
be dismissed once they get married.
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FIRST-AID TREATMENT
EMERGENCY MEDICAL AND DENTAL
WHEN EMERGENCY HOSPITAL NOT
HEALTH PROGRAM
QUALIFICATIONS OF HEALTH PERSONNEL
ASSISTANCE OF EMPLOYER
COMMENTS
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First Aider any person trained and duly
certified as qualified to administer first aid
by PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS or any
other organization accredited with the
former.
Medicines and Facilities:
o An employer shall keep in or about his
workplace firs-aid medicines, equipment
and
facilities
prescribed
by
the
Department of Labor 5 days from issuance
of regulation
o The list may be revised anytime by the
Bureau of Labor Standards, subject to
approval of the Secretary of Labor.
Emergency Medical and Dental Services:
o
Number of
Employees
10 to 50 in a
workplace
Exceeds 50 but
not more than
200
Exceeds
200
but not more
than 300
Part-time
Dentist
Dentist
Dental
Clinic and Shall have same
responsibilities as
Infirmary
those provided in
OR
Emergency previous box
Hospital
with One
bed
capacity
for every
100
workers
The
Physician
and the Dentist
shall stay in the
premises of the
workplace for at
least 8 hours a
day*
*Where the establishment has more than one
workshift a day, the required two-hour stay shall be
devoted to the workshift which has he biggest
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Personnel
First-aider
Nurse
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Requirements
Must be able to read
and write
Completed a course in
first-aid duly certified
by the National Red
Cross or any other
organization accredited
by the same
Passed
the
examinations given by
the Board of Examiners
Duly
licensed
to
practice nursing in the
Philippines
and
preferably with at least
50 hours of training in
occupational
nursing
conducted by
o DOH
o Institute
of
Public Health of
UP; OR
o Any organization
accredited
by
the former
Passed the examination
given by the Board of
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Physician
Dentist
Examiners
Licensed to practice
medicine in the
Philippines
Preferably a graduate
of a training course in
occupational medicine
conducted by the
o Bureau of Labor
Standards
o Institute of
Public Health of
UP
o Or any
organization
accredited by
the former
Passed
the
examinations given by
the Board of Examiners
Licensed to practice in
the Philippines
Preferably
has
completed a training
course in occupational
dentistry conducted
o Bureau of Dental
Services of DOH
o OR
any
organization duly
accredited
the former
by
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repair shops and offices, shall be
covered by this Rule
o Residential places exclusively devoted to
dwelling purposes
*GR: Department of Labor has jurisdiction to
inspect all establishments, workplaces and
undertakings.
Exception: Chartered cities may be
allowed to assume responsibility for technical
safety inspection upon compliance with such
standards and guidelines as the Secretary of
Labor may promulgate
Number of
Employees
50 to 400 each
shift
20 to 200 each
shift
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Training
Hazardous
Non-Hazardous
At least one of
the supervisors or
technical
personnel
shall
be trained in
occupational
health and safety
and
shall
be
assigned as parttime safety man.
Such safety man
shall
be
the
secretary of the
safety committee
At least two of its
supervisors shall
be trained and a
full time safety
man shall be
provided
At least one of
its supervisors
or
technical
men shall be
trained
who
shall work as
part-time safety
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man. He shall
be
the
secretary of the
safety
committee
At least two of
its supervisors
or
technical
personnel shall
Over 200 workers be trained and
each shift
one of them
shall
be
appointed fulltime safety man
and secretary of
safety
committee
therein.
* The employment of a full-time safety man may not be
required where the employer enters into a written
contract with a qualified consulting organization which
shall develop and carry out his safety and health
activities. Provided, that the consultant shall conduct
plant visits at least four hours a week and is subject to
call any time to conduct accident investigations and is
available during scheduled inspections or surveys by the
Secretary of Labor or his authorized representatives.
* The provisions of this Section shall be made mandatory
upon orders of the Secretary of Labor as soon as he is
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INSURANCE FUND
Chapter I
POLICY AND DEFINITIONS
Article 166: POLICY
COMMENTS AND CASES
1. OVERVIEW: WORKMENS COMPENSATIONS PROGRAM
AND SIF
Workmens
Compensation
is
a
general
and
comprehensive term applied to those laws providing for
compensation for loss resulting from the INJURY,
DISABLEMENT, or DEATH of workmen through
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT, CASUALTY or, DISEASE.
Compensation means the money relief afforded
according to the scale established under the statute, as
differentiated
from
compensatory
damages
recoverable in an action at law for breach of contract or
for tort
Amount of Compensation generally determined in
accordance with a definite schedule, based on the loss
of earning power, the usual provision being for the
payment of a specified amount at regular intervals over
a definite period. Provision is also made, in most
instance, for the furnishing of medical, surgical,
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executory, appealable to the SC in limited
cases
b. If SSS or GSIS is reversed the two systems
cannot appeal to the high court.
2. PD 626 AND ITS EFFECTIVE DATE
PD 626 amended extensively the Labor Code
provisions on ECC and SIF. It applies only
prospectively. Because it took effect on January 1,
1975 it applies to illness contracted on or after that
date. For those contracted before said date the
applicable law is the workmens compensation act
its commission was finally abolished on March 31,
1976.
3. VALIDITY OF PD 626: NATURE OF THE STATE
INSURANCE FUND
Jose B. Sarmiento vs. Employees Compensation
Commission, et. al. - PD 626 does not infringe upon the
workers constitutional rights. The said new law
discarded
the
concepts
of
presumption
of
compensability and aggravation to restore what the
law believes as a sensible equilibrium between the
employers obligation to pay and the employees right
to receive reparation
The new law establishes a state insurance fund built up
by the contributions of employers base don the salaries
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Employees Compensation
Law
Abolished
Abolished
No need to controvert
because the claim is
against the SIF not the
employer
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the evidentiary details of his injury, or death, are
clearly established through duly issued medical
certifications on his injury or injuries, or death, by the
attending physician or duly authorized representatives
of the hospital where he is brought for medical
treatment.
5. LIBERAL INTERPRETATION
The ECC should adopt a liberal attitude in favor of the
employee in deciding claims for compensability,
especially where there is some basis in the facts for
inferring a work-connection to the accident. This kind of
interpretation gives meaning and substance to the
compassionate spirit of the law as embodied in Article 4
of the New Labor Code.
However, it is not the intention of the legislature the
insurer against all accidental injuries which might
happen to an employee while in the course of the
employment, but only for such injuries arising from, or
growing out of, the risks peculiar to the nature of the
work in the scope of the workmens employment or
incidental to such employment, and accidents in which
it is possible to trace the injury to some risk or hazard
to which the employee is exposed in a special degree by
reason of such employment.
Article 167: DEFINITION OF TERMS
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two portions of the test can exclude clearly workrelated injuries.
Arising out of refer to the origin or cause of the
accident and are descriptive of its character
In the course of the Employment when it takes place
within the period of the employment, at a place where
the employee reasonable may be, and while he is
fulfilling his duties or is engaged in doing something
incidental thereto
Accident need not be foreseen or expected it is
sufficient that after the event it appears to have its
origin in a risk connected with employment, and to have
flowed from that source as a rational consequence.
Nature and Degree of relation there is an existing
conflict of views whether should be inherent to the
employment (conservative view) or it is sufficient that
employee was exposed by reason of employment, not
necessary that inherent (liberal view). It has been
stated that an accident arise out of employment if it
ensues from a risk reasonably incident to the
employment, and if it is in some sense due to the
employment. Again, the view has been taken that an
injury arises out of the employment if the employment
is one of the contributing causes without which the
accident which actually happened would not have
happened. The position has also been taken that an
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Where the primary injury is shown to have arisen in the
course of employment, every natural consequence that
flows from the injury likewise arises out of the
employment, unless it is the result of an independent
intervening cause attributable to claimants own
negligence or misconduct. Simply stated, all medical
consequences and sequels that flow from the primary
injury are compensable.
3.1.Illustrative Case: Proximate Cause
Belarmino vs. Employees Compensation Commission
The condition of the classroom floor caused Mrs.
Belarmino to slip and fall and suffer injury as a result.
The fall precipitated the onset of recurrent abdominal
pains which culminated in the premature termination of
her pregnancy with tragic consequences to her. Her fall
on the classroom floor brought about her premature
delivery which caused the development of septicemia
postpartum which resulted in death. Her fall was the
proximate or responsible cause that set in motion an
unbroken chain of events leading to her, demise. True,
that she probably would not have suffered lacerations
of the vagina and would not have contracted the fatal
infection. But she is not to blame for her inability to
afford a hospital delivery and the services of a trained
doctors and nurses. Penury compelled the deceased to
scrimp by delivering her baby at home instead of the
hospital.
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clock. But this doctrine, while it relaxes the workplace
factor does not dispense with the work-connection
requisite.
GSIS vs. CA and F. Alegre From the cases (Hinoguin vs.
ECC, Nitura vs. ECC and ECC vs. CA), it can be gleaned
that the Court did not justify its grant of death benefits
merely on account of the rule that soldiers or
policemen, as the case may be, are virtually working
round-the-clock. Note that the court likewise attempted
in each case to find reasonable nexus between the
absence of the deceased from his assigned place of
work and the incident that led to his death.
Obviously, the matter SPO2 Alegre was attending to at
the time he met his death that of ferrying passengers
for a fee, was intrinsically private and unofficial in
nature proceedings as it did from no particular directive
or permission from his superior officer. In the absence
of such as in the case of Hinoguin and Nitura, or
peacekeeping nature of the act attended to by the
policeman at the time he died even without the explicit
permission or directive of a superior officer, as in
Alavaran, there is no justification for holding that SPO2
Alegre met the requisites set forth in the ECC
guidelines.
At any rate the 24-hour duty doctrine serves more as an
after-the-fact validation of their acts to place them
within the scope of the guidelines rather than a blanket
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excluded from the benefits of workmens compensation
acts.
Exceptions:
1. Where the employee is proceeding to
or from his work on the premises of his
employer
2. Where the employee is about to enter
or about to leave the premises of his
employer by way of the exclusive
customary means of ingress and egress
(Proximity Rule)
3. Where the employee is charged, while
on his way to or from his place of
employment or at his home, or during
his employment, with some duty or
special errand connected with his
employment.
4. Where the employer, as an incident of
the employment, provides the means of
transportation to and from the place of
employment.
Iloilo Dock & Engg. Co. vs. WCC The point where
Pablo was shot was barely twenty meters away from the
main IDECO gate, certainly nearer that a stones throw
therefrom. The spot is immediately proximate to the
IDECOs premises. Considering the fact, and further
facts that Pablo has just finished overtime work at the
time, and was killed barely two minutes after dismissal
from work and the place was immediately proximate to
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1) The act of the employee of going to, or coming
from, the workplace, must have been a
CONTINUING ACT, that is, he had not been
diverted therefrom by any other activity, and he
had not departed from his usual route to, or
from, his workplace; and
2) Re: an employee on an special errand, the
special errand must have been official and in
connection with his work.
5.1.Accident on the Way to Work
Alano vs. ECC Dedication was a school principal. Her
tour of duty was from 7:30am to 5:30pm. While waiting
for a ride at a public plaza on her way to school, she
was bumped and run over by a speeding bus which
caused her death. The deceased died while going to her
place of work. She was at the place where her job
necessarily required her to be if she was to reach her
place of work on time. There was nothing private or
personal about her being at the place of the accident.
She was there because her employment required her to
be there.
5.2.Accident on the Way Home
Lazo vs. Employees Compensation Commission Here
Lazo left his station at the Central Bank several hours
after his regular time off, because the reliever did not
arrive, and so he was asked to go on overtime. After
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fact that street perils are common to all mankind is
immaterial
In fine, the general rule is that the accident should have
occurred at the place of work and this is known as the
direct premises rule. Exceptions among others are the
Coming-and-going rule and the Ingress and
egress/proximity rule
7. INCIDENTS OF EMPLOYMENT
It is settled that injuries sustained in connection with
acts which are reasonably incidental to the employment
are deemed as arising out of such employment.
1) Acts of personal ministration for the comfort or
convenience of the employee
2) Acts for the benefit of the employer
3) Acts done to further the goodwill of the business
4) Slight deviations from work, from curiosity or
otherwise
5) Acts in emergency
8. ACTS OF MINISTRATION
Acts of Ministration are those done by a person for the
purpose of satisfying the call of nature, such as:
quenching his thirst, relieving himself by way of
urination or excretion etc. They are deemed to be
incidents of employment and necessary to the health of
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11.EXTRA-PREMISES RULE
a.k.a. Shuttle Bus Rule Where a company which
provides the means of transportation in going to and
coming from the place of work is liable for the injury
sustained by employees while on board said means of
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transportation. This is because the company vehicle is
an extension of its premises
12.SPECIAL ERRAND RULE
An injury sustained by an employee outside the
company premises is compensable if his being out is
covered by an office order or a locator slip or pass for
official business.
13.WHILE LIVING, BOARDING, OR LODGING ON PREMISES
OF EMPLOYER, OR AT WORKING PLACE
The mere fact that an employee was living on the
employers premises at the time of injury does not
ordinary of itself, render such injury compensable as
arising out of or in the course of the employment where
such residence on the employers premises is merely
permissive and not required, or where the injury results
from a risk or danger which is not reasonable incidental
to employment.
14.WHILE TRAVELING
The right to compensation depends, as in other cases
generally, upon whether the injury results from a risk
which is inherent in the nature of the employment, or
which is reasonably incidental thereto, or which the
employee is specially exposed, and upon whether the
employee, at the time of the occurrence of the
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14.3.
Effect of Mingling of Purposes of Employer
and Employee; Dual Purpose
Dual Purpose Doctrine considers as compensable an
injury that an employee sustains while on a trip
undertaken for the benefit of the employer even if in
the course thereof the employee pursues also a personal
purpose
Resolution No. 99-08-0469, August 31, 1999 the
doctrine may be applied in the adjudication of
employees compensation claims. The application,
however, is subject to the following guidelines:
The Test in the applicability of the dual purpose
doctrine:
The test is that is ordinarily employed for
determining liability in such a case is that if
the work of the employee tends to create
necessity for travel, he or she is deemed in the
course of employment, albeit the employee
serves at the same time some personal
purpose. The requirement is that the services
of the employer is at least a concurrent cause
of the trip of the employee
15.EMPLOYER-SPONSORED ACTIVITIES
The Test
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then and there present would have met irrespective of
his employemtn, that accident is one arising out of the
employment of the person so injured. Employer is held
liable for compensation because were it not for the
order the employee would not have been at said
position or location which exposed him to the said
danger.
In investigating whether or not the death of an
employee arose out of his employment, all of the
circumstances present in the case should be taken into
consideration in order to be able to determine whether
or not a causal connection exist between his death and
the conditions under which he necessarily had to fulfill
his duties. Liberal Interpretation
17.ASSAULT
Assault although resulting from a deliberate act of the
slayer, is considered an accident within the meaning
of the Workmens Compensation Act, since the word
accident is intended to indicate that the act causing
the injury shall be casual or unforeseen, an act for
which the injured party is not legally responsible
Where the duties of an employee entail his presence (at
a place and a time) the claim for an injury there
occurring is not to be barred because it results from a
risk common to all othersunless it is also common to
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3. Jobs which expose the employee to direct
contact with lawless and irresponsible
members of the community, like that of a
bartender; and
4. Work as bus driver, taxi driver, or street car
conductor.
18.NPA VICTIMS; PRESUMPTIVE COMPENSABILITY
Quebec vs. GSIS, ECC Case No. 4310, promulgated
November 9, 1988: The moment an AFP member
suffers a contingency, the presumption is that it is
because of the nature of his work. This policy is
adopted because of certain serious peace and order
problems of the country, more particularly the
insurgency problem, it has become generally
perceptible that on account of the nature of their
work, members of the AFP have become marked
men insofar as insurgents and other lawless
elements are concerned and are, therefore killed by
such insurgents at every opportunity. Same problem
is true to the members of the police force. Police
officers are also targets of the insurgents an other
lawless elements.
18.1.
Presumptive Compensability Not
Applicable
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20.WHEN NOT COMPENSABLE
Although violation of company rules does not necessarily
defeat compensability it will be a different matter,
however, if the injury results from intoxication whether
or not the company rule is violated. It will be seen
under Art. 172 that the disability or death is not
compensable if it is caused by the employees
intoxication, willful intention to injure or kill himself or
another, notorious negligence, or otherwise excluded
from coverage of law.
21.SICKNESS, DEFINED; OCCUPATIONAL OR
COMPENSABLE DISEASE
Sickness any illness definitely accepted as an
occupational disease listed by the Commission, or any
illness caused by employment subject to proof by the
employee that the risk of contracting the same is
increased by working conditions. For this purpose, the
Commission is empowered to determine and approve
occupational diseases and work-related illnesses that
may be considered compensable based on peculiar
hazards of employment. (Occupational diseases found in
ECC Rules, appended to the book. Book IV)
21.1.
Occupational Disease
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decision, or clear and convincing evidence. Although
strict rules of evidence are not applicable, yet the basic
rules that mere allegations is not evidence cannot be
disregarded.
22.1.
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23.SPECIFIC DISEASES/AILMENTS
23.1.
Adenocarcinoma of the Ileocaecal Junction
A malignancy affecting a certain portion of the small
intestines, it is not listed as an occupational disease.
Despite scientific advances on the matter, even
professional experts have not as yet determined its
cause. Since its cause is not known, there is no duty on
the part of the claimant to present proof, since proof is
required only when the cause of the disease is known.
23.2.
Asbestosis
Guidelines:
1. the employee must have been exposed to
asbestos dust in the workplace, as duly certified
to by the employer, or by a medical institution,
or competent medical practitioner acceptable to,
or accredited by the System
2. The chest x-ray report of the employee must
show findings of asbestos, or asbestos-related
disease, (e.g. plural plaques, pleural thickening,
effusion, neoplasm and interstitial fibrosis;
3. in case the ailment is discovered after the
employees retirement/separation from the
service, the claim therefore must be filed with
the System within (3) years from discovery
23.3.
Bangungot
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Metastases to the gastrointestinal Tract and lungs is
listed as occupational disease only among workers in
pulp and paper mills and plywood mills, and vinyl
chloride and plastic factories.
23.8.
Cardiovascular Failure
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It is an occupational disease or work-connected in such
occupations as that of a teacher, laborer, driver, land
inspector and other similar occupations; hence
compensable.
*Not an occupational disease, hence must prove that
the risk of contracting the disease was increased by the
working conditions.
24.EVIDENCE; DEGREE OF PROOF
Proof of direct causal relation is not, however,
indispensably required. It is enough that the claimant
adduces proof of reasonable work connection, whereby
the development of the disease was brought about
largely by the conditions present in the nature of the
job. Strict rules of evidence are not demanded. The
degree of proof required is merely substantial evidence,
which has been held to be such relevant evidence as a
reasonable mind might accept as sufficient to support a
conclusion.
Under the law, it is not required that the employment
be the sole factor in the growth development or
acceleration of claimants illness to entitle him to the
benefits provided for. It is enough that his employment
had contributed even in a small degree.
25.PROOF IS REQUIRED ONLY IF CAUSE IS KNOWN; OLD
DOCTRINE
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Employer
Covered compulsorily from first day of operation
2. FOREIGN EMPLOYMENT
Chapter II
COVERAGE AND LIABILITY
Article
Article
Article
Article
168:
169:
170:
171:
COMPULSORY COVERAGE
FOREIGN EMPLOYMENT
EFFECTIVE DATE OF COVERAGE
REGISTRATION
COMMENTS
1. COVERAGE
Employees
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1. EXCLUSIONS
Self-Inflicted or Self-Courted contingencies
1.1.Intoxication or Drunkenness
To the extent that one is not entirely himself or so that
his judgment is impaired and his act, word, or conduct
is visibly impaired.
1.2.Self-Inflicted Injuries
The injury must be intentionally self-inflicted, which
contemplates a deliberate intent on the part of the
employee, not a failure on his part to realize the
probable consequences to himself of his foolish act.
1.2.a. Suicide or Provoked Death Not
Compensable
1.2.b. Death Not the Result of Workers Willful
Act
1.2.c. Suicide, When Compensable
According to American authorities, suicide is
compensable in the following cases:
1. when it results from insanity resulting from
compensable work injury or disease
2. when it occurs during a delirium resulting from
compensable disease
THE
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Code) for work-connected death or injuries exclude
other remedies under the civil code?
Answer:
Case of Ysmael Maritime Corporation vs.
Avelino (June 30, 1987)
In this case, the employer refused to grant the claim of
the deceased employees parents on the ground that
the claimants had already been compensated by the
Workmens Compensation Commission for the same
incident, for which reason they are now precluded from
seeking other remedies against the same employers
under the Civil Code.
CHAPTER III
ADMINISTRATION
ART.
ART.
ART.
ART.
ART.
ART.
ART.
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
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CHAPTER IV
CONTRIBUTIONS
ART. 183 EMPLOYERS CONTRIBUTIONS
ART. 184 GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE
The penalties to the employer who is delinquent in
paying ECC contributions include imprisonment and/or
fine and a 3% penalty per month from the date the
contribution falls due until paid.
CHAPTER V
MEDICAL BENEFITS
ART. 185 MEDICAL SERVICES
ART.186 LIABILITY
ART. 187 ATTENDING PHYSICIAN
ART. 188 REFUSAL OF EXAMINATION OR TREATMENT
ART. 189 FEES AND OTHER CHARGES
ART. 190 REHABILITATION SERVICES
1. E.C. BENEFITS SUMMARIZED
THREE KINDS OF COMPENSATION EXTENDED TO THE
EMPLOYEE:
a. Services
- medical services, appliances and supplies;
- rehabilitation services
b. Cash Income Benefit or Pension due to:
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Temporary Disability
Permanent Disability
Granting Compensation
To compensate the laborer
or employee for what he
might have earned during
the period of the treatment
of his injury
To compensate the injured
laborer or employee for the
actual and permanent loss
of a member of the body,
or the use thereof
Kind of Disability
Descriptions
1.
TEMPORARY - employee is unable to perform
TOTAL
any gainful occupation for a
continuous period not exceeding
120 days, except as otherwise
provided in Rule X of these Rules.
- income benefit equivalent to 90
percent of his average daily salary
credit, subject to the following
conditions:
1. the daily income benefit shall
not be less than P10 or more than
P90 nor paid longer than 120 days
for the same disability, unless the
in jury or sickness requires more
extensive treatment that lasts
beyond 120 days, but not to
exceed 240 days from onset of
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Permanent Partial
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A person may be dependent, according to this
view, although able to maintain himself
without any assistance from the decedent.
TEST OF DEPENDENCY
- dependency
may
exist
although
the
dependent could have subsisted without the
assistance he received, if such contributions
were relied on by claimant for his means of
living as determined by his position in life.
- one need not be a part of the deceaseds
household in oreder to be a dependent.
-
SPOUSE AS DEPENDENT
- arises from fact that marriage exists
- showing of marital status is essential
TWO WIVES AS CLAIMANTS
- the Commission must resolve the dispute
- determine who the legal wife is
PARENTS AS DEPENDENT
- a parent cannot claim as a dependent in a
compensation case where the deceased
employee is an abandoned child.
DEATH BENEFIT AND BENEFICIARIES
Death benefits are paid in the form of cash monthly
pension:
a. for life to the primary beneficiaries, guaranteed
for 5 yrs.;
a.
b.
Secondary
Illegitimate
children
and
legitimate
descendants
Parents,
grandparents,
grandchildren.
Notes:
- Amount of income benefits shall be equivalent t the
monthly income benefits under PTD and PPD benefits.
- Under the ECC Rules, the death benefit shall accrue
to the Employees Compensation Fund if the deceased
employee has no beneficiaries at the time of his death.
- Funeral benefit is paid to the survivor or to whoever
shouldered the burial expenses
ART. 195
ART. 196
ART.197
ART. 198
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ART.
ART.
ART.
ART.
ART.
ART.
ART.
ART.
ART.
ART.
205
206
207
208
TITLE IV
ADULT EDUCATION
Jojo Baetiong, Gel Baniqued, Elvira Castro, Denise Dy, Sheryl Harina, Giselle Remulla
104
3B 2006-2007
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