Generator Protection

Generator Protection
Introduction
3Id/I
87GT
3Id
87 G
Z<
21
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Generator sets
Generators
Turbines
Transformers
Stator + Main circuits + Excitation system

Step-up + Auxiliary power + Start-up power
Typical types of Generator sets :

Rotor design
(turbine )
Orientation
Speed
Prime mover
Salient poles
Salient poles
Cylindrical
Vertical
Horisontal
Horisontal
Low
Higher
High
Hydro Francis
Hydro Pelton
Steam , Gas
Voltage
Current
Typical generator ratings:

Power
Small
Moderate
Big
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< 5 MVA
0,5 - 10 kV
5 - 200 MVA
6 - 20 kV
200-1100 MVA 18-25 kV
< 1 kA
1 - 6 kA
5- 28 kA
Generator connection
EHV
HV
MV
Generator +Transformer
Block connection
Busbar connected Generators

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Faults and abnormal conditions
Faults in the windings
phase-phase
phase- ground
Ground fault in the rotor (field winding)
Abnormal Conditions
Loss of excitation, Loss of prime mover

Overload, Overvoltage
Over and under frequency
Out of step, inadvertend energization, unblance currents
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Faults and abnormal conditions
Loss of or insufficient excitation

Overload
Overvoltage
Under and over frequency
Unbalanced currents
Loss of prime mover (motoring)
Inadvertend energization
Out of step (loss of synchronism)
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Type of faults
Internal
Stator
Rotor
Short circuit
Short circuit
ground fault
ground fault
interturn
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Stator
External
Rotor
Turbine
frequency
overvoltage
overexcitation
negative
sequence
loss of
excitation
reverse power
Allocation of faults
Turbine
81
32
Stator
81
78
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40
64F
46
R
o
t
o
r
67
21 59N 50
49
24
59
87G Int-t
Generator grounding practices
ungrounded solid or
low resistance
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high
impedandce
grounding
transformer
ungrounded
not often used

only small machines in parallel
fault location difficult (very small I0 )
protection with U0 open-delta
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solid or low resistance grounding
unusual
high ground fault currents
protection with differential
(no detection near the neutral)

protection with I0
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high impedance grounding
used on unit connected generators

fault current limited to 5-20A
normally used in Europe and Asia
high costs and size of resistors
protection with U0 (95%) also by defect. resistor
protection 100% inject. or 3.harm. principle
I0 measurement possible
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Grounding transformer
high res. grounding with secondary resistors
fault current limited to 5-20A

normally used in USA and UK
high costs and size of grounding transformer
protection with U0 (95%)
protection 100% inject. or 3.harm. principle
I0 measurement possible
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Power plant layout
Generators without unit tansformer
normally small machines without

CTs in the neutral, protection with:
I (P), I>>
no selectivity for ground fault prot.
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Power plant layout
With unit transformer without gen.
breaker
Generator, Blockdiff. no
selective trip
Open-delta E/F as backup
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Power plant layout
With generator breaker
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Generator-, Trafodiff
selective trip
open-delta E/F between
Gen.breaker and main
transformer necessary
Pt and F<, F>, U< for
auxiliaries
Gasturbines SFC (Diff)
Power plant layout
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with 3-winding transformer

separate protection for
transformer (maintenance)
protection for aux.transf. two
times (maintenance)
many binary inputs
Stator earth-fault prot. Block connected generator
High resistance earthed neutral
Neutral voltage protection , (95 % prot.)
Filter for 3rd harmonic rejection
Typical sensitivity: 5 % , 5 V
Example of relays :
RXTFA + RXIG28
REG 100, 110, 150
REG 316, REG 216
Alternative
connection
E.g. Ur
110 V
UN >
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100% Stator E.F. based on 3rd harmonic
90 - 95 % Neutral point voltage prot.
+ 3rd harmonic neutral undervoltage relays
Requirement: The generator produces some 3rd
harmonic in the neutral.
Relay type : RAGEA , RAGEK
50 Hz About 5
V.
UN >
0 - 95 % prot.
E.g. Ur
110 V
150 Hz About 0.3

U < V.
U > About 50 V.
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90-100 % prot.
100% Stator E.F. and Rotor E.F.
with low frequency (12.5 / 15 Hz) AC injection
Divided earthing resistors
REG316
REr
Ur
RPr
Uir
REs
Us
Ch.7
Rotor E.F.
Ch.6
95 %
UN >
Ch.9
RPs
Uis
Ui
REX011
REX01
0
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Ch.10
100%
Stator E.F:
Stator earth-fault prot. Busbar connected generator
High resistance earthed system
Earth current prot. with Neutral point voltage
enable
Alternatively: Directional earth current protection
Relay types : RXIG2, REG100, REG316/216
Alarm
UN >
Enable from UN
I >
E.g. 1000/5
A
E.g.
0,2 * 10 * 5
1000
3I >
E.g. max 10 A
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&
= 0,01 A = 10 mA
Blocking from
OC start
E.F Trip
Short-circuit protection
3I >
50+ 51
3Id/I
87GT
Back-up OC
Gen.+Transf. block Differential
(Unit Transformer Differential )

(Exitation transf. short circuit prot.: OC )
Generator Differential
3Id
87 G
Z<
21
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Underimpedance ,
Voltage controlled
OC
Time-overcurrent
Short-circuit protection:
Differential protection relays

Low imp. current
3Id/I
87 GT
High impedance
stabilized
RADSB
RET316
REG316/216
SPAD 346
RADSG
REG316/216
RADSC
3 Id
87 G
Z<
21
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RADHA
REG150
Underimpedance :
RAKZB, REG110, REG316/216
Overcurrent : Various types
Rotor earth-fault , Field circuit earth-fault protection.
Different principles :
Alternative :
Rotating
exciter
DC injection , voltage to earth :

RXNB 4
AC injection, 50 Hz or 60 Hz :
REG 100 / 110 / 150 ,
previous type RAGRA
REG 316 + Bridge YWX 111
+
-
AC injection with 12.5 Hz , 15 Hz :

REG 316 / 216
Re<
64 F
Re<
64 F
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Loss of excitation (Field failure) protection.
Alternative :
Other
exciter
Negative reactive current (power) :

REG100, RXPE
jQ
P
Trip
Min. reactance (offset mho) :

jX
REG 316 / 216
Possible loss of synchronism
Abnormal operation on the power

system
Trip
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Reverse power , low active power, protection
Reverse power or low forward power
Cause overheating of steam turbine
jQ
Power
Shut Off
Trip
P
32
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Sensitive setting , e.g. 1 %

High requirement on angular accuracy
Function available in Various types of
relays
Negative sequence current protection (for non-symmetrical
current)
IR+
IRISIT+
IS+
From a non-symmetrical current a negative

sequence part, I- , can be extracted and
measured.
Neg. seq. current causes a contra rotating field and
heating at the rotor ends
It can be caused by unsymmetrical faults or load
Relay types :
I- , I nsc
RARIB, REG100/110, REG 316/216
46
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IT-
Other protection functions
Overexcitation , V/Hz -protection or overvoltage protection
To protect the generator and the transformer at overfluxing,
causing overheating in metal parts . Inverse time delay
Relay types RATUB, RALK, REG150 , REG 316 / 216
Abnormal frequency , Under- and over frequency protection
To protect parts of the power system from disturbance
and the turbine from dangerous resonance
Relay types: REG150 ,RXFK, REG 316 / 216
Thermal overload of the stator circuit (and the excitation system)
Relay types: REG100,110,150 , RXVK, REG 316 / 216
Dead machine protection
To trip instantaneously at inadvertent closing of the generator breaker at
stanstill, which otherwise damage the rotor
Relay types: REG110 , RAGUA, RAGUK, REG 316 / 216
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Other protection functions continued
Shaft current protection with a special shaft CT (mostly hydro gen.)
To protect the bearings from damage due to bearing current
Relay types: REG110 , RARIC, ( REG 316 / 216)
Pole slip protection
To detect los of synchronism
Relay types : REG 316 / 216 , (RXZF2 + RXPE)
Breaker failure protection
E.g. relays type : REB551 , REB 010, RAICA
Split winding protection and interturn short-circuit protection
E.g. fed from a CT between two neutrals on particular machines.
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Actions from various protection functions
Alarms (different warning signals)
Stop turbine
and then at near zero power trip the breakers as below
(soft and slow disconnection)
Fast trip and stop
Trip generator breaker (if not installed, trip HV side and aux. breakers)
Trip field breaker (excitation breaker) and deexcite generator.
Fast trip and stop as above
Trip also the transformer HV side breaker
Trip auxiliary power breaker and possibly change-over power supply.
A trip matrix function and trip relays are used to coordinate and perform
the trip and stop commands.
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Example of protection for a
Gen.+ Transf. block
3Id/I
>
3I>
IN
UN
The protection is
divided into two
sets
each providing
indepenednt
tripping
3U>
U/f
3U<-I
>
f</>
IL
3Z
<
Insc
P
<
AVR
Uinj
Re<
Ith
3Id
UN
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Damage of the stator lamination
from a stator earth fault
Time to clear the fault

Sec
15
Negligible
burning
12.
5
10
Small
damages
7.5
Big
damage
5.0
2.5
Fault current
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50
100
150
200
Different Protection Functions For Generators
Differential Protection(87G,87T)
Loss of Field
Reverse Power
Negative Sequence Current
Stator ground Fault
Minimum Impedance
Voltage Restrain Over-Current
Overexcitation
Out of Step Protection and ...
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Generator differential (87G)
causes
phase faults
not interturn faults
not E/F on high imp. grounding
effects
high currents
potential damage to machine
winding
expensive outage and repair due
to damage
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causes
phase faults
not interturn faults
not E/F on high imp. grounding
effects
high currents
potential damage to machine
winding
to damage
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features
low impedance principle
optimised for generat. diff.
no inrush restraint
no vector group comp.
two measurem. inputs
suppression of harmonics
suppression of DC-offset
Id / IN
Trip for
I1 / IN < b or
I2 / IN < b
Trip
No Trip
g
b
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Ih / IN
features
non-linear current-dependant
tripping characteristic
high stability during through-fault
and CT-saturation
adaptive characteristic
b-setting fixed to 1.5 I N
Id / IN
Trip for
I1 / IN < b or
I2 / IN < b
Trip
No Trip
g
b
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Ih / IN
features
high stability during through-fault
and CT-saturation
adaptive characteristic
b-setting fixed to 1.5 I N
Transformer differential 87T
causes
phase faults in the protection
zone
effects
high currents
potential damage to transformer
winding
to damage
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causes
phase faults in the protection
zone
effects
high currents
potential damage to transformer
winding
to damage
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features
low impedance principle
for two and three-winding
transformers
high stability during throughfault and CT-saturation
compensation for vector group
compensation for current
amplitude (CT-ratio)
inrush restraint with I2/I1
Id/ IN
Trip for
I1 / IN < b or
I2 / IN < b
Trip
g-high
No Trip
g
b
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Ih/ IN
features
true measurement for three-wind.
transformer
compares the greatest current the
with sum of the two others
I-instantaneous independ. of inrush
Inrush
eval.ratio 2nd.harm to fundamental
detection of largest phase current
detection of energised transformer
using load current
adaptive characteristic (b-line)
Loss of field (40)
causes
open field circuit
field short circuit
accidental tripping of the field
breaker
AVR failure
loss of field at the main exciter
MW
normal
G
MVARS
MW
G
abnormal
MVARS
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effects on generators
synchr. generator becomes
induction
high reactive current drawn by
generator overloads stator
slip induces eddy current and
overheats the rotor surface's
effects on power system
loss of reactive support
creates a reactive drain
can trigger system voltage
collapse
Power chart
PT
Rotor
limit
stability
limit
xd
=
Ie
U
xd
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Turbine
limit
In
Stator
limit
Loss of field (40)
X
R
0.5*X'd
Xd
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features
offset mho-circle
adjustable size and position of
the circle (customized character.)
tripping in- or outside of the
circle
1- or 3-phase measurement
detection of the lowest
impedance.
enabled measurement by >0.1*In
Reverse Power (32)
causes
loss of prime-mover
low water flow (hydro)
load variations / problems
Failured control system or changed power frequency
shut down without tripping the CB or inadvert trip by control system or
hand.
effects
steam units --> overheating of turbine and turbines blades, possibly fuel
explosion on gas turbines
hydro units --> cavitation of the blades
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Reverse Power (32)
causes
loss of prime-mover
low water flow (hydro)
load variations / problems
effects
steam units --> overheating of
turbine and turbines blades
hydro units --> cavitation of the
blades
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features
abnormal conditions
long time or integration step
shut-down conditions
sequential tripping
used on steam units to
prevent overspeed
used only for boiler/ reactor
or turbine mechanical
problems
Reverse Power (32) sequential tripping
shut-down / overspeed protection
1) Abnormal turbine boiler/reactor condition is detected
2) Turbine valves are closed; generator allowed to briefly
"motor"
3) A reverse power function in series with turbine valves
position switches confirms all valves have closed
4) Generator is taken off the power system
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Reverse Power (32)
P
Q
Trip
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features
Tripping characteristic
programmable in all 4
quadrants
setting <2% use of
measurement CTs
Phi-comp. for CT angle
error
Reverse Power (32)
Steam valves
closed
AND
Reverse
power (32) 1.
Reverse
power (32) 2.
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Trip field and

generator
breaker
sequential
tripping
Trip field and

generator
breaker
rev. power
tripping
power
oscillations
Negative Phase sequence (46)
causes
unbalanced loads
unbalanced system faults
open circuits
features
two function available
definite time characteristic
characteristic adjustable to I 22 t
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effects
produces negative phase
sequence component of current
which induces a double
frequency current in the surface
of the rotor
these rotor currents causes high
and dangerous temperature in a
very short time
The energy input to the rotor and rotor temperature rise
over an interval of time is proportional to I22 t
The limit below damage level for rotor components is
based on equation: K= I22 t
K=constant depending on generator design and size
t= time in seconds
I2= RMS value of NPS-current
K is provided by gen.manufacturer in accordance with
ANSI C50.13
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Type of generator
permissible I2
(in percent of stator rating)
salient pole
with amortisseur winding
no amortisseur winding
cylindrical rotor
indirectly cooled
dir.cooled to 960MVA
961-1200MVA
1201-1500MVA
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K
perm. I22 t
40
10
5
10
8
6
5
30
20
10
see spec. curve
Negative Phase sequence (46) inverse
I2 / IB
t=
k1
2
I2
2
K2
Ib
k2
t-min
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t-max
features
for large generators
for variable levels of NPS
higher level of NPS permissible
for short periods
k2 = continous permissible
NPS I2 component
k1= permis. energy I22 t
adjustable cooling rate of
thermal image (tReset )
Negative Phase sequence (46) definite time
I2 / IN
I 2 trip
I2
I 2 alarm
t1
t2
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features
for small and medium
generators
NPS constant
needs two steps
Alarm (e.g. 80% of I2 )
Trip 50%-100% higher
than the Alarm
Stator Ground Fault 64S
depending on the power plant layout

different approaches acc. grounding methods
E/F current relay
E/F voltage relay
E/F 3.harm. principle relay
E/F injection principle
combination
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Stator Ground Fault 64S Voltage U>
UN
95
%
U0>
95%
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features
applicable by unit connected
generators, otherwise unselective
protection zone: generator and
LV-transformer winding
insensitive to 3.harmonic
Pt ratio is selected to give approx.
relay rated voltage for a ground
fault at terminal
by broken resistor protection still
working
Stator Ground Fault 64S Current I>
UN
95
%
I0>
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features
overcurrent relay provides less sensitiv
protection than the overvoltage relay
by setting, normal unbalance current
must be taken in account with filtering
current relay may be located either in
the primary or in the secondary circuit
Ct ratio is selected to give approx.
relay rated current for a ground fault at
the terminal
by broken resistor protection not
working
Third-harmonic
+V3rd
Full Load
No Load
Normal
operation
-V3rd
Full Load
No Load
Terminal
Neutral
Neutral
Terminal
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Fault at
Neutral
Fault at
Terminal
level of 3.harmonic depends on

generator design
level of 3.harmonic depends on
the operating conditions
there is a point depending at
load where 3.harm. is 0
by ground fault at neutral,
3.harm. at neutral becomes 0
by ground fault at terminal,
3.harm. at terminal becomes 0
Stator Ground Fault 64S 3.harmonic U<
UN
0-3
0%
U<
3.Harm
.
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feautures
undervoltage relay with filter
tuned to 3. harmonic
detect the faults near the neutral
provides protection for 30% of
winding from neutral to terminal
must be blocked during startup,
shut down and stand still
must be combined with a
fundamental frequency
overvoltage relay for 100%
stator earth fault protection
Stator Ground Fault 64S 3.harmonic U>
U>
3.Harm.
0-3
0%
U>
fundamental
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features
undervoltage relay with filter
tuned to 3. harmonic
can not detect faults near
terminal
must be combined with an
overvoltage relay in the neutral
for the remaining part of the
winding
Stator Ground Fault 64S 3.harmonic Ud
Ud
fundamental
U>
fundamental
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features
voltage differential relay with
filter tuned to 3. harmonic
and near the terminal
detect not faults in the middle of
the winding
must be combined with an
overvoltage relay in the neutral
for the remaining part of the
winding
Stator Ground Fault 64S injection principle
Relay
injection
unit
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features
injection and evaluation of a
coded signal
detect the faults over the whole
winding including the neutral
point
protection is also working during
start up, shut down and stand
still
sensitivity is independent of
system voltage, load current and
frequency
Stator Ground Fault 64S
evaluation
95% E/F protects 95% of the
Third Harmonnic Element
winding from terminals
3.harm. principle can not detect
failures over the whole winding
dependent of the 3. harm. voltage
Fundamental Frequency Element
gap
injection principle covers the total
0% Earth fault position in % of winding 100%
winding for E/F
combination of a 95% and a 100%
approach is needed
by modern generators 3.harm. is
more and more reduced
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Stator Ground Fault 64S REX010
RP RE
RE
RP
REX 011
WU30Z
P8
95%-E/F
Stator
Rotor
Ui
[V]
110
-110
Injection
Test
D
[ms]
Coded 12.5Hz injection Signal
95% StEF 100% StEF100% RoEF

U DC
110V
REX 010
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CPU
REG 216
features
used for generators with step-up
transformer
can be used for stator as well as for
rotor ground fault protection
suitable for two earth points in the
protection zone
continuous supervision of
insulation resistance and
calculation of earth fault resistance
continuous supervision of the
injection voltage and the primary
earth system
Injection signal
V
t
Test
Injection
320ms
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640ms
features
I0 < 20A recommended 5A
supply by station battery
setting and measurement
values in k
self-calibrating mode
injection of a coded signal
with a quiescent period to
evaluate and eliminate
interference
injection frequency 12.5Hz
overlap
running machine
95% Stator earth fault

portection
100%
Function
Rf = 0
Rf > 0
Winding
Neutral
Terminal
100% Function
standstill machine
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due to earth fault current and the

resulting voltage, the protection
zone for 100%-function decreases
together with 95% - step, full
winding is covered and overlap as
redundancy results
at standstill the whole winding is
protected by 100%-function
Principle
URE
Ug
I
RE
Cs
Rfs
Ui
URf
IC
IRf
I=IC
I
URf
URE
IC
URE
Ui
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IRf
Ui
URf
features
IC due to the stator ground
capacitance allows to supervise
the primary earth system
Ui directly connected to
REG216/REG316 allows to
supervise injection signal
Minimum impedance 21
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features
circle tripping characteristic
1 or 3-phase measurement
detection of lowest
impedance.
measurement enabled by
current >0.1 I N
Zsetting= 0.7*xT
Minimum impedance 21
Protection
zone
87GT
G
21
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Jianping Wang
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features
Backup protection for phasefaults
Protection zone shorter than
main protection
To be selective, prot. zone
reduced to 70% of
transformer impedance
The factor of 0.7 avoids any
risk of false tripping for a
fault on the HV-system
Voltage controlled overcurrent 51/27
cause
phase faults near generator
terminals
effects
Excitation connected to
generator terminals results in
rapidly decaying fault current
steady-state fault current is very
low, because of large synchr.
reactance of generators Xd
fault currents decay under
overcurrent settings
ABB Switzerland AG
Jianping Wang
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cause
phase faults near generator
terminals
effects
Excitation connected to
generator terminals results in
rapidly decaying fault current
steady-state fault current is very
low, because of large synchr.
reactance of generators Xd
fault currents decay under
overcurrent settings
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features
overcurrent function which
latches when undervoltage unit
responds
stores max. current after pickup
processes positive sequence of
the voltage
I
min.fault current
current sett.
IN
Max. short-time
load current
t
U
UN
Min short-time
load voltage
Latched voltage setting
t
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setting recommendation
Current setting must be
between max. short-time load
current and min. fault current
max. short-time load current
must take account of switching
operations, load surges and fast
response of excitation
Voltage setting well below
lowest voltage during normal
load conditions (e.g. 0.7UN)
Stator overload 49S / Rotor overload 49R
cause
Overloads in terms of current
or disproportionate Mvar versus
MW, are possible.
Primary overload protection is
normaly provided by
temperature sensors
Protection relays based on
thermal replica uses stator
current and AC excitation
current
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Stator overload 49S / Rotor overload 49R
cause
Overloads in terms of current
or disproportionate Mvar versus
MW, are possible.
Primary overload protection is
normaly provided by
temperature sensors
Protection relays based on
thermal replica uses stator
current and AC excitation
current
ABB Switzerland AG
Jianping Wang
1MRB52xxxx-Fen.
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features
Thermal replicas according
ANSI C50.13
including extended setting
range
For generators designed acc.the
ANSI standard or similar
standard
Stator overload 49S
features
delay inversely proportional
to overload capability
k1= 41.4s acc. ANSI C50.13
short-time thermal capability
cooling rate of thermal image
(tReset)
Istart = permissible continous
overload current
I
t=
k1
2
I
1
Ib
Istart
t-min
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tg
t-max
k1= (m-n)/n
= thermal time constant
m = max. perm. temp rise
n = rated temp. rise
Rotor overload 49R
features
delay inversely proportional
to overload capability
k1= 33.8s acc. ANSI C50.13
short-time thermal capability
cooling rate of thermal image
(tReset)
Istart = permissible continous
overload current
I
t=
k1
2
I
1
Ib
Istart
t-min
ABB Switzerland AG
Jianping Wang
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74
tg
t-max
k1= (m-n)/n
= thermal time constant
m = max. perm. temp rise
n = rated temp. rise
Overexcitation 24
Causes
Increased intensity of the
magnetic field
Increased iron losses and
additional losses from eddy
currents.
Start-up machine due to failure
of the control systems.
ABB Switzerland AG
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Features
Overheating in generator due to
higher magnetic intensity
Rated frequency with
overvoltage
Rated voltage and
underfrequency
Increased magnetizing current
might cause maloperation of
transformer differential prot.
Overexciation Protection
Measurement for Overexciation
ratio of V/f
(corresponding to the
magnetic flux)
Protection Method
V/f > setting

Time delay to avoid
the maloperation at
sudden load changes
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Long time overexcitation

protection
Setting with definite

time
1.1 Vn/fn & 5s
delay
Short time overexcitation
protection
Setting with inverse

time features provided
by manufactures
Overexcitation Protection
Data examples from
manufactures for overexcitation
capability
U/f
Un/f
1.1
time(s) infinite
ABB Switzerland AG
Jianping Wang
1MRB52xxxx-Fen.
77
1.3
25
1.5
6.2
2.1
Inverse characteristics are often

used fo roverexcitation
protection
All the inverse values can be
input to the overexcitation
protection settings so that it will
produce a adaptive protection.
Out of Step Protection
Effects of a slipping Generator
Collapse of network voltage
Possible non-selective operation of different
protections, U<, I>, Z< etc
Risk for system blackout
Mechnical and thermal stresses of generator
ABB Switzerland AG
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Basic Requirement
Detection of first out of
step
Non operation for other
faults/disturbances
Identification of unit
slipping
Tripping in phase
opposition to be
avoided
Applicable with
generators & motors
ABB Switzerland AG
Jianping Wang
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Features
The system is
symmetrical during
power swing and out of
step on most cases
The rate of change in
R,P,f is slow compared
to the fault cases
The measured system
load angle changes
periodically from 0 to
360 degree
Out of step detection
methods
d and dd/dt
P and dP/dt
R and dR/dt
f and df/dt
Z1, Z2
ABB Switzerland AG
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1MRB52xxxx-Fen.
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Values change during out of

step
R
I
Ucos(F )
180
360
P
Basic Concept
ZA
A
EA
ZL
ZB
B
EB
Considering the typical case,

we have:
1= Arccot(2R 1/ZAB)
2= Arccot(2R 2/ZAB)
=t=2 fs t
fs= 1/( dt) (Arccot(2R1/ZAB)
-Arccot(2R2/ZAB))
Suppose: EA=EB=E
I ZAB =2 E Sin(/2)
Ucos=Ecos(/2) and
R=U cos /I=(ZAB/ 2) cot(/2)
ABB Switzerland AG
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This means that it is possible to

measure the slipping frequency by
detecting U cos .
Different Impedance Locus
Measuring Impedance Locus
during Power Swing or Out of
setp conditions
A-Out of Step
B-Stable Power Swing
C-Power Swing
D-Out of step
E-t<50 ms, not considered as
out of step.
ABB Switzerland AG
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jx
E
20ms
25ms
R
B
D
C
Out of Step Protection-Two machine system
R
EB
EA
ZB
Zc
ZS
Two machine system model

Measuring impedance in relay
position R can be expressed
ZR=ZAB (n/(n-1) -ZA/ZAB)
Zs
EB/EA<1
EB=n EA
ZAB=ZB+ZC+ZS
XT
ZB=Xd
ZC=XT
Xd
ZS= System Impedance

EA/EB=1
B
EB/EA>1
if n=1
ZR/ZAB=(1/2 -m)-j1/2 cot(/2)
m=ZB/ZAB
ABB Switzerland AG
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Impedance Locus at EA=1.0 with

XT=XS=Xd=0.2 p.u.
EB=1.2
jX
Impedance Locus jX
at EA=1.0
Xs
Xs=XT=Xd=0.2
p.u.
XT
Xd
EB=1.4
EB=1.6
EB=0.45
EB=3
EB=0.8
XS
XT
Xd
ABB Switzerland AG
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EB=0.85
Setting Values in REG 316
The Out of Step

Protection in REG316
Combination of detecting
load angle and measuring
impedance
Two zones can be made
with slip line
angle can be detecteced
and set for tripping logic
ABB Switzerland AG
Jianping Wang
1MRB52xxxx-Fen.
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ZA: Forward impedance marks

end of zone 2
ZB: Reverse Impedance marks
the beginning of zone 1
ZC: impedance of zone limit.
ZC is the end of zone 1 and
beginning of zone 2.
Phi: Angle of slip line(60-90,
240-270 depends on CT
neutral)
Warning angle: rotor angle
>warning angle
Trip angle:
jiawan:
jiawan:
Made
Madeinin
1999/Dec
1999/Dec
Out of Step Protection Settings
Setting Values in REG 316
ZA: Forward impedance marks
end of zone 2
ZB: Reverse Impedance marks
the beginning of zone 1
ZC: impedance of zone limit.
ZC is the end of zone 1 and
beginning of zone 2.
Phi: Angle of slip line(60-900,
240-2700 depends on CT
neutral)
ABB Switzerland AG
Jianping Wang
1MRB52xxxx-Fen.
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Settings of REG316
Warning Angle: if rotor angle
above the warning angle the
alarm signal will be issued
Tripping angle: if the rotor angle
is below the trip angle, the trip
will be enabled
n1: permitted numbers of slips in
zone 1 before the trip1 is issued
n2: permitted numbers of slips in
zone 2 before the trip 2 is issued
t-Reset: 5 second when n1,n2>1

Generator Protection

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Generator Protection

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Generator Protection

Stator + Main circuits + Excitation system

Typical types of Generator sets :

Typical generator ratings:

Busbar connected Generators

Loss of excitation, Loss of prime mover

Loss of or insufficient excitation

not often used

(no detection near the neutral)

used on unit connected generators

fault current limited to 5-20A

normally small machines without

with 3-winding transformer

150 Hz About 0.3

Gen.+Transf. block Differential

(Unit Transformer Differential )

Differential protection relays

DC injection , voltage to earth :

AC injection with 12.5 Hz , 15 Hz :

Negative reactive current (power) :

Min. reactance (offset mho) :

Abnormal operation on the power

Sensitive setting , e.g. 1 %

From a non-symmetrical current a negative

Time to clear the fault

Trip field and

Trip field and

depending on the power plant layout

level of 3.harmonic depends on

95% StEF 100% StEF100% RoEF

95% Stator earth fault

due to earth fault current and the

Latched voltage setting

V/f > setting

Long time overexcitation

Setting with definite

Setting with inverse

Inverse characteristics are often

Values change during out of

Considering the typical case,

This means that it is possible to

Two machine system model

ZR=ZAB (n/(n-1) -ZA/ZAB)

ZS= System Impedance

Impedance Locus at EA=1.0 with

The Out of Step

ZA: Forward impedance marks

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