CHAPTER 2

BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT

 VIDEO 1

2.1 The Transport System in

Humans
1. The transport system in humans is called circulatory

system.
2. Circulatory system is made up of heart, blood and
blood vessels.
Structure of the human heart
1. A muscular, cone-shaped organ.
2. Located in the chest cavity between the lungs.
3. The size of fist.
4. Made up of cardiac muscles
5. Has 4 chambers: upper chambers (right atrium, left
atrium), lower chambers (right ventricle, left
ventricle)

Function of
The Heart
The
function of
the heart is
to pump
blood to all
parts of the
body.

Function of the Heart

1.
2.

3.

4.

The right side of the heart

pumps blood to the lungs.
The left side heart-pumps
blood to the other parts of the
body.

The heart pumps blood by

contracting and relaxing its
muscles.
The contractions can be
heard as heartbeat.

Function of the Heart

a)
b)

c)

d)

Blood flows into the two

atria through the veins.
The atria contract and
push blood through the
valves into the ventricles.
The ventricles contract
and force the blood
through the arteries.
The valves are closed to
prevent blood flowing
back into the atria.

Blood Vessels and Their Functions

There are 3

types of blood
vessels.
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

Differences in characteristics of blood

vessels
Characteristics

Arteries

Carry blood

Away from the Towards the

heart
heart

From arteries
to veins

Blood pressure

High

Low

Very low

Deoxygenated

Exchanging

(except
pulmonary
artery)

(except
pulmonary
vein)

nutrients and
gases with
cells

Thick and
muscular with
elastic fibres

Thin, less
muscular and
less elastic

One cell thick

Type of blood
Oxygenated
carried (function)

Structure of wall

Veins

Capillaries

Path of blood flow in circulatory system

Human have a
double circulatory
system.
2. Blood passes
through the heart
1.

twice as it
circulates in the
body.

Path of blood flow

Path 1: from the heart to the
lungs and back again to the
heart
The right atrium receives

deoxygenated blood from

different parts of the body
and pushes it into the right
ventricle
The right side of the heart
then pumps blood to the lungs
to collect oxygen and
remove carbon dioxide.

Path of blood flow

Path 2: From the heart to the
rest of the body and back again
to the heart
The oxygenated blood

returns to the left atrium and

flows into the left ventricle.
Then the left side of the

heart pumps blood to the rest

of the body to supply oxygen
to the cells and to collect
carbon dioxide.

Importance of a healthy heart

Heart is a very

important organ.
An unhealthy heart
leads to problems.
Coronary heart disease
Heart attack
High blood pressure
Stroke

2.2 Human Blood

Adult human has 5 litres of blood (9% of

body weight).
Blood carries nutrients and oxygen to the
body cells and transports carbon dioxide and
waste products away from the cells.
Fight diseases.
Helps to maintain a constant body

temperature.

Blood constituents and their functions

Blood constituents and their functions

Characteristics

Red blood cell

White
blood cell

Platelets

Nucleus content

No

Yes

No

Shape

Biconcave

Irregular

Small
fragments(serpihan) of cells
made in the
bone narrow

Function

Carry oxygen
(oxyhaemoglobin)

Protect
body
against
diseases &
fight
infections

Help in blood
clottting

Blood performs the following functions

1. A transport medium that carries gases and

2.
3.
4.
5.

dissolved substances from one part of the

body to another.
Red blood cells carry oxygen
Blood plasma carries dissolved substances
White blood cells protect against diseases
Blood maintains the body temperature at
37C.

Blood Group
Blood
group

Can
Can
donate receive
blood to blood from

A and
AB

A and O

B and
AB

B and O

AB

AB

A, B, AB
and O

A, B, AB O
and O

Blood group O is known as

universal donor.
Blood group AB is known
as universal recipient.
A healthy person can
donate blood every 56 days
or about 4 to 6 times per
year.
Blood is needed during
Surgery
Childbirth
Cancer treatment

2.3 Transport System in Plants

LEARNING OUTCOMES
describe how wilting occurs,
describe what transpiration is,
describe the functions of stomata,
identify the factors affecting the rate of transpiration,
describe how the factors affect the rate of transpiration,
describe the roles of transpiration,
investigate the pathway of water in a cut stem using a

suitable stains,
identify the locations of xylem and phloem,
describe the functions of xylem and phloem.

Lesson 11

2.3 Transport System in Plants

1. Why a plant wilt?
Because it losing more water than it is absorbing from the soil,
hence there is not enough water inside the plant.
Lesson 11
2. What is transpiration?
The process by which a plant loses water in the form of water
vapour, from its leaves to the environment.
Lesson 12
3. Flow path of transpiration process
ground Root Stem Leaves environment

2.3 Transport System in Plants

4. How the water vapour passes out of the
leaf?
Through tiny pores called stomata.
5. What is stoma (singular for stomata)?
A tiny pore between a pair of cells
known as guard cells.
6. What is the function of the cells
(guard cell)?
Control the opening and closing of
the stoma.
Water vapour is lost through the
stoma. Gases like Carbon Dioxide and
Oxygen diffuse in and out of the leaf
through the stoma during
photosynthesis and transpiration.

2.3 Transport System in Plants

An open stoma
normally open during the day
to allow the exchange the
carbon dioxide and oxygen
(during photosynthesis)
Also results in the loss of
water by transpiration
A closed stoma
May be closed on a hot day to
reduce the loss of water by
transpiration

Lesson 12 : Function

2.3 Transport System in Plants

2.3 Transport System in Plants

Function of Transpiration
1.Helps roots to absorb water and minerals
from soil.
2.Helps plants to keep cool especially during
hot days through the evaporation of water.
3.Allows the exchange of gases during
photosynthesis and respiration.

Lesson 13: Factors

2.3 Transport System in Plants

Lesson 14: Transport Tissues in Plants

2.3 Transport System in Plants

Transport Tissue in Plants
1.

TWO types of tissue that are involved in the transport system

in plants.
i.
Xylem
Vascular bundle
ii.
Phloem

2.

Functions
1.
Xylem- carry water and dissolved minerals absorbed in
the roots stems leaves
2.
Phloem-carry glucose (produced during photosynthesis)
from leaves to all parts of plants