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BeyondHinduism
Buddhism

[ edit ]

[ edit ]

ShivaismentionedinBuddhistTantra.ShivaasUpayaandShaktiasPrajna.[227]Incosmologiesof
Buddhisttantra,Shivaisdepictedaspassive,withShaktibeinghisactivecounterpart.[228]

Sikhism

[ edit ]

TheJapujiSahiboftheGuruGranthSahibsays,"TheGuruisShiva,theGuruisVishnuandBrahmathe
GuruisPaarvatiandLakhshmi."[229]Inthesamechapter,italsosays,"Shivaspeaks,andtheSiddhas
listen."
InDasamGranth,GuruGobindSinghhasmentionedtwoavtarsofRudra:DattatreyaAvtar
andParasnathAvtar.[230]

Others

[ edit ]

TheworshipofShivabecamepopularinCentralAsiathrough
theHephthaliteEmpire,[231]andKushanEmpire.Shaivismwasalso
popularinSogdiaandtheKingdomofYutianasfoundfromthewall
paintingfromPenjikentontheriverZervashan.[232]Inthisdepiction,
Shivaisportrayedwithasacredhaloandasacredthread
("Yajnopavita").[232]Heiscladintigerskinwhilehisattendantsare
wearingSogdiandress.[232]ApanelfromDandanwulikeshowsShiva
inHisTrimurtiformwithShaktikneelingonherright
thigh.[232][233]AnothersiteintheTaklamakanDesertdepictshimwith
fourlegs,seatedcrossleggedonacushionedseatsupportedbytwo
bulls.[232]ItisalsonotedthatZoroastrianwindgodVayuVatatookon
theiconographicappearanceofShiva.[233]
TheKiratipeopleworshipaformofShivaasoneoftheirmajordeity,

Daikokuten,GodofWealth

identifyinghimasthelordofanimals.Itisalsosaidthatthephysical
formofShivaasayogiisderivedfromKirantsasitismentionedin
MundhumthatShivatookhumanformasachildofKirant.HeisalsosaidtogiveKirantsvisionsinformof
amaledeer.
InIndonesia,ShivaisalsoworshipedasBataraGuru.Intheancienttimes,allkingdomswerelocatedon
topofmountains.Whenhewasyoung,beforereceivinghisauthorityofpower,hisnamewasSangHyang
Manikmaya.HeisfirstofthechildrenwhohatchedfromtheeggslaidbyManukPatiaraja,wifeofgod
MulajadinaBolon.ThisavatarisalsoworshipedinMalaysia.Shiva'sotherforminIndonesianHinduismis
"Mahadewa"(Mahadeva).[234]
Daikokuten,oneoftheSevenLuckyGodsinJapan,isconsideredtobeevolvedfromShiva.Thegod
enjoysanexaltedpositionasahouseholddeityinJapanandisworshippedasthegodofwealthand
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fortune.[235]ThenameistheJapaneseequivalentofMahkla,theBuddhistnameforShiva.[236]

References

[ edit ]

1. ^ForthenameKailsagirivs(Sanskrit
),"WithhisabodeonMountKailsa",asanameappearing
intheShivaSahasranama,see:Sharma1996,p.281.
2. ^ a bFlood(1996),p.17.
3. ^Tattwananda,p.45.
4. ^ a bZimmer(1972)p.124.
5. ^SeeParmeshvaranand,Volume3.
6. ^SeeKramrisch,ThepresenceofSiva,page186.
7. ^SeeAbhayananda,page95.
8. ^SeeDavis,pp113114.
9. ^Chatterji,KashmirShaivism.
10. ^Sharma,IconographyofSadasiva
11. ^SeeShivaSamhita,e.g.translationbyMallinson.
12. ^SeeVarenne,page82.
13. ^SeeMarchandforJnanaYoga.
14. ^Daviswritesonpage122:"TheSaivaworshipperdoesnotworshiptheobjectitselfasSivaorasrepresenting
SivahedirectshisworshiptowarditasthephysicalsupportforSiva'sspecialpresence."
15. ^Hinduism:BeliefsandPractices,byJeanneFowler,pgs.4243,IntraditionalIndiansociety,thelingaisrather
seenasasymboloftheenergyandpotentialityofthegod.
16. ^SeeFuller,TheCamphorFlame,pp58.
17. ^ a bFlood1996,p.17.
18. ^ a b c Keay,p.xxvii.
19. ^"SanskritDictionary" .sanskritdictionary.com.
20. ^ForuseofthetermivaasanepithetforotherVedicdeities,see:Chakravarti,p.28.
21. ^SeetranslationbyManmathaNathDutt,Chapter17ofVolume13.
22. ^SeetranslationbyKisariMohanGanguli,Chapter17ofVolume13.
23. ^SeeChidbhavananda,"SivaSahasranamaStotram".
24. ^Apte,p.927
25. ^Forthedefinition"aivismreferstothetraditionswhichfollowtheteachingsofiva(ivana)andwhich
focusonthedeityiva..."see:Flood(1996),p.149.
26. ^vanLysebeth,Andre(2002).Tantra:CultoftheFeminine

.WeiserBooks.p.213.ISBN9780877288459.

27. ^Tyagi,IshvarChandra(1982).ShaivisminAncientIndia:FromtheEarliestTimestoC.A.D.300

.Meenakshi

Prakashan.p.81.
28. ^SriVishnuSahasranama,RamakrishnaMathedition,pg.47andpg.122.
29. ^SwamiChinmayananda'stranslationofVishnusahasranama,pg.24,CentralChinmayaMissionTrust.
30. ^ a b c dKramrisch,p.476.
31. ^Forappearanceofthename
intheShivaSahasranamasee:Sharma1996,p.297
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32. ^Kramrisch,p.477.
33. ^ForappearanceofthenameintheShivaSahasranamasee:Sharma1996,p.299
34. ^ForParamehvaraas"SupremeLord"see:Kramrisch,p.479.
35. ^Sharma1996,p.viiiix
36. ^ThisisthesourcefortheversionpresentedinChidbhavananda,whoreferstoitbeingfromtheMahabharata
butdoesnotexplicitlyclairifywhichofthetwoMahabharataversionsheisusing.SeeChidbhavananda,p.5.
37. ^Foranoverviewoftheatarudriyasee:Kramrisch,pp.7174.
38. ^ForcompleteSanskrittext,translations,andcommentarysee:Sivaramamurti(1976).
39. ^ForShivaasacompositedeitywhosehistoryisnotwelldocumented,see:Keay,p.147.
40. ^Nath2001,p.31.
41. ^ a b c Courtright,p.205.
42. ^ForJejuriastheforemostcenterofworshipsee:Mate,p.162.
43. ^Biroba,MhaskobaundKhandoba:Ursprung,GeschichteundUmweltvonpastoralenGottheiteninMaharastra,
Wiesbaden1976(GermanwithEnglishSynopsis)pp.18098,"KhandobaisalocaldeityinMaharashtraand
beenSanskritisedasanincarnationofShiva."
44. ^ForworshipofKhandobaintheformofalingamandpossibleidentificationwithShivabasedonthat,see:
Mate,p.176.
45. ^ForuseofthenameKhandobaasanameforKarttikeyainMaharashtra,see:Gupta,Preface,andp.40.
46. ^ a bForadrawingofthesealseeFigure1in:Flood(1996),p.29.
47. ^Singh,S.P.,RgvedicBaseofthePasupatiSealofMohenjoDaro(Approx25003000BC),Puratattva19:19
26.1989
48. ^Kenoyer,JonathanMark.AncientCitiesoftheIndusValleyCivilization.Karachi:OxfordUniversityPress,
1998.
49. ^RanbirVohra(2000).TheMakingofIndia:AHistoricalSurvey.M.E.Sharpe.p.15.
50. ^GrigoriMaksimovichBongardLevin(1985).AncientIndianCivilization.ArnoldHeinemann.p.45.
51. ^StevenRosen,GrahamM.Schweig(2006).EssentialHinduism.GreenwoodPublishingGroup.p.45.
52. ^Flood1996,pp.2829.
53. ^ a bFlood2003,pp.204205.
54. ^JohnKeay.India:AHistory.GrovePress.p.14.
55. ^Srinivasan,DorisMeth(1997).ManyHeads,ArmsandEyes:Origin,MeaningandForminMultiplicityinIndian
Art.Brill.ISBN9789004107588.
56. ^Possehl,GregoryL.(11November2002).TheIndusCivilization:AContemporaryPerspective

.Rowman

Altamira.pp.140144.ISBN9780759116429.
57. ^ForShivabeingidentifiedwithAgni,Indra,Prajpati,Vyu,andotherssee:Chakravarti,p.70.
58. ^Michaels,p.316.
59. ^Fordatingbasedon"cumulativeevidence"see:Oberlies,p.158.
60. ^Doniger,pp.221223.
61. ^ForarvaasanameofShivasee:Apte,p.910.

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62. ^ForarcherandarrowassociationsseeKramrisch,Chapter2,andforthearrowasan"essentialattribute"see:
Kramrisch,p.32.
63. ^ a b c Sharma1996,p.306
64. ^Forrootarvsee:Apte,p.910.
65. ^ a bChidbhavananda,p.33.
66. ^FortranslationofBahastaas"Armedwitharrowsinhishands",see:Sharma1996,p.294.
67. ^Forgeneralstatementofthecloserelationship,andexamplesharedepithets,see:Sivaramamurti,p.11.
68. ^ForanoverviewoftheRudraFirecomplexofideas,see:Kramrisch,pp.1519.
69. ^Forquotation"AnimportantfactorintheprocessofRudra'sgrowthishisidentificationwithAgniintheVedic
literatureandthisidentificationcontributedmuchtothetransformationofhischaracterasRudraiva."see:
Chakravarti,p.17.
70. ^FortranslationfromNirukta10.7,see:Sarup(1927),p.155.
71. ^Kramrisch,p.18.
72. ^For"NoteAgniRudraconceptfused"inepithetsSasipajaraandTivamatisee:Sivaramamurti,p.45.
73. ^"RigVeda:RigVeda,Book6:HYMNXLVIII.AgniandOthers" .Sacredtexts.com.Retrieved20100606.
74. ^FortheparallelbetweenthehornsofAgniasbull,andRudra,see:Chakravarti,p.89.
75. ^RV8.4910.155.
76. ^ForflaminghairofAgniandBhairavasee:Sivaramamurti,p.11.
77. ^Doniger,Wendy(1973)."TheVedicAntecedents".iva,theeroticascetic.OxfordUniversityPressUS.pp.84
9.
78. ^FortextofRV2.20.3aas

andtranslationas"Maythatyoung
adorableIndra,everbethefriend,thebenefactor,andprotectorofus,hisworshipper"see:Arya&Joshi(2001),
p.48,volume2.
79. ^FortextofRV6.45.17as

andtranslationas"Indra,who

haseverbeenthefriendofthosewhopraiseyou,andtheinsureroftheirhappinessbyyourprotection,grantus
felicity"see:Arya&Joshi(2001),p.91,volume3.
80. ^FortranslationofRV6.45.17as"Thouwhohastbeenthesingers'Friend,aFriendauspiciouswiththineaid,
Assuch,OIndra,favourus"see:Griffith1973,p.310.
81. ^FortextofRV8.93.3as

andtranslationas"MayIndra,our

auspiciousfriend,milkforus,likearichlystreaming(cow),wealthofhorses,kine,andbarley"see:Arya&Joshi
(2001),p.48,volume2.
82. ^ForthebullparallelbetweenIndraandRudrasee:Chakravarti,p.89.
83. ^RV7.19.
84. ^ForthelackofwarlikeconnectionsanddifferencebetweenIndraandRudra,see:Chakravarti,p.8.
85. ^B.S.Ahloowalia(2009).InvasionoftheGenesGeneticHeritageofIndia

.StrategicBook

Publishing.ISBN9781608606917.
86. ^RogerD.Woodard(18August2006).IndoEuropeanSacredSpace:VedicandRomanCult

.Universityof

IllinoisPress.pp.242.ISBN9780252092954.
87. ^ a b c Beckwith2009,p.32.
88. ^ a bAnthony2007,p.462.
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89. ^Anthony2007,p.454455.
90. ^Anthony2007,p.454.
91. ^Flood1996,p.86.
92. ^Javid,Ali(January2008).WorldHeritageMonumentsandRelatedEdificesinIndia

.AlgoraPublishing.

pp.2021.ISBN9780875864846.
93. ^Mathpal,Yashodhar(1January1984).PrehistoricRockPaintingsofBhimbetka,CentralIndia

.Abhinav

Publications.p.220.ISBN9788170171935.
94. ^Flood2003,pp.205206.
95. ^Flood2003,pp.208212.
96. ^Michaels,p.215.
97. ^HimalayaAcademy,Panchayatanapuja
98. ^ForquotationdefiningthetrimurtiseeMatchett,Freda."ThePuras",in:Flood(2003),p.139.
99. ^FortheTrimurtisystemhavingBrahmaasthecreator,Vishnuasthemaintainerorpreserver,andShivaasthe
transformerordestroyersee:Zimmer(1972)p.124.
100. ^Fordefinitionoftrimurtias"theunifiedform"ofBrahm,Viuandivaanduseofthephrase"theHindu
triad"see:Apte,p.485.
101. ^Fortheterm"GreatTrinity"inrelationtotheTrimurtisee:Jansen,p.83.
102. ^ForShivaasdepictedwithathirdeye,andmentionofthestoryofthedestructionofKamawithit,see:Flood
(1996),p.151.
103. ^Forareviewof4theoriesaboutthemeaningoftryambaka,see:Chakravarti,pp.3739.
104. ^ForusageofthewordambakainclassicalSanskritandconnectiontotheMahabharatadepiction,see:
Chakravarti,pp.3839.
105. ^FortranslationofTryambakamas"havingthreemothereyes"andasanepithetofRudra,see:Kramrisch,p.
483.
106. ^ForvedicSanskritmeaningLordhasthreemothereyeswhichsymbolizeeyesaretheSun,MoonandFire.
107. ^Fordiscussionoftheproblemsintranslationofthisname,andthehypothesisregardingtheAmbikssee:
Hopkins(1968),p.220.
108. ^FortheAmbikvariant,see:Chakravarti,pp.17,37.
109. ^Forthemoonontheforeheadsee:Chakravarti,p.109.
110. ^Forekharaascrestorcrown,see:Apte,p.926.
111. ^ForCandraekharaasaniconographicform,see:Sivaramamurti(1976),p.56.
112. ^Fortranslation"Havingthemoonashiscrest"see:Kramrisch,p.472.
113. ^ForthemooniconographyasmarkingtheriseofRudraShiva,see:Chakravarti,p.58.
114. ^FordiscussionofthelinkagesbetweenSoma,Moon,andRudra,andcitationtoRV7.74,see:Chakravarti,
pp.5758.
115. ^ a b c dFlood(1996),p.151.
116. ^Flood(1996),pp.92,161.
117. ^Flood(1996),p.161.
118. ^Chidbhavananda,p.23.

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119. ^Chidbhavananda,p.22.
120. ^FortranslationofKapardinas"Endowedwithmattedhair"see:Sharma1996,p.279.
121. ^Kramrisch,p.475.
122. ^ForKapardinasanameofShiva,anddescriptionofthekapardahairstyle,see,Macdonell,p.62.
123. ^Sharma1996,p.290
124. ^See:name#93inChidbhavananda,p.31.
125. ^ForShivadrinkingthepoisonchurnedfromtheworldoceansee:Flood(1996),p.78.
126. ^ a bKramrisch,p.473.
127. ^Foralternatestoriesaboutthisfeature,anduseofthenameGagdharasee:Chakravarti,pp.59and109.
128. ^FordescriptionoftheGagdharaform,see:Sivaramamurti(1976),p.8.
129. ^ForShivasupportingGaguponhishead,see:Kramrisch,p.473.
130. ^"Mythology~ThebirthofBrahmarishis" .Retrieved20080507.
131. ^Flood(1996),p.151
132. ^Michaels,p.218.
133. ^Fordefinitionandshape,see:Apte,p.461.
134. ^Jansen,p.44.
135. ^Jansen,p.25.
136. ^ForusebyKplikas,see:Apte,p.461.
137. ^Forareviewofissuesrelatedtotheevolutionofthebull(Nandin)asShiva'smount,see:Chakravarti,pp.99
105.
138. ^ForspellingofalternatepropernamesNandandNandinsee:Stutley,p.98.
139. ^Sharma1996,p.291
140. ^Kramrisch,p.479.
141. ^DictionaryofHinduLoreandLegend(ISBN0500510881)byAnnaL.Dallapiccola
142. ^ForidentificationofMountKailsaasthecentrallinga,see:Stutley(1985),p.62.
143. ^Keay,p.33.
144. ^Michaels,p.216.
145. ^Flood(1996),p.29.
146. ^Tattwanandaz,pp.4952.
147. ^ a b c Harshananda,Swami."Sivalinga".PrincipalSymbolsofWorldReligions.SriRamakrishnaMathMylapore.
pp.68.
148. ^SeeMonierWilliam'sSanskrittoenglishDictionary
149. ^O'Flaherty,WendyDoniger(1981).iva,theeroticascetic.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN019
5202503.
150. ^Sen,AmiyaP.(2006)."Editor'sIntroduction".TheIndispensableVivekananda.OrientBlackswan.pp.2526.
151. ^Sivananda,Swami(1996)."WorshipofSivaLinga".LordSivaandHisWorship

.TheDivineLifeTrust

Society.
152. ^Balagangadhara,S.N.,SarahClaerhout(Spring2008)."AreDialoguesAntidotestoViolence?TwoRecent
ExamplesFromHinduismStudies"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva

(PDF) .JournalfortheStudyofReligionsandIdeologies7(19):118143.
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153. ^Harding,ElizabethU.(1998)."God,theFather".Kali:TheBlackGoddessofDakshineswar.Motilal
Banarsidass.pp.156157.ISBN9788120814509.
154. ^ a bVivekananda,Swami."ThePariscongressofthehistoryofreligions" .TheCompleteWorksofSwami
Vivekananda4.
155. ^Chaturvedi,B.K.(2006),ShivPurana

(Firsted.),NewDelhi:DiamondPocketBooks(P)Ltd,ISBN817182

7217
156. ^"WhyisKalidancingonLordShiva?" .TheChakra.
157. ^Bhattacharji1998,p.26.
158. ^Forfiveasasacrednumber,see:Kramrisch,p.182.
159. ^ItisfirstencounteredinanalmostidenticalformintheRudram.Forthefivesyllablemantrasee:Kramrisch,p.
182.
160. ^Fordiscussionofthesefiveformsandatablesummarizingtheassociationsofthesefivemantrassee:
Kramrisch,pp.182189.
161. ^Fordistincticonography,seeKramrisch,p.185.
162. ^Forassociationwiththefivefacesandothergroupsoffive,see:Kramrisch,p.182.
163. ^Fortheepithetspacamukhaandpacavaktra,bothofwhichmean"fivefaces",asepithetsofiva,see:
Apte,p.578,middlecolumn.
164. ^Forvariationinattributionsamongtexts,see:Kramrisch,p.187.
165. ^Kramrisch,p.184.
166. ^QuotationfromPacabrahmaUpanishad31isfrom:Kramrisch,p.182.
167. ^Forquotation"Shivaisagodofambiguityandparadox"andoverviewofconflictingattributessee:Flood
(1996),p.150.
168. ^ForquotationregardingYajurVedaascontainingcontrarysetsofattributes,andmarkingpointforemergence
ofallbasicelementsoflatersectforms,see:Chakravarti,p.7.
169. ^ForsummaryofShiva'scontrastingdepictionsintheMahabharata,see:Sharma1988,pp.2021.
170. ^Forrudmeaning"cry,howl"asatraditionaletymologysee:Kramrisch,p.5.
171. ^CitationtoM.Mayrhofer,ConciseEtymologicalSanskritDictionary,s.v."rudra",isprovidedin:Kramrisch,p.5.
172. ^Sharma1996,p.301.
173. ^Sharma1996,p.314.
174. ^Kramrisch,p.474.
175. ^Sharma1996,p.280.
176. ^Apte,p.727,leftcolumn.
177. ^Kramrisch,p.471.
178. ^Kramrisch,p.481.
179. ^Flood(1996),p.92.
180. ^Chakravarti,pp.28(note7),andp.177.
181. ^Forthecontrastbetweenasceticandhouseholderdepictions,see:Flood(1996),pp.150151.
182. ^ForShiva'srepresentationasayogi,see:Chakravarti,p.32.
183. ^FornameMahyogiandassociationswithyoga,see,Chakravarti,pp.23,32,150.
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184. ^FortheasceticyoginformasreflectingEpicperiodinfluences,see:Chakravarti,p.32.
185. ^ForUmpati,UmkntaandUmdhavaasnamesintheShivaSahasranamaliterature,see:Sharma1996,
p.278.
186. ^ForUmastheoldestname,andvariantsincludingPrvat,see:Chakravarti,p.40.
187. ^ForPrvatidentifiedasthewifeofShiva,see:Kramrisch,p.479.
188. ^SearchforMeaningByAntonioR.Gualtieri
189. ^ForregionalnamevariantsofKarttikeyasee:Gupta,Preface.
190. ^Doniger,Wendy(1999).Splittingthedifference:genderandmythinancientGreeceandIndia

.London:

UniversityofChicagoPress.pp.2635.ISBN9780226156415.
191. ^Vanita,RuthKidwai,Saleem(2001).SamesexloveinIndia:readingsfromliteratureandhistory.Palgrave
Macmillan.p.69.ISBN9780312293246.
192. ^Pattanaik,Devdutt(2001).ThemanwhowasawomanandotherqueertalesofHindulore

.Routledge.

p.71.ISBN9781560231813.
193. ^SeeMohini#RelationshipwithShivafordetails
194. ^Fordescriptionofthenatarajaformsee:Jansen,pp.110111.
195. ^Forinterpretationofthenaarjaformsee:Zimmer,pp.151157.
196. ^FornamesNartaka(Sanskritx
)andNityanarta(Sanskritx
)asnamesofShiva,see:Sharma1996,
p.289.
197. ^Forprominenceoftheseassociationsinpuranictimes,see:Chakravarti,p.62.
198. ^ForpopularityofthentyamrtiandprevalenceinSouthIndia,see:Chakravarti,p.63.
199. ^Kramrisch,Stella(1994)."Siva'sDance".ThePresenceofSiva.PrincetonUniversityPress.p.439.
200. ^Klostermaier,KlausK."ShivatheDancer".MythologiesandPhilosophiesofSalvationintheTheisticTraditions
ofIndia.WilfridLaurierUniv.Press.p.151.
201. ^Massey,Reginald."India'sKathakDance".India'sKathakDance,PastPresent,Future.AbhinavPublications.
p.8.
202. ^ a bMoorthy,Vijaya(2001).RomanceoftheRaga.AbhinavPublications.p.96.
203. ^Leeming,DavidAdams(2001).ADictionaryofAsianMythology.OxfordUniversityPress.p.45.
204. ^Radha,Sivananda(1992)."MantraofMuladharaChakra".KualinYoga.MotilalBanarsidass.p.304.
205. ^whenitrequirestobedestroyed,Lordivadoesitbythetavantya
206. ^ForiconographicdescriptionoftheDakimrtiform,see:Sivaramamurti(1976),p.47.
207. ^Fordescriptionoftheformasrepresentingteachingfunctions,see:Kramrisch,p.472.
208. ^ForcharacterizationofDakimrtiasamostlysouthIndianform,see:Chakravarti,p.62.
209. ^ForthedeerthroneandtheaudienceofsagesasDakimrti,see:Chakravarti,p.155.
210. ^GoldbergspecificallyrejectsthetranslationbyFrederiqueMarglin(1989)as"halfman,halfwoman",and
insteadadoptsthetranslationbyMarglinas"thelordwhoishalfwoman"asgiveninMarglin(1989,216).
Goldberg,p.1.
211. ^Forevolutionofthisstoryfromearlysourcestotheepicperiod,whenitwasusedtoenhanceShiva's
increasinginfluence,see:Chakravarti,p.46.
212. ^FortheTripurntakaform,see:Sivaramamurti(1976),pp.34,49.

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213. ^Parrinder,EdwardGeoffrey(1982).Avatarandincarnation.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.p.88.ISBN019
5203615.
214. ^Winternitz,MorizV.SrinivasaSarma(1981).AHistoryofIndianLiterature,Volume1

.MotilalBanarsidass.

pp.543544.ISBN9788120802643.
215. ^P.184CulturalHistoryfromtheVyuPurnaByDevendrakumarRajaramPatil
216. ^SriRamakrishnaMath(1985)"HanumanChalisa"p.5
217. ^Lutgendorf,Philip(2007).Hanuman'stale:themessagesofadivinemonkey

.OxfordUniversityPressUS.

p.44.ISBN9780195309218.
218. ^CatherineLudvk(1994).HanumnintheRmyaaofVlmkiandtheRmacaritamnasaofTulasDsa

MotilalBanarsidassPubl.pp.1011.ISBN9788120811225.
219. ^"Footnote70:1toHoraceHaymanWilson'sEnglishtranslationofTheVishnuPurana:BookIChapterIX" .
220. ^"Footnote83:4toHoraceHaymanWilson'sEnglishtranslationofTheVishnuPurana:BookIChapterX" .
221. ^"SrimadBhagavatamCanto4Chapter1EnglishtranslationbyA.C.BhaktivedantaSwamiPrabhupada" .
222. ^"SrimadBhagavatam,Canto4Chapter1" .
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