Start

Introduction
Home
Unconformities

Title of learning content

Introduction to Seismic Stratigraphy

Name of author

Egil Tjland

Name of producer

Camilla Hagelund

Content abstract

Recognition, mapping and

interpretation of unconformities,
seismic sequences and depositional
sequences.

4 keywords

Seismic sequences, depositional

sequence, unconformities, seismic
facies

Learning goals

To recognize seismic sequences and

unconformities and to identify
important reflectors representing
either a depositional feature or a
tectonic event.

Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Learning activities

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

General Information
Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection

Size in megabytes
(included sound, video,
animation files)

5.3

Software required

MS PowerPoint XP

Estimated time to
complete (minutes)

60

Topic discipline

Geophysics

Prerequisites

General knowledge of Geology

Level (0 is very easy 4 is

most difficult)

Method

Individual learning, a reference

when interpreting seismic data.

Version number
(start with 1.0)

1.0

Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Home
Unconformities
Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences

Unconformities

Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill

Seismic Sequences

Bank and Lens

Recognition and mapping of

unconformities are the first steps
in understanding the geologic
history of a basin or a geologic
province.

SeismictoSequences
It is necessary
detect reflection
terminations in order to predict
seismic sequences. These
sequences will then provide the
basis for interpretation of
depositional environment and
estimation of lithofacies.
Depositional Sequence

Volcanic- and Conto

urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Depositional Sequences
Intro

General

Author
s

Analysis of configuration,
continuity, amplitude, and
frequency is most meaningful when
done within the stratigraphic
framework of the depositional
sequence.
Reference
s

General prosedure
Summary

Seismic Stratigraphy Interpretation

Procedure
Home

1. Seismic sequence analysis

Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens

Future topic in a module

Example of a Well Log

Correlation

4. Seismic facies analysis

Future topic in a module

5. Interpretation of a depositional environment and

lithofacies

Future topic in a module

6. Forward seismic modelling

Volcanic- and Conto

urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Future topic in a module, one example given

3. Synthetic, well-to-seismic ties

Parallel Reflection

Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequence

2. Well-log sequence analysis

This module
mainly focus on
step 1.

7.

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

Future topic in a module

Final interpretation
Interpretation practice is given in Seismic Key Examples and Seismic interpretation
reservoir

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Home

Well log correlation

Note the
termination of
reflections and the
thinning of the
interval between
wells A and B

Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

The unconformity surface

changes from an angular
unconformity in the uplifted part
to a disconformity off the
structure

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Unconformities of the Grand Canyon

Home

AU - Angular Unconformity

Unconformities

D Disconformity

Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces

LU - Local Unconformity

Parallel Reflection

NC Nonconformity

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Definition of
Unconformity
Intro

General

Diagrammatic representation of the north

side of the Grand Canyon, summarizing the
character and relationship of the different
Author
Reference rocks.

Summary

Definition of Unconformity
Home
Unconformities

A surface of erosion or nondeposition that separates

younger strata from older rocks and represents a
significant hiatus.

Classified on the basis of the structural relations between

the sequences. The unconformities record periods of time
that are not represented in the stratigraphic column.

Records a fundamental change in the environment from

deposition to nondeposition and/or erosion. This change
may indicate an important tectonic event.

Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Angular Unconformity
Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens

The older strata have a different angle than the younger

strata.

It is an obvious mark of a hiatus since it implies that the

older beds were deformed and then truncated by erosion
before the younger ones were laid down.

Volcanic- and Conto

urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Disconformity
Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

The beds above and below are parallel and the

unconformity is of regional extent but are separated in
time by a hiatus

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Local Unconformity
Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

The beds on either sides are parallel to one another, but

the unconformity appears to be only of local extent or
significance.

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Nonconformity
Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

Stratified rocks rest upon granitic or

metamorphic rocks.

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Seismic Sequences
Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences

Sequence Boundaries

Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Lower Boundary

Upper Boundary

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens

Baselap:

Baselap:

Onlap

Downlap

Onlap

Erosional
Truncation

Down cutting
Erosional
Truncation

Volcanic- and Conto

urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Click on an element to look at it

more closely.

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Toplap

Interpretation using
Seismic Stratigraphy
Home

Diagram showing reflection

terminations patterns and
discontinuities.
Discontinuities are
underlined

Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

CLIMAT
E

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens

Diagram of seismic
reflections, lithofacies, and
major variables affecting
stratigraphy

Volcanic- and Conto

urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Baselap: Onlap
Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

If onlap cannot be distinguished from downlap because

of a subsequent deformation, the more inclusive term
baselap may be necessary.

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Baselap: Downlap
Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Downlap is a relation in which seismic reflections of

inclined strata terminate downdip against an inclined
or horizontal surface

Note: downdip is a stratal term, not solely restricted

to seismic reflection patterns

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Onlap
Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Onlap is a base-discordant relation in which initially

horizontal strata terminate progressively against an
initially inclined surface or in which initially inclined
strata terminate progressively updip against a surface
of greater initial inclination

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Erosional Truncation
Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens

Erosional truncation implies the deposition of strata and

their subsequent tilting and removal along the
unconformity surface

It is the most reliable top-discordant criterion of a

sequence boundary

Volcanic- and Conto

urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Down Cutting Erosional Truncation

Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

Down-cutting erosional truncation is where horizontal

strata terminate against an erosional surface, in this
example a channel or gorge

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Toplap
Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Toplap is the termination of reflections interpreted as

strata against an overlying surface as a result of
nondeposition (sedimentary bypassing) and only
minor erosion.

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Depositional Sequences
Home
Unconformities

Reflection configuration
patterns within the
depositional sequence

External configuration
forms within the
depositional sequence

Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Mound

Parallel
Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound

Fill

Fill
Bank and Lens

Prograding clinoform
reflection

Volcanic- and Conto

urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Bank and Lens

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Click the blue Icons

Intro

General

Author
s

Volcanic- and
Contourite mounds
and Migrated wave

Reference
s

Summary

Parallel Reflection Configurations

Home
Unconformities

Parallel reflection configurations suggest uniform rates of

depositions on a uniformly subsiding shelf or basin.

Subdivisions of this pattern are based on variations in

Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill

Amplitude
Continuity
Frequency

Bank and Lens

Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Example 1

Intro

General

Author
s

Example 2
Reference
s

Summary

Parallel Reflection: Example 1

Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection

Continues

Mound
Fill

Click the rectangles to learn

more about the reflections
shown

Bank and Lens

Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil
Tjland as in figure 2
Reflection
Camilla
Hagelund
Reflection as in figure 1

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Parallel Reflection: Example 2

Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Continu
es

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound

Click the rectangles to learn

more about the reflections
shown

Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Parallel Reflection: Figure 1

Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens

Figure 1

Volcanic- and Conto

urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

The profile shows continous events of varying

amplitude.

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

This pattern represents an alternation of shelf

carbonates and mudstones which produced paired
reflections

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Parallel Reflection: Figure 2

Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens

Figure 2:

Volcanic- and Conto

urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Good continuity, showing high amplitudes, broken by

areas of discontinuous lower amplitudes indicating
intervals of sand and shale. Typical feature of a deltaic
plain.

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Parallel Reflection: Figur 3

Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Figure 3
Thick interval of distinct low amplitudes or quiet
reflections with occasional high amplitudes indicating a
thick section of marine shales with thin sand and
siltstone beds

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Prograding Clinoform Reflection Configurations

Home
Unconformities

Prograding reflection configurations interpreted as strata

in which depositions are due to lateral outbuilding

Three classes:

Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces

Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection

Sigmoid
Oblique
Complex Sigmoid-Oblique

Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Sigmoid

Oblique

Complex SigmoidOblique

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Sigmoid
Home

Unconformities

Typical features of Sigmoid pattern:

Seismic Sequences

Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

S-shaped
Gently dipping strata in the higher and lower segments
More steeply dipping middle segment

Depositional conditions:

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound

Low sediment supply with rapid basin subsidence and/or

rapid rise in sea level to allow deposition and preservation of
the topset beds

Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Oblique
Home
Unconformities

Typical features of the Oblique pattern

Depositional Conditions

Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces

Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound

Combination of relatively high sediment supply

Slow to no basin subsidence
Stillstand of sea level, to allow rapid basin infill and
sedimentary bypass with some erosion of the upper
depositional surface.

Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Complex Sigmoid-Oblique
Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences

Prograding clinoform pattern of alternating sigmoid and

oblique within a single seismic facies unit.

The upper segment is characterized by a complex

alternation of horizontal sigmoid topset reflections and
segments of oblique configuration with toplap
terminations.

Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Mound Configurations
Home

Mounds are reflection configurations interpreted as strataforming elevations or prominences, rising above the
general level of the surrounding strata.

Most mounds are topographic buildups resulting from

either clastic or depositional processes or organic growth.

Mounds have diverse origin and shapes and internal stratal

configuration

Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Delta
Lobe

Deep Sea
Fan

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Delta Lobe
Home

The Delta Lobe here is a broad, low-relief mound seismic

facies.

The external form has reflections concordant at the top

and downlapping in the opposite direction at the base.

It is interpreted as a delta lobe on a subsiding shelf.

Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Deep Sea Fan

Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

A very broad symmetrical low-relief mound seismic facies.

This figure illustrates a cross section view of a large deep

sea fan near mid-to-outer fan position.

It is characterized by parallel, hummocky, wavy and chaotic

reflection configuration patterns typical of a channel lobe
complex.

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Fill Configurations
Home
Unconformities

Fill configuration patterns are interpreted as strata filling

negative-relief features in the underlaying strata. The
underlying reflectors generally show erosional truncation
along the basal surface

Fill forms are classified by external forms:

Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection

Mound

Fill

Channel Fill
Trough Fill
Basin/Slope-front Fill

Bank and Lens

Channel
Fill

Volcanic- and Conto

urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Slope Front

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Fill

Trough Fill

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Channel/Through Fill
Home

Unconformities

This figure displays two contrasting canyon fills.

The canyon on the right appears to have filled symmetrically

with a coarse lag at the base (high amplitude reflection) and fine
clasts in the upper parts (low amplitude).

The canyon on the left appears to have filled symmetrically with

an alternation of coarse and fine sediments from bottom to top.

Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Slope Front Fill

Home
Unconformities

Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces

This Fill reflection pattern is interpreted to be a

distributary channel complex incised into delta fringe
silts and clays. The depositional cycle occuring within this
distributary channel is an active channel fill at the top

Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Bank and Lens Configurations

Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Bank

Lens

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

A Bank seismic facies is a

unit with a bank-like
external form with a
clinoform or bank-front
leading edge that
commonly marks a shelfslope break.

Intro

General

Author
s

A Lens seismic facies

unit form is bounded by
converging surfaces

Reference
s

Summary

Bank Seismic Facies Unit

Home

This seismic section illustrates a Bank external form well-defined

clinoform marking the shelf-slope from the onlapping basin fill.

Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Lens Seismic Facies Unit

Home

Unconformities
Seismic Sequences

This seismic section illustrates a large salt lens based on

well data, which is clearly defined by a high amplitude
reflection.

Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Volcanic- and Contourite Mounds and

Migrated Wave

Home

Volcanic Mound

Contourite
Mound

Unconformities

Migrated
Wave

Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Form in the deep

sea from volcanic
processes that
significantly
postdate
emplacement of
adjacent oceanic
crust.

Intro

General

Depositional
features caused by
bottom current
activity. These
currents are
capable of
submarine erosion.

Author
s

Reference
s

Progressively
offset waveshaped
reflections,
showing a series
of sediment waves
migrating over a
horizontal surface.

Summary

Volcanic Mounds
Home

Buried volcanic mounds in the vicinity of New England (USA).

Note the younger sediments onlapping and draping the

volcanics.

Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Contourite Mound

Contourite Mounds are commonly elongate dune-like features with asymmetric

mounded internal patterns.

Here you can see contourite buildups from Western Atlanta (USA)

Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Migrating Wave
Home

Unconformities

This seismic section is an example from the lower continental rise

and abyssal plain of the Western Atlantic (USA).

Seismic Sequences

Note the undulating expression of the sea floor and shallow sub-bottom
section.
Also note the diffraction patterns from oceanic basement

Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Authors
Home

Author:
Egil Tjland
Associate Professor
Department of Petroleum engineering and applied
Geophysics,
Faculty of applied earth sciences
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)

Producer:
Camilla Hagelund
5th year student,
Department of Petroleum engineering and applied
Geophysics,
Faculty of applied earth sciences
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)

Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

References
Home
Unconformities

A.W. Bally, Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy

AAPG Studies in Geology # 27, vol. 1, 1987

Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection
Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary

Summary
Home
Unconformities
Seismic Sequences
Depositional Sequen
ces
Parallel Reflection

Prograding clinoform
reflection

This e-learning course is an introduction to seismic

interpretation methodology. The course provides the user
training in recognizing seismic sequences and
unconformities, in addition to identification of important
reflectors representing either depositional features or
tectonic events.

Mound
Fill
Bank and Lens
Volcanic- and Conto
urite mounds and Mi
grated wave

Egil Tjland
Camilla
Hagelund

The End

Intro

General

Author
s

Reference
s

Summary