How to Design Tank Heating Coils (0 =D (UY= (AY T=T) (Uy) FR (25) 1m this heat balance, Ty and are actualy both variable with e; but it sould be adeyiate Yo we an average Value for T and then sve for Te Equation (3) then oss FEAT TY W)FAT=TY (WIE (28) aod A, may be found frm Equation (10). SAFETY FACTORS ‘The safety factors to be wed in Equations (4), (10), (13) and (15) wal be largely a mater of judgment but {he consevativenes of the dan bass shouldbe con Sera For example if © fe found by Case TPA, Is “alu would be considered consenatve. Likewise if loses bre ave om full tanks in extrene weather which 3 2 Candin which would are esemely seldom, a large Safety face is unecesary. Hewever, the ssumpsons ‘made in deriving Equations (12) and (18) are almost UT Hoel hence s lege factor should be applied ‘Also to be considered is whether the preset reheat time, 4, docs not aleady include afi safes factor. ‘corricients ‘Methoss for compating or demining cotiin' fr us in the foregoing equation re aly well covered the ltrstre. For heat tenenion from refaces and through inulation, the water hat found Curve 3 and ‘Tab taken from publ tllein’™** gute wef, For aatural conveston st vertical planes, McAdam? recommends the eqeton: [wate aT an for values of Lup to 3 fect ané values of the bracketed term ranging from 10° to 10 for surfaces higher than 3 feet, tndependent of L, and Equation (27) reduces to the dimensional form: (my Imagine ts eva ci wb ent gh reat ee wert Cae ea oe Seer Seth Cet Lag iS 8 Soe Pat hc ue cea Th ea os cel 0 hs on fk where hy i based on Curve TF for outdoors or taken {fom Table 1 for indoors, Normally, the resance of the tank wal a i negligible, For a bare tank, af couse, the term 17a or stank on lg, the bottom cooicint, Uy, may be taken conservatively the same at Uy ora fat bot tank siting on the ground, the us of quilt amen found rom’ Equation (6) is recom ended, “The top coefficient Uy i affected bythe reisance of ‘he confer pace, hence: a) tartits]” on read are kn rom Table “Thee is one exeepon tothe te of Equation (29), 1 the tank conten are ator near ating, hand fie creed comida by erporaon sn conden {i dsc cnly se procedure to aurme the stan pt aii tne we[besite]” oe Hest transfer to and from the confined airspace at rteal coils ean be safely based eq alles taken fom ‘Tabb 1 Ths TABLE 2—Coofficionts =[grteee J eo) Lea Beay tee Tot sty Becta af ke atte ron SRSA S Cir events wom 272. 7nd ta os Haram ace atin go ee | Pereotauat Remsen Vol, 38, No. 4ane seein es maior! of | Bagaae we |g | BRERYE we | | BARRIS © 4 | Beas © af | ERG |e | Bea Where hy i dhe value for fat surface or pipe, a8 p= propia Coit coefficients for natural convection can be most covestnty fad toons comegreph, prepared by Chiten, Catburs Genera and Vernon” whih based om the equation 3) ‘This nomograph har teen republished in a. number of references snluciog Madame and. Kern McAdams ‘ecommends, for singe hodonal eyinders, values 10 potent higher thn thore found by eho nomograpt of Equation (35). For banks of tubes, Kero resent lub of thse value without correction. A modifed veron ofthe nomageaph Which laces the McAdams correc tion is pushed in Pery’s Handbook * For natural convecion at vertical tube, the conficent maybe taken the sme sat vera plans at deterined by Bquations (23) 08 (27a). For tanks agiated with top entering turbines and sing ‘wertcal tubes as tiles, Dnlap and Rushton’ found hat YE eY ey" » For bla ois in a tld tank agtted by 2 top catering agitator Olishue and Groton found Ut EE) OO rc wie ne ae es Stele mont heme ce April, 1989—Peenovzunt Rerinen sod a more precie equation developed iti suggested that the Olishue and Grettonesuation be wed for eit fn tsnis with side entering agisors with sereton ‘Beto of 080. For low vals of ha the overall eil coefficient will tbea ita diferent from he and may often be assumed the sume, Boe the general case WSUS neta 8) where, the tubesdeeooiient eeered tothe ouside. SIMPLIFI&D PROCEDURES ‘To expedite dsign work, its posible to ealeatate heat log coefcents for commen fie and slot weather fodiens, set thee up ina table, and se them for many twidely diferent condone. Some los of acciracy vil sue; but if eae it taken in the application, or if core ‘eedons se made for deviations fom the die eonstants Seal in seiag up the tale, the vor should be nelle Similarly, cll coefcene can be. predeemined for the same fais fora standardined call sie a selected eating ened andl tin table form fog sferce, Using the feat los coefficient, simplified equations for the piven ares for common take can also be ‘Seveloped ia advance, and these, so, will imply cal clon “This technique is hatred by Tables 2 and 8 which Ihave been et up for wo Mud, water and edible ll in ‘erdcal cyinrial tanks for he "standards condi ‘ons given inthe lat column of Table 2 Similar tables can bese for other Suis; or time can tbe naved by modifying the coeficients given fn Table 2 {9 other Suid or conden. For example for anol with 2m viscosity of 3 eps, 1, oudeorea} Sina, for a conductivity of 008 instead of 09, Similar coresions can be applied for tempenture dite ference, thermal expansion, eT should be ated, howe ver, that aT in Equations (27) and (27) is the Alitference ares the fm only and not (T —T;) “Apothe shortcuts wo asume the area of a hllw cone oc dished brad be 20 percent greater than 2 Sat ead Sith the sume dlameter, ef AL(or) roe De on WwHow to Design Tank Heating Coils ... ‘A Rosina clinical tank canbe handled by treating are in contact withthe Suid a2 Ay (eoefcent-"Ur) td all aren above the Eguid level aA, (coefiient Ui) PHYSICAL DESIGN ‘Once the amncunt of coil needed hat been deterized, the other factors aeting coll design, such as sz, loca” Son, and configuration must be resoked. Maveia ele ‘Sen for coreson mistance & alse important, but it ‘outside the scope ofthis aril. (Cont considerations usally dterine the six pipe sed Ifthe coils ae shop fabricated, 2nch and 2 inch are eportedly the most economical sas, with litle ditference im price when compared on 2 sclace square foot basis; But if the calls are Bld fabricated, the weiter bas recived report which favor ether 2inch or 1a: Inch, Ab rele aad anesthe desner rarely knows is advance whether acl ito be eld o abp Tabiated, Sandardning desgrs at 2 recommended ules some fther facor moter the choice. For example, if water the beating medi, it may be necemary to seduce the sae im ore to secure a stfacory watenide heat (taesercooficene Plate colt and finned tube tank hentrs are wid at timer in leu of bare pipe and have some advantages. Plate coils are eas to clean, and finned tube heaters fer coniderble best tramfer area in comp bundle that ean be brought into a tank through 220 iach mahal. “Tank suction haatrs are alto wied occasionally ia- wtead of cil Their function is somewhat diferent in TABLE 4—Tost Data: Effect that they heat only the stream being pumped of i than the ene tak contents. They are applied part tically co very viscous liquids whieh are iia ‘limp when cold. They ae designed and but mh lie Eechanges apd may be of either shell and tube or nae tube cosrracton. They efor in that they are mounted ‘Brough the wall of the lank and the end ef Ue el ieee open to verve a ck nit. ‘The advantages of mction hesters are: they ave on fuel cos sine tas ave eft cold, and there iso ime required for reheating the tank Before sing the Nock, ‘The dendvantages ane their applications tre lied, and the fank eamnot te pumped completly emp hroogh the heater "A numberof problems on cil configuration and fcse ton have heen Envesiated Th one test, i was dicoverod dat fo stocks which patially freeze, complete coverage of the tank 2ottom E imporane A tank containing ello, which normaly thal compleely around 100 F, war cbteved dating feeaing after theee months storage in muderie Sweater Te was noted hat by the me the tank mached 120 F, mos of the tank wall had become warm 0 the ‘ove indening the stor inside had reeled It 0 ‘fee's to # fee wide and extending up toc the youd bout 5 feet, remained cold for considerably ie Thaw were ot completely warmed untl te bull al the stock had been serouly overheated. The tak wat Inter drained and entered and it was found tat the cal war of 2h pipe set on 2inch centers vl di tebutad acos the bottom, except a the fro area which ‘were ln tobe heated. Theve areas had a small aount ‘f unmeted tallow iit near the wall There were alo 1 few spots alway between muccenive turns of the of Coll Height On Coofficlont sor rn | ERE | tet aati oe no. [othe RY [ "| ane"[ oom ra [ome aa |e] Og” | HSE ieee] | me vz | al elu az! seluse | al ge = “|| Hy EB) i] i] HR) a) ee "| Bt |B Be] 2) 8) a) ee) Bt) ge) | es Peraouseat Rerssea—Tol, 38, No. 4