Bibliography

Primary Sources
The Atlanta Declaration (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People,
1854). (2006). In C. A. Palmer (Ed.), Encyclopedia of African-American Culture
and History (2nd ed., Vol. 6, p. 2405). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. Gale
Group.
A declaration talking about action being taken by African Americans in order to
ensure safe integration of public schools everywhere. Looking for integration at
all levels including teachers. Furthering the cause.
The Bee. Segregation in Public Schools ended by Court. Accessed January 31, 2016.
http://350cr.blogs.brynmawr.edu/files/2013/03/danvile_front.page_-1024x587.jpg.
A newspaper picture showing segregation in public schools coming to an end.
This is a primary source.
Bolling et al. v. Sharpe et al. (1999). In American Journey. The African-American
Experience. Woodbridge, CT: Primary Source Media.Gale Group.
This was a Supreme Court case that challenged segregation in public schools
across the nation. Many cases had the purpose of proving the inequality of
education. This is a secondary source.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Implementation Decree; May 31, 1955; Records
of the Supreme Court of the United States; Record Group 267; National Archives
After the ruling, they now had to take action and impose this decision among
states who did not want desegregation. Consciously and intentionally the states
were instructed to begin desegregation. This is a primary source.
Brown v. Board of Education. Photograph. brownat50.org. Accessed January 24, 2016.
http://www.brownat50.org/images/HuntStepsPictLOC.jpg.
This is a primary source image.
Criminal Court. Photograph. New Orleans Historical.org. Accessed February 2, 2016.
http://www.neworleanshistorical.org/files/show/1133.
This is a primary source image of John H. Ferguson.
Dissenting Opinion from Harry Briggs, Jr., et al. v. R. W. Elliott, Chairman, et al.
279306. National Archives at Atlanta. Accessed January 19, 2016.
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/279306.
The Dissenting Opinion of Judge Waties Waring shows a few of the arguments
used by the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,
Kansas. This case brought new ideas and challenged the validity of separate but
equal in schools in South Carolina.

Eisenhower, D. D. (2006). Executive Order 10730. In K. L. Lerner, B. W. Lerner, & A.

W. Lerner (Eds.), Social Policy: Essential Primary Sources (pp. 222-225).
Detroit: Gale. Gale Group.
10730 was the executive order that helped in the removal of an obstruction of
justice within the state of Arkansas. This is a primary source.
Eisenhower, Dwight D. Letter from President Dwight D. Eisenhower to E. E. Swede
Hazlett October 23, 1954. October 23, 1954. 279306. Dwight D. Eisenhower
Library. Accessed January 31, 2016. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/186601.
This document relates to Earl Warren and the appointments made in the supreme
court, related to the big supreme court decision in Brown v. Board. This document
relates to fishing rods, Adlai Stevenson, party unity, John foster Dulles, Richard
M. Nixon, Indo-China, Mendes-France, Earl Warren, and Supreme Court
appointments.
Encyclopdia Britannica Online, s. v. William O. Douglas, accessed February 04,
2016, http://www.britannica.com/biography/William-O-Douglas.http://legaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clark,+Tom+Campbell from library off ingress
This is a primary source image. I used this site for a photo of William O. Douglas.
The Fuller Court. Supreme Court of the United States. Photograph. Supreme Court
History. Accessed February 3, 2016.
http://supremecourthistory.org/timeline_court_fuller.html.
This is a primary source image of The Fuller Court. Supreme Court of the United
States.
Harold Hitz Burton. Photograph. Supreme court of Ohio & The Ohio Judicial System.
Accessed February 1, 2016.
https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/MJC/places/hhBurton.asp.
The source provided a primary source image of Harold Hitz Burton.
Hugo L. Black. (2000). In W. E. Martin, Jr. & P. Sullivan (Eds.), Civil Rights in the
United States. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. Gale Group.
This secondary source was about a justice who served on the supreme court
during Brown v. Board. I also used an image from this site.
Judgement Brown v. Board of Education. 301669. National Archives and Records
Administration Records of the Supreme Court.
http://catalog.archives.gov/id/301669.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was five separate cases under a single
name and talked about public school racial segregation. The Supreme Court
issued a decree about the implementation of the ruling. This is a primary source.
Justice John Marshall Harlan. Photograph. About.com. Accessed February 2, 2016.
http://history1800s.about.com/od/1800sglossary/fl/Plessy-v-Ferguson.htm.
This is a primary source image of Justice John Marshall Harlan.

NAACP Legal Defense Fund lawyers. Photograph. Pbs. org. Accessed February 8,
2016. http://www.pbs.org/beyondbrown/history/photogallery2_07.html.
This is a primary source. This source provided an image of legal counsel
help during Brown v Board.
Legal Information Institute. Fourteenth Amendment. Cornell.edu. Accessed December
16, 2015. https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv.
The court case of brown vs board of education ruled that segregated schools
violated the fourteenth amendment right. this court case was one of many court
cases the influenced lives and changed many. There are 5 sections. This is a
primary source.
Louis Lorenzo Redding. Photograph. safehouseva.org. Accessed February 1, 2016.
http://www.safehouseva.org/history-makers.php.
This is a primary source image of Louis Lorenzo Redding.
An NAACP Antilynching Banner. (1999). In American Journey. The Constitution and
Supreme Court. Woodbridge, CT: Primary Source Media. Gale Group.
This is a Primary source because I used the image from this website and the
caption that was also provided.
Negro Drinking at Colored Water Cooler in Streetcar Terminal, Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma. Photograph. Americas Library.gov. Accessed February 4, 2016.
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/progress/jb_progress_plessy_1_e.html.
This is a primary source image.
Robert H. Jackson Biography. Photograph. The Biography.com website. Accessed
February 5, 2016. http://www.biography.com/people/robert-h-jackson-36992.
I used a primary source image from this site.
Robert Houghwout Jackson. Photograph. Jsa628.org. Accessed February 8, 2016.
http://www.jsa628.org/#!usa-federal-government/cn1z.
I used this source for a primary source image of Robert Houghwout Jackson.
Sherman Minton. Photograph. politicalquotes.org. Accessed February 3, 2016.
http://politicalquotes.org/taxonomy/term/23791.
This is a primary source image. I used this site for an image of a Justice, Sherman
Minton.
Stanley Forman Reed. Photograph. Columbia.edu. Accessed February 4, 2016.
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Fall2002/Justices.html.
This source provided a primary source image of Stanley Forman Reed.

The Topeka State Journal (Topeka, KS). School Segregation Banned. May 17, 1954.
Accessed February 1, 2016.
http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/spring/brown-v-board2.html.
This is a primary source. I used this site for an image.
U.S. Supreme Court. (2007). In L. W. Baker & R. Valentine (Eds.), Gilded Age and
Progressive Era Reference Library (Vol. 3, pp. 97-106). Detroit: UXL. Gale
Group.
There are excerpts from the case of Plessy v. Ferguson. This case became
influential in an important decision made later in the case of Brown v. Board of
education. This is a primary source.
U.S. Supreme Court justice Felix Frankfurter. Photograph. Immigration to the United
States.org. Accessed February 2, 2016. http://immigrationtounitedstates.org/508felix-frankfurter.html.
This is an image, a primary source. I used this site for an image of a Justice Felix
Frankfurter.
The Wilmington NAACP branch. Photograph. Accessed February 7, 2016.
http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/4-five/delaware-2.html.
This site gave an image of The Wilmington NAACP branch. This is a primary
source.
Wordpress. TIMELINE OF EDUCATIONAL DESEGREGATION IN THE UNITED
STATES. Wordpress.com.
https://desegregatenyschools.wordpress.com/background/.
This is a primary source. I used this site for an image of Homer Plessy.
Secondary Sources
A+E Networks. Brown v. Board of Education. History.com. Last modified 2009.
Accessed December 7, 2015. http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brownv-board-of-education-of-topeka.
This unanimous decision handed down by the Supreme Court on May 17, 1954,
ended federal tolerance of racial segregation. This is a secondary source.
A&E Television Networks. Thurgood Marshall Biography. The Biography.com.
Accessed January 19, 2016. http://www.biography.com/people/thurgoodmarshall-9400241.
A very important person in the American civil right movement. least praised and
least recognized but the way he went about influencing change was important to
the achievements of the American civil rights movement. His idea of targeting
racial inequality through the courts represented another way of attacking racial
inequality. This is a secondary source. I also used an image from this site.

W.E.B. Du Bois Biography. The Biography.com website. Accessed February 1,

2016. http://www.biography.com/people/web-du-bois-9279924.
This is a secondary source where I used the primary source image.
Britannica Academic, s. v. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, accessed January
19, 2016,http://academic.eb.com/EBchecked/topic/81780/Brown-v-Board-ofEducation-of-Topeka
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a case in which the U.S. Supreme
Court ruled unanimously (90) stating that racial segregation in public schools
violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution This is a secondary
source.
Fireside, Harvey, and Sarah Betsy Fuller. Brown V. Board of Education: Equal Schooling
for All. Hillside, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 1994.
This is a secondary source that also gave primary source images about the case
involving Linda Brown.
Kingencyclopedia. Little Rock Desegregation (1957). stanford.edu. Accessed February
1, 2016.
http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_little_rock_s
chool_desegregation_1957/.
This site is a secondary source. I used an image also. This site also gave
information on the little rock nine.
Kluger, Richard. Simple Justice: The History of Brown V. Board of Education and Black
Americas Struggle for Equality. New York: Vintage Books, 2004.
This Book gives statements about the trial and talks about how little young Linda
Brown remembers. This is a secondary source.
Lambert, Laura J., Ruby Bridges, in Doris Weatherford, ed., A History of Women in
the United States: State-by-State Reference (Scholastic, 2003), Vol. 2, p. 118
This is a secondary source. This site gave information about Ruby Bridges and an
image.
McBride, Alex. Brown v. Board of Education (1954). pbs.org. Last modified December
2006. Accessed December 6, 2015.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_brown.html.
The site helped on information for Brown v. Board and decision made after the
case. This is a secondary source.
NAACP. NAACP HISTORY: CHARLES HAMILTON HOUSTON. NAACP.org.
Accessed February 2, 2016. http://www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history-charleshamilton-houston.
This is a secondary source. I used the image on this site as a primary source and I
used the information on Charles Hamilton Houston who was a big contributor and
very important in the overturning the the case Brown v. Board.

National Park Service. The Five Cases. nps.org. Accessed January 24, 2016.
http://www.nps.gov/brvb/learn/historyculture/fivecases.htm.
This is a secondary source. This site gave information about the five cases
involved in Brown v. Board of Education.
Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. United States History: Preparing for the
Advanced Placement Examination. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y: Amsco School
Publications, 2014.
This book is a secondary source. The source helped me find information on cases
and W.E.B. Du Bois who co founded the NAACP.
The New York Public Library African American Desk Reference. New York: J. Wiley &
Sons, 1999.
This is a secondary source. This site gave information on Louis L. Redding.
United States Courts. History - Brown v. Board of Education Re-enactment.
uscourts.gov. Accessed December 6, 2015. http://www.uscourts.gov/educationalresources/educational-activities/history-brown-v-board-education-re-enactment.
This site is maintained by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts on behalf
of the Federal Judiciary. The sites purpose is to help find information about the
Judicial Branch of the U.S. Government. This is a secondary source.
United States Supreme Court. Members of the Supreme Court of the United States.
supremecourt.gov. Accessed February 4, 2016.
http://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members.aspx.
This site gave the names of the judges who served on the supreme court during
the case of Brown v. Board. This is a secondary source.