ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTOREY BUILDING

A PROJECT REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the aw

ard of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in CIVIL ENGINEERING By AVINASH SHAR
MA DHRUV GUPTA GAURAB PAUL (1010930013) (1010930017) (1010930018)
Under the guidance of Mr. PRADEEP KUMAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SRM INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY SRM U
NIVERSITY NCR CAMPUS, GHAZIABAD, U.P., INDIA May, 2013

SRM INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY SRM UNIVERSITY NCR CAMPUS, GHAZIABAD,
U.P., INDIA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CANDIDATES DECLARATION I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in
the thesis entitled, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTOREY BUILDING in partial fulfi
llment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Civil Engineering at SRM Institute of Management and Technology, NCR Campus,
Ghaziabad is an authentic work carried out during a period from January, 2013 t
o May 2013 under the supervision of Mr. Pradeep Singh. The matter embodied in th
e thesis has not been submitted to any other University/Institute for the award
of any Degree or Diploma.
(Avinash Sharma)
(Dhruv Gupta)
(Gaurab Paul)
Prof. (Dr.) Manoj Kumar Pandey (Director)
Dr. Vineet Bajaj (Head of Department)
Mr. Pradeep Kumar (Project Guide)
(Project Co-ordinater)
(External Examiner)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to all the people behind the screen who hel
ped me to transform an idea into a real application.
I profoundly thank Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Head of the Department, Civil Engineering w
ho has been an excellent guide and also a great source of inspiration to my work
.
I would like to thank my guide, Mr. Pradeep Kumar, Asst. Professor, for his tech
nical guidance, constant encouragement and support in carrying out my project at
college.
I would like to thank Mr. Ashoka Kumar, Staad Pro Expert from Bentley, for his v
aluable guidance in whenever requirement for the successful fulfillment of my pr
oject needs.
I wish to thank Er. Naveen Kumar Singh, Structural Consultant, for his valuable
guidance in the practical aspects related to the project.
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the ta
sk would be great but incomplete without the mention of the people who made it p
ossible with their constant guidance and encouragement crowns all the efforts wi
th success. In this context I would like to thank my friends who supported me in
successfully completing this project.
Thanking You.
AVINASH SHARMA 1010930013 DHRUV GUPTA 1010930017 GAURAB PAUL 1010930018

ABSTRACT
In this growing world, as a Civil Engineering student one needs to be fully awar
e of the Structural elements and their safety parameters before and during the e
xecution of the project. As a sequel to this an attempt has been made to learn t
he process of analysis and design of a multistorey Building using Limit State Me
thod (IS 456:2000). The project focuses on Reinforced Concrete buildings. The desi
gn using Limit State Method (of collapse and serviceability) is taken up. In the
limit state of collapse, the strength and stability of structure is ensured. Th
e guidelines being followed are as per IS 456:2000 and IS 13920 : 1993. The stru
ctural components in a typical multi storey building, consists of floor system w
hich transfers the floor loads to a set of plane frames in one or both direction
s. The design study comprises of the footing, columns, beams and slabs.
The present project deals with the analysis of a multi-storey residential hostel
building of G+9 consisting of 22 rooms in each floor at SRM University, NCR Cam
pus. The loadings are applied and the design for beams, columns, slabs and footi
ngs is obtained.
STAAD Pro with its new features surpassed its predecessors and compotators with
its data sharing capabilities with other major software like AutoCAD, and MS Exc
el.
The conclusion of this study is that the design parameters of a multi-storey bui
lding are successfully construed and Staad Pro is a very powerful tool which can
save much time and is very accurate in Designs.

CONTENTS List of Tables List of Figures Assumptions and Notations Symbols CHAPTE
R 1 CHAPTER 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 i ii-iii iv-v vi-vii
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE SURVEY
1-2 3-12 4 7-9 9-11 12 13-17 14 15 15 16 17 18-20 19 20 21-38
Elements of Structural Design Design Philosophies Multi-Storey Building Structur
al Planning COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS & DESIGN
CHAPTER 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
Staad Pro V8i Alternatives for Staad Pro Staad Editor Staad Foundation V8i Auto
Cad PLAN & ELEVATION
CHAPTER 4 4.1 4.2 Plan
Elevation LOADS
CHAPTER 5

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

Load Conditions and Structural System Response Building Loads Categorized by Ori
entation Design Load for the Residential Building Design Imposed Loads for Earth
quake forces Calculation 5.4.1 Seismic Loading in Staad Pro V8i
22 22-23 24-30 31-35 32-33 35-36 37-38 39-54 40-42 43 43 44-47 48-54 55-105 56 5
7-63 64-71 72-86 87-105 106-108
5.5 5.6
Load Combinations Inputs to Staad Editor for Loadings ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
Methods of Analysis Seismic Analysis Procedure Analysis using Staad Pro V8i Anal
ysis Results for Load Cases 1 to 4 Analysis Results for Support Reactions DESIGN
CHAPTER 7
Input to Staad Editor for Design 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Beams Columns Slabs Foundation
CONCLUSION

APPENDICES APPENDIX A APPENDIX B REFERENCES 109 110 111

LIST OF TABLES Table No. 5.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Zone Factor Dimensions of Conti
nuous Strip Footing Design Results of Foundation Applied Loads-Allowable Stress
Level Calculated Pressure at Four Corners Check for Stability against Overturnin
g Title Page No. 30 92 93 95 96 96
i

LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7
.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 Title Dead Load on the Structure Live Load on the Structu
re Seismic Parameters Seismic Load in X direction (SLX) Seismic Load in Z direct
ion (SLZ) Location of Beam No. 1 in the Structure Beam Reinforcement Beam Web Re
inforcement Skeleton Structure showing Column No. 1539 Shear Bending for Column
No. 1539 One Way Slab Load Distribution in a One Way Slab Two Way Slab Load Dist
ribution in a Two Way Slab Load Distribution showing One Way and Two Way Monolit
hic connection between Slab, Beam & Column Plan showing Slabs Detailing of Slabs
Page No. 25 27 33 34 35 59 60 61 68 70 72 73 73 74 7
ii

7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 A-1 A-2
Staad Foundation Page showing Foundation Zoom View of Foundation Concrete and Re
bar Parameters Cover and Soil Parameters Footings Dimensions Plan of Footings El
evation of Footings Strip Footing, FC1 Strip Footing, FC2 Strip Footing, FC3 Str
ip Footing, FC4 Strip Footing, FC5 Plan of the Multistorey SRM Hostel Building E
levation of the Multistorey SRM Hostel Building

89 89 90 90 91 102 102 103 103 104 104 105 109 110
iii

ASSUMPTIONS AND NOTATIONS

The notations adopted throughout the work are same IS-456-2000.
Assumptions in Design: 1.Using partial safety factor for loads in accordance wit
h clause 36.4 of IS-456-2000 as t=1.5 2.Partial safety factor for material in acc
ordance with clause 36.4.2 is IS-456-2000 is taken as 1.5 for concrete and 1.15
for steel. 3.Using partial safety factors in accordance with clause 36.4 of IS-4
56-2000 combination of load.
D.L+L.L. D.L+L.L+E.L
1.5 1.2
Density of materials used:
MATERIAL: DENSITY i) Plain concrete ii) Reinforced iii) Flooring material (c.m)
iv) Brick masonry v) Fly ash 24.0KN/m3 25.0KN/m3 20.0KN/m3 19.0KN/m3 5.0KN/m3
4.LIVE LOADS: In accordance with IS. 875-86 i) Live load on slabs ii) Live load
on passage iii)Live load on stairs 20.0KN/m2 4.0KN/m2 4.0KN/m2
DESIGN CONSTANTS: Using M30 and Fe 415 grade of concrete and steel for beams, sl
abs, footings, columns. Therefore:iv

fck fy
Characteristic strength for M30-30N/mm2 Characteristic strength of steel-415N/mm
2
Assumptions Regarding Design:
i) Slab is assumed to be continuous over interior support and partially fixed on
edges, due to monolithic construction and due to construction of walls over it.
ii) Beams are assumed to be continuous over interior support and they frame in
to the column at ends.
Assumptions on design:1) M20 grade is used in designing unless specified. 2) For
steel Fe 415 is used for the main reinforcement. 3) For steel Fe 415 and steel
is used for the distribution reinforcement. 4) Mild steel Fe 230 is used for she
ar reinforcement.
v

SYMBOLS
The following symbols have been used in our project and its meaning is clearly m
entioned respective to it: A Ast b D DL d1 D Mu,max Fck Fy Ld LL Lx Ly B.M. Mu M
d Mf Mx My Mx My pt W Wd Tc max Tv Area Area of steel Breadth of beam or shorter
dimension of rectangular column Overall depth of beam or slab Dead load Effecti
ve depth of slab or beam Overall depth of beam or slab Moment of resistance fact
or Characters tic compressive strength Characteristic strength of of steel Devlo
pment length Live load Length of shorter side of slab Length of longer side of s
lab Bending moment Factored bending moment Design moment Modification factor Mid
span bending moment along short span Mid span bending moment along longer span
Support bending moment along short span support bending moment along longer span
Percentage of steel Total design load Factored load Maximum shear stress in con
crete with shear Shear stress in concrete
vi

Tv Pu Mu,lim Mux, Muy

Nominal shear stress Diameter of bar Factored axial load Limiting moment of resi
stance of a section without compression reinforcement Moment about X and Y axis
due to design loads
Mux1, Muy1 Maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load of pu,bending mome
nt X and Y axis respectively Ac Asc SLX SLZ Area of concrete & Area of longitudi
nal reinforcement for column Seismic Load in X direction Seismic Load in Z direc
tion
vii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1

Building construction is the engineering deals with the construction of building

such as residential houses. In a simple building can be define as an enclose sp
ace by walls with roof, food, cloth and the basic needs of human beings. In the
early ancient times humans lived in caves, over trees or under trees, to protect
themselves from wild animals, rain, sun, etc. as the times passed as humans bei
ng started living in huts made of timber branches. The shelters of those old hav
e been developed nowadays into beautiful houses. Rich people live in sophisticat
ed condition houses. Buildings are the important indicator of social progress of
the county. Every human has desire to own comfortable homes on an average gener
ally one spends his two-third life times in the houses. These are the few reason
s which are responsible that the person do utmost effort and spend hard earned s
aving in owning houses. Nowadays the house building is major work of the social
progress of the county. Daily new techniques are being developed for the constru
ction of houses economically, quickly and fulfilling the requirements of the com
munity engineers and architects do the design work, planning and layout, etc. of
the buildings. Draughtsman is responsible for doing the drawing works of buildi
ng as for the direction of engineers and architects. The draughtsman must know h
is job and should be able to follow the instruction of the engineer and should b
e able to draw the required drawing of the building, site plans and layout plans
etc., as for the requirements. A building frame consists of number of bays and
storey. A multi-storey, multi-paneled frame is a complicated statically intermed
iate structure. A design of R.C building of G+9 storey frame work is taken up. T
he building in plan consists of columns built monolithically forming a network.
It is residential complex. The design is made using software on structural analy
sis design (STAAD PRO V8i). The building subjected to both the vertical loads as
well as horizontal loads. The vertical load consists of dead load of structural
components such as beams, columns, slabs etc. and live loads. The horizontal lo
ad consists of the wind forces thus building is designed for dead load, live loa
d and wind load as per IS 875. The building is designed as two dimensional verti
cal frame and analyzed for the maximum and minimum bending moments and shear for
ces by trial and error methods as per IS 456-2000. The help is taken by software
available in institute and the computations of loads, moments and shear forces
and obtained from this software.
2

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY

3

BACKGROUND WORK (LITERATURE SURVEY) 2.1 Elements of Structural Design Structures

in concrete have become very common in civil engineering construction. Concrete
has established itself to be a universal building material because of its high
compressive strength and its adaptability to take any form and shape. Its low te
nsile strength is compensated by the use of steel reinforcement. Thus, the concr
ete is strengthened(i.e. reinforced) by steel and the resultant composite mass i
s known as Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C.) It is this combination which allo
ws almost unlimited use of reinforced concrete in construction of buildings, bri
dges, tanks, dams etc., with the result that almost every civil engineer is inti
mately concerned with reinforced concrete (R.C.) structures. It is therefore, ne
cessary that every civil engineer knows the basic principles involved in design
of R.C. structures. So, it will be approximate to begin by reviewing the basic p
rinciples of structural design in general and then its application to reinforced
concrete structures. 2.1.1. Engineering Structure and Structural Design An engi
neering structure is an assembly of members or elements transferring load (or re
sisting the external actions) and providing a form, space, an enclose and/or cov
er to serve the desired function. Structural design is a science and art of desi
gning, with economy and elegance, a durable structure which can safely carry the
design forces and can serve the desired function satisfactorily in working envi
ronment during its intended service life span. 2.1.2. Objectives and Basic Requi
rements of Structural Design The objective of the structural design is to plan a
structure which meets the basic requirements of structural science and those of
the client or the user. The basic requirements of the structural design are as
follows: i. Safety: It has been the prime requirement of structural design right
from the history of civilization and construction that a structure shall be so
designed that it will not collapse in any way during its expected life span. Saf
ety of structure is achieved by adequate
4

ii.
strength and stability. Besides strength, ductility of structure is also nowaday
s considered to be an additional desired quality from a view point that if at al
l failure occurs, it should not be sudden but should give prior warning of its p
robable occurrence so as to enable one to minimize the consequences of collapse
and avoid loss of human life. Ductility is thus obtained by providing steel of s
uch quality that it would yield prior to crushing of concrete.
iii.
Serviceability: The structure shall efficiently serve the intended function and
also shall give a satisfactory performance throughout the life span. The perform
ance is rated buy the fitness of the structure to maintain deflections, deformat
ions, cracking and vibration effects within acceptable limits. It is achieved by
providing adequate stiffness and cracking resistance.
iv.
Durability: The structure shall resist effectively environmental action during i
ts anticipated exposure conditions, such as rain, alternate wetting and drying o
r freezing, climatic variations in temperature and humidity, chemical actions of
salt, abrasion action etc.
v.
Economy: The economy shall be of material by optimum utilization of its strength
or it may be the economy of cost which includes cost of construction as well as
cost of maintenance and repairs.
vi.
Aesthetics: The structure should be so designed that it should not only be safe,
serviceable and durable but should also give a pleasing appearance without affe
cting the economy to a great extent.
vii.
Feasibility, Practicability and Acceptability: The structure has to be so design
ed that the proposed solution is feasible, practicable an acceptable.
2.1.3. The Design Process: The entire process of design requires conceptual thin
king, sound knowledge of engineering, relevant design codes and byelaws, backed
up by experience, imagination and judgment. The codes of practice are compendia
of good practice drawn by experienced and competent engineers. They are intended
to guide the engineers and should not be allowed to replace their conscience an
d competence.
5

The design process commences with the planning of the structure primarily to mee
t its functional requirement and then designed for safety and serviceability. Th
us, the design of any structure is categorized into the following two types: 1)
Functional Design: The structure to be constructed must primarily serve the basi
c purpose for which it is to be constructed to satisfy the need of the user effi
ciently. This includes proper arrangement of rooms, halls, good ventilation, and
acoustics, unobstructed view in cinema theatre / community halls, proper water
supply and drainage arrangements etc. 2) Structural Design: As mentioned earlier
Structural design is a science and art of designing, with economy and elegance,
a durable structure which can safely carry the design forces and can serve the
desired function satisfactorily in working environment during its intended servi
ce life span. It consists of the following steps: a) Structural Planning b) Dete
rmination of Loads c) Analysis d) Member Design e) Drawing, Detailing and Prepar
ation of Schedule. 2.1.4. Elements of a R.C. Building Frame The principle elemen
ts of a R.C. building frame are slab, beam, column and footing. a) Slab: It is t
wo-dimensional or a planar member supporting a transverse load and providing a w
orking floor or a covering shelter. The loads are transferred to supporting beam
s or walls in one or both directions. b) Beam: A Beam is a one-dimensional (norm
ally horizontal) flexural member which provides support to the slab and the vert
ical walls. c) Column: It is one dimensional vertical member providing a support
to beam. Load is transferred primarily by axial compression accompanied by bend
ing and shear.
6

d) Footing: A footing can be considered as a horizontal two way cantilever slab

providing a wide base to a column for distributing concentrated column load over
a large area of supporting soil. Load transfer is affected partly by bending an
d partly by bearing. 2.1.5. Computer Programming It is important to emphasize th
at in every field the use of computer prevails. Access to personal computers, du
e to their affordable cost, has made it possible for almost every engineer and s
tudent to be equipped with such tools. The need is more apparent to utilize this
powerful tool for simplifying engineering design works. It has now become pract
ically obligatory for structural engineers or students to get conversant with th
e programming languages and techniques of computer aided design. 2.2. Design Phi
losophies
Since the inception of the concept of reinforced concrete in the last twenties o
f the nineteenth century, the following design philosophies have been evolved fo
r design of R.C. structures: a) Working Stress Method (WSM) b) Ultimate Load Met
hod (ULM) c) Limit State Method (LSM) 2.2.1. Limit State Method (LSM) The limit
state method ensures the safety at ultimate load and serviceability at working l
oad rendering the structure fit for its intended use. Thus, it considers the fit
ness of the structure to perform its function satisfactorily during its life spa
n. The salient features and the merits of the method are briefly given below: 1)
It considers the actual behavior of the structure during the entire loading his
tory up to collapse. 2) It adopts the concept of fitness of structure to serve t
he desired function during the service life span and defines the limiting state
of fitness as the limit state. 3) It attempts to define quantitatively the margins
of safety or fitness on some scientific mathematical foundations rather than on
adhoc basis of experience and judgment.
7

The mathematical basis is derived from classical reliability theory and statisti
cal probability (e.g. the reliability of the fitness of the structure and the pr
obability of attainment of a critical limit state). 4) The method, adopts the id
ea of probability of the structure becoming unfit, and attempts to achieve the m
inimum acceptable probability of failure. 5) The method is based on statistical
probabilistic principles. The method examines the factors which can be quantifie
d by statistical method (such as loads, material strength) and then they are acc
ounted through characteristic loads and characteristic strength on the basis of
statistical probabilistic principles and the others which are abstract (such as
variation in dimensions, accuracy, variation in loads and material properties et
c.) are taken into account through partial safety factors. In the limit state me
thod, a structure is essentially designed for safety against collapse (i.e. for
ultimate strength to resist ultimate load) and checked for its serviceability at
working loads. The first part of design thus incorporates basic principles of u
ltimate load method. But at the same time, it eliminates the drawbacks of the ul
timate load method by introducing the second part of check for serviceability. S
ince this second part relates to working loads at which the behavior of structur
e is elastic, the material uses the principles of working stress method to satis
fy the requirements of serviceability. The limit state method, thus, makes a jud
icious combination of the ultimate load method and working stress philosophy avo
iding the demerits of both. 2.2.2. Limit State of Collapse (Ultimate Limit State
) It is the limit state on attainment of which the structure is likely to collap
se. It relates to stability and ultimate strength of the structure. Design to th
is limit state ensures safety of structure from collapse. The structure failure
can be any of the following types: i. Collapse of one or more members occurring
as a result of force coming on the member exceeding its strength(Types (a) and (
b) given below);
8

ii.
Displacement of the structure bodily due to lack of equilibrium between the exte
rnal forces and the resisting reactions (Types (c), (d), (e) given below).
The various conditions leading to structural failure are as follows: a) Failure,
breakage and hence division into segments of one or more members of the structu
re either due to material failure or on account of formation of mechanism by dev
elopment of plastic hinges at one or more critical sections. b) Buckling; c) Sli
ding; d) Overturning; e) Sinking. This limit state is attended to by providing r
esistance greater than the force coming on it and keeping a margin of safety thr
ough safety factors. I.S. Code prescribes different safety factors for overturni
ng and sliding without giving any special status to sinking or buckling. 2.2.3 L
imit State of Serviceability Limit states of serviceability relate to performanc
e or behavior of structure at working loads and are based on causes affecting se
rviceability of the structure. They are mainly subdivided into following categor
ies: A. Limit State of Deflection, B. Limit State of Cracking, and C. Other Limi
t States. 2.3. MULTISTOREY BUILDINGS
Reinforced concrete buildings consist of floor slabs, beams, girders and columns
continuously placed to form a rigid monolithic system. This continuous system l
eads to greater redundancy, reduced moments and distributes the load more evenly
. The floor slab may rest on a system of interconnected beams. A building frame
is a three dimensional structure or a space structure.
9

A wide range of approaches have been used for buildings of varying heights and i
mportance, from simple approximate methods which can be carried out manually, or
with the aid of a pocket calculator, to more refined techniques involving compu
ter solutions. Till a few years ago most of the multistory buildings were analyz
ed by approximate methods such as substitute frame, moment distribution, portal
and cantilever methods. The recent advancement of abundance of ready-made comput
er package programs has reduced the use of approximation methods. This has been
induces from analysis to design, to plotting, to detaining, to specification wri
ting, to cost estimating, etc.
2.3.1. Structural Systems
A building is subjected to several loads which are transferred to ground through
a system of interconnected structural members. In tall buildings, the biggest c
hallenge comes from controlling lateral displacements within the serviceability
limit state. The lateral stiffness may be achieved through a permutation and com
bination of placement of columns and walls in plan. A structural system may be c
lassified as follows:1. Load Bearing wall system:
Walls provide support for all
gravity loads as well as resistance to lateral loads. No columns. The Walls and
partition wall supply in-plane lateral stiffness and stability to resist wind an
d earthquake loads. Clause 8.2.1 and 8.4.8 of IS: 4326-1993 restricts the use of
such system to 3 storey in seismic zone V and 4 storey in other zone.
2. Building with flexural (shear) wall system:
Gravity load is carried by frame
supported on columns rather than on bearing walls. The frame provides vertical s
tability to the building and prevents collapse after damage to flexural wall or
braced frames.
10

3. Moment resisting frame system:

Members and joints are capable of resisting ve
rtical and lateral loads primarily by flexure. Relative stiffness of girders and
columns is very important. A frame can be designed using weak column-strong gir
der proportions or strong column-weak girder proportions. 4. Flexural (shear) wa
ll system:
Reinforced concrete wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel t
o the plane of the wall and detailed to provide ductility as per IS 13920-1993.
The America IBC 2000 permits use of flexural (shear) wall system up to 45m high.
However it can be used up to 70m; if and only if, shear walls in any plane do n
ot resist more than 33% of earthquake design force including torsional effects.
5. Dual frame system:
Moment resisting frame providing support for gravity loads
. Resistance to lateral loads by:
Special detailed moment resisting frame (concr
ete or steel) which is capable of resisting at least 25%of base shear including
torsional effects. Flexural walls i.e. shear walls or braced frames must resist
total required lateral loads. 6. Space frame:
3-Dimensional structural system wi
thout shear or bearing walls composed of interconnected members laterally suppor
ted
11

2.4.
Structural Planning
Salient features:
Utility of building No of stories No of staircases No. of Rooms/floor No of lift
s Type of construction Types of walls Ventilation
Residential Hostel Building G+9 1 22 rooms on each floor with attached washroom.
1 R.C.C framed structure Brick wall Ventilated rooms with window in each room.
Geometric details: Ground floor Floor to floor height Height of plinth Depth of
foundation 2m 3.65m. 2m 2m
Materials: Concrete grade All steel grades Bearing capacity of soil: Depth of Wa
ter Table M35 (for footing) & M25 (for all other elements) Fe415 grade 175KN/m2
4m.
12

CHAPTER 3 COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS & DESIGN

13

COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN This project is mostly based on software and
it is essential to know the details about these softwares. List of softwares used
1. Staad Pro (V8i) 2. Staad foundations 5(V8i) 3. Auto Cad 2010
STAAD PRO V8i
STAAD FOUNDATIONV8i
AUTOCAD 2010
3.1.
STAAD PRO V8i
Staad Pro V8i is powerful design software licensed by Bentley .Staad stands for
structural analysis and design Any object which is stable under a given loading
can be considered as structure. So first find the outline of the structure, wher
eas analysis is the estimation of what are the type of loads that acts on the be
am and calculation of shear force and bending moment comes under analysis stage.
Design phase is designing the type of materials and its dimensions to resist th
e load. This we do after the analysis. To calculate S.F.D and B.M.D of a complex
loading beam it takes about an hour. So when it comes into the building with se
veral members it will take a week. Staad pro is a very powerful tool which does
this job in just an hours staad is a best alternative for high rise buildings. No
wadays most of the high rise buildings are designed by staad which makes a compu
lsion for a civil engineer to know about this software. This software can be use
d to carry RCC, steel, bridge, truss etc. according to various country codes.
14

3.2.
Alternatives for Staad Pro V8i:
STRUDS, ETAB, ROBOT, SAP which gives details very clearly regarding reinforcemen
t and manual calculations. But these softwares are restricted to some designs onl
y whereas Staad can deal with several types of structure.
3.3.
Staad Editor:
Staad has very great advantage to other softwares i.e., Staad editor. Staad edito
r is the programming For the structure we created and loads we taken all details
are presented in programming format in Staad editor. This program can be used t
o analyze other structures also by just making some modifications, but this requ
ire some programming skills. So load cases created for a structure can be used f
or another structure using Staad editor.
Limitations of Staad Pro V8i: 1. Huge output data 2. Even analysis of a small be
am creates large output. 3. Unable to show plinth beams.
3.4. Staad foundation: Staad foundation is a powerful tool used to calculate dif
ferent types of foundations. It is also licensed by Bentley softwares. All Bentle
y softwares cost about 10 lakhs and so all engineers cant use it due to heavy cost
. Analysis and design carried in Staad and post processing in Staad gives the lo
ad at various supports. These supports are to be imported into this software to
calculate the footing details i.e., regarding the geometry and reinforcement det
ails. This software can deal different types of foundations SHALLOW (D<B) 1. Isol
ated (Spread) Footing 2.Combined (Strip) Footing 3.Mat (Raft) Foundation
15

DEEP (D>B) 1.Pile Cap 2. Driller Pier 1. Isolated footing is spread footing which
is common type of footing. 2. Combined Footing or Strap footing is generally lai
d when two columns are very near to each other. 3. Mat foundation is generally l
aid at places where soil has less soil bearing capacity. 4. Pile foundation is l
aid at places with very loose soils and where deep excavations are required. So
depending on the soil at type we have to decide the type of foundation required.
Also lot of input data is required regarding safety factors, soil, materials us
ed should be given in respective units. After input data is give software design
the details for each and every footing and gives the details regarding 1. Geome
try of footing 2. Reinforcement 3. Column layout 4. Graphs 5. Manual calculation
s These details will be given in detail for each and every column. Another advan
tage of foundations is even after the design; properties of the members can be u
pdated if required. The following properties can be updated Column Position Column
Shape Column Size
Load Cases Support List It is very easy deal with this software
and we dont have any best alternative to this.
16

3.5.
AutoCAD:
AutoCAD is powerful software licensed by auto desk. The word auto came from auto
Desk Company and cad stands for computer aided design. AutoCAD is used for draw
ing different layouts, details, plans, elevations, sections and different sectio
ns can be shown in auto cad. It is very useful software for civil, mechanical an
d also electrical engineer. The importance of this software makes every engineer
a compulsion to learn this softwares. We used AutoCAD for drawing the plan, elev
ation of a residential building. We also used AutoCAD to show the reinforcement
details and design details of a stair case. AutoCAD is a very easy software to l
earn and much user friendly for anyone to handle and can be learn quickly. Learn
ing of certain commands is required to draw in AutoCAD.
17

CHAPTER 4 PLAN & ELEVATION

18

4.1.
PLAN
The Annexure A represents the plan of a G+9 hostel building. The plan clearly sh
ows that it is a combination of rooms and attached washrooms of the SRM Hostel b
uilding. The Hostel is located at SRM University, NCR Campus, Ghaziabad which is
surrounded by other hostel blocks on the three sides except the backside. Every
floor consists of 22 rooms along with attached bathroom. It represents a spacio
us surrounding with huge areas for each room. It is a G+9 proposed building, so
for 9 floors we have 9*22=198 rooms. The plan shows the details of dimensions of
each and every room. The entire plan area is about 810sq.m. The plan also gives
the details of location of stair cases in different blocks. We have 2 stair cas
es for the building and designing of stair case is shown in AutoCAD plot no.3.
At the left end of the building we have a small construction which consists of t
wo lifts and those who want to fly through lift can use this facility and we kno
w for a building with more than G+4 floors should compulsory have lift and the c
harges for the facilities is collected by all the members. So these represent th
e plan of our building and detailed explanation of remaining parts like elevatio
ns and designing is carried in the next sections.
19

4.2.
Elevation
The Annexure B represents the proposed elevation of building. It shows the eleva
tion of the G+9 building representing the front view which gives the overview of
a building block. Each floor consists of height 3m which is taken as per GHMC r
ules for residential buildings. The building is not designed for increasing the
number of floors in future.so the number of floors is fixed for future also for
this building due to unavailability of the permissions of respective authorities
. Also special materials like fly ash and self-compacted concrete were also used
in order to reduce the dead load and increase life of the structure and also im
prove economy. But these materials were not considered while designing in Staad
to reduce the complexity and necessary corrections are made for considering the
economy and safety of the structure as it is a very huge building. The construct
ion is going to complete in the month of July 2013 and ready for the occupancy.
This is regarding the elevation and details of the site and next section deals w
ith the design part of the building under various loads for which the building i
s designed.
20

CHAPTER 5 LOADS
21

LOADS 5.1. Load Conditions and Structural System Response:

The concepts presented in this section provide an overview of building loads and
their effect on the structural response of typical R.C.C structures. As shown i
n Table, building loads can be divided into types based on the orientation of th
e structural action or forces that they induce: vertical and horizontal (i.e. la
teral) loads. Classification of loads is described in the following sections.
5.2.
Building Loads Categorized by Orientation:
Types of loads on a hypothetical building are as follows. Vertical Loads Dead Load
(gravity) Live (gravity) Snow (gravity) Wind (uplift on roof) Seismic and wind (ov
erturning) Seismic (vertical ground motion)
5.2.1. Horizontal (Lateral) Loads: Direction of loads is horizontal w.r.t to the
building. Wind Seismic (horizontal ground motion) Flood (static and dynamic hydrau
lic forces Soil (active lateral pressure)
5.2.2. Vertical Loads: Gravity loads act in the same direction as gravity (i.e.,
downward or vertically) and include dead, live, and snow loads. They are genera
lly static in nature and usually considered a uniformly distributed or concentra
ted load. Thus, determining a gravity load on a beam or column is a relatively s
imple exercise that uses the concept of tributary areas to assign loads to struc
tural elements, including the dead load (i.e., weight of the construction) and a
ny applied loads(i.e.,
22

live load). For example, the tributary gravity load on a floor joist would inclu
de the uniform floor load (dead and live) applied to the area of floor supported
by the individual joist. The structural designer then selects a standard beam o
r column model to analyze bearing connection forces (i.e., reactions) internal s
tresses (i.e., bending stresses, shear stresses, and axial stresses) and stabili
ty of the structural member or system a for beam equations. The selection of an
appropriate analytic model is, however no trivial matter, especially if the stru
ctural system departs significantly from traditional engineering assumptions are
particularly relevant to the structural systems that comprise many parts of a h
ouse, but to varying degrees. Wind uplift forces are generated by negative (suct
ion) pressures acting in an outward direction from the surface of the roof in re
sponse to the aerodynamics of wind flowing over and around the building. As with
gravity loads, the influence of wind uplift pressures on a structure or assembl
y (i.e. roof) are analyzed by using the concept of tributary areas and uniformly
distributed loads. The major difference is that wind pressures act perpendicula
r to the building surface (not in the direction of gravity) and that pressures v
ary according to the size of the tributary area and its location on the building
, particularly proximity to changes in geometry (e.g., eaves, corners, and ridge
s).Even though the wind loads are dynamic and highly variable, the design approa
ch is based on a maximum static load (i.e., pressure) equivalent. Vertical force
s are also created by overturning reactions due to wind and seismic lateral load
s acting on the overall building and its lateral force resisting systems, Earthq
uakes also produce vertical ground motions or accelerations which increase the e
ffect of gravity loads. However, Vertical earthquake loads are usually considere
d to be implicitly addressed in the gravity load analysis of a light-frame build
ing.
5.2.3. Lateral Loads: The primary loads that produce lateral forces on buildings
are attributable to forces associated with wind, seismic ground motion, floods,
and soil. Wind and seismic lateral loads apply to the entire building. Lateral
forces from wind are generated by positive wind pressures on the windward face o
f the building and by negative pressures on the leeward face of the building, cr
eating a combined push and-pull effect. Seismic lateral forces are generated by
a structures dynamic inertial response to cyclic ground movement. The magnitude o
f the seismic shear (i.e., lateral) load depends on the
23

magnitude of the ground motion, the buildings mass, and the dynamic structural r
esponse characteristics (i.e., dampening, ductility, natural period of vibration
, etc.). For houses and other similar low rise structures, a simplified seismic
load analysis employs equivalent static forces based on fundamental Newtonian me
chanics (F=ma) with somewhat subjective (i.e., experiencebased) adjustments to a
ccount for inelastic, ductile response characteristics of various building syste
ms. Flood loads are generally minimized by elevating the structure on a properly
designed foundation or avoided by not building in a flood plain. Lateral loads
from moving flood waters and static hydraulic pressure are substantial. Soil lat
eral loads apply specifically to foundation wall design, mainly as an out-of-plan
e bending load on the wall. Lateral loads also produce an overturning moment that
must be offset by the dead load and connections of the building. Therefore, ove
rturning forces on connections designed to restrain components from rotating or
the building from overturning must be considered. Since wind is capable of the g
enerating simultaneous roof uplift and lateral loads, the uplift component of th
e wind load exacerbates the overturning tension forces due to the lateral compon
ent of the wind load. Conversely the dead load may be sufficient to offset the o
verturning and uplift forces as is the case in lower design wind conditions and
in many seismic design conditions.
5.3.
Design loads for the residential building:
General Loads are a primary consideration in any building design because they de
fine the nature and magnitude of hazards are external forces that a building mus
t resist to provide a reasonable performance(i.e., safety and serviceability) th
roughout the structures useful life. The anticipated loads are influenced by a bu
ildings intended use (occupancy and function); configuration (size and shape) and
location (climate and site conditions).Ultimately, the type and magnitude of de
sign loads affect critical decisions such as material collection, construction d
etails and architectural configuration. Since building codes tend to vary in the
ir treatment of design loads the designer should, as a matter of due diligence,
identify variances from both local accepted practice and the applicable
24

code relative to design loads as presented in this guide, even though the varian
ces may be considered technically sound.
5.3.1. Dead Loads: Dead loads consist of the permanent construction material loa
ds compressing the roof, floor, wall, and foundation systems, including cladding
s, finishes and fixed equipment. Dead load is the total load of all of the compo
nents of the components of the building that generally do not change over time,
such as the steel columns, concrete floors, bricks, roofing material etc. In sta
ad pro assignment of dead load is automatically done by giving the property of t
he member. In load case we have option called self-weight which automatically ca
lculates weights using the properties of material i.e., density and after assign
ment of dead load the skeletal structure looks red in color as shown in the figu
re.
Figure 5. 1
25

Example for calculation of dead load: Dead load calculation Weight=Volume x Dens
ity Self-weight floor finish=0.12*25+1=3kn/m^2 The above example shows a sample
calculation of dead load. Dead load is calculated as per IS 875 part 1
Here for the multistory building we need to define the loads distributed by the
masonry brick wall which is shown in the above figure using UNI GY -20.063N/mm.
5.3.2. Imposed Loads
Live loads are produced by the use and occupancy of a building. Loads include th
ose from human occupants, furnishings, no fixed equipment, storage, and construc
tion and maintenance activities. As required to adequately define the loading co
ndition, loads are presented in terms of uniform area loads, concentrated loads,
and uniform line loads. The uniform and concentrated live loads should not be a
pplied simultaneously n a structural evaluation. Concentrated loads should be ap
plied to a small area or surface consistent with the application and should be l
ocated or directed to give the maximum load effect possible in endues conditions
. For example, the stair load of 300 pounds should be applied to the center of t
he stair tread between supports. In staad we assign live load in terms of:
Floor
load = 2.125KN/m2 (as per IS 875 Part 2) (for residential building including fl
oor finish) Plate/Element Load = 2KN/m2 (Imposed/live load on slab)
We have to create a load case for live load and select all the beams to carry su
ch load. After the assignment of the live load the structure appears as shown be
low.
26

Figure 5.2 Live loads are calculated as per IS 875 Part 2

5.3.3 Wind loads: In the list of loads we can see wind load is present both in v
ertical and horizontal loads. This is because wind load causes uplift of the roo
f by creating a negative (suction) pressure on the top of the roof figure 3 a di
agram of wind load. Wind produces non static loads on a structure at highly vari
able magnitudes. The variation in pressures at different locations on a building
is complex to the point that pressures may become too analytically intensive fo
r precise consideration in design. Therefore, wind load specifications attempt t
o amplify the design problem by considering basic static pressure zones on a bui
lding representative of peak loads that are likely to be experienced. The peak p
ressures in one zone for a given wind direction may not, However, occur simultan
eously in other zones. For some pressure zones, the peak pressure depends on an
arrow range of wind direction. Therefore, the wind directionality effect must al
so be factored into determining risk consistent wind loads on buildings.
27

Assignment of wind speed is quite different compared to remaining loads. We have

to define a load case prior to assignment. After designing wind load can be ass
igned in two ways 1. Collecting the standard values of load intensities for part
icular heights and assigning of the loads for respective height. 2. Calculation
of wind load as per IS 875 part 3. We designed our structure using second method
which involves the calculation of wind load using wind speed. In Delhi we have
a wind speed of 47 kmph for 10 m height and this value is used in calculation.
Basic wind speed: It gives the basic wind speed of India, as applicable to 1m he
ight above means ground level for different zones of the country. Basic wind spe
ed is based on peak just velocity averaged over a short time interval of about 3
seconds and corresponds to mean heights above ground level in an open terrain.
Design wind speed: The basic wind speed (Vb) for any site shall be obtained the
following effects to get design wind velocity at any height (Vz) for the chosen
structure. a) Risk level b) Terrain roughness, height and size of the structure
and c) Local topography It can be mathematically expressed as follows: Vs. =Vb*
K1* K2* K3 Where Vz= design wind speed at any height Z in m/s K1= probability fa
ctor (risk coefficient) K2=terrain height and structure size factor and K3=topog
raphy factor
28

5.3.4. Earthquake Loads Earthquake or seismic load on a building depends upon it

s geographical location, lateral stiffness and mass, and is reversible. Its effe
ct should be considered along both axes of a building taken one at a time. A for
ce is defined as the product of mass and acceleration. During an earthquake, the
mass is imparted by the building whereas the acceleration is imparted by ground
disturbances. In order to have a minimum force, the mass of the building should
be as low as possible. There can be no control on the ground acceleration as it
is an act of God! The point of application of this internal force is the center
of gravity of the mass on each floor of the building. Once there is a force, th
ere has to be an equal and opposite reaction to balance the force. The inertial
force is resisted by the building and the resisting force acts at the center of
rigidity at each floor of the building or shear center of the building at each s
torey. There are two methods to determine the earthquake force in a building: a)
Seismic coefficient method or static method. b) Response spectrum method or mod
al analysis method or spectral acceleration method or dynamic method. Response S
pectra: The representation of the maximum response of idealized single degree of
freedom system having certain period of vibration and damping during a given ea
rthquake is referred to as a response spectrum. In the IS : 1893:2002 code, an e
lastic response spectrum has been proposed for the Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE) condition.
NOTE: - The wind loads and earthquake loads are assumed not to act simultaneousl
y. A building is designed for the worst of the two loads. The fact is that the d
esign forces for wind are greater than the seismic design forces (i.e. wind gove
rns the design) does not obviate the need for seismic detailing. While wind forc
es govern, the design must provide at least the type of seismic detailing that c
orresponds to the seismic forces calculated for that building. But for this stru
cture the seismic loads are predominant than that of the wind loads, therefore,
the seismic loads govern the design.
29

Design Spectrum For the purpose of determining seismic forces, the country is cl
assified into four seismic zones as shown in Fig. 1. of IS 1893 The design horiz
ontal seismic coefficient Ah for a structure shall be determined by the followin
g expression:
Ah= Z.I.Sa /2.R.g Provided that for any structure with T <0.1 s, the value of Ah
will not be taken less than Z/2 whatever be the value of I/R, where,
Z = Zone factor given in Table 2 of IS 1893, is for the Maximum Considered Earth
quake (MCE) and service life of structure in a zone. The factor 2 in the denomin
ator of Z is used so as to reduce the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) zone f
actor to the factor for Design Basis Earthquake (DBE). I = Importance factor, de
pending upon the functional use of the structures, characterized by hazardous co
nsequences of its failure, post-earthquake functional needs, historical value, o
r economic importance (Table 6, IS 1893).
R= Response reduction factor, depending on the perceived seismic damage performa
nce of the structure, characterized by ductile or brittle deformations. However,
the ratio (I/R ) shall not be greater than 1.0 (Table 7, IS 1893). The values o
f R for buildings are given in Table 7.
Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient for rock or soil sites as given
by Fig. 2 and Table 3 of IS 1893, based on appropriate natural periods and damp
ing of the structure. These curves represent free field ground motion.
Table 5.1
ZONE FACTOR (Z)
II LOW III MODERATE IV SEVERE V VERY SEVERE
Seismic Zone Seismic Intensity Z
0.10
0.16
0.24
0.36
30

5.4.
Design Imposed Loads for Earthquakes Force Calculation
For various loading classes as specified in IS 875(Part 2), the earthquake force
shall be calculated for the full dead load plus the percentage of imposed load
as given in Table 8. For calculating the design seismic forces of the structure,
the imposed load on roof need not be considered. The percentage of imposed load
s should be 25% for floor loads up to and including 3KN/m2.
Seismic Weight of Floors The seismic weight of each floor is its full dead load
plus appropriate amount of imposed load. While computing the seismic weight of e
ach floor, the weight of columns and walls in any storey shall be equally distri
buted to the floors above and below the storey.
Seismic Weight of Building The seismic weight of the whole building is the sum o
f the seismic weights of all the floors. Any weight supported in between storeys
shall be distributed to the floors above and below in inverse proportion to its
distance from the floors.
Design Lateral Force Buildings and portions thereof shall be designed and constr
ucted, to resist the effects of design lateral force. The design lateral force s
hall first be computed for the building as a whole. This design lateral force sh
all then be distributed to the various floor levels. The overall design seismic
force thus obtained at each floor level, shall then be distributed to individual
lateral load resisting elements depending on the floor diaphragm action.
Design Seismic Base Shear The total design lateral force or design seismic base
shear ( Vb)along any principal direction shall be determined by the following ex
pression: Vb= AhW Where,
31

Ah = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value, using the fundamental natura

l period T, in the considered direction of vibration, and W = Seismic weight of
the building.
5.4.1. Seismic Loading in Staad Pro V8i: Now since we know the basic criterion f
or earthquake loads, the seismic weights as assigned in Staad Pro V8i software a
re as follows:
Defining Seismic parameters, which includes the following: Earthq
uake Zone for Delhi is Zone IV (i.e. Zone Factor = 0.24) Response Reduction Fact
or = 5, (for Special RC moment-resisting frame (SMRF) as per Table 7, IS 1893.)
Importance Factor = 1.0, ( for All Other Buildings other than Important service
and community buildings, such as hospitals; schools; monumental structures; emer
gency buildings like telephone exchange, television stations, radio stations, ra
ilway stations, fire station buildings; large community halls like cinemas, asse
mbly halls and subway stations, power stations for which I = 1.5.)
Response spec
tra for Rock and Soil Site Type (SS) = 2, (For Medium Type Soil at 5% damping.)
Type of Structure = 1 (for Reinforced Concrete Framed Structure) Damping Ratio =
5% Depth of foundation = 2m
32

Figure5.3 The weights are then defined for the structure which includes: SELFWEI
GHT (represents the dead weight) FLOOR WEIGHT (represents the live load) PLATE W
EIGHT (represents the live load on slab) MEMBER WEIGHT (masonry brick weight )
The load case for seismic loads is then defined in the two directions that are h
orizontally perpendicular (X and Z) directions. The figure of Staad Editor is sh
own as below:
33

Figure5.4
Seismic Load in X direction (SLX)
34

Figure5.5
5.5. LOAD COMBINATIONS
Seismic Load in Z direction (SLZ)
Load combinations as per IS 875 Part 5 are taken into consideration.
A judicious combination of the loads (specified in IS 875 Parts 1 to 4 of this s
tandard and earthquake), keeping in view the probability of: a) Their acting tog
ether, and b) Their disposition in relation to other loads and severity of stres
ses or c) Deformations caused by combinations of the various loads are necessary
to ensure the required safety and economy in the design of a structure. Load Co
mbinations - The various loads should, therefore, be combined in accordance with
the stipulations in the relevant design codes. In the absence of such recommend
ations, the following
35

loading combinations, whichever combination produces the most unfavorable effect

in the building, foundation or structural member concerned may be adopted ( as
a general guidance ). It should also be recognized in load combinations that the
simultaneous occurrence of maximum values of wind, earthquake, imposed and snow
loads is not likely: 1) DL + LL 2) DL + LL +SLX 3) DL + LL + SLZ 4) DL + LL SLX 5) DL + LL SLZ 6) 1.5 (
DL + LL) 7) 1.5 (DL + SLX) 8) 1.5 (DL - SLX) 9) 1.5 (DL + SLZ) 10) 1.5 (DL -SLZ)
11) 0.9DL +1.5SLX 12) 0.9DL -1.5SLX 13) 0.9DL + 1.5SLZ 14) 0.9DL - 1.5SLZ 15) 1
.2 (DL +LL +SLX 16) 1.2(DL +LL -SLX ) 17) 1.2(DL+LL+SLZ) 18) 1.2(DL + LL - SLZ)
Where, the numerals 1.5, 0.9, 1.2, 1.0 represents the load factors as per IS 875
Part 5. DL = Dead Load LL = Live Load SLX = Seismic load in X direction SLZ = S
eismic load in Z direction The negative sign in the above load combinations show
s the directions opposite to the defined case.
Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind or maximum flood or m
aximum sea waves. Since the wind velocity in the region is less and less dominan
t than the seismic zone (Zone IV), therefore wind load is not considered for des
ign.
36

5.7.
INPUT TO STAAD EDITOR FOR LOADING:
37

38

CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS
39

ANALYSIS 6.1 Method Of Analysis

The various methods of analysis of statistically indeterminate portal frames are
: 1. Method of flexibility coefficients. 2. Slope displacements methods (iterat
ive methods) 3. Moment distribution method 4. Kanes method 5. Cantilever method 6
. Portal method 7. Matrix method 8. Using STAAD Pro V8i
6.1.1 Method of flexibility coefficients: The method of analysis is comprises re
ducing the hyper static structure to a determinate structure form by: Removing t
he redundant support (or) introducing adequate cuts (or) hinges. Limitations: It
is not applicable for degree of redundancy>3
6.1.2. Slope displacement equations: It is advantageous when kinematic indetermi
nacy <static indeterminacy. This procedure was first formulated by axle bender i
n 1914 based on the applications of compatibility and equilibrium conditions. Th
e method derives its name from the fact that support slopes and displacements ar
e explicitly comported. Set up simultaneous equations is formed the solution of
these parameters and the joint moment in each element or computed from these val
ues. Limitations: A solution of simultaneous equations makes methods tedious for
manual computations. This method is not recommended for frames larger than two
bays and two storeys. .
40

Iterative methods: These methods involve distributing the known fixed and moment
s of the structural member to adjacent members at the joints in order satisfy th
e conditions of compatibility. Limitations of hardy cross method: It presents so
me difficulties when applied to rigid frame especially when the frame is suscept
ible to side sway. The method cannot be applied to structures with intermediate
hinges. 6.1.3 Kanis method: This method over comes some of the disadvantages of h
ardy cross method. Kanis approach is similar to H.C.M to that extent it also invo
lves repeated distribution of moments at successive joints in frames and continu
es beams. However there is a major difference in distribution process of two met
hods. H.C.M distributes only the total joint moment at any stage of iteration. T
he most significant feature of Kanis method is that process of iteration is selfcorrective. Any error at any stage of iterations corrected in subsequent steps c
onsequently skipping a few steps error at any stage of iteration is corrected in
subsequent consequently skipping a few steps of iterations either by over sight
of by intention does not lead to error in final end moments. Advantages: It is
used for side way of frames. Limitations: The rotational of columns of any store
y should be functioning a single rotation value of same storey. The beams of sto
rey should not undergo rotation when the column undergoes translation. That is t
he column should be parallel. Frames with intermediate hinges cannot be analyzed
.
6.1.4. Approximate method: Approximate analysis of hyper static structure provid
es a simple means of obtaining a quick solution for preliminary design. It makes
Some simplifying assumptions regarding Structural behavior so to obtain a rapid
solution to complex structures. The usual process comprises reducing the given
indeterminate configuration to a determine structural system by introducing adeq
uate no of hinges. it is possible to sketch the deflected
41

profile of the structure for the given loading and hence by locate the print inf
lection. Since each point of inflection corresponds to the location of zero mome
nt in the structures. The inflection points can be visualized as hinges for the
purpose of analysis. The solution of structures is sundered simple once the infl
ection points are located. The loading cases are arising in multistoried frames
namely horizontal and vertical loading. The analysis carried out separately for
these two cases. Horizontal cases: The behavior of a structure subjected to hori
zontal forces depends upon its heights to width ratio among their factor. It is
necessary it differentiate between low rise and high rise frames in this case. L
ow rise structures: Height < width It is characterized predominately by shear de
formation. High rise buildings Height > width It is dominated by bending action
6.1.5. Matrix analysis of frames: The individual elements of frames are oriented
in different directions unlike those of continues beams so their analysis is mo
re complex .never the less the rudimentary flexibility and stiffness methods are
applied to frames stiffness method is more useful because its adaptability to c
omputer programming stiffness method is used when degree of redundancy is greate
r than degree of freedom. However stiffness method is used degree of freedom is
greater than degree of redundancy especially for computers.
42

6.2.
Seismic Analysis Procedures:
Main features of seismic method of analysis based on Indian Standard 1893(part 1
): 2002 are described as follows Equivalent lateral force method: The Equivalent
lateral force method is the simplest method of analysis and requires less compu
tational effort because the forces depend on the code based fundamental period o
f structures with some empirical modifier. The design base shear shall first be
computed as a whole, and then be distributed along the height of buildings based
on simple formulae appropriate for buildings with regular distribution of mass
and stiffness. The design lateral force obtained at each floor level shall be di
stributed to individual lateral load resisting elements depending upon floor dia
phragm action. The design lateral force or design base shear and the distributio
n are given by some empirical formulae given in the I.S 1893. Response Spectrum
analysis: This method is applicable for those structures where modes other than
the fundamental one affect significantly the response of the structure. In this
method the response of Multi degree of freedom system is expressed as the superp
osition of modal response, each modal response being determined from the spectra
l analysis of Singledegree of freedom system, which is then combined to compute t
he total response. Elastic Time history analysis: A linear analysis, time histor
y analysis over comes all disadvantages of modal response spectrum provided nonl
inear behavior is not involved. The method requires greater computational effort
s for calculating the response at discrete times. One interesting advantage of t
his is that the relative signs of response quantities are preserved in the respo
nse histories.
6.3.
Analysis Using Staad Pro V8i:
After assigning all the properties of a structural frame only a command is used
to analyze the structure and the results are obtained within seconds of time. Th
is is the main advantage of using the software or computer aided analysis.
43

6.4.
Analysis Result For Load Cases 1 To 4
For Load Case 1 (SLX)
44

For Load Case 2 (SLZ)

45

For Load Case 3 (Dead Load)

46

For Load Case 4 (Live Load)

47

6.5.
ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR SUPPORT REACTIONS
48

49

50

51

52

**The above results are displayed from the Staad Output file. **These reaction f
orces and moments are evaluated for the critical load combinations 5 to 9 as sho
wn above under load combinations. **The joints 69 to 113 show the column positio
ns the ultimate position of reaction supports for the RC framed structure.
53

CHAPTER 7 DESIGN
54

INPUT TO STAAD EDITOR FOR DESIGN

55

7.1.
BEAMS
Beams are the horizontal members of the RC framed structure. Generally, beam is
of two typesi) Singly Reinforced Beam and ii) Doubly Reinforced Beams. Design of
beams is done as per Limit State Design of collapse (IS 456: 2000). Using Staad
Pro software, the design of beam is simply done by assigning the parameters for
the structure which includes the clear cover, yield strength of steel, compress
ive strength of concrete, maximum and minimum size of bars to be used, etc. A re
inforced concrete beam should be able to resist tensile, compressive and shear s
tress induced in it by loads on the beam. There are three types of reinforced co
ncrete beams 1.) Single reinforced beams 2.) Double reinforced concrete 3.) Flan
ged beams Beams transfer loads from slabs to columns and hence are designed for
bending. Singly reinforced beams: In singly reinforced simply supported beams st
eel bars are placed near the bottom of the beam where they are more effective in
resisting in the tensile bending stress. I cantilever beams reinforcing bars pl
aced near the top of the beam, for the same reason as in the case of simply supp
orted beam. Doubly reinforced concrete beams: It is reinforced under compression
and tension regions. The necessity of steel of compression region arises due to
two reasons; when depth of beam is restricted, the strength availability singly
reinforced beam is in adequate. At a support of continuous beam where bending m
oment changes sign such as situation may also arise in design of a beam circular
in plan.
Figure shows the bottom and top reinforcement details at three different section
s. These calculations are interpreted manually. Due to the huge output of Staad
Pro V8i, here we only show the design result of a beam.
56

7.1.1. Design Result for Beam No. 1

57

FIGURE 7. 1 Location of Beam 1 in the structure

58

7.1.2. Detailing of Beam Reinforcement as per IS 13920 : 1993

FIGURE 7. 2 Beam Reinforcement
59

FIGURE 7. 3
Beam Web Reinforcement
7.1.3. Check for the design of a Beam No.1:
Given data: Cross section of beam : b x d = 300mm x600 mm Vertical shear force =
Vu =145.93 KN c = 0.29 N/mm2 (from able 19 of IS 456 200)
Minimum Shear Reinforcemen : When v is less han c , given in Table 19, minimum sh
ear reinforcemen shall -be provided Design of Shear Reinforcemen : When v exceed
s c, given in Table 19, shear reinforcemen shall be provided in any of he follo
wing forms: a) Ver ical s irrups, b) Ben -up bars along wi h s irrups, and c) In
clined s irrups,
60

v
= =
Vu/(b x d) (As per clause 40.1 of IS 456-2000) 145.93 x 103/(550x300)
=1.216 N/mm2 v c
Design reinforcemen Vus = = = Vu- c x b x d (As per clause 40.4 of IS 456-2000)
145.93 x103 -0.29x550x300 111100 N
Shear reinforcemen shall be provided o carry a shear equal o Vu - c bd The s r
eng h of shear reinforcemen Vus, shall be calcula ed as below:
For ver ical s irrups: Vus = 0.87 fyAsvd/Sv (As per clause 40.4 of IS 456-2000)
Asv Sv v c b
= = = = =
o al cross-sec ional area of s irrup legs or ben -up bars wi hin a dis ance Sv.
spacing of he s irrups or ben -up bars along he leng h of he member, nominal
shear s ress design shear s reng h of he concre e, bread h of he member which
for flanged beams, shall be aken as he bread h of
he web bw, fy = ch
r
cteristic strength of the stirrup or bent-up reinforcement
which sh
ll not be
t
ken gre
ter th
n 415 N/mm2, =
ngle between the inclined stirrup or bent- up b

r
nd the
xis of the member, not less th
n 45,
nd d = effective depth. 111130
N= 0.87 x 415 x 2 x x 82 x 550/Sv Sv = 140 mm
61

Sv should not be more than the following 1. 0.75xd = 0.75 x 550 = 300 mm 2. 300
mm 3. Minimum shear reinforcement sacing = Sv,min
Minimum shear reinforcement: Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrus
shall be rovided such that: Asv/bSv 0.4/ 0.87fy (As er clause 26.5.1.6 of IS
456-2000)
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirru legs effective in shear, Sv = stirru
 sacing along the length of the member, b = breadth of the beam or breadth of
the web of flanged beam, and fy = characteristic strength of the stirru reinfor
cement in N/mm* which shall not be taken greater than 415 N/mn2 Sv=2x(/4)x82x0.87
x415/(0.4x300) = Provided 2 legged 8mm @100 mm stirrus .
605 mm.
Hence matched with Staad outut.
62

7.2.
COLUMNS
A column or strut is a comression member, which is used rimary to suort axia
l comressive loads and with a height of at least three it is least lateral dime
nsion.
A reinforced concrete column is said to be subjected to axially loaded when line
of the resultant thrust of loads suorted by column is coincident with the lin
e of C.G 0f the column I the longitudinal direction.
Deending uon the architectural requirements and loads to be suorted, R.C col
umns may be cast in various shaes i.e. square, rectangle, and hexagonal, octago
nal, circular. Columns of L shaed or T shaed are also sometimes used in multis
toried buildings.
The longitudinal bars in columns hel to bear the load in the combination with t
he concrete. The longitudinal bars are held in osition by transverse reinforcem
ent, or lateral binders.
The binders revent dislacement of longitudinal bars during concreting oeratio
n and also check the tendency of their buckling towards under loads.
7.2.1. Positioning of columns: Some of the guiding rinciles which hel the os
itioning of the columns are as follows:A) Columns should be referably located at or near the corners of the building a
nd at the intersection of the wall, but for the columns on the roerty line as
the following requirements some area beyond the column, the column can be shifte
d inside along a cross wall to rovide the required area for the footing with in
the roerty line. alternatively a combined or a stra footing may be rovided.
B) The sacing between the columns is governed by the lamination on sans of su
orted beams, as the sanning of the column decides the san of the beam. As th
e san of the of the beam increases, the deth of the beam, and hence the self-w
eight of the beam and the total.
63

7.2.2. Effective length: The effective length of the column is defined as the le
ngth between the oints of contraflexure of the buckled column. The code has giv
en certain values of the effective length for normal usage assuming idealized an
d conditions shown in aendix D of IS - 456(Table 24) A column may be classifie
d based as follows based on the tye of loading: 1) Axially loaded column 2) A c
olumn subjected to axial load and uneasily bending 3) A column subjected to axia
l load and biaxial bending.
Axially loaded columns: All comression members are to be designed for a minimum
eccentricity of load into rincial directions. In ractice, a truly axially lo
aded column is rare ,if not nonexistent. Therefore, every column should be desig
ned for a minimum eccentricity .clause 22.4 of IS code
E min
=
(L/500) + (D/300), subjected to a minimum of 200 mm.
Where L is the unsuorted length of the column (see 24.1.3 of the code for defi
nition unsuorted length) and D is the lateral dimension of the column in the d
irection under the consideration.
Axial load and uniaxial bending: A member subjected to axial force and bending s
hall be designed on the basis of 1) The maximum comressive strength in concrete
in axial comression is taken as 0.002 2) The maximum comressive strength at t
he highly comressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected to highly comression a
nd when there is no tension on the section shall be 0.0035-0.75 times the strain
at least comressed extreme fiber. Design charts for combined axial comression
and bending are in the form of intersection diagram in which curves for Pu/fck
bD verses Mu/fck bD2 are lotted for different values of /fck where  is reinfo
rcement ercentage.
64

Axial load and biaxial bending: The resistance of a member subjected to axial fo
rce and biaxial bending shall be obtained on the basis of assumtions given in 3
8.1 and 38.2 with neutral axis so chosen as to satisfy the equilibrium of load a
nd moment about two weeks.
Alternatively such members may be designed by the following equation: (Mux/ Muy)n
+(Muy/ Muy1)n
<=
1.0
Mux&Muy=moment
bout x
nd Y
xis due to design lo
ds Mux1&Muy1=m
ximum uni
xi
l
moment c
p
city for
n
xi
l lo
d of Pu bending
bout x
nd y
xis respectively
. n is rel
ted to Pu/puz
Puz
=
0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*Asc
For v
lues of pu/Puz=0.2 to 0.8, the v
lues of n v
ry line
rly from 1.0 to 2.0 fo
r v
lues less th
n 0.2, n is v
lues gre
ter th
n 0.8 , n is 2.0
The m
in duty of column is to tr
nsfer the lo
d to the soil s
fely. Columns
re
designed for compression
nd moment. The cross section of the column gener
lly i
ncre
ses from one floor to
nother floor due to the
ddition of both live
nd de

d lo
d from the top floors. Also the
mount if lo
d depends on number of be
ms
the columns is connected to. As be
m tr
nsfer h
lf of the lo
d to e
ch column it
is connected.
7.2.3. Column design: A column m
y be defined
s
n element used prim
ry to supp
ort
xi
l compressive lo
ds
nd with
height of
le
st three times its l
ter
l
dimension. The strength of column depends upon the strength of m
teri
ls, sh
pe

nd size of cross section, length
nd degree of proportion
l
nd dedic
tion
l r
estr
ins
t its ends. A column m
y be cl
ssify b
sed on deferent criteri
such

s
65

1.) Sh
pe of the section 2.) Slenderness r
tio (A=L+D) 3.) Type of lo
ding, l
nd
4.) P
ttern of l
ter
l reinforcement. The r
tio of effective column length to l
e
st l
ter
l dimension is rele
sed to
s slenderness r
tio. In our structure we
h
ve 3 types of columns. Column with be
ms on two sides Columns with be
ms on thre
e sides Columns with be
ms on four sides
So we require three types of column sections. So cre
te three types of column se
ctions
nd
ssign to the respective columns depending on the connection. But in
these structure we
dopted s
me cross section throughout the structure with
re
ct
ngul
r cross section .In found
tions we gener
lly do not h
ve circul
r column
s if circul
r column is given it m
kes
circle by cre
ting m
ny lines to incre

se
ccur
cy. The column design is done by selecting the column
nd from geometry
p
ge
ssigns the dimensions of the columns. Now
n
lyze the column for lo
ds to
see the re
ctions
nd tot
l lo
ds on the column by seeing the lo
ds design colu
mn by giving
ppropri
te p
r
meters like 1. Minimum reinforcement, m
x, b
r size
s, m
ximum
nd minimum spicing. 2. Select the
ppropri
te design code
nd input
design column comm
nd to
ll the column. 3. Now run
n
lysis
nd select
ny colu
mn to collect the reinforcement det
ils The following figure shows the reinforce
ment det
ils of
be
m in st

d. The figure represents det
ils reg
rding 1. Tr
n
sverse reinforcement 2. Longitudin
l reinforcement The type of b
rs to be used,

mount of steel
nd lo
ding on the column is represented in the below figure.
66

T
ble 7. 4 Skeleton Structure Showing Column No. 1539

67

68

Figure 7.5 - She
r Bending For Column No. 1539 7.2.4. Check for Column Design: S
hort
xi
lly Lo
ded columns: Given d
t

fck = 25 N/mm2 fy = 415N/mm2 puz = 19732.59 N b = 450mm d = 900mm
69

Design of reinforcement Are
: (As per cl
use 39.6 of IS 456 2000)

Puz 19732.59
= =
0.45fckAc + 0.75fyAsc 0.45*25*(350*450-Asc) + 0.75*415*Asc
On solving the
bove equ
tion we get Asc = 3241.15 Sq.mm.((M
tched with Output)
Design of M
in(Longitudin
l) reinforcement: (As per cl
use 26.5.3.1 of IS 456-20
00 ) 1. The cross section
l
re
of longitudin
l reinforcement sh
ll not be less
0.8% , not more th
n 6% of the gross cross section
l
re
of the column. 2. The
b
rs sh
ll not be less th
n 12 mm in di
meter. 3. Sp
cing of longitudin
l b
rs
me
sured
long the periphery of the column sh
ll not exceed 300 mm. Provided m
i
n reinforcement : 32 12mm di
(0.89%, 3619.95 Sq.mm.) Check for Tr
nsverse reinf
orcement : (As per cl
use 26.5.3.2 of IS 456-2000 ) A) pitch : sh
ll not be more
th
n the le
st of the following 1) Le
st l
ter
l dimension of the compression m
ember (350mm). 2) 16 x di
meter of longitudin
l reinforcement b
r = 16x 12 = 192
mm 3) 300 mm B) Di
meter : 1) Sh
ll not be less th
n one fourth of the di
meter
of m
in reinforcement. 2) Not less th
n 6 mm.
Provided Tie Reinforcement: Provide 8 mm di
. rect
ngul
r ties @ 190 mm c/c.
70

7.3.
SLABS
A sl
b is
fl
t two dimension
l, pl
n
r structur
l element h
ving thickness sm

ll comp
red to its other two dimensions. It provides
working fl
t surf
ce or

covering shelter in buildings. It supports m
inly tr
nsverse lo
ds
nd tr
nsfer
s them to support prim
rily by bending
ction in one or more directions. Reinfor
ced concrete sl
b covers rel
tively l
rge
re comp
red to be
m or column. Theref
ore volume of concrete
nd hence, de
d lo
d is l
rge in the c
se of sl
b. A sm
l
l reduction in depth of sl
b therefore, le
ds to
consider
ble economy. But c
r
e h
s to be t
ken to see th
t its perform
nce (service
bility) is not
ffected d
ue to excessive deflection
nd cr
cking.
Cl
ssific
tion of Sl
b on the b
sis of sp
nning direction:
) Sp
nning in one di
rection (One W
y Sl
b)
One w
y sl
b
re those in which the length is more th
n t
wice the bre
dth it c
n be simply supported be
m or continuous be
m.
FIGURE 7.6
One W
y Sl
b (lb/l
> 2)
71

FIGURE 7.7 Lo
d Distribution in
One W
y Sl
b

b) Sp
nning in two orthogon
l direction (Two W
y Sl
b) When sl
bs
re supported
to four sides two w
ys sp
nning
ction occurs. Such
s sl
b
re simply supported
on
ny or continuous or
ll sides the deflections
nd bending moments
re consi
der
bly reduces
s comp
red to those in one w
y sl
b.
72

FIGURE 7.8
Two W
y Sl
b (lb/l
> 2)
FIGURE 7.9 Lo
d Distribution in
Two W
y Sl
b Checks: There is no need to check
service
bility conditions, bec
use design s
tisfying the sp
n for depth r
tio.

.) Simply supported sl
b b.) Continuous be
m Sl
bs
re designed for deflection.
Sl
bs
re designed b
sed on yield theory This di
gr
m shows the distribution of
lo
ds in two sl
bs.
FIGURE 7.10
Lo
d Distribution showing One w
y & Two w
ySl
bs
73

In order to design
sl
b we h
ve to cre
te pl
tes by selecting the pl
te cursor
. Now selecting the members to form sl
b
nd use form sl
b button. Now give the
thickness of pl
te
s 0.125 m. Now simil
r to the
bove designs give the p
r
met
ers b
sed on code
nd
ssign design sl
b comm
nd
nd select the pl
tes
nd
ssig
n comm
nds to it. After
n
lysis is c
rried out go to
dv
nced sl
b design p
ge

nd collect the reinforcement det
ils of the sl
b.
FIGURE 7. 11 Monolithic connection between Sl
b, Be
m & Column.
7.3.1. Design det
il
nd s
mple c
lcul
tion of
typic
l sl
b:
6310mm
S1
3584mm
74

FIGURE 7. 12 Pl
n showing sl
bs

i.
DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB:C
lcul
tion of thickness of sl
b using l/D = 26 Therefore
,
n over
ll depth of sl
b is 140 mm. Using 8mm di
b
rs
nd providing 20 mm cle

r cover, dxx= 140-/2-cover=140-8/2-20=116mm dyy=140-/2-cover-8=140-108mm
ii.
CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE SPAN lx ly ly/lx = = = 3.58+dxx=3.58+.116=3.696 6.32+.1
33=6.456 6.456/3.696=1.76<2
Hence it is two-w
y sl
b iii. LOAD CALCULATION Considering width of sl
b 1m
75

De
d lo
d=DL=125.140 Live lo
d=LL Floor finishing (25mm thick) Pl
ster (6mm thick)
Tot
l lo
d F
ctor lo
d = 6.75f
ctor of s
fety T
king f
ctor of s
fety 1.5 iv. CA
LCULATION FOR MOMENT
= = = = = =
3.5kN/m2 2kN/m2 0.040241=1.0 kN/m2 0.006241=0.25 kN/m2 3.5+2+1+0.25=6.75 kN/m2 6.751.
5=10.125kN/m2
There will be neg
tive moment
t continuous edge
nd positive Moment
t mid sp
n
= Mx My = =
=
xWulx2 yWulx2 short sp
n coefficient long sp
n coefficient
Where x Where Y v.
=
C
lcul
tion of coefficient
ccording to IS 456,cl
uses D-1.1
nd 24.4.1 Type of
p
nel = Two
dj
cent edge continuous. x (-ve)
t 1.76 = 0.084 x(+ve)
t 1.76 = 0.0
63
vi.
Moment c
lcul
tion Mux(-ve) Mux(+ve) = = 0.08410.1253.6962= 0.06310.1253.6962= 10.90
kNm 8.175 kNm
76

Muy(+ve) Muy(-ve) vii.

= =
0.03510.1253.6962= 0.04710.1253.6962=
6.099 kNm 4.5418kNm
CHECK FOR DEPTH d= (M/Rb) R = 0.36 Xu m
x/d (1-0.42Xum
x/d)fck R =0.360.48(1-0.420.48
)25 = 3.45 kN/mm2 b = 1000 mm M =M
x (10.90, 8.175, 6.099 4.5418 ) = 10.90 kNm dr
eq = (10.90106)/(3.45103100) = 72 mm <d
v
il
ble Hence s
fe.
viii.
CALCULATION OF AREA REQUIRED IN THE MID SPAN Equ
tion for finding Ast Ast = (0.5
fck/fy){1-[(1-(4.6Mu/fck.b.d2))]}b.d
Astxx= 273.439mm2 Check Astmin=.12bD/100= .121000160/100=192mm2 Hence it is ok.
77

Sp
n Position Short
t Support Long
t Support

Mu (KNm) 10.90 115 115 115 115
d (mm)
Req. Ast (mm2) 274 202 111.18 150.24
Di
Sp
cing Provided Ast (mm) #8 180 #8 240 #8 300 #8 300 279 309 168 168 (mm2)
-At Midsp
n 8.175 4.5418
-At Midsp
n 6.099
ix.
CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:Deflection=(Lx/d)Mf , For s
fe, it should be less th
n 26. W
here, Mf is modific
tion f
ctor.
x.
CHECK FOR SERVICEABILITY Req. pt
t Shorter Midsp
n = Ast*100/b.d Since Req. pt
< Assumed p t (0.30) = 202*100/100*115 Hence SAFE. = 0.17%
xi.
CHECK FOR SHEAR
) Long Edge Continuous : Vu,m
x = 1.2 qu[Lx(e/2e+1)] Vu,m
x = 1
.2*10.125[3.58(1.76/2*1.76+1)] = 16.93KN Since, Ast1 = 279mm2; pt = 100*279/1000
*115 = 0.24% c = from Table 19 of IS 456 = 0.35 Cl.40.2.1.1 IS 456, k=1.30 for D<
150mm Vu = k. c.b.d = 1.3*0.35*1000*115 = 52.32KN > 16.93KN {where e = Ly/Lx}
Hence SAFE Long Edge Discon inuous: Vu,max = 0.9*(16.93/2) = 12.70KN Therefore,
As x = 202mm2 a midspan. Assuming 50% ben up o resis momen due o par ial f
ixi y.
78

As 1 = 101mm2; c = 0.218n/mm2 k=1.3

p = 101*100/1000*115 = 0.087%
Vuc = 1.3*0.218*1000*115/1000 = 32.59 > 12.70 ; Hence OK. b) Shor Edge Con inuo
us: Vu,max = 1.2qu.(Lx/3) As 1 = 168mm2 Vuc = 50.85 > 14.50 ; Hence OK. = 1.2*10
.125*3.58/3 = 14.50KN
Shor Edge Discon inuous: Vu,max = 0.9*(14.50/2) = 12.70KN Therefore, As x = 168
mm2 a midspan. Assuming 50% ben up o resis momen due o par ial fixi y. As
1 = 84mm2; c = 0.22n/mm2 k=1.3 Vuc = 1.3*0.22*1000*115/1000 = 32.89 > 10.875 ; He
nce OK. p = 84*100/1000*115 = 0.07%
xii.
CHECK FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH a) 1. Long Edge Con inuous : Req.
79

For Fe415, M25;

Ld = 64.47*8 = 515.78mm Hence OK.
Ld (available) = L/4 = 3584/4 = 896mm; 2. Long Edge Discon inuous: Ld = 64.47 *
8 = 515.78mm
Assuming 50% bars ben up , M1 = 8.175/2 = 4.08KNm Vu,max = 12.70KN Lex => (Ld-1
.3M1/V) = 515.78 1.3*4.08/12.70 = 98.14mm Lex => (Ld/3 bs/2) = 98.14 + 300/2
Lex = 248.14mm from inner face of suppor . S raigh Leng h available inside inne
r suppor = B =bs-A B = 300-(5*8+25) = 235mm Using 90degree bend, available anch
orage leng h = 8db + 235 = 64 + 235 = 299mm > 235mm Hence OK. b) 1)Shor Edge Co
n inuous: Req. Ld = 64.47 * 8 = 515.78mm Available Ld = L/4 = 896mm; Hence OK
2) Shor Edge Discon inuous: Ld = 64.47 * 8 = 515.78mm Assuming 50% bars ben up
, M1 = 6.099/2 = 3.049KNm Vu,max = 10.875KN
80

Lex => (Ld-1.3M1/V) = 515.78 1.3*3.049/10.875 = 151.30mm Lex => (Ld/3 bs/2) = 15
1.30 + 300/2
Lex = 301.30mm from inner face of suppor . S raigh Leng h available inside inne
r suppor = B =bs-A B = 300-(5*8+25) = 235mm Using 90degree bend, available anch
orage leng h = 8db + 235 = 64 + 235 = 299mm > 235mm Hence OK. xiii. TORSION STEE
L a) A corners near column C127 & C128, Since slab is discon inuous over bo h e
dger, Full Torsion S eel = 0.75 As x = 0.75*202 = 150mm2 ; will be required in b
o h direc ion a righ angles in each of he wo meshes, One a he op and he
o her a he bo om up o he leng h of: Lx/5 = 3584/5 = 716.8mm b) A corner ne
ar column C126, Required area of orsion s eel = 1/2(150) = 75mm2
81

7.3.2. STAAD OUTPUT for Elemen Design:

82

83

84

****************************************************************************
FIGURE 7. 13
85

7.4.
FOUNDATION
Founda ions are s ruc ural elemen s ha ransfer loads from he building or ind
ividual column o he ear h .If hese loads are o be properly ransmi ed, foun
da ions mus be designed o preven excessive se lemen or ro a ion, o minimiz
e differen ial se lemen and o provide adequa e safe y agains sliding and ove
r urning.
7.4.1. General: 1) Foo ing shall be designed o sus ain he applied loads, momen
s and forces and he induced reac ions and o assure ha any se lemen s which
may occur will be as nearly uniform as possible and he safe bearing capaci y o
f soil is no exceeded. 2) Thickness a he edge of he foo ing: in reinforced a
nd plain concre e foo ing a he edge shall be no less han 150 mm for foo ing
on he nei her soil nor less han 300mm above he ops of he pile for foo ing o
n piles.
7.4.2. Bearing Capaci y of Soil: The size founda ion depends on permissible bear
ing capaci y of soil. The o al load per uni area under he foo ing mus be les
s han he permissible bearing capaci y of soil o he excessive se lemen s.
7.4.3. Founda ion design: Founda ions are s ruc ure elemen s ha ransfer loads
from building or individual column o ear h his loads are o be properly rans
mi ed founda ions mus be designed o preven excessive se lemen are ro a ion
o minimize differen ial se lemen s and o provide adequa e safe y isola ed fo
o ings for mul i s orey buildings. These may be square rec angle are circular in
plan ha he choice of ype of founda ion o be used in a given si ua ion depe
nds on a number of fac ors. 1.) Bearing capaci y of soil 2.) Type of s ruc ure 3
.) Type of loads 4.) Permissible differen ial se lemen s 5.) Economy
86

A foo ing is he bo om mos par of he s ruc ure and las member o ransfer
he load. In order o design foo ings we used he sof ware named STAAD FOUNDATION
V8i. These are he ypes of founda ions he sof ware can deal.
Shallow (D<B)
ola ed (Spread) Foo ing Combined (S rip) Foo ing Ma (Raf ) Founda ion
Deep (D>B) Pile Cap Driller Pier
7.4.4. Cri erion for Combined S rip Foo ing: Heavily loaded column when hese ar
e suppor ed on rela ively weak or uneven soils having low bearing capaci y (whic
h is equal o 175KN/m2) need large bearing area. In such case, Con inuous S rip
Foo ing is provided o suppor more han wo columns in a row, ins ead of indivi
dual foo ing. Thus he con inuous s rip foo ing runs along he column row. The s
rip foo ings have T sec ion and he flange of T sec ion faces downwards. The pr
ojec ion of T-sec ion behaves as a Can ilever. The hickness of he flange is ke
p cons an , when he can ilever projec ion is of small leng h. O herwise, he d
ep h of flange is increased owards he rib. The weigh of he foo ing is no co
nsidered in s ruc ural design because i is assumed o be carried by he subsoil
. I is similar o a floor res ing on a sys em on a sys em of beams and columns.
7.4.5. Design using STAAD FOUNDATION V8i:
87

Is

Impor he S aad Pro V8i analyzed file in o S aad Founda ion V8i using he IMPOR
T op ion.
Figure 7. 14 S aad Founda ion Page Showing Con inuous S rip Foo ing When he fil
e is impor ed from he S aad Pro V8i, here is no need o specify he column pos
i ions, as i is already specified in he S aad Pro file. The main advan age of
his sof ware is ha i au oma ically genera ed he reac ion and momen values
a suppor s when he load cases are defined.
FIGURE 7. 15 Zoom View of con inuous s rip Founda ion & Columns
88

The load combina ion or he load cases are genera ed (selec ed) for which
unda ion is o be designed. Assign Loading: - 1.5(DL + LL)

he fo

The nex s ep is o crea e he job for he foo ing (i.e. Combined Foo ing.) Now
he design parame ers are en ered which includes: Concre e & Rebar, Cover & Soil
, Foo ing Geome ry
FIGURE 7. 16 Concre e & Rebar Parame ers
FIGURE 7. 17 Cover & Soil Parame ers
89

FIGURE 7. 18 Foo ing Dimensions

The following inpu da a is required regarding ma erials, Soil ype, Type of fou
nda ion, safe y fac ors. Type of founda ion: Combined. Uni weigh of concre e: Min
imum bar spacing: Maximum bar spacing: S reng h of concre e: Yield s reng h of s ee
l: Minimum bar size: Maximum bar size: Bo om clear cover: Uni weigh of soil: Soil
bearing capaci y: Minimum leng h: 25KN/m^3 50mm 500mm 35N/mm^2 415 n/mm^2 12mm 60
mm 50mm 22 KN/m^3 175 KN/m^3 1000mm
90

Minimum wid h: Minimum hickness:

an dimension: Aspec ra io:

Maximum leng h:

Maximum wid h:

Maximum

hickness: P

3500mm 500mm 70000mm 40000mm 2000mm 50mm 1

Safe y agains fric ion,
o click on DESIGN. Af er
oo ing is given wi h plan
Foo ing No. Lef Overhang
Dimensions of
Righ Overhang
65.760 55.210
00 0.700 1.300
91

0.5; over urning, 1.5; sliding,1.5 Now he las s ep is

he analysis, de ailed calcula ion of each and every f
and eleva ion. Table 7.1
(m) 1 2 3 4 5 3.875 4.975 2.775 6.475 8.225

he Con inuous S rip Foo ings

(m) 3.875 4.975 2.775 6.475 8.225 Leng h (m) 23.040 62.790 20.840
Wid h (m) 9.25 11.450 7.050 14.450 17.950 Thickness (m) 0.700 1.1
1.250

Table 7.2. Foo ing No. Main S eel Top 1 2 3 4 5 #12 @ 125mm c/c #12 @ 75mm c/c #
12 @ 125mm c/c #12 @ 50mm c/c #12 @ 50mm c/c
DESIGN RESULTS Foo ing Reinforcemen Main S eel Bo om Secondary S eel Top #12 @
125mm c/c #12 @ 75mm c/c #12 @ 125mm c/c #12 @ 50mm c/c #12 @ 75mm c/c Secondar
y S eel Bo om #16 @50mm c/c #16 @50mm c/c #12 @50mm c/c #20 @75mm c/c #25 @50mm
c/c
#32 @ 75mm c/c #40 @75mm c/c #20 @50mm c/c #40 @50mm c/c #40 @50mm c/c
7.4.6.
Design Calcula ions for Combined Foo ing 1 (FC1)
Column Dimensions for Column No. 69, 103, 102 and 101 (Combined Foo ing No. FC1)
Column Shape: Column Leng h - X (Pl): Column Wid h - Z (Pw): Rec angular 1000mm
500mm
Leng h of lef overhang : Leng h of righ overhang : Is he leng h of lef overh
ang fixed? Is he leng h of righ overhang fixed? Minimum wid h of foo ing (Wb)
: Minimum Thickness of foo ing (Do) : Maximum Wid h of Foo ing (Wb) : Maximum Th
ickness of Foo ing (Do) :
1.00 m 1.00 m No No 3.50 m 500.00 mm 40000.00 mm 2000.00 mm
92

Maximum Leng h of Foo ing (Lo) : Leng h Incremen : Dep h Incremen :

70000.00 mm 50.00 mm 50.00 mm
Cover and Soil Proper ies Pedes al Clear Cover : Foo ing Clear Cover : Uni Weig
h of soil : Soil Bearing Capaci y : Soil Surcharge : Dep h of Soil above Foo in
g : Dep h of Wa er Table : 50.00 mm 50.00 mm 22.00 kN/m3 175.00 kN/m2 44.00 kN/m
2 2.00 m -4000mm
Concre e and Rebar Proper ies Uni Weigh of Concre e Compressive S reng h of Co
ncre e : Yield S reng h of S eel : Minimum Bar Size : Maximum Bar Size : Minimum
Bar Spacing : Maximum Bar Spacing : 25.000 kN/m3 35.000 N/mm2 415.000 N/mm2 12
60 50.00 mm 400.00 mm
Design Calcula ions
93

Foo ing Size Calcula ions Reduc ion of force due o buoyancy = Minimum area requ
ired from bearing pressure, Amin = Pcri ical / qmax : Area from ini ial leng h a
nd wid h, Ao = L x W: Therefore, Final foo ing dimensions are: Leng h of foo ing
, L : Wid h of foo ing, W : Dep h of foo ing, Do : Area, A : Leng h of lef over
hang, Llef _overhang : Leng h of righ overhang, Lrigh _overhang : Table 7.3. 23
.04 9.25 0.70 213.12 3.88 3.88 m m m sq m m m -0.00 kN
123.46 sq m 60.51 sq m
94

Table 7.4.
If Au is zero, here is no uplif and no pressure adjus men is necessary. O her
wise, o accoun for uplif , areas of nega ive pressure will be se o zero and
he pressure will be redis ribu ed o remaining corners.
Table 7.5.
Design for Flexure Sagging momen along leng h Effec ive Dep h = Governing momen
(Mu) As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G-1.1C Limi ing Fac or1 (Kumax) = Limi ing Fac
or2 (Rumax) = Limi Momen Of Resis ance (Mumax)= = 0.479107 = 4822.007604 kN/m
^2 = 7928.346683 kNm = 0.63 m
=17882.520713 kNm
95

Mu <= Mumax Hogging momen along leng h Effec ive Dep h = Governing momen (Mu)
As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G-1.1C Limi ing Fac or1 (Kumax) = Limi ing Fac or2 (R
umax) =
hence, safe
= 0.63 = 3.771009
m kNm
= 0.479107 = 4822.007604 kN/m^2
Limi Momen Of Resis ance (Mumax) =
=18498.368019
kNm
Mu <= Mumax Transverse direc ion
hence, safe
Effec ive Dep h = Governing momen (Mu) = As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G1.1C Limi
ing Fac or1 (Kumax) = Limi ing Fac or2 (Rumax) = Limi Momen Of Resis ance (Mum
ax) =
= 0.64
m
= 6300.321341 kNm
= 0.479107 =4822.007604 kN/m^2
=45790.132556 kNm
96

Mu <= Mumax Check rial dep h for one way shear(along leng h) Shear Force(S) She
ar S ress(Tv) Percen age Of S eel(P ) As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 40 Table 19 Shea
r S reng h Of Concre e(Tc) Tv< Tc Check rial dep h for wo way shear For Column
1 Shear Force(S) Shear S ress(Tv) As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 31.6.3.1 Ks = Shear
S reng h(Tc)= Ks X Tc Tv<= Ks X Tc For Column 2 Shear Force(S) Shear S ress(Tv)
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 31.6.3.1 Ks =
hence, safe
= 3538.28 = 0.000000 = 0.080
kN kN/m^2
= 0.35 hence, safe
kN/m^2
= 2618.45 = 729.18
kN kN/m^2
= 1.00 = 1479.0199 kN/m^2 = 1479.0199 kN/m^2 hence, safe
= 4890.83 = 1361.99
kN kN/m^2
= 1.00
97

Shear S reng h(Tc)=

s(Tv) As Per IS 456
s X Tc For Column 4
.6.3.1 Ks = Shear S

Ks X Tc Tv<= Ks X Tc For Column 3 Shear Force(S) Shear S res

2000 Clause 31.6.3.1 Ks = Shear S reng h(Tc)= Ks X Tc Tv<= K
Shear Force(S) Shear S ress(Tv) As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 31
reng h(Tc)= Ks X Tc Tv<= Ks X Tc

= 1479.0199 kN/m^2 = 1479.0199 kN/m^2 hence, safe

= 4996.80 = 1391.50
kN kN/m^2
= 1.00 = 1479.0199 kN/m^2 = 1479.0199 kN/m^2 hence, safe
= 2639.60 = 735.07
kN kN/m^2
= 1.00 = 1479.0199 kN/m^2 = 1479.0199 kN/m^2 hence, safe
98

Selec ion of reinforcemen Top reinforcemen along leng h As Per IS 456 2000 Cla
use 26.5.2.1 Minimum Area of S eel (As min) Calcula ed Area of S eel (As ) Provi
ded Area of S eel (As ,Provided) As min<= As ,Provided = 7770.00 = 7770.00 = 777
0.00 S eel area is accep ed mm2 mm2 mm2
Selec ed bar Dia Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = Selec ed spacing (S) Smin <= S
<= Smax and selec ed bar size < selec ed maximum bar size... Along wid h As Per
IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1 Provided Minimum Area of S eel (As min)
= 32.000 = 50.00 = 134.38 mm mm
The reinforcemen is accep ed.
= 19353.57
mm2
Selec ed bar Dia Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) Selec ed spacing (S) Smin <= S <
= Smax and selec ed bar size < selec ed maximum bar size...
= 16.000 = 50.00 = 134.08
mm mm mm
The reinforcemen is accep ed.
99

Bo om reinforcemen along leng h As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum Are
a of S eel (As min) Calcula ed Area of S eel (As ) Provided Area of S eel (As ,P
rovided) As min<= As ,Provided = 7770.00 = 97241.73 = 97241.73 S eel area is acc
ep ed mm2 mm2 mm2
Selec ed bar Dia Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = Selec ed spacing (S) Smin <= S
<= Smax and selec ed bar size < selec ed maximum bar size... Along wid h As Per
IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum Area of S eel (As min) Calcula ed Area of S
eel (As ) Provided Area of S eel (As ,Provided) As min<= As ,Provided Selec ed
bar Dia Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = Selec ed spacing (S)
= 32.000 = 50.00 = 75.98
mm mm mm
The reinforcemen is accep ed.
= 19353.57 = 74809.93 = 74809.93 S eel area is accep ed = 16.000 = 50.00 = 61.62
mm2 mm2 mm2
mm mm mm
Smin <= S <= Smax and selec ed bar size < selec ed maximum bar size. The reinfor
cemen is accep ed.
100

FIGURE 7. 19
FIGURE 7. 20
101

7.4.7. De ail Drawings

FIGURE 7. 21 - S rip Foo ing FC1
FIGURE 7. 22 - S rip Foo ing FC2
102

FIGURE 7. 23 - S rip Foo ing FC3

FIGURE 7. 24 S rip Foo ing FC4
103

FIGURE 7. 25 - S rip Foo ing FC5

********************************************************************************
*****
104

CONCLUSION
105

CONCLUSION
STAAD PRO has he capabili y o calcula e he reinforcemen needed for any concr
e e sec ion. The program con ains a number of parame ers which are designed as p
er IS: 456 : 2000 and IS 13920 : 1993. Beams are designed for flexure, shear and
orsion.
Design for Flexure: Maximum sagging (crea ing ensile s ress a he bo om face
of he beam) and hogging (crea ing ensile s ress a he op face) momen s are c
alcula ed for all ac ive load cases a each of he above men ioned sec ions. Eac
h of hese sec ions is designed o resis bo h of hese cri ical sagging and hog
ging momen s. Where ever he rec angular sec ion is inadequa e as singly reinfor
ced sec ion, doubly reinforced sec ion is ried.
Design for Shear: Shear reinforcemen is calcula ed o resis bo h shear forces
and orsional momen s. Shear capaci y calcula ion a differen sec ions wi hou
he shear reinforcemen is based on he ac ual ensile reinforcemen provided by
STAAD program. Two-legged s irrups are provided o ake care of he balance she
ar forces ac ing on hese sec ions.
Beam Design Ou pu : The defaul design ou pu of he beam con ains flexural and
shear reinforcemen provided along he leng h of he beam.
Column Design: Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial momen s a he
ends. All ac ive load cases are es ed o calcula e reinforcemen . The loading w
hich yield maximum reinforcemen is called he cri ical load. Column design is d
one for square sec ion. Square columns are designed wi h reinforcemen dis ribu
ed on each side equally for he sec ions under biaxial momen s and wi h reinforc
emen dis ribu ed equally in wo faces for sec ions under uni-axial momen . All
major cri eria for selec ing longi udinal and ransverse reinforcemen as s ipul
a ed by IS: 456 have been aken care of in he column design of STAAD.
106

Slab Design: Slabs are designed for he load combina ions as specified in IS 456
:2000. All ac ive load cases are es ed o calcula e reinforcemen . The loading
which yield maximum reinforcemen is called he cri ical load. Slabs are designe
d as wo way and one way. This enables o unders and he de ailing of reinforcem
en in he slabs. Founda ion Design: Foo ing is decided on he soil ype, loadin
g condi ions and area available. I is designed o carry he load dis ribu ed by
he s ruc ure hrough slabs o beams o columns o he foo ings. Use of Sof war
es: Use of S aad Pro V8i, S aad Founda ion V8i And Au o Cad is well known af er
he comple ion of he projec . This enables o rela e heore ical knowledge o re
al life prac icali ies.
107

ANNEXURE A Plan of
1):
108

he Mul i-s orey Hos el Building a

SRM Universi y (Figure A-

ANNEXURE B Eleva ion of

re A-2):
110

he Mul i-s orey Hos el building a SRM Universi y (Figu

REFERENCES
o Dr. S.R. Karve & Dr. V.L. Shah - Illus ra ed design of Reinforced concre e Buil
dings, S ruc ures Publica ions. o Dr. Ram Chandra - Limi S a e Design, S andard Bo
ok House, New Delhi. o Dr. Ashok K. Jain Reinforced Concre e Limi S a e Design, N
ew Chand & Bros, Roorkee o S. Ramamru ham, R. Narayana Theory of S ruc ures, Dhanp
a Rai Publishing Company o STAAD Pro V8i Ge ing s ar ed & u orials - Published
by: R .E. I. o STAAD Pro 2004 & STAAD FOUNDATION V8i Technical reference manual Pu
blished by: R.E.I. CODE BOOKS: o IS 875(Par 1,2,3,5) - Bureau Of Indian S andar
ds, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 o IS 456 : 2000 Bureau Of Indian S andards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 1
10002 o IS 1893 : 2002 - Bureau Of Indian S andards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Sha
h Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
o IS 13920 : 1993 - Bureau Of Indian S andards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zaf
ar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
111