THESIS To Be Printed2

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER I
The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
There are different kinds of waste materials generated from manufacturing
processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes. Environment awareness triggers
the development of ways to reduce the effects contributed of the generated wastes. Solid
waste management is one of the major environmental concerns in the world. With the
scarcity of space for land filling and due to its ever increasing cost, waste utilization has
become an attractive alternative to disposal.
The study is being carried out on the utilization of waste products in concrete as a
partial replacement of natural sand. The waste material used, scrap bones (specifically pig
bones), in the research is predicted to be as comparable when replaced partially as fine
aggregates in which typically, sand is being consumed.
Though the research on the use of bones ( as fine aggregates) is not that popular,
efforts have been made to explore its use in concrete especially in the making of light
weight concrete. The development of new construction materials using pulverized pig
bones is important to both the construction and the environmental sustainability study.

Background of the Study

River sand is the main raw material used as fine aggregate in the
production of concrete. As the natural sources of river sand are getting depleted
gradually, it becomes essential and more significant to find out substitute material in
concrete. At the same time the challenge for the civil engineers in the future is to
understand the project with the concept of sustainable development. Using waste
materials can help in the preservation of natural resources and is less harmful to the
environment.
Each of these waste products has provided a specific effect on the properties of
fresh and hardened concrete. The use of waste products in concrete not only makes it
economical, but also helps in reducing disposal problems. In Philippines, the use of
recycled materials is continuously growing to help protect the environment. Along with
this, the researchers tried to use pulverized scrap pig bones in the creation of lightweight
concrete since this waste is common in the country. Aside from that, common wastes are
recycled into a product that is essential in low cost construction.
Research Objectives
General objectives:

To develop a concrete with pulverized pig bones as a partial replacement for fine
aggregates that is as comparable to the conventional concrete in terms of compressive
strength.
Specific Objectives:
1. To identify the physical properties of the materials used.
2. To determine the compressive strength of the mixed proportion of pulverized
pig bones.
3. To evaluate the workability of the concrete mixed with pulverized pig bones.
Hypotheses of the Study:
1
The fine aggregates produced with partial replacement of pulverized pig bones
will satisfy set of standards as indicated in ASTM C33/ C33M (Standard
Specification for Concrete Aggregates).
The compressive strength of the concrete with pulverized pig bones will be
relatively close or equal to that of the conventional concrete.
The concrete produced with pulverized pig bones will be as workable as that of
concrete which uses 100% sand as fine aggregates.
Significance of the Study

This study will be beneficial to our country, since one of the manufactured wastes
is being used again for the making of less costly concrete. The end product concrete, can
be used in cost effective construction knowing that the use of the conventional materials
tends to be expensive. Aside from that, civil engineers will look up to the idea of creating
substitutes which not only help the environment but also aid in the promotion of more
economical construction. Having the materials for construction more affordable, people
will not worry on having comfortable building structures for commercial or residential
purposes.
Theoretical Framework of the Study:
Conceptual Framework of the Study:

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework

Scope and Limitations
FEEDBACK

The researchers only covered the testing of compressive strengths of lightweight

concrete where pulverized pig bones is used as partial replacement to sand. The research
is patterned to the study done by Funsho Falade, Efe Ikponmwosa, and Chris Fapohundan
in year 2013 on Low-Cost Construction through the use of Pulverized Bone Foamed
Aerated Concrete (PB-FAC). The cylinder used has diameter of 6 in., and height of 12 in.
The researchers used scrap pig bones oven dried for 2 days under 100 C, and pulverized
to pass 4.75 mm sieve. The bones are obtained from the slaughterhouse located in
Quezon City. Testing Center for the created product, Quantum Materials Testing And
Laboratory Equipment, found in Mandaluyong City is accredited by DPWH.
This study will not cover Splitting Strength test and water absorption capacity of
the created concrete.

Definition of Terms
a) AERATED CONCRETE- also known as autoclaved cellular concrete (ACC),
autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC), autoclaved concrete, cellular concrete,
porous concrete, Aircrete, Hebel Block, and Ytong is a lightweight, precast, Foam
concrete building material invented in the mid-1920s.
b) AGGREGATE is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, and
iron blast-furnace slag, and when used with cementing medium forms a hydraulic
cement concrete or mortar.
c) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH is the capacity of a material to withstand axially
directed pushing forces. When the limit of the compressive strength is reached,
materials are crushed.
d.) CONCRETE is a mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement,
fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water, with or without admixtures.
e.) CONCRETE, Light Weight is concrete containing only aggregate that conforms
to ASTM C33.
f.) CURING is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture
and kept within a reasonable temperature range.

g.) WORKABILITY- is one of the physical parameters of concrete which affects the
strength and durability as well as the cost of labor and appearance of the finished
product.

CHAPTER II
Literature Review
Introduction
This section provides an overview of published research on different ways and
techniques of replacing sand in concrete. The processes involved, technology, and
techniques used to evaluate compressive strength of concrete are comprehensive as were
as the publications that were vital to the improvement of this thesis.
Foreign Literature
TITLE:
Waste Tyre Crumb Rubber Particle as a Partial

Replacement to Fine Aggregate in Concrete
RESEARCHERS:
Prof. M. R. Wakchaure, Mr. Prashant A. Chavan
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:
This study represents the effect of waste tyre crumb rubber particle of size passing
through 1.18mm IS sieve and retained on 600 IS sieve used in concrete on
compressive, flexural and split tensile strength.
From the results obtained during investigation and based on literatures review
following conclusions can be drawn: Higher content of waste tyre crumb rubber
particle in concrete increases workability of concrete.
Using waste tyre crumb rubber particle replaced to fine aggregate in concrete at 0.5%
and 1.0%. It was observed that, there was no effect on compressive, flexural and split
tensile strength of concrete when compare with similar normal concrete mix. Using
9

waste tyre crumb rubber with 1.5% and 2.0% replacement affects
the hardened
concrete properties.
The reduced strength was recovered by adding the glass fiber to the weight of cement
by 0.4% for in concrete. Higher content of waste tyre crumb rubber produces the light
weight concrete.
SYNTHESIS:
Further investigation is necessary to improve the hardened properties of rubber
filled concrete, to gain the loss strength due to the use of waste tyre crumb rubber
at higher content in concrete mix. The use of crumb rubber in concrete mix is very
much beneficial to environmental concern and to solve the problem related to
disposal of waste tyre rubber throughout the world.
TITLE:
Recycled glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in
structural
concrete Effects on compressive strength
RESEARCHERS:
M. Adaway & Y. Wang
The results obtained from compressive strength tests at both 7 and 28 days
(Figures 3 and 4) appear to display inconsistent results. After 7 days of testing,
compressive strength for the sample containing 20% glass aggregate replacement
achieved a compressive strength 1.9% lower than sample containing 15% glass
aggregate. Likewise, 28 day compressive strength for specimens containing 25%
10

waste glass was 3.5% lower than that measured for 20% glass replacement. It
is noted that only 2 samples were tested at 28 days due to voids being present
in the third sample due to insufficient vibration. All values of compressive strength
obtained for the samples in question achieved higher compressive strength than the
control. As such it is suggested that the discrepancies noted are due to variations in
the properties of concrete specimens and as such do not diminish the validity of the
identified trend.
Further, the experimental results show unexpectedly high readings of compressive
strength development by both the control and samples containing fine glass
aggregate. For the control set, the test results indicated that 28 day compressive
strength increased 37.7% above the design value of 40MPa. However, as can be seen
in Table 5, the discrepancy of test results between samples containing the same
percentage glass can be seen to be very small. After careful scrutiny, it was concluded
that the increase in compressive strength was due to the high quality of cement rather
than experimental or equipment errors.
SYNTHESIS:
The workability of concrete followed a decreasing trend with the addition of fine
glass aggregate, due to the angular nature of the glass particles. Despite this trend, the
concrete was deemed workable and was within the specified tolerance intervals.
Compressive strength was found to increase with the addition of waste glass to the
mix up until the optimum level of replacement. This can be attributed to the angular
nature of the glass particles facilitating increased bonding with the cement paste.
11

TITLE
Utilization of Copper Slag as a Partial
Replacement
of Fine Aggregate in Concrete
RESEARCHERS:
D. BRINDHA and S. NAGAN
Due to usage of copper slag, the density of concrete has increased by 6-7% for
different sand or slag ratios. This is probably due to the higher specific gravity of
copper slag (3.68). There is significant increase in the compressive strength of
concrete due to the addition of slag in suitable proportions up to an optimum
percentage by weight of sand. The compressive strength has increased to a maximum
of 35% with 40% replacement of sand by slag. The compressive strength decreases
slightly for 50% addition of slag, however the compressive strength value is still
greater than the case of using ordinary sand as fine aggregate. Up to 40% slag
addition the tensile strength has increased at an amount of 90% and thereafter
it receded slightly at 50% slag addition.
Leaching experiments were carried out to determine the level of copper and
copper released from the slag in various solutions. The results obtained from
leaching experiments revealed that no substance seemed as toxic has leached or
soluble above the limits set by the standards. Therefore the use of copper slag
as a construction raw material neither imposes risks to the humankind nor to
the environment. Therefore it can be used as a construction raw material.
12

SYNTHESIS:
The workability of concrete followed a decreasing trend with the addition of
fine glass aggregate, due to the angular nature of the glass particles. Despite this
trend, the concrete was deemed workable and was within the specified tolerance
intervals.
Compressive strength was found to increase with the addition of waste glass to
the mix up until the optimum level of replacement. This can be attributed to the
angular nature of the glass particles facilitating increased bonding with the cement
paste.
TITLE
Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Fine
Aggregate with Waste

Material from China Clay Industries
RESEARCHERS:
D. BRINDHA and S. NAGAN
It is found that the water quantity, cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate
required for design mix of M30 were calculated based on the procedure given in IS
code method in IS :2009. The final mix ratio was 1:1.462:2.695 with water cement
ratio of 0.44. The measurement of materials was done by weight using electronic
weighing machine. Water was measured in volume. Concrete was placed in molds in
layers. The cast specimens were removed from moulds after 24 hours and the
specimens were kept for water curing.
13

It is found that the compressive strength of the control concrete was 31.5 N/mm.
The compressive
strength was found to be maximum at 30% (37.5N/mm 2)
replacement of fine aggregate by industrial waste which was greater than the
conventional concrete. The compressive strength reduced beyond 30% replacement.
Thus it is evident that fine aggregate can be replaced by the waste material from china
clay industries up to 30%. Similarly the split tensile strength and flexural strength was
also found to be maximum at 30% (3.85N/mm2 and 5.74 N/mm 2) replacement which
was greater than theconventional concrete (3.35N/mm2 and 5.32N/mm2)
SYNTHESIS:
From the results of experimental investigations conducted it is concluded
that the waste material from china clay industries can be used as a replacement for
fine aggregate. It is found that 30% replacement of fine aggregate by industrial waste
give maximum result in strength and quality aspects than the conventional concrete.
The results proved that the replacement of 30% of fine aggregate by the industrial
waste induced higher compressive strength, higher split tensile strength and
higher
flexural strength. Thus the environmental effects from industrial waste can be
significantly reduced. Also the cost of fine aggregate can be reduced a lot by the
replacement of this waste material from china clay industries.
Local Literature
TITLE: RECYCLED BROKEN GLASS AS SUBSTITUTE FOR COARSE
14

AGGREGATE TOWARDS DESIGNING A CONCRETE MIXTURE
RESEARCHERS: MELBORNE M. BOSTON, FELIX B. CERDA and RICHARD

S. USI
Based upon the results of the compressive test, the broken glass aggregate
gradually diminished as the percentage of the broken glass increases. A five (5)
percent inclusion of broken glass to the concrete mixture gives a compressive strength
that complies with the standard compressive strength for wall panel and gives a
higher compressive strength than the sample concrete without broken glass. The
laboratory trial batches are used as the basis for selecting concrete proportion and
compressive strength test are made in accordance with Method of Tests of
Compressive Strength Tests (ASTM C-39 93a) on cylinders prepared in accordance
with method of making curing tests specimen in the laboratory (ASTM C-192 93a).
The findings showed that broken glass can be use more than 15% weight of coarse
aggregates in preparation in concrete mixes.
Alternative materials referred to, as a broken glass can be use 10% weight of
coarse aggregates in preparation in concrete mixes. This showed that the required
15

compressive strength satisfied as indicated on the tests results from DPWH-NCR. The
effect of broken glass to the concrete mixture is that an increase of more than five
percent insertion by weight to the concrete mixture compromises the compressive
strength of the concrete. Therefore a mix design of five percent weight insertion to the
concrete mixture gives a desirable result in terms of its compressive strength.
SYNTHESIS:
Broken glass is also a waste material like animal bones which are laboratory
tested that can substitute to a percentage of fine aggregates. On the other hand broken
glasses increases the weight of concrete mixture which directly proportional to what
animal bones do.
TITLE: The Possibility of using Sawdust-Cement- Gravel Mix forResidential

Floor Slabs
RESEARCHERS: MELBORNE M. BOSTON, FELIX B. CERDA and RICHARD

S. USI
16

The whole of the project tries to implicate that sawdust-cement-gravel mix has an
equal advantage than the standard mix of cement-sand-gravel. The first set of three
samples consists of the sawdust-cement-gravel mix, the second set of the ordinary
concrete mix. The seven day specimen was not cured, the fourteen day specimen was
soaked, and the twenty-eight day specimen was washed with a little bit of water every
morning. After each curing period assigned, each group was tested under a hydraulic
press machine for compressive strength test. The results of each period presented
many peculiar findings The seven day specimen, which was not cured at all, showed a
high early strength yield. The fourteen day specimen, soaked in water, was lower by
100 kg/cm3 or 1,419.4 psi. The last sample, cured every morning with water, stabled
at about 220 kg/cm3 or 3122.68 psi. Results indicated that the average strength of the
sawdust-cement-gravel mix was about 3000 psi. This, according to NSCP standards is
between 2500 psi 3000 psi, is still in accordance with minimum safety standards.
Further analysis tells us that during the hydration process of concrete, the water taken
in by the sawdust particles during mixing help hydrate cement particles in places
where it is impossible to cure, mainly the center. Since found that the hydration of the
center of structural components like columns take most of the time in construction,
sawdust particles might help lessen curing time in half and could also eliminate the
need to using chemicals to cure. Henceforth, proves that sawdust can be used in
concrete mixes for residential floor slabs. With regards to the weight of the two sets
17

of samples, an equally small amount of each was made and weighed. The results were
dramatic since the sawdust-cement-gravel mixture was almost half of the standard
mixs weight then again proving its lightweight property. Another observation was
that every sample tested to its failing point showed wood fiber bonding at work.
Faces of the sample that were supposed to fall off once cracked didnt, instead were
being held together by strands of sawdust. To make it short, rather than splitting apart
like usual, it just bulked up making it a remarkable feat for a manmade object that
rigid. This could prove helpful during structural collapses since concrete tend to fall
right off in an event of a major crack occurring. Using sawdust rather than sand has
its advantages, among these advantages were mentioned in recent studies. These
included: sound insulation and reduction of about -14 dB.
SYNTHESIS:
Using sawdust as partial replacement to fine aggregates decreases dramatically

the weight of the concrete more than the use of animal bones. Sawdust also helps the
curing of concrete lessen because it absorbs water and take it to the middle part
wherein most it is impossible to cure helping for us not to use chemicals and also
sawdust can be used to insulate sounds having it a bit of advantage to animal bones
18

TITLE: UTILIZATION OF THERMOPLASTIC AS A SUBSTITUTE TO FINE

AGGREGATE TO CONCRETE CEMENT FOR ROW HOUSE WALL PANEL
RESEARCHERS: ROCHELLE M. ERFE, MICHAEL VINCENT V. VALITE and

JESUS B. TONGA
The experimental procedure done on the experiment was found to be adequate in
terms of testing the material, thermoplastic, since all the experiment done is
applicable for the concrete mixture test. Thermoplastic as a substitute to fine
aggregate to concrete mixture has shown unusual characteristic upon accumulation of
water in the mixture for the material had floated on the surface of the water,
nevertheless, upon the completion of mixing the material has suitably bonded to the
mixture. In the analysis of its grain particle, in comparison to sand, which is one of
the major components of concrete mixture, thermoplastic, imply significant lightness
in terms of its mass evaluation. Overall, the effect of the thermoplastic on the
properties of the specimen was acceptable. The thermoplastic material substituting the
5% of sand, the fine aggregate of mixture managed to attain the required strength in
accordance with ASTM standard C62 97 specification of wall panel, which is 2500
psi (17.24 MPa). On its 28th day the specimen with the thermoplastic fine aggregate
attain at least 19 MPa
19

average for both of the tested specimen, which exceeded that of the design
specification. Although much to the expectation in flexural strength which failed on
the 28th days curing, the research is still looking on the strength of compressive
strength which is the more important characteristic of the concrete. In terms of heat
and temperature of the thermoplastic, it is concluded that with an increase in the
stretching temperature up to a definite limit (170C) the tensile strength of PETP and
other fibers from crystalline polymers increases. However, at higher temperatures
(230C) the strength diminishes. This is evidently due to a reduction in the density of
the intercrystallite regions of the fibrils, in which there is greater probability of
polymer failure originating. Such behavior of fiber made from PETP at elevated
stretching temperatures is evidently associated both with the polymer structure and
with its low molecular weight.
SYNTHESIS:
Thermoplastic like the animal bones as partial replacement for fine aggregates
significantly decreases the weight of the concrete mixture. Meanwhile as the animal
bones struggle to attain minimum required compressive strength in 28 days the
thermoplastic exceeded the minimum design requirement.
20

TITLE: Assessment of Standard Concrete Using Recycled Concrete and

Quarry
Dust as Alternative Aggregates
RESEARCHERS: Christian A. Alimurong ,John Christian P. Sotto and Jhomar P.
Tabernilla
This chapter presents the major conclusions based on the results of the study.
Among the three percentage replacements (10 percent, 30 percent and 50 percent), A
Sample had the highest compressive strength on the 8th day with 30 percent
replacement. Meanwhile, A sample attained its highest compressive strength on the
30thday with 10 percent replacement of recycled concrete and quarry dust. The
desired compressive strength of the researchers was 3000psi and the highest strength
acquired among the samples was 3669psi. During the actual mixing, the researchers
observed that when the percentage replacement increased, the amount of water
needed for the concrete mix to make it workable also increased. This is because of the
additional water absorption of the recycled concrete and quarry dust. More water in
the mixture means less compressive strength for the concrete. The recycled concrete
came from a concrete pavement with a compressive strength of 3500psi which
became a factor that resulted to a higher compressive strength compared to the
desired compressive strength of 3000psi in the computation. Appendix A shows that
21

as the percentage replacement of recycled concrete and quarry dust increased, the cost
of concrete mixture decreased. From the results on its 23rd day of age before reaching
its maximum strength in the 28th day, the samples reached 3000 psi, and also the
objectives are achieved in the study.
SYNTHESIS:
Making use of recycled concrete and quarry dust as partial replacement for
making it attain more strength and in a few days earlier than the days required to cure
but it in mixing it, it is needed to add more water because of the absorption of the
dust. Using this dust as partial replacement for fine aggregates makes can is more
practical than using animal bones in strength is the one to look for.
22

CHAPTER III
Research Methodology
Introduction
Researchers will design and perform experiments and various testing to verify if
speculations on the partial replacement of fine aggregates by pulverized pig bones are
possible or not. The results will be interpreted as these are crucial in the realization of the
project.
Research Design
The experimental method is used in this research. This kind of research design use
manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal processes. Generally, one or
more variables are manipulated to determine their effect on a dependent variable. In this
23

project, the independent variable is the mixture types and the dependent variables are
compressive strengths after 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days.
The experiments control set-up is the specimen having 1:3:6 parts proportion of
cement-sand-gravel setup. According to their respective ages, there will be three trials per
mix intended for the compressive test. Compressive strengths of concrete will be
obtained from a quality testing center certified by the DPWH.
Experimental Setup
The research aims to evaluate the compressive strengths of concrete under different
mix ratios. After oven-drying all the materials needed for the concrete production, except
for the cement, the researcher did the mechanical sieve to conform to the maximum size
of the coarse and fine aggregates. Concrete mixing was conducted in batching plant.
a) Preparation of Concrete Cylinders

Molds come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on the testing
establishment. In this project 150mm mold size is chosen. The completed cylinders are
then initially cured at the site for the first 48 hours and were demolded and placed in a
curing tank.
24

Fig. Concrete Cylinders in Molds
START
Control
(No PB)
Control
(No PB)
Mix 1
20%
Mix 2
15%PB
Mix 3
10% PB
ASTM C33/ C33M
Attain the strength?

YES
NO
25

b) Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Samples

Nine (9) cylindrical samples will be tested for Compression. Three (3) samples of
cylinder will be obtained for each mixture types. Each three samples shall be tested after
7 days, 14 days and 28 days of curing period. Compression Test using Universal Testing
Machine (UTM) will be used. The results obtained will be averaged to get the mean
compressive strength as indicated in the following tables:
Table
Compressive Strengths after 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days (100% cement, 90%
sand, 10% pulverized PB)
Compressive Strengths (MPA)
Specimen
7th day
14th day
28th day
Specimen 1
Specimen 2
Specimen 3
Mean
Table
26


Specimen
7th day
14th day
28th day
Specimen 1
Specimen 2
Specimen 3
Mean
Table
Specimen
7th day
14th day
28th day
Specimen 1
Specimen 2
Specimen 3
Mean
Specimen Details
A total of 36 concrete specimens will be used for this research. These specimens will
be classified into three, according to amount of pulverized pig bones used as a
replacement for fine aggregates: 10%PB, 15%PB, and 20%PB. The control specimen will
be of bag of Cement, bag of Sand and 1 bag of Gravel. Specimens under 1 st
Mixture (10% replacement) will be of bag of Cement, 27/40 bag of Sand, 3/40 bag of
27

Pig Bones, and 1 bag of Gravel. Specimens under 2 nd Mixture (15% replacement) will
have bag of Cement, 51/80 bag of Sand, 9/80 bag of Pig Bones and 1 bag of Gravel.
The specimens under 3rd Mixture (20% replacement) will have bag of Cement, 3/5 bag
of Sand, 3/20 bag of Pig Bones and 1 bag of Gravel.
Materials Used:
a) Pulverized Pig bones 8.2 kg. of dried and crushed pig bones
b) Water - enough amount of water to make a true slump
c) Cement - single brand of Portland Cement conforming to the ASTM
Standard Specifications for Portland Cement, Type I cement (1 Bag of
Cement)
d) Sand - washed sand, clean, sound, sharp, screened and well graded with no
grain larger than will pass a No. 4 sieve. No less than 15 percent nor more
than 30 percent by weight shall pass a No. 50 sieve. - (3 Bags of Sand)
e) Gravel washed, hard, tough and durable screened gravel or crushed stone
having not more than 5% by weight of deleterious substances and soft
fragments, well graded from the largest which shall pass a 1 inch mesh to the
smallest which shall pass a 3/8 inch mesh and be retained by a inch mesh.
- (6 bags of gravel)
List of Equipment:
28

a) Oven Dry 2 days (100 degree Celsius)-used to eliminate excess

b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
moist in of the bone.

Weighing scale- used in determining the mass.
Shovel-used for missing bulk materials.
Trowel-used for mixing paste being put in each mold.
Container-used to cater amount of the ingredients needed.
Jaw crusher-used for breaking particle due to compression force.
Roller crusher-used for crushing the bones.
No. 12 sieve- 1.68 mm opening.
Cylinder (d= 6 in., h= 12 in.)-molder of cement.
Details of Mixes:
Strength of Mixture - 2000 PSI
The Controlled Mixture:
Controlled Setup (1 part cement, 3.0 part sand and no Pulverized PB)
The Treatment Mixtures:
Mixture A (1 part cement, 2.7 part sand and 0.3 Pulverized PB)
Mixture B (1 part cement, 2.55 part sand and 0.45 Pulverized PB)
Mixture C (1 part cement, 2.4 part sand and 0.6 Pulverized PB)
29

CHAPTER IV
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Introduction
This chapter is made up of results obtained from the experiment performed
by the researchers. It presents the results in a graphical format for clarity of data and to be
able to clearly see the differences and similarities of the results as well as making proper
interpretations. This chapter also discusses and analyzes some possible factors that may
have affected the result.
Physical Properties of Materials Used
Mineral Binder
The mineral binder in the experiment was classified as high initial strength
Portland cement. Cement type was employed to allow faster demolding owing
high strength during the first days, to its wide usage in the precast industry and to
its better tolerance to plant particles. (MACEDO et al., 2011)
30

CHEMICAL ASSAYS
Test
Nbr
Unit
Results
Nbr 5733/91
Specification
Loss By Fire-Lf
5743/89
3.21
Magnesium
9203/55
2.68
Sulfuric Anhydride
5745/92
3.60
Insoluble Residue
5347/92
1.22
Equivalent Alkalis
0.68
NOT APPLICABLE
7227/90
1.44
NOT APPLICABLE
Results
Nbr 5733/91
Oxide-
Mgo
Free Calcium Oxide
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL ASSAYS

Test
Nbr
Unit
Specification
Specific Area
7224/96
Specific Gravity
6474/84
NOT APPLICABLE
NOT APPLICABLE
Density
Finess Residue
11579/91
Finess Residue
11579/91
NOT APPLICABLE
Water
11580/91
NOT APPLICABLE
Normal
Consistency Paste
Start Of Hardening
11581/91
Time
End Of Hardening
11581/91
Time
Hot Expandabilty
11582/91
31

Fig Properties of Portland Cement according to Moreira et al.
Pulverized Pig Bones

Pulverized Pig Bones is oven dried for 2 days under 100 C, and pulverized to
pass 1.68 mm sieve. The obtained product are smooth, not perfectly round but is
comparative to sand. The specific gravity of dried pig bones is 1.2 according to MATEST
laboratory.
Sand
The sand used in the testing classified as silica sand acquired from hardware
located along Mandaluyong. Sand was characterized to be silica sand and quartz sand. It
was bought in plastic sands and oven dried for 24 hours at 90C for decontamination and
subsequently classified according to the size of its particles and sieved in mesh #4.0.The
material was characterized as fine aggregates by granular size through sieve analysis. It is
grayish in color and powdery in texture. Its specific gravity is 1.60 and density is
1601.846 kg/cu.m. Conventionally, common quartz sand establishes same properties to
silica sand.
Properties of Silica Sand aggregate
Property
Conventional Quartz Sand Aggregate
Particle Size (mm)
32

Size Distribution
0.15 TO 0.40
D90
2.0
D50
0.40
D10
0.15
Density
Real
2.6
Apparent
1.6
Particle Shape
ROUNDED TO SUB ROUNDED
Color
GRAYISH
Mineralogical Composition
QUART- SIO29 (MAJOR MINERAL PHASE)
Elemental Composition
Si
63.7
Fe
1.0
Al
1.7
Mn
0.003
Ca
3.2
Water
Water used is tap water. The water is provided in the batching site where the
sample concrete cylinders are made. It is definitely colorless, odorless, and tasteless.
Having a density of 1 g/cm3 and boils at 100 degree Celsius, freezes at 0 degree Celsius.
33

Sieve Analysis
The Pulverized Pig bones are allowed to pass through different sieves and the
fineness modulus is obtained.
Table
Sieve Analysis Results for Pulverized Pig Bones
Sieve No
Quantity
Quantity passed
Percent Retained
Percent Passed
(Kg)
(Kg)
(%)
(%)
8.2
7.9
3.66
96.34
200
7.9
7.5
5.06
94.94
Pan
7.5
100
Data Analysis Procedure

Using the formula :
34

sieve
sieve
%usable= quantity passed (4)quantitypassed(200)
100
initial quantity
The percent retained in the pan which is considered to be a waste is low enough
and the experiment is highly economical.
Design Mixture
The researchers come up to their design mix ratio for the design strength of 2000
psi, under Class C (1:3:6).
The Controlled Mixture:
Controlled Setup (1 part cement, 3.0 part sand and no Pulverized PB)
The Treatment Mixtures:
Mixture A (1 part cement, 2.7 part sand and 0.3 Pulverized PB)
Mixture B (1 part cement, 2.55 part sand and 0.45 Pulverized PB)
Mixture C (1 part cement, 2.4 part sand and 0.6 Pulverized PB)
Table 4.2.1
Distribution of Concrete Components per Mixture Types
Mixture
Types
Cement-Sand-Pulverized Pig Bones Mixture

Cement
Sand
Pulverized PB
Part/s
per
Amount
per
Part/s
per
Amount per
mixture(%)
Part/s
per
Amount per
mixture(%)
Gravel
Part/s
per
Amount per
mixture(%)
35

Controlled
Setup
Mixture A
Mixture B
Mixture C
mixture
mixture
(%)
mixture
mixture
mixture
100
100
100
1
1
1
100
100
100
2.7
2.55
2.4
90
85
80
0.3
0.45
0.6
5
10
20
6
6
6
100
100
100
Below is the table showing the age, strength percentage, and the design strength of
light weight concretes.
Compressive Strength Test

There are nine (9) cylindrical concrete samples Class A with 2000 psi design strength for
each designed mix proportions. The pulverized pig bones partially replaced sand in
different percentages. Ordinary
Portland cement and mix design method of ACI
Committee had been used for mix design. . One sample per mix ratio is tested after 7
and 14 days to evaluate what mix design yields the highest compressive strength. For
analysis of the cylinders recommendation of the ASTM Standard C39 had been followed.
Table 4
36

Specimen
7th day
14th day
28th day
Specimen 1
1060
1640
2063
Specimen 2
1102
1743
2088
Specimen 3
1291
1735
2126
Mean
1151
1706
2092.33333
Table shows the equivalent Compressive Strength Compressive Strengths after 7

days, 14 days, and 28 days (100% cement, 90% sand, 10% pulverized PB). The highest
compressive strength is 2126 MPA obtained by Specimen 3 on the 28 th day. The lowest
compressive strength is 1060 obtained by Specimen 1 on the 7th day.
Table
Specimen
7th day
14th day
28th day
Specimen 1
1220
1653
2067
Specimen 2
1202
1740
2280
Specimen 3
1044
1774
2040
Mean
1155.33333
1722.33333
2129
37


compressive strength is 2280MPA obtained by Specimen 2 on the 28th day. The lowest
Table
Specimen
7th day
14th day
28th day
Specimen 1
1363
1698
2298
Specimen 2
1450
1779
2257
Specimen 3
1624
1690
2018
Mean
1479
1722.33333
2191

compressive strength is 2298 MPA obtained by Specimen 1 on the 28th day. The lowest
4.1
Compressive Strength Test Result

38

Table
20%
15%
10%
Trial A
1698
1653
1640
Trial B
1779
1740
1743
Trial C
1690
1774
1735
Figure shows the results of compressive strength of each mixes for 8 days. The highest
strength achieved is from Trial 3 which is 1624 psi for 8 days curing and the lowest is
from Trial 1 which is 1060 psi.
Table
Trial A
20%
15%
10%
1698
1653
1640
39

Trial B
1779
1740
1743
Trial C
1690
1774
1735
Table shows the results of compressive strength of each mixes for 14 days. The highest
strength achieved is from Trial 2 which is 1779 psi for 14 days curing and the lowest is
from Trial 1 which is 1640 psi.
Table Compressive Strengths after 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days (100% cement, 80%
20%
15%
10%
Trial A
2298
2067
2063
Trial B
2257
2280
2088
Trial C
2018
2040
2126
40

The table above shows the results of compressive strength of each mixes for 28 days.
The highest strength achieved is from Trial 1 which is 2298 psi for 28 days curing and the
lowest is from Trial 3 which is 2018 psi.
CHAPTER V
Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations
Introduction
In this chapter, the summary of the entire study is presented concisely.
Conclusions are stated along with its justifications that are based on chapter four.
Recommendations are also suggested to further enhance the scope of this study.
Summary of Findings
41

This study focuses on the compressive strength of concrete which uses pulverized
pig bones as a partial replacement to sand in fine aggregates in comparison to the
standard compressive strength of concrete which solely uses sand as fine aggregate.
Research on the proper size and number of materials had been conducted. Nine
cylindrical samples of 150 mm diameter x 300 mm were purposely chosen for the
experiment. The type of cement used was Class C Portland cement with a design mix
ratio of 1:3:6.
The strength testing was scheduled on the first seven, fourteen and twenty-eight days
after the mixing, in which the forms were removed after 48 hours and the samples were
exposed to air for another 2 hours, as prescribed by the code. In the project, 8 th day is
taken instead of 7th day, and 13th day is taken instead of 14th day. Testing laboratories were
chosen MATEST Laboratory Service INC in Quezon City and QUANTUM Materials
Testing and Inspection Corporation in Mandaluyong City. The tests were conducted by
their personnel.
The results of the compressive strength tests showed that highest compressive
strength of 2298 psi during 28 days of curing with a ratio of 20% pulverized & PB 80%
while the lowest 1060 psi during the 7 days of curing with a ratio 90% sand and 10%
pulverized PB.
Conclusions
The researchers, after proper experimentation and gathering of data concluded that:
42

1. Pulverized Pig bones is a good partial substitute to sand and it is as comparable to the
conventional concrete and also cost effective.
2. Pulverized Pig bones can be a partial replacement to fine aggregates in greater
percentage of replacement. Since the highest compressive strength is obtained on a mix
of 20% pulverized pig bones during 28 days, meanwhile the lowest 1060 psi is on mix
10% pulverized PB during 7 days curing process.
3. The concrete with pulverized pig bones is created according to ASTM C33/ C33M
( Standard Specification For Concrete Aggregates). Which means that proper procedure is
done to be able to come up to desired product.
Recommendations
Based on the drawn conclusions, the following are the recommendations:
1. This study recommends the use of pulverized pig bones as a partial replacement
to sand in concrete.
2. The study can be extended to assess the durability aspects of the concrete with
varying replacement proportions.
43

3. Future researchers must expose the specimen to proper period curing days to
determine compressive strengths properly. Also, sticking to the provisions in ASTM C33/
C33M ( Standard Specification For Concrete Aggregates).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:
Fernando Pacheco-Torgal, Vivian Tam,et al. (2013): Handbook of Recycled Concrete
and Demolition Waste.
IvanaKesegic, IvanaNetinger, DubravkaBjegovic (March 2009),Gradevinar, Vol. 61No.

01, Use of recycled brick as concrete aggregate.
Ebooks:
Chong, W. K . and Hermwreck C., (2010)Understanding transportation energy and
technical metabolism of construction waste recycling.
44

Texas department of transportation (2004), Texas Department of transportation

Materials Requirements.
Zakaria M. (1999), Strength and Elasticity of Material
Williams J., (1996) Highways and Conservation,

Transport & Road Research and Laboratory (1981), Use of Marginal Aggregates in
Construction
Research:
Aggarwal.P, Aggarwal.Y, Gupta.S.M [2007] Effect of bottom ash as

replacement of fine aggregate in concrete, Asian journal of civil engineering
[Building and housing] Vol.8, No.1, PP.49-62.
BRINDHA D. and NAGAN S. (2010), Utilization of Copper Slag as a Partial

Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Concrete.
Selvamony, S., Kannan, U., et al. (2012), Experimental Study of

Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Waste Material from China Clay
Industries.
45

Wakchaure, (2013), Waste Tyre Crumb Rubber Particle as A Partial Replacement to
Fine Aggregate in Concrete.
APPENDIX 1
ASTM C33/C33M
46

47

1. Scope
1.1 This specification defines the requirements for grading and quality of fine and
coarse aggregate (other than lightweight or heavyweight aggregate) for use in
concrete.
1.2 This specification is for use by a contractor, concrete supplier, or other
purchaser as part of the purchase document describing the material to be furnished.
NOTE 1This specification is regarded as adequate to ensure satisfactory
materials for most concrete. It is recognized that, for certain work or in certain
regions, it may be either more or less restrictive than needed. For example, where
aesthetics are important, more restrictive limits may be considered regarding
impurities that would stain the concrete surface. The specifier should ascertain that
aggregates specified are or can be made available in the area of the work, with
regard to grading, physical, or chemical properties, or combination thereof.
1.3 This specification is also for use in project specifications to define the quality
of aggregate, the nominal maximum size of the aggregate, and other specific
grading requirements. Those responsible for selecting the proportions for the
concrete mixture shall have the responsibility of determining the proportions of
fine and coarse aggregate and the addition of blending aggregate sizes if required
or approved.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded
separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact
equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
standard.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide
explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and
figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.
48

APPENDIX 2
DESIGN STRENGTH AT 28 DAYS
49

AGE (DAYS)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
PERCENT (%)
18
38
49
57
63
68
71
74
77
79
81
83
85
87
88
88.5
90
91.5
93
94
95
96
97
97.5
98
99
99.5
100
2000 (PSI)
360
760
980
1140
1260
1360
1420
1480
1540
1580
1620
1660
1700
1740
1760
1770
1800
1830
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1950
1960
1980
1990
2000
50

APPENDIX 3
TEST RESULTS
51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

APPENDIX 4
ACTION PICTURES
60

61

62

63

64

65

APPENDIX 5
CURRICULUM VITAE
66

ANDAYA, PATRICK IAN BAYTA

2908 F. Manalo St., Punta, Sta. Ana, Manila
Contact Number/s: 09307553101
Email Address:
Provincial Address: Mangilag Sur, Candelaria, Quezon
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Civil Status
Nationality
Religion
Name of Father
Name of Mother
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
19 years old
April 27, 1995
Candelaria, Quezon
Single
Filipino
Iglesia Ni Cristo
Normandy R. Andaya
Rowena B. Andaya
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Tertiary
Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Sta. Mesa, Manila
2011 present
Secondary
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Candelaria Inc.
Candelaria, Quezon
June 2007 March 2011
Primary
Bukal Sur Elementary School

Bukal Sur, Candelaria, Quezon
TRAININGS and SEMINARS ATTENDED

CIVIL ENGINEERING CONGRESS 2013
67

CEA-AVR, Anonas St. cor Pureza St., Sta. Mesa, Manila

September 27, 2013
CE Talk 2011
UP Film Institute, UP Diliman, Quezon City
2011
PICE LECTURE SERIES (PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS PUP STUDENT CHAPTER IN PARTNERSHIP
WITH MICROCADD)
PUP-College of Engineering and Architecture
September 13, 2011
AFFILIATION
Member
Junior Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers Manila Chapter
2011 present
Member
Christian Brotherhood International
2011 present
CHARACTER REFERENCE
Engr. Nestor Concepcion
Municipal Assessor
Candelaria, Quezon
09494236849
I hereby declare under the penalties of perjury that the information printed above has
been accomplished in good faith.
PATRICK IAN B. ANDAYA
68

PALARAN, HAZEL KAREN LEONA

#82 Branches Ext. Mendoza Village Proj. 8 Quezon City
Contact Number/s: 09367256740
Email Address: hkpalaran@gmail.com
Provincial Address: F. Magallanes Masbate City
Age
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Civil Status
Nationality
Religion
Name of Father
Name of Mother
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
21 years old
September 15, 1994
Masbate City
Single
Filipino
Roman Catholic
Nonito B. Palaran
Thelma L. Palaran
Tertiary
Secondary

Sta. Mesa, Manila
2011 Present
:
Masbate National Comprehensive High School

Science and Technology Oriented Curriculum (STOC)
3rd Special Mention
Quezon St. Masbate City
69

Primary
:
Elem. School
Jose Zurbito Sr.

Quezon
St.
Masbate City
TRAININGS
and
SEMINARS
CIVIL
ATTENDED
ENGINEERING
CONGRESS 2013
CEA-AVR,
Pureza St., Sta. Mesa, Manila
September 27, 2013
Anonas
St.
cor
CE Talk 2011
UP Film Institute, UP Diliman, Quezon City
2011
PICE LECTURE SERIES (PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS PUP STUDENT CHAPTER IN PARTNERSHIP
WITH MICROCADD)
PUP-College of Engineering and Architecture
September 13, 2011
AFFILIATION
Member
2011 present
CHARACTER REFERENCE
Alberto C. Caete, P.P., F. ASEP
Professor, College of Engineering
09066289912
Hazel Karen L. Palaran
70

SARDEA, JUSTINE ANTHONY C.

1880 Visayan Ave. Balic-Balic,
Sampaloc, Manila
Contact Number: 09268456485
Email Address: justineanthonysardea@yahoo.com
Provincial Address: St. Dominic Comp. Brgy. Polo
Mauban, Quezon
Age
:
Date of Birth
:
Place of Birth
:
Civil Status
:
Nationality
:
Religion
:
Name of Father
:
Name of Mother
:
21 years old
March 20, 1994
Mauban, Quezon
Single
Filipino
Roman Catholic
Antonio J. Sardea
Mylene C. Sardea
Tertiary

Sta. Mesa, Manila
2011 present
Secondary
Dr. Maria D. Pastrana High School

(Mauban-Science Oriented High School)
Primary
Mauban South Central Elementary School

Brgy. Rizaliana
71

PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
Certified Member of PICE (Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers)
PUP Chapter
Computer Literate (MS Word)
Can also do CAD (Computer-Aided Design) related works

CE Congress 2013
PUP College of Engineering and Architecture Bldg.,
Sta. Mesa, Manila
National Civil Engineering Symposium 2014
Villamor Hall, University of the Philippines, Diliman
Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete 2015
Bonifacio Hall, PUP Mabini Campus, Sta. Mesa, Manila
AFFILIATION
Member
2013 present
CERTIFICATION
Civil Service Career (Professional) Passer 2013

Reserve Officers Training Corps (Philippines) 2012
Eagle Scout Rank (Boy Scout of the Philippines)2010
CHARACTER REFERENCE
Engr. Nicolas Geotina
University Professor (PUP, Sta Mesa)
09155082211
Justine Anthony C. Sardea
72

ZUNIGA, ALBERT NARESIMA

09358996651
Albertzuniga46@yahoo.com
Age
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Civil Status
Nationality
Religion
Name of Father
Name of Mother
: 20 years old
: January 29, 1995
: Quezon City
: Single
: Filipino
: Roman Catholic
: Alfred N. Zuiga
: Esmeralda N. Zuiga
Tertiary
Secondary
Primary

Sta. Mesa, Manila
2011 present
: Holy Spirit National High School
Holy Spirit, Quezon City
2007-2011
: Doa Juana Elementary School
Holy Spirit, Quezon City
1993 1999
73

CE Congress 2013
PUP College of Engineering and Architecture Bldg.,
Sta. Mesa, Manila
National Civil Engineering Symposium 2014
Villamor Hall, University of the Philippines, Diliman
Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete 2015
Bonifacio Hall, PUP Mabini Campus, Sta. Mesa, Manila
AFFILIATION
Member
2013 present
CHARACTER REFERENCE
Engr. Nicolas Geotina
University Professor (PUP, Sta Mesa)
09155082211
ALBERT N. ZUNIGA
74

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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Background of the Study

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Significance of the Study

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Conceptual Framework of the Study:

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

The researchers only covered the testing of compressive strengths of lightweight

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Waste Tyre Crumb Rubber Particle as a Partial

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Recycled glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in

M. Adaway & Y. Wang

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Utilization of Copper Slag as a Partial

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Fine

Aggregate with Waste

D. BRINDHA and S. NAGAN

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

strength was found to be maximum at 30% (37.5N/mm 2)

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

AGGREGATE TOWARDS DESIGNING A CONCRETE MIXTURE

RESEARCHERS: MELBORNE M. BOSTON, FELIX B. CERDA and RICHARD

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

TITLE: The Possibility of using Sawdust-Cement- Gravel Mix forResidential

RESEARCHERS: MELBORNE M. BOSTON, FELIX B. CERDA and RICHARD

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Using sawdust as partial replacement to fine aggregates decreases dramatically

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

TITLE: UTILIZATION OF THERMOPLASTIC AS A SUBSTITUTE TO FINE

RESEARCHERS: ROCHELLE M. ERFE, MICHAEL VINCENT V. VALITE and

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

TITLE: Assessment of Standard Concrete Using Recycled Concrete and