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  • Nervoussystemlabreport 1

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    In response to a stimulus, the excitable cell membrane of a neuron cell goes from a resting state to depolarization, followed by repolarization to the resting state again? this process is called action potential. Some toxins can cause neuronal membrane's action potential to no longer function properly which can cause death.

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    In response to a stimulus, the excitable cell membrane of a neuron cell goes from a resting state to depolarization, followed by repolarization to the resting state again? this process is called action potential. Some toxins can cause neuronal membrane's action potential to no longer function properly which can cause death.

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    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    16 vizualizări4 pagini

    Nervoussystemlabreport 1

    Încărcat de

    api-296594477
    In response to a stimulus, the excitable cell membrane of a neuron cell goes from a resting state to depolarization, followed by repolarization to the resting state again? this process is called action potential. Some toxins can cause neuronal membrane's action potential to no longer function properly which can cause death.

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    din 4

    MarcosBanda

    NervousSystemLabReport

    Thislabreportisaboutactionpotentials.Theelectricactivityinanormalcellmembrane
    environment,environmentsmodifiedbyvarioustoxins,andactionpotentialsobservedinhuman
    reflexes.Inresponsetoastimulus,theexcitablecellmembraneofaneuroncellgoesfroma
    restingstatetodepolarization,followedbyrepolarizationtotherestingstateagainthisprocess
    iscalledactionpotential.Depolarizationoccurswithinaneuronwheresodiumionsentersthe
    cellandraisethechargefromanegativetoapositivelevel.Repolarizationoccurswhenthe
    membraneofaneuronbecomesmorepermeable,whichallowspotassiumionstodiffuseoutof
    theneuroncausingthemembranetoreturntotherestingstate.Afterrepolarizationtheperiod
    whenaxonscannotbestimulatedtogenerateanewactionpotentialiscalledtherefractory
    periodwhichlimitsimpulsestoanaverageof100persecond.Sometoxinscancauseneuronal
    membranesactionpotentialtonolongerfunctionproperlywhichcancausedeath.

    Description:Depolarizationiswherethevoltage,goesuporwherethesodiumionsenterand
    changethelevelfromnegativetopositive.Repolarizationiswherethepotassiumionsdiffuse
    outofthecellmembraneorwhereitgoesbacktotherestingstate.Andtherefractoryperiodis
    wherethecellmembranecannotcreatenewactionpotential.

    ColumnA

    ColumnB

    SyntheticToxin

    Willdestroythemyelincoveringyouroptic
    nervesandmotorneurons.

    Batrachotoxin

    Comesfromapoisondartfrog.Itwillcause
    voltagegatedsodiumchannelstoopenata
    morenegativemembraneandalsoprevents
    theirinactivation.

    DendrotoxinK

    Willblockthevoltagegatedpotassium
    channelsinamatteroftime.

    Sevoflurane

    Willopenmorepotassiumchannelsin
    neuronsofthereticularformationinthe
    brainstem.

    Maculotoxin

    ComesfromtheBlackWidowSpiderwill
    blockthesodiumchannels.

    Latrotoxin

    ComesfromthesnakeKrait,enhances
    acetylcholinerelease.

    Bungarotoxin

    ComefromtheBlueRingedOctopus,will
    blockacetylcholinenicotinicreceptor.

    Tetrodotoxin

    ComesfromtheScorpion,willblocksodium
    channels.

    Apamin

    ComesfromaConeSnail,willblockyour
    potassiumchannel.

    Charybdotoxin

    ComesfromPufferfish,willblockpotassium
    receptors.

    Conotoxin

    Comesfrombees,onetypeoftoxinblocks
    voltagesensitivecalciumchannelsanother
    willblockvoltagesensitivesodiumchannels,
    andoneblocksAChreceptors.

    Description:ThenameofthetoxinsareincolumnAandtheeffectithaswillbeinColumnB.
    ManytoxinswillwillblockPotassium,SodiumorCalciumchannelsoropenthemup.Resulting
    inaoverflowornotenoughpotassium,calciumorsodium.Whichwillaffectactionpotentialby
    again,eitheroverflowingornothavingenoughtohavedepolarizationorrepolarizationperiod.


    CranialNerves

    Nerve

    Function

    OlfactoryNerve

    Smell

    OpticNerve

    Vision

    OculomotorNerve

    EyeMovement,EyeDialation

    TrochlearNerve

    EyeMovement

    TrigeminalNerve

    SensoryInformation(Touch,Pain)Chewing
    Muscles

    AbducensNerve

    EyeMovement

    FacialNerve

    Taste

    VestibulocochelearNerve

    Taste

    GlossopharyngealNerve

    Taste

    VagusNerve

    Sensory,MotorandAutonomicFunctionsof
    Viscera(glands,digestion,heartrate)

    SpinalAccessoryNerve

    Controlsmusclesusedinheadmovement

    HypogloassalNerve

    Controlsmusclesofthetongue

    Description:ManyofthenervesareconnectedtoActionPotentialduetosignalsyourbrain
    sendstothesenerves.Justlikeactionpotential.Thesenervessendsignalsinamatterofa
    second.


    Reflexs

    BicepReflexTest(Biceps
    BrachiiMuscle,
    MusculocutaneousNerve)

    ++

    UpwardMovementofthe
    forearm

    TricepsReflexTest(Triceps
    BrachiiMuscle,Radial
    Nerve)

    DownwardMovementofthe
    forearm

    BrachioradialisReflexTest
    (SupinatorMuscles,
    BrachioradialasTendon)

    ++

    SupinationoftheForearm
    andHand

    HoffmannsTest

    TestsforpyramidalTract
    Lesions

    PatellarReflex(Quadriceps
    Muscle,PatellarTendon)

    ++

    Clonus,Jerkingoftheknee

    AchillesReflexTest(Soleus
    Muscle,CalcanealTendon)

    ++

    PlantarFlexionofthefoot

    BabinskiReflex

    PlantarFlexion,bigtoe

    CheckCrossReflexs

    ++

    Whilepickingupaheavy
    objectwithonearm,the
    otherarmwillmovelaterally
    tobalanceyourself

    Descritption:Manyofthesereflexesarejustlikeactionpotentialandhaveacloselinktoaction
    potential.Veryquickly,yourreflexeswillflexinmanyways.Eitheritbeaflexionorpronation.

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