8

FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES
1
1.) sec " =
cos "
1
2.) csc " =
sin "
sin "
3.) tan " =
cos "
1

4.) cot " =
tan "
cos "
5.) cot " =
sin "
!
2
2
6.) sin " + cos " = 1

7.) 1+ tan 2 " = sec 2 "

2

8.) 1+ cot " = csc "

ODD/EVEN FUNCTIONS
1.) sin "# = " sin #

( )
()
2.) cos("# ) = cos(# )
3.) tan("# ) = " tan(# )

4.) cot("# ) = " cot(# )
5.) sec("# ) = sec(# )
6.) csc("# ) = " csc(# )

GENERAL ADDITION
!
1.) sin " # = sin " cos # cos " sin #

( )
2.) cos(" # ) = cos " cos # ! sin " sin #
tan " tan #
3.) tan(" # ) =
1 ! tan " tan #

( )
k
cos( k") = (#1)

sin k" = 0 for k # I

for k $ I

TRIGONOMETRY
GENERAL REDUCTION

COFUNCTION IDENTITIES
ODD MULTIPLES OF "
2
1
1
1.) sec " =
OR cos =
%
(
k
#
cos "
sec "
1.) sin' 2k +1 " + $ * = +1 cos $
2
&
)
1
1


2.) csc " =
OR sin " =
! #
%
(
k +1
sin "
csc "
2.) cos' 2k +1 " + $ * = +1
sin $
1
1
2
&
)
3.) cot " =
OR tan " =
tan "
cot "


DOUBLE-ANGLE IDENTITIES
SPECIAL REDUCTION
1.) sin2" = 2sin " cos "
!
%"
(
2.) cos 2"
= cos 2 " # sin 2 "
1.) cos' # $ * + sin $
2
&
)
= 1# 2sin 2 "

%"
(
2
2.) sin' # $ * + cos $
= 2cos " #1
&2
)
2 tan "
3.) tan2" =
%"
(
3.) tan' # $ * + cot $
1# tan 2 "
&2
)


%"
(
HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES
4.) cot' # $ * + tan $
&2
)
"
1# cos "
!
1.) sin =
!
2
2
%"
(
5.) sec' # $ * + csc $
"
1+ cos "
&2
)
2.) cos =
2
2

%"
(
6.) csc' # $ * + sec $
"
1#
cos
"
&2
)
3.) tan =
2
sin "

!
"
sin "
GENERAL REDUCTION
4.) tan =
2 1+ cos "
EVEN MULTIPLES OF "

2
%
(
PRODUCT TO SUM IDENTITIES
k
#
1.) sin' 2k " + $ * = +1 sin $
1
2
&
)
!
1.) sin " cos # = sin " + # + sin " $ #

2
%
k
#! (
2.) cos' 2k " + $ * = +1 cos $
1
2.) cos " sin # = sin " + # $ sin " $ #
2
&
)
2


1
3.) cos " cos # = cos " + # + cos " $ #

2
1
4.) sin " sin # = cos " $ # $ cos " + #
2

( )

( )

( )

[
[
[
[

( )

)]

)]

)]

)]

CONVERSION FACTORS

DEGREE TO RADIAN

" rads
DEGREE x

180!

RADIAN TO DEGREE

!
180!
RADIAN x

" rads

!2 " .707
2

3
" .866
2
" # 3.14
"
#1.57
2
"
# .785
4

PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLES
3 4 5
5 12 13
7 24 25
8 15 17
9 40 41
11 60 - 61
12 35 37
13 84 85
15 112 -113
16 63 65
17 144 145

TRIGONOMETRY

THE UNIT CIRCLE

SUM TO PRODUCT

1.) sin " + sin # = 2sin

" +#
" $#
cos
2
2

2.) sin " $ sin # = 2cos

" +#
" $#
sin
2
2

LAW OF SINES

a
b
c
=
=

sin " sin # sin $

" +#
" $#
3.) cos " + cos # = 2cos
sin
2
2
" +#
" $#
4.) cos " $ cos # = $2sin
sin
2
2

LAW OF COSINES
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 " 2bc cos #

b 2 = a 2 + c 2 " 2ac cos $

2

A circle with radius equal to 1 and center at (0,0)

c = a + b " 2ab cos %

x 2 + y 2 = 1

MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS
GENERAL EQUATION OF THE CIRCLE

LENGTH OF CHORD

TERMINAL POINT
!

( x " h)2 + ( y " k )2 = r 2

CENTER is at C(h, k ) with RADIUS= r

!
DISTANCE
FORMULA

Distance between points ( x1, y1 ) and ( x 2 . y 2 )

!
!

d = ( x 2 " x1 )2 + ( y 2 " y1 )2
!
!

MIDPOINT FORMULA
!
Midpoint
between ( x1, y1 ) and ( x 2 . y 2 )

"x +x y +y %
M $ 1 2 , 1 2 '
2 &
# 2!
!

AB = 2 " 2cos #

sin
!
QI
+
QII
+
QIII
-
QIV
-

cos
+
-
-
+

tan
+
-
+
-

cot
+
-
+
-

sec
+
-
-
+

csc
+
+
-
-

r = x 2 + y 2

x = r cos "

y = r sin "