PADDY CULTIVATION

Oryza sativa

COURSE OUTLINE -RICE

Climatic requirements - Soil - Season - Varieties
(Include Recent varieties and Geographic indexing) Seed rate - Seed Treatment - Nursery preparation Wet Dry Dapog - Spacing - Fertilizer
Recommendation - Common weeds in Rice fields Kole,, Pokkali
Kole
Pokkali,, Kaipad cultivation - Transplanting
IPDM-- System of Rice Intensification(SRI) techinique
IPDM
- Scope of farm Mechanization in rice cultivation and
Post Harvest Handling
Handling--Value addition
addition--Current Trends
in Rice production(For additional information only)

CLIMATE & SOIL

Rice can be cultivated under a variety of climatic
and soil conditions.
The critical mean temperature
flowering and fertilization ranges from 16 to 200C,
during ripening
ripening, the range is from 18 to 32oC
Temperature beyond 350C affects grain filling

Rice comes up well in different soil types

For normal growth, a pH range of 5.05.0-8.0 is suitable

PADDY GROWING SEASONS

OF KERALA

RICE VARIETIES

THREE TYPES BASED ON DURATION

SHORT DURATION(75DURATION(75-120 DAYS)

MEDIUM DURATION (120 135 DAYS)
LONG DURATION(130 200 DAYS)

SHORT DURATION

MEDIUM DURATION

LONG DURATION

GEOGRAPHIC INDICATIONS

Geographical Indications of Goods are defined as

that aspect of industrial property which refer to the
geographical indication referring to a country or to a
place situated therein as being the country or place
of origin of that product
product.. Typically, such a name
conveys an assurance of quality and distinctiveness
which is essentially attributable to the fact of its
origin in that defined geographical locality, region or
country..
country

GIs FROM KERALA

Navara Rice
Palakkadan Matta Rice
Malabar Pepper
Alleppey Green Cardamom
Pokkali Rice
Vazhakulam Pineapple
Wayanad Jeerakasala Rice
Gandhakasala Rice
Kaipad Rice
Chengalikodan Nendran Banana

Seed rate
Transplanting

60--85 kg ha-1
60

Broadcasting

80--100 kg ha-1
80

Dibbling

80--90 kg ha-1
80

Seed treatment
Dry seed treatment
Wet seed treatment

Dry seed treatment

Dress seeds with P. fluorescenes @ 10 g/kg of
seeds before sowing

or
with fungicide Carbendazim 2g per kg of seed
on the previous day of sowing (12 to 16 hours
ahead)

Wet seed treatment

Soak seed for 12 to 16 hours in a solution
of P.fluorescenes @ 10 g/litre of water per kg of seed
Or
Carbendazim 2 g / kg of seed per litre of water and drain to
induce germination.
Treatment with Carbendazim will protect the seedlings from
blast disease up to 30 to 60 days after sowing.
Soak paddy seeds in CuSO4 (0.25 per cent) and ZnSO4 (1
%) solution for 24 hours.
Drain and keep for sprouting.
For soaking 1 kg of seed, 1 litre of micronutrient solution
would be needed.

NURSERY

NURSERY
Adopt wet or dry method for raising
seedlings.
The choice depends primarily on the
availability of water.

Wet Nursery Preparation

1. The wet method can be adopted in areas where water is
available as in the second crop season.
2. Seedlings raised by the wet bed method can be harvested
one week earlier.
3. The seedbed should be prepared in advance, so that the
pre-germinated seeds can be sown in time.
4. As far as possible, fertile lands with irrigation and
drainage facilities should be selected for raising the
nurseries.
5. Such lands should be suitably located to receive full
sunlight. The following are the steps in raising wet
nursery.

Wet Nursery Preparation

5. Plough and harrow the fields two or three times
until the soil is thoroughly puddled and levelled.
6. Prepare raised beds 5 to 10cm height 1 to 1.5m
width and of convenient length with drainage
channels between the beds.
7. The total seedbed area should be 1000 m2 for
each hectare of the field to be transplanted.
8. Apply compost or cattle manure @ 1.0 kg/m2 of
the nursery bed and mix well with the soil at the
time of preparation of the field.

Wet Nursery Preparation

9. Treat the seeds by wet method.
10.Drain
10.
Drain and incubate in warm moist place for
sprouting. Never allow the seeds to dry up.
11.Moisten
11.
Moisten them occasionally.
12.Sow
12.
Sow germinated seeds on the third day. Delay
will result in poor seedling stand.
Irrigation may be commenced on the 5th day
after sowing and continued up to the 7th day,
to a depth of about 5 cm.

Wet Nursery Preparation

13. After this period, irrigate the seedbed continuously to a
depth of about 5 cm in order to control weeds.
14. Drain occasionally to encourage production of vigorous
seedlings with short roots.
15. Flooding the soil with too much water for long periods
produces tall and weak seedlings, which do not readily
recover during transplanting.
16. If symptoms of nitrogen deficiency are observed,
broadcast urea @ 1 kg for 100 m2 as top dressing about
10 days prior to pulling out of seedlings, depending
upon the

Advantages and disadvantages

Dry method
1. This method is practised in areas where sufficient water is not
available and the time of planting is uncertain
uncertain..
2. During first crop season, wherever transplanting is done
depending upon receipt of rainfall, it is safer to adopt this
method since growth of the seedlings can be controlled
controlled..
3. Plough the nursery area to a fine tilth
tilth..
4. Prepare raised beds of 1 to 1.5 m width, 15 cm in height and
of convenient length
length..
5. Apply compost or cattle manure at the rate of 1 kg/m2 of the
nursery bed and mix well with the soil at the time of
preparation of the field
field..
6. Sow the seeds treated as described under dry seed treatment
method evenly over the bed and cover with fine sand or soil
soil..
7. Water the nursery as and when required depending upon the
receipt of rains
rains..

Advantages and disadvantages

DAPOG NURSERY
In Mat nursery seedlings are established in a
layer of soil mix, arranged on a firm surface
(Concrete floor/ polythene sheet/ seedling
trays). Seedlings are ready for planting within
14--20 days after seeding (DAS).
14
Nursery area
Required nursery area is 100 m2 / ha (or) 2.5 cent / ha
1cent / acre

Nursery bed preparation

Select a level area near the water
source with efficient drainage
system. The surface should be
covered with banana leaves with
the
mid-rib
removed
or
polyethylene sheets or any
flexible material or cemented
floors to prevent seedling roots
from penetrating to the bottom
soil
layer.

Preparation of soil mixture

Four (4) m3 of soil mix is needed for
each 100 m2 of nursery. Mix 70% soil + 20%
well--decomposed pressmud / biowell
bio-gas slurry /
FYM + 10% rice hull. Incorporate 1.5kg of
powdered di
di--ammonium phosphate or 2kg 17
17-17--17 NPK fertilizer with the soil mixture.
17

Filling the soil mixture

Place a wooden frame of 0.5 m long, 1

m wide and 4 cm deep divided into 4 equal
segments on the plastic sheet or banana
leaves, fill the frame almost to the top with
the soil mixture.

Pre-germinating the seeds

Soak the seeds for 24 hrs, drain and
incubate the soaked seeds for 24 hrs, sow when
the seeds sprout and radicle (seed root) grows
to 22-3 mm long and cover them with dry soil to
a thickness of 5mm
5mm..

ADVANTAGE OF THE "DAPOG"

OVER WET/DRY-BED NURSERIES
The cost of uprooting of seedling is minimal.
Very young seedlings from dapog nurseries
suffer less from the transplanting shock
compared with other nurseries
Irrigation is obligatory to prevent water stress.

LAND PREPARATION

Preparation of land
Plough the field thoroughly to incorporate the weeds
and straw into the soil.
Ensure a smooth, level field for transplanting the
seedlings.
It would be better to transplant 1010-15 days after
incorporating organic manure.
Before transplanting or sowing, apply manures and
fertilizers at the rates specified for the region and
varieties
Apply fertilizers on the drained soil at the time of final
ploughing and levelling and thoroughly mix into the soil.

TRANSPLANTING

Transplanting
Transplant seedlings of appropriate age for the
variety @ 2-3 seedlings per hill in rows
rows..
Leave wider row of 30 cm after every 3 m to
facilitate spraying and other cultural operations
operations..
Transplant seedlings at a depth of 3-4 cm

Transplanting Age of seedlings

Seedlings are ready to be pulled out when they
attain the stage of 44-5 leaves
about 18 days after sowing in the case of short
duration varieties
20
20--25 days after sowing in the case of medium
duration varieties.
Under ill drained conditions, long duration varieties
may be planted 30 days after sowing.

Seedlings more than 30 days old when

transplanted in the field recover slower than
younger seedlings, especially, if they suffer stem
and root injury.

Transplanting
If the seedlings are over aged, plant at a closer
spacing with 3 or 4 seedlings per hill and apply
extra dose of nitrogen @ 5 kg/ha as basal dressing.
Irrigate seed beds a day before pulling out the
seedlings to soften the soil and to facilitate washing
of roots.
Wash off mud and soil from the roots carefully
and tie the seedlings into bundles of convenient
size for transplanting.

Advantages of Transplanting
1. Optimum plant population
2. Plants get equal amount of light and nutrients
3. Less seed requirement

SPACING FOR RICE

TRANSPLANTATION

MANURING AND FERTILISER

APPLICATION

Organic manuring
Apply organic manure in the form of farmyard
manure or compost or green leaf @ 5 t ha-1 and
incorporate into the soil while ploughing
ploughing..
Vermicompost
or
coirpith
compost
@
2.5 t ha-1 can be substituted for 5 t ha-1 FYM in
Onattukara region
region..
The entire quantity of phosphatic fertilizers may be
applied along with the organic manures
manures..
Use of biofertilizers is recommended

Green crop manuring

Cowpea may be raised as an intercrop in dry
seeded low land (semi(semi-dry) rice by sowing 12.5
kg/ha seed along with rice to serve as a source of
green manure.
When the rice field gets submerged with the onset
of southwest monsoon, cowpea at the age of about
six weeks and at active vegetative stage decays and
gets selfself-incorporated in the soil adding substantial
quantity of green manure.
Such a system of concurrent growing of cowpea
also reduces weed pressure in semisemi-dry rice.

FERTILISER APPLICATION

Liming
Addition of lime is absolutely necessary when the pH is
lower than 5.5 and it is advisable when pH varies
between 5.5 and 6.5.
Apply lime @ 600 kg ha-1 in two split doses,
the first dose of 350 kg ha-1 as basal dressing at the time of
first ploughing
the second dose of 250 kg ha-1 as top dressing about one
month after sowing/transplanting.

A time lag of one week should be given between

application of lime and fertilizers.
For top dressing, lime may be applied one week prior to
the application of fertilizers.

Water management
Maintain water level at about 1.5 cm during
transplanting.
Thereafter increase it gradually to about 5 cm
until maximum tillering stage.
Drain water 13 days before harvest.

SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION(SRI)

SRI is aimed at increasing the yield of rice
produced in farming
It is a low water, labour intensive, organic
method that uses younger seedlings singly
spaced and typically handed weeded with
special tools

PRINCIPLES OF SRI
Rice field should be kept moist rather than
continuously saturated, minimizing the
anaerobic condition, which improves root
growth and diversity of aerobic soil organisms.
Plants should be planted singly and spaced
optimally so that it improves root growth and
canopy and keep all leaves photosynthetically
active.
Transplanted when young(<15 days old),
minimizes transplanting shock

WEEDS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

Weeds and their management

Common weeds in rice fields of Kerala are:

Grasses:
Oryza rufipogon (varinellu)
Echinochloa crusgalli (kavada)
E. colona (kavada)
E. stagnina (kavada)
Saccolepis interrupta (polla)
Isachne miliacea (chovverippullu, naringa).

 Sedges:
Cyperus iria (manjakora, chengoal)
C. difformis (thalekkattan)
Fimbristylis miliacea (mungai)

Broad leaved weeds:

Monochoria vaginalis (neelolppalam)
Ludwigia perennis (neer-grampu)
Limnocharis flava (nagappola),
Ammania baccifera (nellicheera)

 Ferns:
Salvinia molesta (African payal)
Marsilea quadrifolia (naalilakodian)
Azolla pinnata (azola).

Algae:
Chara spp.
Spirogyra spp. (payal)

Echinochloa crusgalli (kavada)

E. colona (kavada)
Saccolepis interrupta (polla)

Isachne miliacea

Fimbristylis miliacea (mungai)

Cyperus iria (manjakora, chengoal)

Monochoria vaginalis (neelolppalam)

Ludwigia perennis (neer-grampu)

Ammania baccifera (nellicheera)

Salvinia molesta (African payal)

Limnocharis flava (nagappola)

Azolla pinnata
Marsilea quadrifolia (naalilakodian)

Chara spp.
Spirogyra spp. (payal)

WEED CONTROL
Keep the rice fields free from weeds up to 45
days either by hand weeding or by use of
herbicides.

Weed control in Dry seeded rice

Spray any of the following
pre
pre--emergent herbicides:
butachlor @ 1.25 kg ai ha-1
oxyfluorfen @ 0.15 kg ai ha-1
pendimethalin @ 1.50 kg ai ha-1
pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ai ha-1

on the same day of seeding or within six days of

seeding.

Weed control in Wet seeded rice

Spray any of the following herbicides:
(a) Butachlor @ 1.25 kg ai ha-1 6-9 days after sowing;
(b) Pretilachlor + safener @ 0.45 kg ai ha-1 3-5 days after
sowing. Give a follow up application of 2,42,4-D @ 0.8 kg
ai ha-1 at 20 days after sowing.
(c) Pretilachlor @ 0.45 kg ai ha-1 at 33-4 DAS and one
light hand weeding at 28 DAS for wet sown rice in
kole land.

Weed control in Transplanted rice

Apply any of the following herbicides at 0-6 days after
transplanting.
Pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg ai ha-1
butachlor @1.25 kg ai ha-1.

For controlling broad leaved weeds and sedges

2, 4-D sodium salt may be applied @ 1 kg ai ha-1 on 25
DAT.

Pre emergence application of 2, 4-D sodium @ 0.8 kg ai

ha-1 on 5 DAT can control all the three groups of
weeds viz. grasses, sedges and broad leaved weeds.

Management of Salvinia molesta

(African payal)
Trampling salvinia in situ in the wet lands a week
before transplanting will control the weed and
add to soil fertility.
Herbicides should be applied only in areas where
protected drinking water supply is available
Use biocontrol agent Cyrtobagous salviniae

PEST AND DISEASE

MANAGEMENT IN RICE

Diseases of Rice
Fungal diseases
Brown spot (Helminthosporium oryzae)
Sheath rot (Sarocladium oryzae)
Narrow brown spot (Cercospora oryzae)
Leaf scald (Rhynchosporium oryzae)
Udbatta (Ephelis oryzae)
False smut (Ustilaginoidea vireus)
Blast (Pyricularia grisea)
Sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani)
Foot rot (Fusarium moniliformae)

Bacterial diseases
Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae)
Bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzicola)

Viral Diseases
Rice Tungro Disease
Rice Grassy stunt
RICE RAGGED STUNT
RICE YELLOW DWARF

Blast (Pyricularia grisea)

Sheath blight
(Rhizoctonia solani)

Brown spot (Helminthosporium oryzae)

Narrow brown spot (Cercospora oryzae)

Leaf scald
(Rhynchosporium oryzae)

Sheath rot (Sarocladium oryzae)

False smut (Ustilaginoidea vireus)

Udbatta (Ephelis oryzae)

BAKANAE/ Foot rot

(Fusarium moniliformae)

Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas

oryzae pv.oryzae)

Bacterial leaf streak

(Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzicola)

RICE TUNGRO DISEASE

RICE GRASSY STUNT

RAGGED STUNT

RICE YELLOW DWARF

Major Pests

Rice Stem borer

Rice leaf folder
Gall midge
Rice Bug
Rice whorl maggot
Brown plant hopper
Rice Root nematodes
Rice cyst nematodes

Rice Stem borer

Rice leaf folder

Gall midge

Rice Bug

Rice Whorl Maggot

Brown plant hopper

Rice Nematode

INTEGRATED PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Timely control measures against pest disease and weds
based on surveillance
Remove/destroy stubbles after harvest to control rice
stem borers and vectors of viral andMLO diseases
Trim field bunds and keep field free from weeds, to
avoid build up of insect pests and vectors that can
transmit diseases
Adopt appropriate sowing or transplanting date to
avoid flowering coinciding with high atmospheric
humidity which is favorable to blast infestation

INTEGRATED PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Seed treatment with Bacillus subtils and Trichoderma
viride (2g/Kg of seed) to control seed born infections
Control irrigation by intermittent draining to manage BPH.
Avoid close planting, especially in BPH and leaf folder
prone areas/seasons
Adequate dosage of K reduces the incidence of blast
Provide rogue spacing of 30cm at every 2.5m interval to
take up plant protection operation
Avoid flow of irrigation water from disease affected fields.
Use light traps to monitor incidence of pests

INTEGRATED PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Avoid flow of irrigation water from disease affected
fields
Use light trap to monitor incidence of pests
Avoid resurgence including chemicals against BPH
like Methyl parathion and Quinalphos
Remove stem borer egg masses from the rice seedling
during transplanting
Select and use resistant varieties against major pests.
Manage caseworm by passing rope on crop and
draining water

FARM MECHANISATION

Improved Direct Paddy Seeder

Function
For uniform seed distribution with respect to
time and for maintaining uniform plant
population per metre square.

Salient Features:
1. Uniformity in seed sowing
and plant population.
2. Reduction in seed rate and
the cost of thinning is
reduced.
3. Hill dropping of seeds is
achieved and continuous
drilling is eliminated.

Rice Transplanter
Function:
For transplanting mat type paddy
seedlings. Suitable for all transplanted
type paddy varieties.
Cost: `. 7500/Type

: Manually operated

Power
requirement

One operator and one

: labour to transport mat
seedlings

Seed cum Fertilizer Drill for Paddy

For direct sowing of paddy
Function
: and simultaneous
application of fertilizer
Specification :
Type
: Mounted implement
Power
: 35 45 hp tractor
requirement
Capacity
: 3 ha/day
Salient features :
The seed rate and fertilizer rate can be
adjusted
Can be operated by a 35 HP tractor
By applying the required quantity of fertilizer
at root zone, better crop growth and more
yields is obtained.
Saving in cost:65%
Saving in labour:84%
Cost of operation: Rs.800 / ha

Cono Weeder
Function: For weeding between rows of paddy crop

Type: Manually operated

The cono weeder has two

conical rotors mounted in
tandem
with
opposite
orientation. Smooth and serrated
blades mounted alternately on
the rotor uproot and burry
weeds because the rotors create
a back and forth movement in
the top 3 cm of soil, the cono
weeder can satisfactorily weed
in a single forward pass without
a push pull movement.

Self Propelled Vertical Conveyor

Reaper

For harvesting paddy

It is highly cost economical when compared
to other paddy harvesters and combine and
manual harvesting.

Mini Combine Harvester for Paddy

For combined operations of

Harvesting,
threshing
and winnowing

Features
Suitable for small and marginal farmers
Can be easily transported to
inaccessible fields
Saving in cost: 80%
Saving in labour: 91%

Manually Operated Fertilizer

Broadcaster
For broadcasting granular fertilizers like
urea, DAP etc in the field uniformly.
It consists of a hopper with tapered
bottom, with a side slope of about 46
degrees. A circular disc having X
sections is fitted on a vertical shaft
below the fertilizer hopper and is
rotated by a handle through gear
arrangement. The gear ratio between
the handle and the spreading disc is
1:8.4. A metered quantity of the fertilizer
through adjustable opening falls on the
disc, which spreads uniformly due to
centrifugal force. Machine is mounted
on the shoulders and is operated at a
forward speed of about 2.0 km/h.

Paddy Winnower
Cleaning of paddy by winnowing
Power operated
The machine winnows paddy already
threshed by the paddy thresher or by
other means. It has a feeding hopper at
the top to receive the threshed paddy,
chaff and straw bits. A blower provided
at the bottom sends a stream of air
which separates the straw, chaff and
other impurities. The dust, chaff and
straw come out through an opening and
cleaned paddy is taken out through
another spout.

POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY

Rice milling process

Threshers
Multicrop thresher
Paddy thresher

Rice milling machine

Rice Products & By Products of Rice

BROKEN RICE

RICE HUSK

RICE BRAN

RICE STRAW

RICE BRAN OIL

VALUE ADDITION
Processed Products
Fermented Products Based on Rice
Extruded Products

RICE - PROCESSED PRODUCT

Parched rice
It is prepared by
throwing rice in
sand heated to a
high temperature
in an iron or mud
pan.

Expandedrice
Expanded rice
(Pori)

Expanded rice is a
traditional
convenience food
widely consumed
in
India.
The
parboiled paddy is
milled, salted and
again roasted in
sand for expansion

Puffed rice
This
popular
ready-to-eat snack
product
is
obtained
by
puffing
milled
parboiled rice.
Rice
expands
about
8
times
retaining the grain
shape
and
is
highly porous and
crisp.

Popped rice
The paddy at a
moisture
content of 1214% is directly
roasted in iron
pans using sand
as a medium at
a temperature of
150-200C.

RICE - PROCESSED PRODUCT

Flaked rice
Traditionally, it is
prepared
from
soaked
paddy,
after
heat
treatment
and
immediate
flattening using a
flaking
machine
(an edge runner).
Flaked rice is thin
and papery and of
white colour.

Quick cooking
rice
is
made
by
steeping polished
rice in water to a
moisture content
of 35 per cent,
cooking
under
pressure
and
drying.

Derived products
Polished rice may
be precooked and
canned
as
rice
pudding and also
used to make dry
breakfast cereals.

RICE - FERMENTED PRODUCTS

IDLI

DOSA

RICE- EXTRUDED PRODUCTS

IDIYAPPAM

MURUKKU