Formal Lab Report Two: Heat Treatment -Quenching & Tempering- of Steel and Precipitation

Hardening of Aluminum Alloys

Author: Jane Olson
Class: ME 3701
Section: 006
Instructor: Paul Williams
Date: Oct. 23rd, 2013

Abstract:
Understanding how metals behave after subjecting them to different temperatures is
important to engineers. This report contains the process and conclusions of a number of
laboratory experiments performed to harden the Steel-1040 specimen and Aluminum-2024
specimen using Heat Treatment and Precipitation Hardening respectively. Five different heattreatments were used to alter the material of steel specimen: Annealing, Normalizing,
Quenching, Tempering, and Austempering. As a class, we investigated the conventional heat
treatment procedures for SAE 1040 steel, and studied the effects of the heat treatment by
determining their impact strength and hardness. The hardenability was tested for the steels using
the standard Jominy End-Quench Test. The two different types of Precipitation Hardening,
Artificial and Natural Aging were also investigated. This report discusses the phenomena related
to different heat treatments including the quenching of steel, the microstructure of the crystals
and the phenomena of precipitation hardening in aluminum such as the Guinier-Preston zones,
averaging, coherent participates, and so on. This report outlines the two experiments and
analyzes the results in a way to understand the basic principles of heat treatment. In conclusion
to this experiment the toughness values established through the Charpy Impact test for steel-1040
after Quenching, Tempering, Austempering, Normalizing, and Annealing were found to be 3J,
112J, 35J, 83J, and 53J respectively, the average Rockwell Hardness C for each was found to be
42.5HRC, 40.5HRC, 38.9HRC, 6.0HRC, and 7.5HRC respectively. The Jominy End-Quench
results are graphed using the Rockwell Hardness C scale versus distance from the end of the
specimen in inches, this shows that the hardness decreases with the distance from the quenched
end of the specimen. The Rockwell Hardness for both aluminum (Naturally and Artificially
Aged) specimens are graphed with respect to time. The toughness for both the Artificially Aged
and Naturally aged specimen was 8J. Then the experimental results were used to find the
Activation Energy of the 2024-Aluminum specimen which was 4687.22 cal/mol.
Table of Contents:
Abstract2
Nomenclature...3
Definitions....3
List of Tables and Figures4
Introduction..5
Experimental Apparatus and Procedure ..9
Experimental Results...11
Discussion14
Conclusion...16
References ..17
Appendix 17

List of Nomenclature:
Al Aluminum
BCT Body Centered Tetragonal crystal structure
CCT Continuous Cooling Transformation
CW Cold Worked
FCC Face Centered Cubic crystal structure
HRB Designation for Rockwell Hardness Test for typically softer and more malleable metals
HRC - Designation for Rockwell Hardness Test Steels, hard cast irons and any material harder
than 100 HRB
RMS Royal Majestys Ship
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers Used in classification of steel types
TTT Time Temperature Transformation
Definitions:
Activation Energy (Q) Amount of energy an atom requires to diffuse.
Aging - Increasing precipitate in specimen by reheating to a certain point.
Annealing Treatment by letting the specimen cool in a powered down furnace.
Austempering Quenching in a salt bath at 400C for 30 minutes, followed by cooling in room
temperature air.
Bainite Microstructure with ideal mixture of strength and toughness.
Cementite - Hard compound consisting of 6.7% carbon and the remainder iron
Charpy Impact test performed to measure how much energy a sample absorbs before fracture.
Ferrite BCC structure able to hold very little carbon. Introduced as layers in Pearlite to reduce
hardness of Cementite.
Hardenability Refers to a given alloys ability to be hardened.
Jominy End-Quench Test for Hardenability. Reveals material properties as fuctions of distance
from quenched end of specimen.
Martensite Forms when specimens of steel are quenched quickly. Does not allow carbon to
form Pearlite and hardness depends on carbon content.
Normalizing Allowing a specimen to cool in room temperature air.

Nucleation line Plotted lines on phase diagrams marking the beginning of a phase
transformation.
Pearlite Steel composed of alternating layers of Ferrite and Cementite.
Quench Hardening Quenching a specimen in room temperature water.
Quenching Disabling diffusion of atoms by cooling rapidly in a given solution.
Solution Treatment Heating and soaking a specimen at a proper temperature to produce a
homogeneous solution.
Tempering Reheating of quenched specimen to 400C for 30 minutes, followed by cooling in
room temperature air.
List of Tables and Graphs:
Figure A: Fine Pearlite5
Figure B: Martensite..6
Figure C: Carrbide/Ferrite..6
Figure D: Bainite6
Figure E: Coarse Pearlite...7
Figure F: Precipitation Hardening Diagram of Aluminum 2024...7
Figure 1 Standard Rockwell Hardness Tester ..8
Figure 2 Charpy Impact Tester .8
Figure 3: Jominy End Quenching Apparatus..8
Table 1: Results for Steel-1040 specimen11
Table 2: Results for the Jominy End-Quench Test...11
Graph 1: Jominy End-Quench - Hardness(HRC) Vs. Distance (in.) for Steel 1040...12
Table 3: Results for Aluminum-2024 Artificially and Naturally Aged12
Figure 4: TTT Diagram for Eutectoid Steel.13
Graph 2: Artificially and Naturally Aged 2024 Al Hardness (HRB) Vs. Time (min)13
Table 4: Final Results for Steel 104016

Introduction:
In tragedy of the Titanic, many thought this feat of engineering was indestructible, solid
as stone and would be able to sail the seas for decades, never knowing that maiden voyage would
its last for the mighty RMS Titanic. This catastrophe could have been avoided if the engineers
took into account how temperature relates to the strength of materials. In the icy waters of the
North Atlantic, the steel used in the construction of the ship and became very brittle when
exposed to these low temperatures. This led to failure in the seams of the riveted hull, when the
ship collided with the iceberg. By knowing these properties in different materials, engineers will
be able to design and build superior products. In this experiment, we went go through the
different heat treatments to SAE 1040 steel and Precipitate Hardening for SAE Aluminum. We
investigated the conventional heat treatment procedures, such as quenching and annealing for
SAE 1040 steel, and studied the effects of the heat treatment on impact strength and hardness.
For the steel specimens, the hardenability of steel was also evaluated using the standard Jominy
End-Quench Test, then two different types of Precipitation Hardening, Artificial and Natural
Aging. We will also discuss the phenomena related to different heat treatments including the
quenching of steel, the microstructure of the crystals and the phenomena of precipitation
hardening in aluminum such as the Guinier-Preston zones, averaging, coherent participates.
1) Hardenability:
Heat treatment is a combination of timed heating and cooling operations applied to a
metal or alloy in the solid state in such ways as to produce certain microstructures and desired
properties. For steels, Hardenability refers to the relative ability of a steel alloy to be hardened by
the formation of Martensite. As hardness of a material increases, the dutility decreases.
2) Heat Treatment:
Heat treatment is a combination of timed heating and cooling operations applied to a
metal or alloy in the solid state in such ways as to produce certain microstructures and desired
properties. Five different techniques of heat treatment are briefly described below (initially, all
specimens are Austenized 900 C for 1 hour in all techniques)
a. Normalizing - Rapidly remove one specimen and allow it to cool in air on a ceramic
base.

Figure A: Fine Pearlite

b. Quench Hardening - Rapidly remove specimen and quench them in water at room
temperature.

Figure B: Martensite
c. Tempering - Reheat the water-quenched specimens to 400 C in another furnace for 30
minutes, then remove it and allow it to cool in air to room temperature.

Figure C: Carrbide/Ferrite
d. Austempering - Remove the specimen and quench it in a fused salt bath (mixture of
Na-nitrate and Na-Nitrite in equal proportion) that is maintained at 400 C. Hold the
quenched specimen in the salt bath inside the furnace for 30 minutes then remove it and
quench it in water or allow it to air cool to room temperature.

Figure D: Bainite

e. Annealing - Allow the specimen to cool in the furnace itself after switching the power
to the furnace off. When the temperature of the furnace drops to between 650 - 600C,
remove the specimen and quench it in water at room temperature or allow the furnace to
cool down slowly to room temperature and remove the specimen thereafter.

Figure E: Coarse Pearlite

3) Precipitation Hardening:
The strength and hardness of some metal alloys may be enhanced by the formation of
extremely small uniformly dispersed second-phase particles within the original phase matrix in a
process known as "Precipitation (or Age) Hardening". The precipitate particles act as obstacles to
dislocation movement and thereby strengthen the heat-treated alloys. Many aluminum based
alloys, copper-tin, certain steels, nickel-based super-alloys and titanium alloys can be
strengthened by age hardening processes. In order for an alloy system to be able to be
precipitation-strengthened, there must be a terminal solid solution that has a decreasing solid
solubility as the temperature decreases.

Figure F: Precipitation Hardening Diagram of Aluminum 2024

4) Hardness:
It is a measure of a materials resistance to localized plastic
deformation. There are three popular hardness testing techniques:
Rockwell Hardness, Brinell Hardness, and Vickers Hardness.
First two of them are used to measure the hardness
macroscopically. Hardness testing involves a small indenter being
forced into the surface of the material being tested under
controlled conditions of load and rate of application. The depth or
size of the resulting indentation is measured, which in turn is related
to a hardness number; the softer the material, the larger and deeper
the indentation, and the lower the hardness index number. For our
experiment, we used Rockwell Hardness Test on SS & Al (RT and
CT) and Br (RT).
5) Toughness:
Toughness is a measure of the amount of energy a material
can absorb before fracturing (measured in Joules). It becomes
of engineering importance when the ability of a material to
withstand an impact load without fracturing is considered.
Impact test conditions were chosen to represent those most severe situations for possible
fracture: Deformation at a relatively low temperature, A high rate of deformation, and A tri-axial
stress state (which may be introduced by the presence of a notch). Two standardized tests, the
Charpy and Izod, are commonly used to measure Impact Energy
(sometimes referred to as Notch Toughness). In both test, the
specimen is held tight in the pathway of a heavy pendulum which
gives them a hard blow. We have used Charpy Test on SS and Al
specimens at room temperature & cold temperature.

Figure 1 Standard Rockwell

Hardness Tester

6) Jominy End-Quench Test:

The Jominy End-Quench test consists of selectively cooling
a standard size bar of steel. The specimen consists of a cylindrical
bar with a 1-in. diameter and 4-in. length. After the sample has
been austenized, it is placed in a fixture, as shown in Figure-1, and
a jet of water is quickly splashed onto one end of the specimen.
Thus, only the end of the specimen is actually quenched. After
cooling, a flat surface is ground on the test bar and Rockwell C
hardness measurements are made along the surface up to 3 inches
Figure 2 Charpy Impact Tester
from the quenched end.

Experimental Apparatus and Procedure:

In this experiment we used a variety of instruments and machines to find the data we
were looking for. Our class utilized up to four major pieces of equipment to conduct the
experiment: a Standard Rockwell Hardness Tester, Charpy Impact Tester, High Temperature
Oven, and Metallographic Grinding Equipment. We also used other standard safety equipment
like heat gloves, tongs, eye protection, and so on.
In both parts of the experiment we used the Rockwell Hardness indenter. When using
this machine it is important to go by the exact scale to go by i.e. indenter tip and indention
weight. The SAE 1040 steel sample used in the first experiment as well as the Jominy-End
Treatment test we used the Hardness C scale. This scale uses a diamond brale indenter that is in
the shape of a cone, it also uses a 150kg force after first applying 10kg to break surface tension
that would otherwise give a false reading, and for the SAE 2024 Aluminum sample in the Age
Hardening we used the Rockwell Hardness B scale. This scale uses a 1/16 th diameter steel ball
with a major load of 100kg. This machine is able to determine the hardness by calculating how
far the indenter goes into the material and returns a number associated to the scale being tested.
Another machine used, was the Standard Impact- Testing Apparatus. This machine is
used to determine how much energy is absorbed by the material when it is broken by a sharp
impact force. The way this is determined is by comparing to a correction point. This point is
measured on the scale without a specimen to find the energy of the pendulum. Once this is
known one is able to find the difference between the two points thus finding the energy absorbed
during impact.
In addition to the Impact Apparatus is the High Temperature Oven. We used this oven in
both parts of the experiment to heat the samples to the required temperature for the two
experiments. This oven has a capacity to reach up to 1000 degrees Celsius.
The Jominy-End Quenching apparatus is used to determine the hardenability of metals.
In this experiment we heated the four inch steel bar to the eutectoid region of 1000 degrees
Celsius. Once it got to this temperature we placed it in the device and quenched the end of the
bar with a water stream. Once this was cooled to room temperature we then tested the
hardenability along the length of the bar radiating from the quenched end.

Figure 3: Jominy End Quenching Apparatus

Another apparatus includes the Metallographic Grinding Equipment. This is basically a
set of sandpaper that is used to grind away at the surface of a metal sample to take away tarnish
or carbon build up. This equipment goes from a high course grit paper, down to a very fine paper
to polish the sample accordingly. Some used this equipment to grind away the top layer of
carbon build up from the Jominy-End quenching machine to be put on the Rockwell Hardness
Tester to determine the hardenability of the steel.
The specimens of 2024-Al were rapidly quenched in water at room temperature.
Immediately after quenching, one of the specimens was tested for toughness by using the Charpy
Impact Test. All of the other specimens were put into the furnace at 180C. The specimen used
for natural aging was tested for Rockwell Hardness instantaneously after quenching. The
naturally aged specimens were measured on the Rockwell Hardness Scale (B) after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8,
10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes. We then conducted a Charpy Impact Test. In the
Artificial Aging process the small specimens in the furnace were used. The Rockwell Hardness B
Scale was used over the course of 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. After the
60 minute mark another Charpy Impact Test was conducted on the Artificial Aging specimen.

Experimental Results:
10

The data below are the results for the Charpy Impact test and the Rockwell Hardness
Tests performed on steel-1040, and the various heat treatments performed. There was no
correction factor involved in the Charpy Impact Test.
Steel-1040
Toughness(J)
Hardness

Mean Hardness

Quenched
Tempered
Austempered Normalized
3
112
35
83
40.3
41.6
37.5
5.5
46.2
41.2
36.1
5.6
40.0
41.2
43.1
6.3
37.5
40.5
41.1
6.7
48.6
38.1
36.9
5.9
42.5
40.5
38.9
6.0
Table 1: Results for Steel-1040 specimen

Annealed
53
6.5
7.2
7.9
8.5
7.2
7.5

Jominy End Quench

HRC Test Scale
Distance from end (inches)
Hardness
.0625
42.8
.125
31
.1875
20
.25
22.2
.3125
18.3
.375
18.7
.4375
17.8
.5
15.3
.625
17.3
.75
13.4
.875
12.2
1
13.9
1.125
15.7
1.25
15.1
1.375
14.2
1.5
10.7
1.75
9
2
8.9
2.25
9.7
2.5
2.75
3
Table 2: Results for the Jominy End-Quench Test

11

Hardness (HRC) Vs. Distance(in.)

Graph 1: Jominy End-Quench Results- Hardness(HRC) Vs. Distance (in.) for Steel 1040
Below is the data that was tabulated after Artificial Aging and Naturally Aging 2024-Aluminum.
The toughness of the Al-2024 specimens Naturally Aged and Artificially Aged was found to be 8
J. The Activation Energy of the Aluminum-2024 specimen was calculated to be 4687.22 cal/mol.
Naturally Aged

Artificially
Aged
Time(minutes)
Hardness
Hardness
(HRB)
(HRB)
2
N/A
20.5
4
14.3
36.8
6
14.0
42.8
8
20.3
39.6
10
13.8
53.8
12
16.8
48.3
15
25.4
57.3
20
22.0
53.7
30
27.6
57.0
45
33.2
61.7
60
33.2
57.3
Table 3: Results
Naturally Aged
75 for Aluminum 2024
36.2 Artificially andN/A
90
42.0
N/A
12

Figure 4: TTT Diagram for Eutectoid Steel

This diagram is a fairly accurate depiction of what we did in quenching experiment with the steel
samples.
Artificially and Naturally Aged 2024-Aluminum Hardnes(HRB) Vs. Time(min.)

Naturally Aged
Artificially Aged

Graph 2: Artificially and Naturally Aged 2024 Aluminum Hardness (HRB) Vs. Time (min)

13

Disccussion:
When comparing the different heat treatment processes to one another we can see that
some can have similar results where others vary greatly. Each process follows a certain plot that
can be viewed on a TTT or CCT diagram for that material. As depicted in Figure 4 for eutectoid
steel, this is the TTT diagram. The two diagrams differ when temperature becomes a factor, as
the TTT is meant for constant cooling temperatures such as requiring molten salt brine at a
constant 400C in the Austempering process. In regards to normalizing the sample is allowed to
cool at room temperature and looks more horizontal as a curve in the TTT diagram. This creates
fine pearlite with alternating layers of cementite and ferrite which is typically soft with moderate
toughness. The normalized specimen was the softest at 6HRC but the second toughest, the
tempered specimen was tougher, at 83J. According to discovered tabulated values the hardness
found in this experiment for the normalized specimen is completely spot on. According to
Matweb.com the normalized 1040-steel is 6HRC which coincides directly with the experimental
results. The toughness of the normalized specimen however is slightly off in comparison to a
tabulated value found on Matweb.com of 65J. Quenching formed the Martensite crystal structure
and was the hardest but most brittle due to the rapidly formed jagged crystal structure.
Tempering and Austempering used the different temperatures of the salt bath and heat treatment
to for the Austenite/Pearlite portion as shown on the TTT diagram. The Tempered specimen was
the toughest yielding 112J, and had a mean hardness of 4\0.5 HRC. The tempered specimen was
not as hard as the quenched specimen but passed it in toughness/ductility. Pictures of the
outcome of the Charpy Impact test, provided in the Appendix, exhibit a ductile fracture of cup
shape. The consistency of this experiment with other tabulated values could not be compared due
to the fact that other experimental data under the same conditions could not be found. These
results however, are due to tempering because it is necessary to reinstate ductility .When the steel
is reheated below 727C, certain carbides form because of the diffusion of carbon out of the
Martensite. Therefore a mixture of ferrite and carbides are the result. The ferrite/carbide mixture
result in a much tougher ductile material than the quenched specimen. As a result, this will
produce Bainite which is an ideal mixture of toughness and hardness for steel. From Quenching
to air cooling after Austempering we discovered it makes a difference if you air cool it or quench
it. The Austempered specimen at 38.9HRC and 35J, was not as hard or as tough as the tempered
specimen, although still tougher than the quenched specimen. It is best to quench it to properly
form the crystal structure one is looking for. The data tabulated in this report shows that the
Quenched sample, is the most brittle and also the hardest at 42.5 HRC, but also the least tough at
3J. According to other tabulated values found on Matweb.com the hardness should be 50HRC.
Pictures of the outcome of the Charpy Impact test can be found in the appendix of this report.
Thus the quenched specimen exhibited a brittle fracture, because the fracture surface was flat
(brittle fracture). The last and final specimen was annealed with a hardness of 7.5HRC, and a
toughness of 53J. Unfortunately the experimental results found for the hardness of this specimen
are not consistent with other tabulated values. Each of these materials when used in the Charpy
test all had very different fracture surfaces. The sample in the table with the lowest impact
strength being the Martensite was very jagged and broke very easily with little to no elastic

14

deformation shown were as the sample annealing had the highest impact strength and the fracture
surface was very smooth and shiny with lots of plastic deformation shown.
In the Jominy End quench test, Hardenability is defined as the ability for a given alloy
to be hardened; the curve shows the hardenability of the steel alloy used in the tests. Typically,
this data would be analyzed on a CCT diagram due to the non-constant change in temperature,
but can be considered, or estimated using the TTT diagram above. The Jominy test lasts about
twenty to thirty minutes and cools the specimen to room temperature. A line plotted in the TTT
diagram would continue down to the left side of the austenite/pearlite knee and finally end up in
the Martensite area of the diagram. As one can see at the end where the bar was most vulnerable
to the water jet, the hardness was very high, which coincides to the Martensite that was formed
from the TTT diagram, but as one goes along the graph it steeply decreases along the sample and
levels out. Comparing against other data published this shows very distinct similarities like the
sharp drop in hardenability and the hardness leveling out as depicted in its graph. However due
to how thick the steel is and ability to cool rapidly like the edges, one would expect the center of
the bar to show softer characteristics due to a lower rate of cooling at the center.
For Aluminum 2040, precipitation hardening is a series of steps that starts the sample as a
homogeneous solid mixture followed by a rapid quench which stops the atoms from diffusing
and producing a uniform dispersion of precipitate in the material. In aluminum the crystal
structure formed is the FCC crystal. Natural and Artificial aging the precipitate copper in the
example forms in the interstitial solid solution which is on a micro level to form microcrystals
which in turn correlates to hardenability in the substance. The artificially aged specimen reached
its peak hardness at about 45 minutes which was much quicker than the artificially aged
specimen. In conclusion at the end of 60 minutes the hardness of the artificially aged specimen
was 57.3 HRC, but peaked at 61.7HRC at 45 minutes. The Naturally Aged specimen peaked at
47.0HRC at 90 minutes. Even though both specimens had different hardness they both had the
same toughness being 8J. As one can see from the results using artificial aging the hardenability
goes up tremendously when using artificial aging and goes slowly when using natural aging.
However there is a limit when using artificial compared with Natural Aging, there is a point
where the sample starts to degrade and drops off in hardenability however with Natural Aging,
there is no limit for the hardenability to drop off like it does in Artificial Aging. This
phenomenon in Artificial Aging is referred to the maximum size of the precipitate and the rings
of dislocation around the precipitate which ultimately makes the material softer.

15

Conclusion:
Below are the final experimental results for the Impact Charpy Test, and Average hardness for
each steel sample. The correction factor of the Charpy Impact Test was 0J.

Steel-1040
Avereage
Hardness (HRC)
Toughness (J)

Quenche
d
42.5

Tempered

Austempered

Normalized

40.5

38.9

6.0

Anneale
d
7.5

112

35

83

53

Table 4: Final Results for Steel-1040

After conducting this test, our class is now able understand, in a broad overview, how
basic metallurgy practices are used to harden steels and aluminum. The Tempered specimen was
the toughest yielding 112J, and with a mean hardness of 40.5 HRC. The Tempered specimen
was not quite as hard as the Quenched specimen but surpassed it in toughness/ductility. Pictures
of the outcome of the Charpy Impact test exhibit a ductile fracture of cup shape. The
Austempered specimen at 38.9HRC and 35J, was not as hard or as tough as the Tempered
specimen, although still tougher than the quenched specimen. The normalized specimen was the
softest at 6HRC but the second toughest (the tempered specimen was tougher) at 83J. The last
and final specimen was annealed with a hardness of 7.5HRC, and a toughness of 53J.
In conclusion, for the second experiment it can be stated that at the end of 60 minutes the
hardness of the Artificially Aged specimen was 57.3 HRC, and peaked at 61.7HRC at 45
minutes. The Naturally Aged specimen peaked at 47.0HRC at 90 minutes. The toughness for
both specimens is found to be 8J. The Activation Energy of the Aluminum was 4687.22 cal/mol.
A majority of these results were consistent with their tabulated data. The inconsistencies were
most likely due to human error when operating the machines. These experiments are not
repeatable due to their destructive nature.
After the engineering failure of the Titanic, engineers were able to deconstruct exactly what
happened when the ship was discovered on the bottom of the ocean. By knowing what happens
when metals undergo different heat treatments engineers are better able to match materials to the
environments, stresses and other factors when a product is in use. Since the Titanic, engineers
are able to create ships that are able to ram into ice and break large icepacks without a scratch on
the hull much less a dent to speak of, from being able to choose the proper material for
construction.

16

References:
Lab Handout from Moodle
"R.M.S.Titanic."TitanicWiki.Wikia,n.d.Web<http://titanic.wikia.com/wiki/RMS_Titanic>
CharpyTest
-http://www.google.com/imgres?
imgurl=http://www.twi.co.uk/EasysiteWeb/getresource.axd
%6DhR3j3E2qhfiM&sa=X&ei=qVBnUon9Lan-2gWl0IHYDQ&ved=0CDkQ9QEwAQ
Hardenability
http://www.keytometals.com/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticle&site=kts&NM=214
Jominy-End Quench
http://practicalmaintenance.net/?p=1366
Precipitation Hardening
http://www.keytometals.com/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticle&site=ktn&NM=235
Hardness Values
http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/carbon_steels/show_carbon.cfm?
ID=AISI_1040&prop=hard&Page_Title=Carbon%20Steel%20AISI%201040
http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet.aspx?
matguid=b955d5b336f0414cad484eb895a4da34
Appendix:
Quenched 1040

Normalized 1040

17

Austempered 1040

Tempered 1040

Annealed 1040

Provided Lab Handout and Data

Calculations Attached

18