Q :In AM a plot of modulation index verses carrier

amplitude yields a
A)horizontal line
B) vertical line
C) parabola
D) hyperbola
Correct Answer : hyperbola
Q :When a broadcast AM transmitter is 50 % modulated,
its antenna current is 12A. What will be the current when
the modulation depth is increased to 90 % ?
A)12.9 A
B) 13.4 A
C) 16.6 A
D) 21.8 A
Correct Answer : 13.4 A
Q :In amplitude modulation, the carrier and the
modulating voltages are given by
modulation index will be
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :A sinusoidal voltage amplitude modulates another
sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 1 kV to result in two
sideband terms of amplitude 200 volts each. The
modulation index is
A)0.5
B) 0.4
C) 0.2

The

D) 0.1
Correct Answer : 0.4
Q :A carrier is simultaneously modulated by two sine
waves with modulation indices of 0.3 and 0.4; the total
modulation index
A)is 1
B) cannot be calculated unless the phase relations are known
C) is 0.5
D) is 0.7
Correct Answer : is 0.5
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In amplitude modulation the carrier power at 100 %
modulation is
A)37 %
B) 67 %
C) 20 %
D) 80 %
Correct Answer : 67 %
Q :A transmitter radiates 9 kW with the carrier
unmodulated and 10.125 kW when the carrier is
sinosoidally modulated.The modulation index will be
A)40 %
B) 44 %
C) 50 %
D) 66 %
Correct Answer : 50 %
Q :The positive RF peaks of an AM voltage rise to a
maximum value of 12 V and drop to a minimum value of 4
V. The modulation index assuming single tone modulation
is
A)3

B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :An AM wave is given by
modulation index of the envelope is
A)0.4
B) 0.5
C) 0.3
D) 0.9
Correct Answer : 0.5
Q :In AM, the modulation envelope has a peak value
double the un modulated carrier level, When the
modulation is
A)25 %
B) 33 %
C) 50 %
D) 100 %
Correct Answer : 100 %
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)

The

Correct Answer :
Q :The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8 amperes
when only the carrier is sent. It increases to 8.8 amperes
when the carrier is sinusoidally modulated. The
percentage modulation is
A)64 %
B) 72 %
C) 78 %
D) 84 %
Correct Answer : 64 %
Q :The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8 amperes
when only the carrier is sent. It increases to 8.8 amperes
when the carrier is sinusoidally modulated. The
percentage modulation is What will be the antenna current
when the depth of modulation is 80 % ?
A)8.8 A
B) 9.19 A
C) 9.91 A
D) 10 A
Correct Answer : 9.19 A
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :An audio signal 15 sin 2 (1000 t ) amplitude modulates
75 sin 2 (100,000 t) . The modulation index will be
A)20 %
B) 25 %
C) 50 %
D) 80 %
Correct Answer : 20 %
Q :In an AM signal peak antenna current is 12A and the
minimum is 3A The percentage modulation is
A)100 percent

B) 60 Percent
C) 50 Percent
D) 40 Percent
Correct Answer : 60 Percent
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :A carrier is amplitude modulated to a depth of 40 %.
The increase in power is
A)40 %
B) 20 %
C) 16 %
D) 8 %
Correct Answer : 8 %
Q :The ratio of the total power in amplitude modulated
wave to the unmodulated carrier power is given by
A)
= 1+m/2
B)
= 1-m/2
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :

Q :A transmitter radiates 9 kW with the carrier

unmodulated and 10.125 kW when the carrier is
sinusoidally modulated. If another sine wave,
corresponding to 40 % modulation, also modulates the
carrier simultaneously, determine the total radiated
power
A)9.9 kW
B) 10kW
C) 10.42 kW
D) 10.84 kWs
Correct Answer : 10.84 kWs
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :A carrier voltage of unmodulated carrier power 1 kW is
being amplitude modulated by an audio sinusoidal voltage
to a depth of 100 % has total modulated carrier power of
A)1.25 Kw
B) 1.5KW
C) 1.75 kW
D) 2kW
Correct Answer : 1.5KW
Q :If the carrier of a 100 percent modulated AM wave is
suppressed, the percentage power saving will be
A)50
B) 150
C) 100
D) 67
Correct Answer : 67
Q :The modulation index of an AM wave is changed from 0
to 1. The transmitted power is
A)unchanged
B) halved

C) doubled
D) increased by 50 percent
Correct Answer : increased by 50 percent
Q :A 200 W carrier is modulated to a depth of 75 percent.
The power of the modulated wave will be
A)128.1 W
B) 256.2 W
C) 512.5 W
D) 886.6 W
Correct Answer : 512.5 W
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :A 360 W carrier is simultaneously modulated by two
audio waves with modulation percentage of 55 and 65
respectively. The total side band power radiated will be
A)180W
B) 130 W
C) 60 W
D) 30 W
Correct Answer : 130 W
Q :An AM radio transmitter radiates 50 kW of carrier
power. The radiated power with 85% modulation will be
A)50.85 kW
B) 51.7 kW
C) 59.9 kW
D) 68.1 kW

Correct Answer : 68.1 kW

Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :A boardcast radio transmitter radiates 20 kW when the
modulation percentage is 60. The carrier power will be
A)12 kW
B) 14.5 kW
C) 16.94 kW
D) 20 kW
Correct Answer : 16.94 kW
Q :The output current of a 60 % modulated AM generator
is 1.5 A. What will be the percentage power saving if the
carrier and one of the side bands are now suppressed ?
A)85 %
B) 70 %
C) 60 %
D) 45 %
Correct Answer : 85 %
Q :When PC is the power of the unmodulated signal and m
is the modulation index then power of the modulated
signal is given by
A) mPC
B) m2 PC
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :If the carrier of a 100 percent modulated AM wave is
suppressed, the percentage power saving will be
A)50
B) 67
C) 100
D) 150

Correct Answer : 67
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :An amplitude modulated current is given by I= 10[1+0.5
sin 6280t]sin(3.14*100000)t .The modulation index of the
wave is
A)0.1
B) 0.5
C) 10 %
D) 1.
Correct Answer : 0.5
Q :For a signal amplitude modulated to a depth of 100 %
by a sinusoidal signal, the power is
A)same as the power of unmodulated carrier
B) twice as the power of unmodulated carrier
C) four times the power of unmodulated, carrier
D) One and half times the power of unmodulated carrier.
Correct Answer : One and half times the power of
unmodulated carrier.
Q :When Pc is the carrier power, the maximum power in
A.M. can be
A) PC
B) 1.5 Pc
C) 2 Pc
D) 2.5 Pc
Correct Answer : 1.5 Pc
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :

Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :RF power amplifiers of the ummodulated carrier signal
usually operate at
A)Class A
B) Class B
C) Class AB
D) Class C.
Correct Answer : Class C.
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :The following is an advantage of linear modulation
A)large modulating power
B) less distortion
C) carrier power is less
D) modulating power is less.
Correct Answer : less distortion
Q :In a low-level AM system, amplifiers following the
modulated stage must be
A)linear devices
B) harmonic devices
C) class C amplifiers
D) non linear devices
Correct Answer : linear devices
Q :Square law modulation uses
A)non linear active device
B) linear active device

C) non linear passive device

D) Linear passive device
Correct Answer : non linear active device
Q :The most suitable method for detecting FM signal is
A)envelope detector
B) synchronous detector
C) ratio detector
D) square law detector
Correct Answer : ratio detector
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Modulated amplifier is operated as an amplifier under
class
A)AB
B) B
C) C
D) A
Correct Answer : C
Q :A balanced modulator produces
A)AM
B) SSB
C) DSB
D) VSB
Correct Answer : DSB
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:

A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :The output current of a 60 % modulated AM generator
is 1.5 A. To what value will this current change if the
generator is modulated additionally by another audio wave
whose modulation index is 0.7
A)1.05 A
B) 1.15 A
C) 1.35 A
D) 1.65 A
Correct Answer : 1.65 A
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :A sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 1 KV amplitude
modulated by another sinusoidal voltage produce 30 %
modulation. The amplitude of each side band term is
A)300 V
B) 150 V
C) 500 V
D) 100 V
Correct Answer : 150 V
Q :Which of the following frequency is likely to be
associated with AM radio broadcast?
A)1000kHz
B) 100MHz
C) 500 MHz
D) 10GHz
Correct Answer : 1000kHz
Q:

A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :The following is not the purpose of modulation
A)multiplexing
B) effective radiation
C) Narrow banding
D) increase in signal power
Correct Answer : increase in signal power
Q :In amplitude modulation, the carrier and the
modulating voltages are given by
The
peak amplitude of the amplitude modulated voltage will
be
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :During amplitude modulation, the phase angle of the
modulating voltage changes by
A)0 degrees
B) 90 degrees
C) 180 degrees
D) 45 degrees
Correct Answer : 0 degrees
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)

C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :For broadcasting purpose, full AM signal is preferred to
SSSB signal because
A)it requires large bandwidth
B) generation of full AM is easier
C) detection of full AM is simpler
D) requires less bandwidth
Correct Answer : detection of full AM is simpler
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :An amplitude modulated current is given by I= 10[1+0.5
sin 6280t]sin(3.14*100000)t. The RMS value of the carrier
current is
A)
B)
C) 10 A
D) 5 A
Correct Answer :
Q :An audio signal 15 sin 2 (1000 t) amplitude modulates
75 sin 2 (100,000 t) .The two side band frequencies will
be
A)90 kHz and 110 kHz
B) 99 kHz and 101 kHz
C) 99.9 kHz and 100.1 kHz
D) 99.99 kHz and 100.01 kHz
Correct Answer : 99 kHz and 101 kHz
Q :If
be the simultaneous modulating voltages, then
total modulating voltage Et is given by
A)
B)

C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In amplitude modulation of modulation index is more
than 1 than
A)the bandwidth will increase
B) there will interference with other signals
C) efficiency of transmission will improve
D) the wave will get distorted.
Correct Answer : the wave will get distorted.
Q :The unit of modulation index is
A)HertZ
B)
C)
D) no unit.
Correct Answer : no unit.
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :An amplitude modulated current is given by I= 10[1+0.5
sin 6280t]sin(3.14*100000)t The carrier frequency is
A)100 KHz
B) 500 KHz
C) 200 KHz
D) 50 KHz
Correct Answer : 50 KHz
Q :An amplitude modulated current is given by I= 10[1+0.5
sin 6280t]sin(3.14*100000)t . The modulating frequency is
A)100Hz
B) 500Hz
C) 1000Hz
D) 200Hz
Correct Answer : 1000Hz

Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :The DSB-SC out put signal of balanced modulator is
A)2 ka Em(t) Ec Cos Wc t
B) ka Em (t) Ec Cos Wc t
C) 2 Ea Ec Cos Wc t
D) 2 Ec cos Wc t
Correct Answer : 2 ka Em(t) Ec Cos Wc t
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Frequency translation is the result of
A)heterodyne action
B) filtering action
C) overlapping action
D) Modulation
Correct Answer : Modulation
Q :The balanced modulator principle is to eliminate the
A)carrier
B) message signal
C) modulated signal
D) both carrier and message signal

Correct Answer : carrier

Q :The output of a balanced modulator consists of
A)both the sidebands and the carrier
B) one sideband and carrier
C) only carrier
D) only sidebands and modulating frequency.
Correct Answer : only sidebands and modulating
frequency.
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Which of the following statement is false?
A)the carrier is suppressed in single side band
B) A balanced modulator produces double side bands with
suppressed carrier
C) A single side band signal has one half the bandwidth of a
double side band signal
D) Bandwidth of DSB is 1/2 of AM
Correct Answer : A balanced modulator produces double
side bands with suppressed carrier
Q :Product modulators are used in
A)AM-FC
B) DSB-SC
C) FM
D) PM
Correct Answer : DSB-SC
Q :The upper and lower side band frequencies for a 3 KHz
audio modulation with a 27 MHz carrier frequency will be
A)30 and 24 MHz
B) 27.3 and 26.7 MHz
C) 27.3 and 26.97 MHz
D) 27.003 and 26.997 MHz
Correct Answer : 27.003 and 26.997 MHz

Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In suppressed carrier modulation we can save
transmission power to the extent of
A)67 %
B) 33 %
C) 20 %
D) 40 %
Correct Answer : 67 %
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :When compared to the AM-FC, the DSB-SC bandwidth is
A)same
B) half
C) infinite
D) Two times
Correct Answer : same
Q :In case of DSB-SC, total transmitted power is
A) EC2 / 4R
B) Ec2 /2R
C) Ec2 / R

D)
Correct Answer : EC2 / 4R
Q :In case of SSB-SC the power saved over the AM is
A)83.3 %
B) 50 %
C) 66.6 %
D) 60 %
Correct Answer : 83.3 %
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :When modulating signal bandwidth is , the DSB-SC
bandwidth is
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In case of DSB-SC wave generation, when the message
signal crosses zero angle, the phase of modulation wave
is
A)same
B) reversed by 1800
C) reversed by
D) 00
Correct Answer : reversed by 1800
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :

Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In filter method of SSB-SC generation how many
balanced modulators are used
A)1
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
Correct Answer : 1
Q :In an SSB transmitter, one is most likely to find
A)class A RF output amplifier
B) class B RF amplifier
C) class C audio amplifier
D) tuned moldulator
Correct Answer : class B RF amplifier
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In third method of SSB-SC generation how many
balanced modulators are used
A)2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
Correct Answer : 4
Q :Which one of the following is not necessarily an
advantage of the phase cancellation method of obtaining
SSB over the filter method?
A)It is possible to generate SSB at any frequency

B) SSB with lower audio frequencies present can be generated

C) switching from one side band to the other is simpler
D) there are more balanced modulators; therefore the carrier is
suppressed better.
Correct Answer : there are more balanced modulators;
therefore the carrier is suppressed better.
Q :In phase shift method of SSB-SC generation how many
balanced modulators are used
A)1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 3
Correct Answer : 2
Q :Phase shift method uses
A)One filter
B) Two filters
C) no filter
D) Four filters
Correct Answer : no filter
Q :Which of the following method is complicated for SSB
generation
A)Filter method
B) weaver's method
C) Phase shift method
D) all are complicated
Correct Answer : weaver's method
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Which of the following filter is generally use in SSB
generation?
A)Active filter
B) Mechanical filter

C) LC filter
D) Crystal filter.
Correct Answer : Mechanical filter
Q :No of phase shifting net works used in phase shift
method are
A)1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Correct Answer : 2
Q :Band width of SSB signal when F is modulating signal
frequency
A)F
B) 2 F
C) 3 F
D) 4 F
Correct Answer : F
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In case SSB detection, the following method is adopted
A)Synchronous detection
B) Asynchronous detection
C) Nonlinear detection
D) Linear detection
Correct Answer : Synchronous detection

Q :The term neutralization generally refers to

A)simulaneous modulation requencies
B) modulation at lower frequencies
C) inhibiting spurious oscillations
D) modulation at higher frequencies
Correct Answer : inhibiting spurious oscillations
Q :The purpose of pilot carrier in SSB is
A)to provide increased bandwidth
B) to reduce power consumption
C) improved noise immunity
D) frequency stabilisation
Correct Answer : frequency stabilisation
Q :selective fading is less effective in
A)DSB - SC
B) SSB - SC
C) AM
D) FM
Correct Answer : SSB - SC
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Which one of the following cannot be used to remove
the unwanted side band in SSB?
A)Phase shift devices
B) Balanced modulator
C) Filters
D) Mixer
Correct Answer : Balanced modulator
Q :Which of the following is invariably found in SSB?
A)Tuned modulator
B) Class B RF amplifier
C) Class C audio amplifier
D) Class A RF amplifier.

Correct Answer : Class B RF amplifier

Q :Which of the following statement is false?
A)a buffer amplifier can use the emitter follower circuit
B) RF power amplifier of the unmodulated carrier signal usually
operate class C
C) A single side band signal has one half the bandwidth of a
double side band signal
D) A side band filter is designed for a band of audio frequencies
Correct Answer : A side band filter is designed for a band
of audio frequencies
Q :Good quality signal with very narrow bandwidth is
obtained using
A)AM
B) DSB - SC
C) SSB - SC
D) PM
Correct Answer : SSB - SC
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Which of the following circuit cannot be used to
demodulate SSB?
A)BFO
B) Product detector
C) Phase discriminator
D) Balanced modulator.
Correct Answer : Phase discriminator
Q :Which one of the following is not necessarily the
advantage of SSB over AM
A)Simple circuitry
B) Less power handled
C) Less bandwidth required
D) Low noise

Correct Answer : Simple circuitry

Q :Vestigial side band is most commonly used in
A)Radio transmission
B) Television transmission
C) Telephony
D) Telegraphy.
Correct Answer : Television transmission
Q :In mobile communication the modulation techniques
used is
A)SSB
B) DSB
C) VSB
D) FM
Correct Answer : SSB
Q :The SSB SC equation with lower side band transmitted
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :To provide 2 or more voice circuits with the same
carrier, it is necessary to use
A)SSB with pilot carrier

B) carrier reinsertion
C) Vestigial side band
D) ISB
Correct Answer : ISB
Q :Indicate in which of the following only one side band is
transmitted
A)A3
B) A3H
C) A5C
D) A3B
Correct Answer : A3H
Q :When the modulation index of AM wave is doubled, the
antenna current is also doubled the AM system used is
A)A3J
B) A3
C) A3H
D) A5C
Correct Answer : A3J
Q :In A3J systems, the carrier should be suppressed at the
transmitter down to at least
A)36dB
B) 45dB
C) 25dB
D) 40dB
Correct Answer : 45dB
Q :The A 3A modulation is some times used to
A)Reduce the power that must be transmitted
B) Reduce the bandwidth required for transmission
C) Simplify the frequency stability problem in reception
D) Allow the receiver to have a frequency synthesize
Correct Answer : Simplify the frequency stability problem
in reception
Q :Figure of merit is always unity in
A)SSB-SC
B) AM
C) FM

D) PM
Correct Answer : SSB-SC
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :The maximum number of voice signals carried by ISB is
A)2
B) 1
C) 4
D) 8
Correct Answer : 4
Q :In VHF TV Transmission, use of VSB results in a net
bandwidth saving of about
A)4.5 MHz over A3 system.
B) 5 MHz over A3 system
C) 3 Mhz over A3 system
D) 3.5 MHz over A3 system
Correct Answer : 3 Mhz over A3 system
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In VSB
A)Only one side band is transmitted
B) Two side band in transmitted
C) One side band is passed completely; and a post of other side
band is passed.
D) One side band is transmitted along with carrier
Correct Answer : One side band is passed completely; and
a post of other side band is passed.

Q :Indicate false statement regarding the advantages of

SSB over double side band, full carrier AM
A)The signal is more noise resistant
B) More channel space is available
C) Less power is require for the same signal strength
D) Transmitter circuits must be more stable giving better
reception
Correct Answer : Transmitter circuits must be more stable
giving better reception
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)11.5
B) 5.5
C) 6
D) 12
Correct Answer : 5.5

The modulation index is

Q :An FM signal has a frequency deviation of 20 kHz

produced by 2V audio signal of 400 Hz. What will be that
modulation index?
A)2.5
B) 4
C) 50
D) 10
Correct Answer : 50
Q:

A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In an FM system when the audio frequency (AF) is 500
Hz and AF voltage is 2.4 V, the deviation is 4.8 kHz The
modulation index will be
A)10
B) 23
C) 30
D) 400
Correct Answer : 30
Q :In an FM system when the audio frequency (AF) is 500
Hz and AF voltage is 2.4 V, the deviation is 48 kHz. The
modulation index in this case will be
A)20
B) 40
C) 80
D) 96
Correct Answer : 96
Q :In case of wide band FM signal, the modulation index
may be expected to be
A)0.5
B) 1.0
C) less than 1
D) more than 1
Correct Answer : more than 1
Q :In frequency modulation for a given frequency
deviation, the modulation index varies
A)inversely as the modulating frequency
B) directly as the modulating frequency
C) independent of modulating frequency
D) First varies and then remains constant
Correct Answer : inversely as the modulating frequency
Q :Modulation index in an F.M. signal

A)Various inversely as the deviation

B) Various directly as the modulation frequency
C) Various directly as the frequency deviation and inversely as the
modulating frequency
D) When multiplied by 100 gives percentage modulation.
Correct Answer : Various directly as the frequency
deviation and inversely as the modulating frequency
Q :An FM signal with a modulation index mf is passed
through a frequency tripler. The wave in the output of the
tripler will have a modulation index of
A) mf / 3
B) m/f
C) 3 mf
D) 9mf
Correct Answer : 3 mf
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In frequency modulation, the modulation index is
proportional to where omegam is the modulation
frequency
A) m
B)
C) m2
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:

A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :A frequency doubler has an FM signal input at 13 MHz
with a deviation of 5 kHz. what is the frequency deviation
of the frequency doublers output signal?
A)10kHz
B) 20 kHz
C) 25 kHz
D) 40 kHz.
Correct Answer : 10kHz
Q :In an FM system when the audio frequency (AF) is 500
Hz and AF voltage is 2.4 V, the deviation is 4.8 kHz If the
AF voltage is increased to 7.5 V, the new deviation will be
A)7.5 kHz
B) 8 kHz
C) 9.5 kHz
D) 15 kHz
Correct Answer : 15 kHz
Q :A FM wave is represented by
maximum deviations is
A)1094.5 Hz
B) 1055.5 Hz
C) 995.5 Hz
D) 995 Hz
Correct Answer : 1094.5 Hz

The

Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In an FM system when the audio frequency (AF) is 500
Hz and AF voltage is 2.4 V, the deviation is 4.8 kHz .If the

AF voltage is raised to 10 V while the AF is dropped to 200

Hz, the deviation will be
A)15 kHz
B) 18 kHz
C) 20 kHz
D) 22 kHz
Correct Answer : 20 kHz
Q :A FM wave has bandwidth of 160 kHz and modulating
signal frequency of 5 kHz. The frequency deviation will be
A)75 kHz
B) 115 kHz
C) 75 MHz
D) 115 MHz
Correct Answer : 75 kHz
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :An FM signal with a deviation 5 is passed through a
mixer, and has its frequency reduced fivefold. The
deviation in the output of the mixer is
A)3/

B) indeterminate
C) 5/
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In FM, the frequency deviation is
A)proportional to modulating frequency
B) proportional to amplitude of modulating signal
C) constant
D) directly proportional to amplitude and inversely proportional to
modulating frequency.
Correct Answer : proportional to amplitude of modulating
signal
Q :An FM signal with a deviation is passed through a
mixer, and has its frequency reduced six fold. The
deviation in the output of the mixer will be
A)
B)
C)
D) indeterminate
Correct Answer :
Q :In FM, if the amplitude of the modulating voltage is
doubled, the maximum frequency deviation
A)doubles,
B) becomes four times
C) becomes half
D) remains unaltered
Correct Answer : doubles,
Q :In FM, if the frequency of the modulating voltage is
doubled, the maximum frequency deviation
A)doubles

B) becomes four times

C) becomes half
D) remains unaltered
Correct Answer : remains unaltered
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In FM broadcast, the maximum modulation frequency is
A)5 kHz
B) 1 0 kHz
C) 15 kHz
D) 25 kHz
Correct Answer : 15 kHz
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In FM
A)noise decreases by increasing deviation
B) noise decreases by decreasing deviation
C) noise decreases by maintaining deviation constant
D) noise increases by maintaining deviation constant
Correct Answer : noise decreases by increasing deviation
Q :Which of the following statement is valid for FM

systems?
A)It needs less bandwidth
B) It offers better S/N ratio
C) It requires least modulating power
D) FM is similar to DSB-SC
Correct Answer : It offers better S/N ratio
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :A frequency doubler has an FM signal input at 13 MHz
with a deviation of 5 kHz. The output frequency of the
carrier will be
A)26 kHz
B) 260 kHz
C) 26 MHz
D) 260 MHz
Correct Answer : 26 MHz
Q :A frequency multiplier stage should operate as
A)class A
B) class B
C) class C
D) classAB
Correct Answer : class C
Q :A FM wave is represented by
carrier frequency is
A)66 MHz
B) 95.5 MHz
C) 125 MHz
D) 166 MHz
Correct Answer : 95.5 MHz

The

Q :A FM wave is represented by
modulating frequency is
A)199 Hz

The

B) 1990 MHz
C) 199 kHz
D) 199 MHz
Correct Answer : 199 Hz
Q :FM Broadcast band generally lies in
A)LF
B) HF
C) VHF
D) SHF
Correct Answer : VHF
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Which of the following frequency is likely to be
associated with FM radio broadcasting
A)90 Hz
B) 90 kHz
C) 900 kHz
D) 90 MHz.
Correct Answer : 90 MHz.
Q :De-emphasis circuit is used
A)prior to modulation
B) after modulation
C) For de-emphasising high frequency component
D) for de-emphasising low frequency component
Correct Answer : For de-emphasising high frequency
component
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :

Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Since noise phase modulates the F.M. wave as the
carrier frequency increases the noise amplitude is
A)decreased
B) unaltered
C) increased
D) equalised.
Correct Answer : decreased
Q :Sine wave of frequency fm modulates carrier of
frequency producing the same frequency deviation and the
same modulation index in both FM and PM. Next if the
modulation frequency is doubled, the modulation index in
FM relative to that in PM will be
A)the same
B) halved
C) doubled
D) quadrupled.
Correct Answer : halved
Q :The difference between phase and frequency
modulation
A)is purely theoretical because they are the same in practice
B) is too great to make the two systems compatible
C) lies in the poorer audio response of phase modulation
D) lies in the different definitions of the modulation index
Correct Answer : lies in the different definitions of the
modulation index
Q :pre-emphasis circuit provides extra norse immunity by
A)boosting the bass frequencies
B) amplifying the higher audio frequencies
C) preamplifying the whole audio band
D) converting the phase modulation to FM

Correct Answer : amplifying the higher audio frequencies

Q :When the modulating frequency is doubled, the
modulation index is halved, and the modulating voltage
remains constant. The modulation system is
A)amplitude modulation
B) phase modulation
C) frequency modulation
D) any one of the three
Correct Answer : frequency modulation
Q :Indicate which one of the following is not an advantage
of FM over AM :
A)Better noise immunity is provided
B) Lower bandwidth is required
C) The transmitted power is more useful
D) Less modulating power is required
Correct Answer : Lower bandwidth is required
Q :FM and AM transmitters are to be compared. Which of
the following statement is valid?
A)AM transmitter is more efficient as compared to FM transmitter
B) FM transmitter is more efficient as compared to AM transmitter
C) FM and AM transmitters have to same efficiency
D) Efficiency of transmitters depends on frequency only
Correct Answer : FM transmitter is more efficient as
compared to AM transmitter
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In a modulation system the modulating voltage remains
the same the modulating index is halved when the
modulating frequency is doubled; the system is ?
A)A.M.
B) F.M.
C) P.M.

D) PPM
Correct Answer : F.M.
Q :Pre-emphasis circuit is used
A)after modulation
B) prior to modulation
C) to increase or emphasis the amplitude of low frequency
components of the signal
D) after demodulation.
Correct Answer : prior to modulation
Q :In the spectrum of a frequency modulated wave
A)the number of significant sidebands depends upon the
modulation index
B) carrier frequency cannot disappear
C) carrier frequency vanishes when modulation index is large
D) Number of side bands depends on modulating signal
amplitude
Correct Answer : the number of significant sidebands
depends upon the modulation index
Q :In FM, if the frequency of the modulating voltage is
doubled, the rate of deviation of carrier frequency
A)doubles
B) becomes four times
C) becomes half
D) remains unaltered
Correct Answer : doubles
Q :In FM, if the amplitude of the modulating voltage is
doubled, the rate of deviation of carrier frequency
A)doubles
B) becomes four times
C) becomes half
D) remains unaltered
Correct Answer : remains unaltered
Q :In the spectrum of a frequency-modulated wave
A)the carrier frequency disappears when the modulation index is
large
B) the amplitude of any sideband depends on the modulation

index
C) the total number of sidebands depends on the modulation
index
D) the carrier frequency cannot disappear
Correct Answer : the amplitude of any sideband depends
on the modulation index
Q :The message carrying efficiency is best in
A)FM
B) AM
C) AM- SC
D) Phase modulation
Correct Answer : AM- SC
Q :Following is not advantage of FM over AM
A)noise immunity
B) fidelity
C) capture effect fidelity
D) Spluttering
Correct Answer : Spluttering
Q :A narrowband FM does not have the following feature
A)it has two side bands
B) Band width is same as AM
C) both sidebands have same phase difference with respect to
carrier
D) it does not show amplitude variations
Correct Answer : both sidebands have same phase
difference with respect to carrier
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :The commercial FM radio broadcast band is
A)535 to 1600 kHz
B) 20 to 80 kHz
C) 88 to 108 MHz

D) 300 to 3000 MHz

Correct Answer : 88 to 108 MHz
Q :Which system is free from noise?
A)FM
B) AM
C) Both FM and AM
D) DSB
Correct Answer : FM
Q :One of the following is not an advantage of F.M. over
amplitude modulation
A)F.M. is more immune to noise
B) it requires less modulating power
C) transmitted power is more useful
D) it requires lesser bandwidth
Correct Answer : it requires lesser bandwidth
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :An FM signal has a frequency deviation of 20 kHz
produced by 2V audio signal of 400 Hz. If there are eight
pair of side bands in the FM signal, the required
bandwidth will be
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :

Q :The modulating frequency in frequency modulation is

increased from 10 kHz to 20 kHz. T bandwidth is
A)doubled
B) halved
C) Increases by 20 kHz
D) increased tremendously
Correct Answer : Increases by 20 kHz
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :A FM wave is represented by
power dissipated by this FM wave in a
A)4.8 W
B) 6.6 W
C) 7.2 W
D) 8 W
Correct Answer : 7.2 W

The
resistor will be

Q :In an FM signal, the power

A)increases as modulation index increases
B) reduces as modulation index increases
C) remains constant even when modulation index varies.
D) 25.
Correct Answer : remains constant even when modulation
index varies.
Q :For a FM wave carrier modulating frequency is 10 kHz
and bandwidth is 2 MHz. If the modulating signal
amplitude is doubled, the bandwidth will be
A)0.5 MHz
B) 1 MHz
C) 2 MHz
D) 4 MHz
Correct Answer : 4 MHz

Q :For a FM wave carrier modulating frequency is 10 kHz

and bandwidth is 2 MHz. if the modulating frequency is
increased to 20 kHz the bandwidth will be
A)0.5 MHz
B) 1 MHz
C) 2 MHz
D) 4 MHz
Correct Answer : 1 MHz
Q :A FM signal has modulating frequency fmand maximum
frequency deviation of . The bandwidth will be nearly
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :When bandwidth is the major consideration a narrow
band FM can be approximated to
A)SSB
B) AM
C) PM
D) VSB
Correct Answer : AM
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :The ratio, maximum frequency deviation/highest
modulation frequency is called
A)modulation index
B) frequency deviation
C) carrier amplitude
D) percentage of modulation
Correct Answer : modulation index
Q:

A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Armstrong F.M. transmitter performs frequency
multiplication in stages
A)to increase the overall S/N ratio,
B) to reduce bandwidth
C) to find the desired value of carrier frequency as well as
frequency deviation,
D) for convenience.
Correct Answer : to find the desired value of carrier
frequency as well as frequency deviation,
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Armstrong modulator generates
A)A.M.
B) F.M.
C) P.M.
D) PCM
Correct Answer : F.M.
Q :Which one of the following is an indirect way of
generating F.M.?
A)Armstrong modulator
B) Varactor diode modulator

C) Reactance FET modulator

D) Reactance bipolar transistor modulator.
Correct Answer : Armstrong modulator
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Foster seeley discriminator uses a
A)single tuned circuit
B) double tuned circuit with primary and secondary tuned to the
same frequency
C) double tuned circuit with primary and secondary tuned to the
different frequency
D) double tuned circuit and single tuned circuit
Correct Answer : double tuned circuit with primary and
secondary tuned to the same frequency

Q :In a single tone FM discriminator

is
A)Proportional to deviation
B) proportional to cube of deviation
C) Inversely proportional to cube of deviation
D) proportional to square of deviation
Correct Answer : proportional to square of deviation
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Limiter is not essential in the following detector
A)Foster-Seeley discriminator
B) balanced slope detector
C) ratio detector
D) slope detector
Correct Answer : ratio detector

us tes ici : Accueil Glossaire / Le codage

Bienvenue dans la technologie xDSL

Les techniques de multiplexage, modulation et

codage

 Multiplexage

L'un des problmes de la transmission haut dbit est l'interfrence entre les signaux mis et reus, si ceux-ci sont
itus sur la mme bande de frquences. De plus, lADSL utilise une bande passante en ligne trs suprieure la
bande tlphonique [0, 4 kHz].
Deux solutions peuvent tre utilises pour minimiser cette interfrence et assurer une communication
bidirectionnelle sur la ligne dabonn :
Le multiplexage en frquence FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Lannulation dcho EC (Echo Cancellation)

Multiplexage en frquence (FDM)

Cette solution consiste sparer les bandes de frquences utilises en rception et en mission. Pour cela on utilise
une technique de multiplexage en frquence. Cette technique n'introduit pas de nouvelles interfrences mais utilise
une bande passante plus large ce qui diminue la distance maximale de transmission. Les bandes [20 kHz, 140 kHz]
et [150 kHz, 1 100 kHz] sont respectivement utilises pour les flux de donnes montants et descendants.

Multiplexage annulation d'cho (EC)

Lannulation dcho permet de vhiculer les flux de donnes montants et descendants dans la mme bande de
rquence. La bande [20 kHz, 130 kHz] est utilise par les flux montants et descendants, la bande [130 kHz, 1 100
kHz] tant rserve au seul flux descendant.
LEC autorise des dbits plus levs pour le flux descendant que dans le cas du FDM.
Par contre lEC est plus sujette la paradiaphonie. A linitialisation, le modem doit passer par une phase
dapprentissage de la qualit de la ligne qui consiste mmoriser lamplitude de lcho local en fonction de la
bande de frquence dmission.

 Modulation et Codage

La transmission ADSL se fait en bande de base pour cela les techniques de codage et modulation sont troitement
is. Les termes de codage et modulation peuvent tre indiffremment utiliss.
l existe diffrentes faons de traiter la porteuse HF, en fonction de la donne transmettre ; dans le cas de l'ADSL
on utilise, une des deux techniques :
CAP (Carrier Amplitude/Phase modulation)
DMT (Discret Multitone Modulation)
Ces techniques utilisent une modulation en phase et en amplitude (QAM). Elles sont apparues en complment au
codage 2B/1Q utilis notamment pour le RNIS.

Codage 2B/1Q

Cette technique de codage est apparue pour permettre d'augmenter la distance maximale de transmission
ncessaire pour l'introduction du rseau RNIS.
Ce codage 2B/1Q fait correspondre un groupe de deux lments (2bits: 2B) un crneau de tension, dit symbole
quaternaire (1Q), pouvant endosser quatre valeurs diffrentes. Ce mode de codage est utilis pour l'HDSL avec une
vitesse de modulation de 584000 bauds/s soit un dbit suprieur 1Mbits/s.
Cependant, ce codage est bande de base (transmission partir de 0 Hz), ce qui ne permet pas l'utilisation
imultane du transfert de donnes et du service tlphonique (300-3400Hz).

Modulation QAM (quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

La modulation mono-porteuse QAM consiste associer toute suite de n bits appele symbole un point particulier
au sein dune constellation.
Cela correspond une combinaison d'une modulation de phase et d'amplitude, ceci afin d'augmenter le nombre
d'tat par symbole.
La porteuse est transmise en ligne avec le signal modul, la dmodulation se faisant au niveau du rcepteur. Cette
echnique pose certaines difficults dues la distorsion de phase de la porteuse inhrente la propagation.
La figure, ci-dessous reprsente la valeur binaire associe chaque point dune constellation 16-QAM utilise
dans les modems V32.

La figure, ci-dessous affiche les diffrentes modulations QAM qui sont utilises par les modems ADSL. (4-QAM,
16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM)

A la diffrence du codage 2B/1Q, les code CAP et DMT, drivs du QAM, sont typiquement passe-bande et
peuvent oprer sur une bande de frquence spcifie.
Ceci va permettre de sparer les canaux rservs la ligne tlphonique, la rception et l'mission de donnes.

Modulation CAP (Carrierless Amplitude/Phase modulation)

En parallle au dveloppement du codage 2B/1Q, une entreprise amricaine AT&T/Paradyne a dvelopp le CAP.
Le codage CAP utilise une porteuse unique. La porteuse module est supprime avant la transmission, d'o le
qualificatif de carrierless, puis reconstruite par le modem rcepteur.
Cette technique est trs semblable la Modulation d'Amplitude en Quadrature (QAM) mais n'utilise pas la
ransposition en frquence. De ce fait, elle est purement numrique et est implmente avec des processeurs DSP
qui ralisent le traitement numrique du signal.
La bande passante disponible est divise en trois canaux par un multiplexage FDM.

Les canaux montants et descendants ne sont pas subdiviss en canaux plus troits.
Toute dgradation du rapport signal sur bruit S/B dans une bande de frquence donne, perturbe la qualit de
ensemble du canal donc rduit la capacit globale de laccs. Cette diminution de la capacit revient diminuer
dun bit la taille du symbole de la constellation, cest dire rduire par deux les performances.

Constellation

2n

Nbre de
bits/bauds

2-CAP

21

4-CAP

22

8-CAP

23

16-CAP

24

32-CAP

25

64-CAP

26

128-CAP

27

256-CAP

28

512-CAP

29

Les metteurs-rcepteurs CAP peuvent utiliser des constellations multiples crant 2n valeurs. N peut varier de 2
512 en fonction des caractristiques de la ligne utilise. On parle alors de N-CAP (2-CAP, 64-CAP,512-CAP).
Cette capacit changer la taille des constellations, est utilise par CAP pour s'adapter aux caractristiques de la
igne.
La priode symbole du systme CAP mono-porteuse est petite. En effet, la rapidit dun modem CAP est de 1 024
kHz. Ce qui est pnalisant, par rapport la dure dun bruit impulsif qui serait gal ou infrieur 500 s.

Modulation DMT (Discret Multitone)

DMT a t adopt comme Norme par l'ANSI et par l'ETSI (Institue Europen de Normes de Tlcommunications),
ce qui permet une plus grande inter-oprabilit entre les quipements des diffrents constructeurs et le
dveloppement de l'ADSL.
La technique consiste partager la bande passante disponible en un nombre lev de canaux. Ces canaux reoivent
une modulation de type QAM et sont transmis en parallle. Cette technique multi-porteuses ncessite de forts
raitements numriques et n'a donc vu le jour qu' partir du moment ou les DSP sont devenus abordables en
matire de cots.

La norme ADSL spcifie l'utilisation de 256 sous-canaux, chacun des sous-canaux ayant une largeur de 4, 3 125
KHz, soit une largeur de bande globale de 1 104 kHz.
Le sous-canal 1 est rserv au canal tlphonique analogique.
Les sous-canaux 2 6 sont rservs la signalisation du canal tlphonique et servent de bande de garde avec les
ous-canaux ADSL.
250 sous-canaux sont utiliss pour transporter le flux ADSL, sur une bande utile qui stend de 25 kHz 1,1 MHz.

La bande de garde entre 2 sous-canaux est de 300 Hz.

Chacune des porteuses peut tre module de 0 15 bits/s par HZ, ce qui permet un dbit de 64 Kbps pour chacun
de ces canaux de transmission.

DMT alloue les donnes de manire optimiser le dbit de chaque canal c'est dire d'adapter la transmission aux
caractristiques de la ligne tlphonique.
Le nombre de bits ports sur chaque porteuse est variable, parce que les capacits internes de transport de chaque
porteuse varie en fonction de leur frquence.
Plus la frquence est leve, et plus l'attnuation est importante, permettant aux frquences les plus basses de
ransmettre le plus d'informations. De plus, on fait varier le nombre de bits par porteuse en fonction des conditions
de transmission, en plaant un nombre plus important de bit sur les canaux les plus robustes.
Ainsi, pour viter les perturbations dues au bruit ou les interfrences radio il suffit de coder plus ou moins de
bps/Hz sur les porteuses.
Principe de lallocation de capacit des sous-canaux correspondant au rapport signal sur bruit. Cette adaptation
effectue sur les 250 canaux.

Un modem DMT value en permanence la qualit de ligne, ce qui lui permet de recalculer dynamiquement la
capacit optimale en bit/s par Hertz affecter chaque sous-canal.

Codage de Reed-Solomon

La transmission d'informations numriques sur de longues distances est toujours entache d'erreurs de
ransmission. Quand l'apparition de ces erreurs est juge trop importante vis vis du service attendu et de la sret
de fonctionnement exige pour le systme, on ajoute de la redondance; celle-ci permet, la rception de dtecter,
puis corriger toutes les erreurs de certains types. Les codes de Reed-Solomon reprsentent une catgorie trs
mportante de codes en bloc cycliques permettant de corriger des erreurs isoles ou des paquets d'erreurs. Ces
codes s'appuient sur les structures mathmatiques que sont les corps de Galois ; ils sont caractriss
essentiellement par le polynme gnrateur du corps choisi, par le polynme gnrateur de code et par la capacit
de correction. Pour les modems ADSL, ce code est not RS(240,224,t=8), ce qui veut dire 224 octets en entre,
240 en sortie du codeur et 8 octets sur 224 peuvent tre corrigs. C'est un code en bloc qui va ajouter 16 octets de

edondance derrire les 224 octets de charge utile. Si plus de 8 octets sont dtects comme errons, le bloc de
donnes utiles est marqu comme dfectueux.

maginons un bloc de 3 octets de long et que l'on transmet:

03. 10. 15.

Deux octets de redondance sont rajouts.

Le premier est la somme de nos trois donnes soit 28

Le deuxime est la somme pondre des 3 octets. Chaque octet est multipli par son rang : 3*1 + 10*2 + 15*3 soit
68.

Notre bloc la sortie du codeur devient donc :

03. 10. 15. 28. 68.

Aprs transmission et perturbation, le rcepteur reoit le bloc :

03. 12. 15. 28. 68.

On refait la somme simple 03+12+15=30 et la somme pondre 3*1 + 12*2 + 15*3=72.

La diffrence des sommes simples (28-30) nous donne la valeur de l'erreur et la diffrence des sommes pondres
divise par l'erreur est gale au rang de l'erreur ((72-68)/2=2).

Nous pouvons corriger notre paquet.

Codage convolutif

Le codage convolutif associ un dcodage par l'algorithme de Viterbi est une technique de codage correcteur
d'erreurs trs rpandue dans les systmes de transmissions numriques actuels. Ce type de codage est, en effet,
pcifi dans de nombreuses applications, aussi bien du domaine audio et/ou vido telles le GSM (tlphonie
mobile), l'ADSL, la tlvision numrique terrestre ou par satellite (normes DVB-T et DVB-S).
Dans le modem ADSL, ce deuxime codage dit interne sert consolider encore plus les donnes issues du
codeur de Reed-Solomon. Le codeur convolutif ou codeur en treillis sapplique la constellation mise en uvre
par ltage de modulation.

Dans le cas, dune modulation CAP, il ny aura quun seul codeur convolutif.
Dans le cas, dune modulation DMT, plusieurs codeurs convolutifs sont appliqus pour chacune des
constellations associes aux N sous-canaux dun modem DMT.
Ct terminal

Ct ligne

Le schma ci-dessus reprsente les diffrents tages fonctionnels de la chane de transmission dun modem ADSL

La supertrame et la trame ADSL

La supertrame ADSL se compose de 68 trames de donnes numrotes de 0 67.

Cette supertrame se termine par lajout dun symbole de synchronisation de mme dure quune trame de donnes.

Trame 0 bits 0-7 => bits de correction derreurs pour les donnes Fast Data.
Trame 1 bits 0-7 => Operation And Maintenance pour les donnes Fast Data.
Trames 2-33 => trames normales .
Trames 34-35 => Operation And Maintenance pour les donnes Fast Data.
Trames 36-67 => trames normales .
Trames 68 => bits de synchronisation.

La dure totale de la supertrame ADSL est de 17 ms.

La dure dune trame 17 ms / 68 = 250s. Soit 4000 trames /s ou une rapidit de 4 kHz.
Chaque trame de donnes au sein dune mme supertrame peut contenir des donnes temps rel ne subissant pas
entrelacement (Fast Data) et des donnes non temps rel subissant lentrelacement (Interleaved Data).
Lentrelacement dmontre son efficacit dans le cas dune ligne bruite comme le sont ds fois les lignes dabonn.
Cela permet de parer aux phnomnes de salves derreurs (bruits impulsifs) dont la dure serait suprieure
500 s. Par contre le temps de traitement associ cette opration est denviron de 15 20 ms. Dure trs
pnalisante avec les exigences temps rel de certaines applications.

Suite